CN111067922A - Compound for delaying signs of aging of bones and muscles - Google Patents

Compound for delaying signs of aging of bones and muscles Download PDF

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Publication number
CN111067922A
CN111067922A CN201910590686.7A CN201910590686A CN111067922A CN 111067922 A CN111067922 A CN 111067922A CN 201910590686 A CN201910590686 A CN 201910590686A CN 111067922 A CN111067922 A CN 111067922A
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compound
senescence
skeletal
muscular
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柏容华
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Clinical Nutrition International Malaysia Sdn Bhd
Provolio Ltd
Shanghai Yibu Technology Co ltd
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Li Run Private Ltd
Shanghai Yibu Technology Co Ltd
Clinical Nutrition International Malaysia Sdn Bhd
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Abstract

The present invention relates to a compound for providing a reduction in the rate of skeletal and muscular senescence in a subject following ingestion, comprising 0.5% to 2% by weight of an extract of lactobacillus fermentum DR 9.

Description

Compound for delaying signs of aging of bones and muscles
Technical Field
The present invention relates to a compound that helps to slow the signs of bone and muscle aging, and more specifically to a compound comprising an extract of probiotic microorganisms that, upon ingestion, promotes the production of useful compounds in a subject.
Background
The human skeletal muscle system is an organ system that provides morphology, support, stability, and motion to the body and protects vital organs. The organ system mainly comprises bone, muscle, connective tissue and cartilage. The bone is connected to other bone and muscle fibers, particularly through connective tissue such as tendons and ligaments. In addition, the various bones are articulated to aid mobility, and the cartilage prevents the ends of the bones from rubbing directly against each other. More specifically, the skeletal portion of the human skeletal muscle system provides a framework for the attachment of tissues and organs, the production of blood for the body, and serves as a reservoir for minerals (e.g., calcium and phosphorus), and the regulation of mineral balance in the blood.
Bone undergoes a self-regenerating remodeling process in different regions of the bone's metabolic unit to maintain bone mass and strength, resisting deformation. Under the action of the aging process, the equilibrium shifts to a negative value, bone resorption increases and osteogenesis decreases, resulting in a decrease in bone composition, structure and function. The phenomenon of osteoporosis, thinning and sponginess, which increases the risk of brittle fractures that can lead to life problems, is known as osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is associated with a reduction in bone mass and density due to the loss of calcium and other minerals. Furthermore, the fragility of bone determines the ability of the bone to withstand high forces, thereby affecting the mechanical function of the bone.
On the other hand, age-related decrease in lean muscle mass due to multiple factors such as age, nutrition, hormones, medical complications, and activity level is called sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is a factor in causing frailty and falls, fractures in the elderly, especially those aged 65 and older. Symptoms of sarcopenia include weakness and loss of strength, which may affect physical activity, while muscle mass may further atrophy as the activity level is reduced. Sarcopenia may also occur in physically active people due to factors such as a reduction in nerve cells that transmit signals from the brain to the muscles that begin to move, a reduction in hormone concentration, a reduction in the ability to convert protein to energy, and insufficient calories or proteins to maintain muscle mass.
Age-related factors inevitably affect the human musculoskeletal system, where there is a very tight connection between the deterioration of system function and the bones, muscles and joints. As a solution, physical activity can slow the rate of bone loss, slow the progression of osteoporosis, increase muscle mass and strength, and maintain joint mobility, and therefore should be highly encouraged. The intake of supplements including calcium, biotin, iron, vitamin C, selenium, omega 3, vitamin D, vitamin B12, copper, magnesium, riboflavin, and zinc is beneficial to the musculoskeletal system of the human body, and particularly can delay the aging of bones and muscles.
There is therefore a need to provide a supplementary compound comprising an extract of probiotic microorganisms, which makes the aging process healthier by establishing a stable intestinal microbiota. The compounds can provide anti-aging therapy by modulating metabolic markers and aging genes in the skeletal muscle system. In particular, the compounds induce ascorbic acid and 5-oxoproline production in a subject upon ingestion.
