CN111044275A - Method for monitoring blockage degree of air preheater - Google Patents
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M13/00—Testing of machine parts
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/002—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring two or more coordinates
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring length, width or thickness
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring length, width or thickness
- G01B11/03—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring length, width or thickness by measuring coordinates of points
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/28—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring areas
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for monitoring the blockage degree of an air preheater, and belongs to the field of safe and economic production of coal-fired power plants. The method for monitoring the blockage degree of the air preheater comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps that (I) a displacement sensor is arranged at a distance H below the surface of the cold end of the air preheater, the displacement sensor measures the distance d (x) between each point of the surface of the cold end of the air preheater and the rotation of the air preheater when the air preheater rotates, x is the movement distance of the air preheater relative to the projection point of the displacement sensor on the surface of the cold end of the air preheater, and z (x) = H-d (x) is defined, wherein the physical meaning of z (x) is the distance of a certain point x on the surface of the cold end of the air preheater relative to the surface of the cold end of the air preheater in the axial direction of the rotating; secondly, identifying a flow area and a blockage area according to the curve characteristics of z-x; (iii) after identifying the plugging and flow-through zones, calculating a nominal plugging ratio according to the following equation: and fourthly, the response time of the displacement sensor is not longer than the value given by the following formula.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for monitoring the blockage degree of an air preheater, and belongs to the field of safe and economic production of coal-fired power plants.
Background
Coal-fired power generation does not change in a short period of time under the conditions prevailing in the power supply pattern in China. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) denitration technology is widely applied to domestic coal-fired power plants due to the advantages of high efficiency, good selectivity and the like. However, after the SCR denitration device is additionally arranged, the problem of blockage of the air preheater is obvious. On one hand, in order to control the NOx emission concentration to meet the requirement of the ultralow emission standard, the dosage of the denitration catalyst is increased, more SO2 is oxidized into SO3, the volume fraction of SO3 in the flue gas is increased, the acid dew point of the flue gas is increased, and the low-temperature corrosion of the cold end of the air preheater is aggravated; on the other hand, because the denitration efficiency of the SCR generally needs to reach about 90% to meet the requirement of the ultralow emission standard, the uniformity of the ammonia nitrogen molar ratio is difficult to guarantee, the condition that the local ammonia nitrogen molar ratio exceeds 1.0 is easily caused, and the phenomenon of large ammonia escape rate generally exists, and the escaped NH3 and the water vapor and SO3 in the flue gas further generate ammonium bisulfate (NH4HSO4), which is in a molten state at the temperature of 146-207 ℃, is easily adsorbed on the surface of fly ash and finally adheres to the surface of a heat storage element at the cold end of the air preheater. Due to the above two factors, the blockage of the air preheater becomes a common problem in coal-fired power plants.
The ash blockage of the air preheater causes the power consumption of the three fans to be obviously increased, the heat exchange efficiency of the three fans is also obviously reduced, the temperature of the discharged smoke is increased along with the increase of the power consumption of the three fans, and the efficiency of the boiler is reduced. When the blockage is serious, the three fans can stall or surge, the negative pressure of the hearth fluctuates, the load of the unit is limited, and even the unit is forced to stop. Therefore, the blockage state of the air preheater is accurately monitored in real time, so that ash removal measures (such as online steam soot blowing) are taken in time according to the change trend of the blockage state, and the method is very necessary for safe and economic operation of a coal-fired unit.
The existing monitoring air preheater blockage condition is mainly based on the numerical magnitude of the differential pressure at the inlet and the outlet (generally utilizing the smoke side) of the air preheater and the growth rate of the air preheater along with time. The differential pressure increase of the air preheater is the result of the blockage of a heat exchange element of the air preheater reflected on the flow resistance (pressure drop) of the fluid, and has direct physical significance. However, the measurement value of the differential pressure of the air preheater fluctuates randomly and is easily affected by the change of the coal quality (smoke amount), and the method is not intuitive and has self limitations.
Most power plants adopt a rotary air preheater, the blockage of the rotary air preheater mainly occurs at the cold end, ammonium bisulfate is condensed on the surface of a cold end heat exchange element with lower temperature and attached to fly ash in flue gas, so that a gas flow passage is narrowed, and the flow resistance is increased (namely reflected by the increase of differential pressure of the air preheater).
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art and provide a method for monitoring the blockage degree of an air preheater, which is reasonable in structural design.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the problems is as follows: the method for monitoring the blockage degree of the air preheater is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps that (I), a displacement sensor is arranged at a distance H below the cold end surface of the air preheater, the displacement sensor measures the distance d (x) between each point of the cold end surface of the air preheater and the displacement sensor when the air preheater rotates, x is the movement distance of the air preheater relative to the projection point of the displacement sensor on the cold end surface of the air preheater, and z (x) is defined as H-d (x), wherein the physical meaning of z (x) is the distance of a certain point x on the cold end surface of the air preheater in the axial direction of the rotating shaft of the air preheater relative to the cold end surface of the air preheater;
secondly, identifying a flow area and a blockage area according to the curve characteristics of z-x;
(iii) after identifying the plugging and flow-through zones, calculating a nominal plugging ratio according to the following equation:
η*area of blocking area ÷ (area of blocking area + area of flow area)
Deducting the contribution of the heat exchange element itself to the nominal plugging ratio yields the actual plugging ratio, namely:
η therein *0 is the nominal blockage ratio when the heat exchange element of the air preheater is completely unblocked;
(IV) the response time of the displacement sensor should not exceed the value given by the following formula:
where w is the width (unit: m) of the gas flow channels between the heat exchange elements when unblocked,
omega is the rotation angular velocity (unit: rad/s) of the air preheater,
r is the radial coordinate (unit: m) of the sensor relative to the center of the air preheater,
Nsis the number of sampling points within the distance w, generally w should be greater than or equal to 5.
Further, in the step (one), the displacement sensor is positioned in a cold air duct on the primary air side or the secondary air side of the air preheater.
Further, in the second step (ii), the method for identifying the flow-through area and the plugging area is as follows: z is less than a threshold value zminThe location of (a) is in the flow-through zone, otherwise in the plugging zone.
Further, in the second step (ii), the method for identifying the flow-through area and the plugging area is as follows: the position where the absolute value of the slope at each position of the z-x curve is larger than a certain threshold belongs to the circulation area, otherwise, the position belongs to the blockage area.
Further, in the second step (ii), the method for identifying the flow-through area and the plugging area is as follows: for z-x data, the z value is linearly transformed to [0,255%]Range of gray values z*Transformed z*The-x data can be regarded as a one-dimensional gray image, and the more mature data can be utilizedAnd the image recognition algorithm library carries out edge recognition so as to distinguish a blocked area and a circulation area.
Further, the displacement sensor is a laser type displacement sensor.
Furthermore, in order to more comprehensively master the blocking condition of each part of the cold end of the air preheater, a displacement sensor is respectively arranged at a plurality of different radial positions.
Furthermore, for the scanning range of the large displacement sensor, the displacement sensor is arranged on an electric linear guide rail or a similar device to drive the displacement sensor to move along the radial direction of the air preheater.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages: according to the method for monitoring the blockage degree of the air preheater, the blockage degree of the cold-end flow passage of the air preheater is measured and quantified, and a more visual and direct monitoring means is provided.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a displacement sensor arrangement according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of the shape of a heat exchange element (corrugated plate) of the air preheater in the embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional geometry of an air preheater heat exchange element (corrugated plate) according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of fouling and plugging of a cross-section part of a heat exchange element (corrugated plate) of an air preheater according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an x-z curve of the surface topography of the cold end of the air preheater and a partial scaling of the heat exchange elements of the air preheater detected by the displacement sensor according to the embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an x-z curve of the surface topography of the cold end of the air preheater and a schematic diagram of the air preheater when a heat exchange element is not fouled, which are detected by a displacement sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 shows two methods for discriminating between flow-through and plugging zones according to the z-x curve in the presence of foulants in accordance with the example of the invention (methods one A and two mentioned in the text)
FIG. 8 is a method for discriminating a flow-through region from a clogged region according to a z-x curve in the presence of a scaling material (method mentioned in text-B)
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail below by way of examples with reference to the accompanying drawings, which are illustrative of the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention.
Examples are given.
Referring to fig. 1 to 8, it should be understood that the structures, ratios, sizes, and the like shown in the drawings attached to the present specification are only used for matching the disclosure of the present specification, so as to be understood and read by those skilled in the art, and are not used to limit the conditions that the present invention can be implemented, so that the present invention has no technical significance, and any structural modification, ratio relationship change, or size adjustment should still fall within the scope of the present invention without affecting the function and the achievable purpose of the present invention. In the present specification, the terms "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "middle" and "one" are used for clarity of description, and are not used to limit the scope of the present invention, and the relative relationship between the terms and the relative positions may be changed or adjusted without substantial technical changes.
The method for monitoring the blockage degree of the air preheater in the embodiment comprises the following steps:
in the cold junction (the lower part of air preheater) wind channel of the primary air side or overgrate air side of air preheater, air preheater cold junction surface below certain distance H department sets up displacement sensor (preferred ripe laser type displacement sensor industrial products), and displacement sensor measurement end is vertical upwards towards air preheater cold junction surface (coal fired power plant rotation air preheater is horizontal arrangement, and the cold junction surface is the horizontality).