Disclosure of Invention
One aspect of the present invention is to provide compounds extracted from lactobacillus fermentum DR9 for slowing signs of skeletal and muscular aging.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a compound extracted from lactobacillus fermentum DR9 for inducing the production of ascorbic acid and 5-oxoproline in a subject upon ingestion.
Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a compound extracted from lactobacillus fermentum DR9, the compound being capable of providing anti-aging therapy by modulating metabolic markers and senescence genes in the skeletal muscle system.
It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a compound extracted from lactobacillus fermentum DR9, resulting in an anti-aging method to achieve a healthier adult life.
Of the above aspects, at least one aspect is met in whole or in part. Also described in embodiments of the invention is a method for slowing the bone of a subject after ingestionAnd signs of aging in muscle, which comprises 0.5-2% by weight of an extract of lactobacillus fermentum DR9, to meet all or part of the above. Most preferably, the compound comprises a log having 8 to 10 logs per gram10A colony forming unit per gram (cfu/g) of a pharmaceutically effective amount of the extract.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the alleviation of signs of skeletal and muscular aging achieved by inducing ascorbic acid in a subject is disclosed.
In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is disclosed that delaying signs of skeletal and muscular senescence is achieved by inducing the production of 5-oxoproline in a subject.
Preferably, the ascorbic acid is induced in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject.
Preferably, the production of ascorbic acid is induced in the gut microbiome of the subject.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention, it is disclosed that activation of protein kinase by phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate may slow the signs of aging in bone and muscle.
Yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention discloses that the signs of aging in bone and muscle can be slowed by reducing telomere shortening.
Another preferred embodiment of the invention discloses that the alleviation of signs of skeletal and muscular aging is achieved by modulating metabolic markers.
A further embodiment of the invention discloses that modulating senescence genes in bone and muscle can slow the signs of senescence in bone and muscle.
Those skilled in the art will fully appreciate that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objects and attain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those inherent therein. The embodiments described herein are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
Brief description of the drawings
The construction and operation of the invention, as well as many of its advantages, are readily understood and appreciated when considered in connection with the following description.
FIG. 1 shows a graph comparing the activation of (a) adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and (b) adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) with an inhibitor of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the supernatant of cultured lactic acid bacteria cells.
FIG. 2 shows a schematic comparing AMPK phosphorylation in supernatants of cultured Lactobacillus fermentum DR9 and in unfermented De Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) medium treated for 24 hours including human osteosarcoma (U2OS), mouse muscle (C2C12), human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y), human ovarian (OVCAR3), human keratinocyte (HaCaT), and human colorectal (CaCo-2). 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) and Compound C were used as positive and negative controls, respectively.
FIG. 3 shows the measurement of telomere length in blood of young mice, aged rats treated with Lactobacillus fermentum strain DR9(LF-DR9) and aged rats treated with metformin.
Figure 4 shows the locomotor performance of pups, aged rats treated with lactobacillus fermentum strain DR9(LF-DR9) and metformin treated aged rats running uphill.
FIG. 5 shows the expression of the p53 gene in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of young mice, aged rats treated with Lactobacillus fermentum strain DR9(LF-DR9), and aged rats treated with metformin.
Figure 6 shows the composite screening results for the following stool samples: young rats, aged rats treated with lactobacillus fermentum strain DR9(LF-DR9) and aged rats treated with metformin.
Fig. 7 shows chromatograms of (a) blank and (b) supernatant of cultured lactobacillus fermentum strain DR9, showing that the extract of lactobacillus fermentum strain DR9 contains (1) succinic acid, (2) benzaldehyde, and (3) benzoic acid.
Detailed description of the invention
Hereinafter, the present invention is described according to a preferred embodiment thereof, with reference to the accompanying specification and drawings. It should be understood, however, that the description is limited to the preferred embodiments of the present invention only to facilitate the discussion of the invention, and it is contemplated that various modifications may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the appended claims.
The invention relates to a compound for slowing the signs of skeletal and muscular senescence, which is 0.5-2% by weight of an extract of the strain Lactobacillus fermentum DR 9. The compounds help the subject slow the signs of bone and muscle aging, particularly after ingestion. The subject is primarily a mammal, preferably a human. The compounds are particularly useful in subjects with age-related disorders, such as people with sarcopenia, osteoporosis, and metabolic disorders.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compound comprises an extract of a probiotic microorganism in a pharmaceutically effective amount of 8 to 10log 10 colony forming units (cfu/g) per gram. The probiotic is preferably lactobacillus fermentum strain DR 9. The extract can be obtained by culturing the probiotic under optimal conditions, preferably at a temperature substantially between 30 and 38 ℃. The crude extract can be ingested directly or further processed to be mixed with at least one excipient to form a health food or beverage ingredient. The processing can be carried out in a milder manner, preferably at low temperatures and ambient pressure, to maintain the nutritional value of the ingredients. The compound for reducing the signs of aging in bones and muscles comprises 0.2% to 5% by weight of an extract of the strain lactobacillus fermentum DR9, preferably 0.5% to 2% DR 9.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention, ingestion of the compound induces ascorbic acid production in the subject. The subject is preferably a mammal. Ascorbic acid can be produced directly from the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, or indirectly from the intestinal microbiota within the gastrointestinal tract. The presence of ascorbic acid at skin level can eliminate toxins in the subject and provide the subject with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and photoprotective properties. Furthermore, ascorbic acid has antioxidant enzyme activity that is closely related to adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), the activation of which is important for subsequent senescence-associated pathways, particularly in the delay of skeletal and muscular senescence.
In yet another preferred embodiment of the invention, ingestion of the compound induces 5-oxoproline production in a subject. Preferably, the subject is a mammal. 5-oxoproline may be produced in the colon after ingestion, particularly during the formation of glutathione. Glutathione formation can maintain intracellular redox homeostasis in the body against reactive oxygen species. In addition, ingestion of the compound induces a series of enzymatic actions leading to the production of 5-oxoproline-containing thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the hypothalamus, which is useful in the treatment of spinocerebellar ataxia. In addition to improving speech memory function together with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 5-oxoproline plays an important role in the transport of free amino acids in cells during metabolic processes. In addition, 5-oxoproline may physiologically induce adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, thereby improving metabolic health and slowing signs of aging in bone and muscle.
In another preferred embodiment, the compound activates the adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway through phosphorylation of AMPK, slowing the signs of aging in bone and muscle. Furthermore, adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy sensing network regulator that transcribes cellular metabolic responses to exogenous stress, which is also a switch in cellular energy homeostasis. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) may also serve as a mediator of calorie restriction effects, including improving insulin sensitivity, increasing metabolic rate, slowing the decline of biological functions, and reducing weight. Furthermore, the compound comprising an extract of lactobacillus fermentum DR9 can exert a simulated calorie restriction effect without actually decreasing calorie intake, and thus the compound can be used for the treatment of metabolic diseases associated with aging factors.
In another preferred embodiment, the compound helps slow skeletal and muscular aging by preventing telomere shortening. Telomere shortening can be prevented by activating the adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway through AMPK phosphorylation activation. In an exemplary embodiment, samples of age-induced animals treated with a compound comprising DR9 exhibit higher telomere length and higher anti-aging capacity than samples of control animals treated with a compound comprising metformin. In addition, animal samples treated with the DR9 compound did not show the side effects associated with metformin administration, including hypoglycemia and gastric discomfort.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds modulate metabolic markers and protect bone and muscle from aging, in particular modulate markers that lead to loss of bone strength and reduction in muscle mass, in a manner based on adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), thereby slowing signs of aging in bone and muscle. More specifically, the compounds reduce the expression of the p53 gene in local gastrocnemius and tibia, wherein the p53 gene encoding a tumor suppressor protein is a key marker of telomere stress-induced senescence and is a regulator of cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis and cellular senescence. The reduction of p53 gene expression correlates with the promotion of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, thus mitochondrial associated genes can be upregulated to improve motor function in elderly subjects. In an exemplary embodiment, samples of aging animals treated with a compound comprising an extract of lactobacillus fermentum DR9 showed improved performance in the uphill exercise test.