Taking a laser displacement sensor as an example, the principle of the displacement sensor for measuring the distance of the surface of the target object is as follows: the displacement sensor emits laser towards the cold end of the air preheater, the laser meets the solid surface to form a strong reflection and scattering signal, the displacement sensor utilizes a light path element to converge the signal on a signal receiving element CMOS, the position of the signal focused on the CMOS depends on the distance of a measured object, and the distance d of the displacement sensor relative to the displacement sensor can be calculated and obtained based on the displacement principle (the triangle principle is often adopted).
If the laser emitted by the sensor is shot into the gap of the heat exchange element, namely the airflow channel, the displacement sensor obtains a significantly larger d value, or a reflected signal cannot be received (the reflected and scattered light cannot be received by the displacement sensor due to the blockage of the side wall of the heat exchange element), and the value d given by the displacement sensor has no physical significance, and can be processed according to a maximum value during data recording and analysis.
When the coal-fired generating set normally operates, the air preheater rotates at a constant speed. Therefore, the displacement sensor can passively and circularly scan the distance d between each position and the circumferential direction of the cold end surface of the air preheater, and when the displacement sensor is fixed, the displacement sensor scans and obtains one-dimensional information of the circumferential direction of the air preheater at the radius coordinate r, namely the sampling of the information is one-dimensional.
If the displacement sensor is controlled to reciprocate in the range of r1 and r2 along the radial direction, although single-point information is obtained at each moment, after the air preheater continuously rotates for a plurality of circles, the accumulated single-point information is equivalent to scanning the cold end surface of the air preheater in the radial range of r1 and r 2.
And finally, calculating the proportion of the blocked area, namely taking the proportion as a quantitative index for measuring the blocking degree of the air pre-heater.
The raw data scanned by the displacement sensor can be described by a two-dimensional curve, wherein the abscissa (x axis) is the moving distance of the measuring point of the displacement sensor on the cold end surface of the air preheater, and the ordinate is z (═ H-d), (as shown in fig. 5). Intuitively, this can be seen as one-dimensional relief (topography) and it is next crucial to identify the interface of the solid surface (blockage zone) with the gas flow channel (flow-through zone).
Qualitatively, the z-value of the body of the heat exchange elements and the blocked area of the cold end surface fluctuates in a small range around 0 (the cold end surface fouling mainly grows in the transverse direction between the heat exchange elements and does not protrude significantly outside the cold end surface), and the change is more gradual, but at its interface with the air flow channel, an abrupt change similar to a "cliff" is formed.
The methods for identifying the plugging region and the flow-through region include at least the following methods.
The method comprises the following steps: z is less than a threshold value zminThe location of (a) belongs to the flow-through zone.
Determination of zminThe method of (2) at least comprising:
the method A specifies zmin according to the actual survey experience of the blockage condition of the air pre-heater, and can be set to be-30 mm to-50 mm, for example.
And B, performing frequency distribution statistics on the z value to obtain a PDF (probability density distribution) curve, wherein the PDF curve presents a 'bimodal' distribution characteristic, a peak value (corresponding to a position near the surface of the cold end) exists near the z value of 0, dense distribution (corresponding to a circulation area) also exists near a numerical value with the z being remarkably not zero, the two dense distribution areas can be identified through a clustering algorithm and a support vector machine method of machine learning (for example), and a boundary z value of the two dense distribution areas is obtained, wherein the z value is the z valuemin。
The method A has the advantages of simplicity, directness, no need of more data analysis, and the defects of more artificial factors and more uncertainty.
Although method B involves more data analysis and computer algorithms, the method and results are consistent and can be done automatically without manual intervention.
The second method comprises the following steps: the slope of each part of the curve is calculated (after the curve is locally and moderately smoothed, so as to avoid false recognition caused by overlarge curve fluctuation), and the position with the absolute value of the slope larger than a certain threshold belongs to the circulation area.
The slope threshold is determined by a method similar to the method for zminThe determination method can be specified empirically, and can also perform clustering analysis based on probability distribution on the slope. For the latter, only the differences from method one will be briefly described here: for "mountain top" areas (near cold end surfaces) and "valley" areas (flow-through areas), the "terrain" is gentle, and the slope values areThe absolute values are small and are mainly distributed near a zero value, but the absolute value of the slope on the interface of the two is obviously larger than zero, so the boundaries of the two can still be identified by methods such as a clustering algorithm, a support vector machine and the like, and the numerical value at the boundaries is the slope threshold.