In addition, the compounds of the present invention slow the signs of aging in bone and muscle by regulating adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) to protect the metabolic and excretory systems. The compounds are capable of modulating mitochondrial dynamics by activating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway to overcome oxidative stress, minimize energy consumption, minimize resource consumption, and thereby restore metabolic function. In addition, the compounds may also improve blood lipid, liver and kidney conditions, potentially reducing the risk of later-stage cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, chronic kidney disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults.
In another preferred embodiment, the compound comprises succinic acid, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid. In particular succinic acid has antioxidant properties and helps to treat skin aging, restoring the gradual but significant loss of function associated with cellular and systemic aging. On the other hand, the presence of benzoic acid in the compound reduces chloride and increases magnesium in the bone, which then increases bone weight on an as-taken basis. In addition, administration of compounds containing benzoic acid also facilitates retention of calcium and phosphorus in bone, thereby slowing signs of bone aging. In addition, the benzaldehyde in the compound provided by the invention also provides an anti-tumor and anti-virus characteristic for a subject, so that the compound can be selectively used for treating tumors or cancers.
The present disclosure includes that contained in the appended claims, as well as in the foregoing description. While the preferred form of the invention has been particularly shown and described, it will be understood that the present disclosure of the preferred form has been made only by way of example and that numerous changes in the details of construction and the arrangement of components may be made without departing from the scope of the invention.
Examples
The following non-limiting examples are presented to illustrate preferred embodiments of the present invention.
Example 1
Lactobacillus fermentum DR9(LF-DR9) separated from fresh milk of Malaysia champagne is preserved in China center for culture Collection of microorganisms (CGMCC) with the preservation number of CGMCC 15536. All stock cultures were stored in 20% glycerol at-20 ℃, activated three times in sterile Medium (MRS) using an amount of 10% of the volume of inoculum, and used after twenty-four hours of culture at 37 ℃. The cell pellet was removed from the fermentation broth using centrifugation to obtain a supernatant of cultured cells for further analysis.
Example 2
Human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y (ATCC), human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2(ATCC), human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT, human prostate cancer cell line DU145(ATCC), human osteosarcoma cell line U2OS (ATCC) and mouse myoblast C2C12(ATCC) were cultured in Dulbecco's modified minimal medium (DMEM), while human ovarian carcinoma cell line OVCAR3(ATCC) was cultured in medium (RPMI-1640) containing 10. mu.g/mL of insulin at the Ros Well park institute. All cells were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2mM L glutamine, 100U/mL penicillin and 50. mu.g/mL streptomycin at 37 ℃ and 5% carbon dioxide.
All cell lines were seeded into 96-well plates to a final concentration of 5X 104Cells/ml/well, then treated with 25% volume of the cultured cell supernatant for 24 hours. Phosphorylation of 5 'adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was measured using a cellular enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) colorimetric detection kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. The lactobacillus fermentum DR9(LF-DR9) exhibited a higher 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation effect than the positive control, and the results are shown in fig. 1A. Lactobacillus fermentum DR9(LF-DR9) also showed higher AMPK activation in the presence of AMPK inhibitor (Dorsormophin), with the results shown in fig. 1B.
As shown in FIG. 2, supernatants of cultured Lactobacillus fermentum DR9(LF-DR9) cells were further tested for AMPK phosphorylation on 7 different cell lines. The cell supernatant of cultured lactobacillus fermentum DR9(LF-DR9) was effective in promoting AMPK phosphorylation in human osteosarcoma cell line (U2OS), with AMPK activation higher than that of untreated and positive controls, respectively. The AMPK phosphorylation was not significant when supernatants from cultured Lactobacillus fermentum DR9(LF-DR9) cells were tested on SH-SY5Y, OVCAR3, and DU145 cells.
Example 3
All animal handling and experimental procedures were in accordance with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) public health service policy for humane care and use of experimental animals and approved by the animal ethics committee USM (USM/animal ethics approval/2016/(103)) (806)). Thirty-six eight week old male Laplace Dolly rats (200- "250 g") from the BRIMS animal testing center, university of Mornash, Malaysia, were shared. Animals were housed in stainless steel mesh cages in groups of three, cycled around the day and night for twelve hours, and lit up seven hours in the morning. The laboratory was provided standard feed and water ad libitum. After one week of acclimation, animals were divided into 6 groups (n-6).
All treatment groups were subcutaneously injected daily with 600mg/kg D-galactose (D-gal) (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) (referred to as aged rats), while the young control group (referred to as young rats) was subcutaneously injected daily with 0.9% saline. The treatment group included (1) fermentation strain DR9(LF-DR9) and (2) metformin. Treatment group (1) was fed a diet containing 10log Colony Forming Units (CFU) probiotic per gram and 300mg/kg metformin. Each rat was individually housed during feeding to ensure that they completely consumed the food before being returned to their own cage. Twelve weeks after treatment, all rats were sacrificed by carbon dioxide (CO2) asphyxiation.
Example 4
Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from whole blood collected by cardiac puncture. Telomere length was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. Briefly, 20ng of DNA sample was added
Figure BDA0002115933320000111
The reagent contains primers of telomeres and Single Copy Genes (SCG).
After D-gal-induced senescence, telomere length was significantly shortened in aged rats compared to young rats, and the results are shown in FIG. 3. Lactic acid bacteria have an improving effect on telomere length in age-induced rats compared to aged rats, with the longest telomere length being treated with Lactobacillus fermentum DR9(LF-DR 9). Metformin also prevents significant telomere length shortening compared to aged mice.
Example 5
The animals were trained on a treadmill for three consecutive days before being subjected to the fatigue test. The speed, time and distance before the mice lose their strength to leave the treadmill are recorded. Workload and capacity were measured at the end of the study.
The treadmill fatigue test results are shown in fig. 4. Different treatment modes have little influence on running distance, but aging induction has great influence on running capacity such as time, speed, work, power and the like. The exercise time, speed, work and power of the aged rats are obviously lower than those of the young rats. Lactobacillus fermentum DR9(LF-DR9) was able to ameliorate the adverse effects of aging on exercise capacity, with improved performance in terms of running time, speed, capacity, as compared to older rats.
Example 6
The soleus and gastrocnemius muscles, tibia and femur of the rat hind leg were then stored in ribonucleic acid (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA) at-80 ℃. Using TRI reagent
Figure BDA0002115933320000112
(Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) RNA was extracted from the homogenized samples and extracted with ReverTra ACE- α -
Figure BDA0002115933320000121
Kit first strand (Toyobo, Kita-ku, Osaka, Japan) cDNA was synthesized. mRNA expression levels were determined using an Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Calif., USA quantitative real-time PCR system (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Calif.). PCR reaction was performed with SensiFAST
Figure BDA0002115933320000122
Reagents (Bioline, Cricklewood, London, UK), 20 mg cDNA and 10 μm p53 primer. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh) was used as endogenous control 14.
Fig. 5 shows that p53 gene was significantly increased in gastrocnemius muscle of aged rats compared to young rats, while p53 gene of the treatment group receiving only lactobacillus fermentum DR9(LF-DR9) was significantly decreased compared to aged rats. In bone samples, p53 gene expression was significantly increased in the tibia of aged rats compared to young rats, while p53 gene expression was significantly decreased in aged rats treated with lactobacillus fermentum DR9(LF-DR 9).
Example 7
The content of water-soluble metabolites in feces was determined using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Briefly, five milligrams of feces were homogenized with an extraction solution containing 150 microliters of methanol, 135 microliters of ultrapure water, 15 microliters of an internal standard (containing 1mM 2-propylpentanoic acid and 60 microliters of chloroform). The homogenized mixture was shaken vigorously and then centrifuged at 16,000 Xg for five minutes. The top aqueous layer was collected and transferred to a new tube. Approximately 250 microliters of the aliquot of the aqueous extract was mixed with 200 microliters of ultrapure water, spun and centrifuged at 16,000 × g for five minutes. A total of 250. mu.l of the aqueous layer was collected and dried at 40 ℃ for 20 minutes. The aqueous extract was flash frozen and freeze dried. The samples were stored at-80 ℃ for further analysis.
Derivatization was performed by adding 40 μ l methoxylamine in pyrimidine to the freeze-dried extract and sonicating for 20 minutes. The sample was incubated at 30 ℃ for 90 minutes by shaking at 1,300 rpm. Subsequently, 20. mu.l of N-trimethylsilyl-N-Methyltrifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) was added, followed by incubation at 37 ℃ for 30 minutes with shaking at 1,300 rpm. After centrifugation at 16,000 Xg for 5 minutes at 25 ℃, the supernatant was transferred to a glass vial and sealed. Derivatized samples were detected via a 6890N network GC system (Agilent Technologies) equipped with an HP-5MS ultra-inert capillary (0.25 mm. times.30 m. times.0.25 mm) and a 5973 gas chromatography mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Inc.). Pure helium (99.9999%) was used as a carrier gas and delivered at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. Head pressure was set at 97kPa, split at 20: 1. the inlet and transfer tube temperatures were 250 ℃ and 260 ℃, respectively. The following temperature program was used: 60 deg.C (3 min), 60-120 deg.C (5 deg.C/min), 120-300 deg.C (20 deg.C/min). One milliliter of each sample was injected for a run time of 30 minutes. The water soluble metabolite concentrations were quantified by comparing their peak areas to standards. The results are shown in FIG. 6, which provides the basis for the compounds screened, primarily ascorbic acid and 5-oxoproline.
Example 8
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) were analyzed using lipid extracts of lactobacillus fermentum DR 9. The concentrated lipid extract was hydrolyzed, methyl esterified and analyzed for Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Briefly, 100 microliters of the extract was mixed with 500 microliters of a 2% sulfuric acid/methanol solution in a 2 milliliter microcentrifuge tube and shaken at 80 ℃ for 2 hours to form a sample. A total of 500 microliters of 0.9% (w/v) sodium chloride and 500 microliters of hexane were then added to the sample, followed by spinning the sample for twenty seconds and centrifuging at 16000 Xg for three minutes. The hexane layer was pipetted into an autosampler for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) quantification. One microliter of the hexane layer was injected into an Agilent 5977A gas chromatograph system equipped with 5977MSD mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies Australia Pty Ltd; GC/MS) for identification of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME). separation was achieved on a capillary column (BPX-70). The results are shown in FIG. 7, and the extract of Lactobacillus fermentum strain DR9 consisted of succinic acid, benzaldehyde, and benzoic acid.

Claims (10)

1. A compound which, when ingested, slows the rate of bone and muscle senescence in a subject, comprising from 0.5% to 2% by weight of an extract of Lactobacillus fermentum DR 9.
2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound comprises a pharmaceutically effective amount of an extract of 8-10 log10 colony forming units per gram.
3. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein the delay of skeletal and muscular senescence is achieved by inducing ascorbic acid production in a subject.
4. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein the delay of skeletal and muscular senescence is achieved by inducing the production of 5-oxoproline in a subject.
5. The compound of claim 3, wherein the ascorbic acid is produced in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject.
6. The compound of claim 3 or 5, wherein the ascorbic acid is produced in the intestinal microbiota of the subject.
7. The compound according to claims 1 to 6, wherein said delaying of skeletal and muscular senescence is achieved by phosphorylating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK).
8. The compound of claims 1-6, wherein the delay in skeletal and muscular senescence is achieved by reducing telomere shortening.
9. The compound according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein said delaying of skeletal and muscular senescence is achieved by modulating metabolic markers.
10. The compound according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein said delaying of skeletal and muscular senescence is achieved by modulating senescence genes in skeletal and muscular.
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