The third method comprises the following steps: according to the method, by using an edge recognition algorithm in a mature image recognition algorithm, for the z-x data, a z value can be linearly converted into a gray value in a range of [0,255], the converted data can be regarded as a one-dimensional gray image (the image is usually two-dimensional, and the one-dimensional image can be regarded as a certain row of pixels of the two-dimensional image), and then edge recognition can be carried out by utilizing a mature image recognition algorithm library (such as OpenCV) so as to distinguish a blocking area and a circulation area.
The method three has the advantages over the method two that the existing knowledge and algorithm in the field of image recognition are fully utilized, and the method is more mature and robust.
After identifying the plugging zone and the flow-through zone, a nominal plugging ratio can be calculated, namely:
η*area of blocking area ÷ (area of blocking area + area of flow area)
Since the heat exchange element itself also occupies a certain area, the actual plugging ratio can be obtained by deducting the contribution of the heat exchange element to the nominal plugging ratio, namely:
η therein*0 is the nominal plugging ratio when the air preheater heat exchange element is completely unplugged.
In order to more comprehensively master the blocking condition of each part of the cold end of the air preheater, a displacement sensor is respectively arranged at a plurality of different radial positions. Preferably, in order to further expand the scanning range of the displacement sensor, the displacement sensor is mounted on an electric linear guide rail or a similar device, and the displacement sensor is driven to move along the radial direction of the air preheater, and the movement of the displacement sensor can include the following modes:
and a mode a, intermittent motion, namely stop-go-stop, wherein each stop point at least stays for the duration of the rotation period of the air preheater and turns back after reaching the extreme position of the motion of the device.
The mode b is continuous in motion, and the back turning is performed after the motion reaches the limit position; and c, moving in a combination of the modes a and b or a mixed mode.
Because of the relative speed of the displacement sensor and the cold end surface of the air preheater, in order to ensure the accuracy of measurement, the response time of the displacement sensor must be short enough, and the upper limit should not exceed the value given by the following formula:
where w is the width (unit: m) of the gas flow channels between the heat exchange elements when unblocked,
omega is the rotation angular velocity (unit: rad/s) of the air preheater,
r is the radial coordinate (unit: m) of the displacement sensor relative to the center of the air preheater,
ns is the number of sample points within the distance w, and should generally be greater than or equal to 5.
The following case is achieved by a method of monitoring the degree of clogging of an air preheater.
The diameter of an air preheater of a certain 600MW coal-fired power generating unit is 14m, and the width w of an air flow channel between heat exchange elements is 0.01 m. The rotation speed of the air preheater is 2 r/min, the corresponding rotation period T is 30s, and the angular speed omega is equal to 0.21 rad/s. In the cold end secondary air duct of the air preheater riA total of 4 laser displacement sensors are arranged at 1.5,3,4.5,6.0m (i 1, 2.. 4), which are located 0.4m from the cold end surface H. The measuring range of the laser displacement sensor is 0.3-0.5 m, and the measuring precision is better than 0.2 mm.
Each laser displacement sensor is arranged on the electric linear guide rail, and each electric linear guide rail can drive the laser displacement sensor to move in the radial direction [ ri-0.5,ri+0.5]And (4) moving within the range, wherein the control logic is to stop after moving 0.1m every 2T, and return after reaching the limit position. The number Ns of measurement points in the width of each airflow channel is 5, and the response time of the sensor is as follows:
accordingly, the response time of each sensor (r from inside to outside) is selected to be 6.3ms,3.2ms,2.1ms,1.6 ms.
Fig. 5 and 6 show the z-x curves (black thick solid lines in the figure) obtained by scanning a certain local area, in the gas flow channel area, the laser only passes through and is not blocked by any solid surface, so that the laser displacement sensor can not obtain a reflection signal, and at the moment, z takes a remarkable non-zero negative value (here, taking about-273 mm), and in the heat exchange element blockage area (body surface, dust surface), z only fluctuates within +/-15 mm. Clearly, the plugging and flow-through zones are well defined. In accordance with sub-method A of method one, as described above, z can be takenminWhen z is less than this value, the nominal occlusion rate η in the detection interval (shown in fig. 5) is calculated for-25 mm, where all points belong to the flow-through zone and the occlusion zone is the other point*78% in the non-fouled state (shown in FIG. 6), the corresponding plugging rate η of the heat exchange element body * 015%, so the actual rate of fouling caused by fouling η - η*-η* 0＝63％。
In addition, it should be noted that the specific embodiments described in the present specification may be different in the components, the shapes of the components, the names of the components, and the like, and the above description is only an illustration of the structure of the present invention. Equivalent or simple changes in the structure, characteristics and principles of the invention are included in the protection scope of the patent. Various modifications, additions and substitutions for the specific embodiments described may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the accompanying claims.
Claims (8)
1. A method for monitoring the blockage degree of an air preheater is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps that (I), a displacement sensor is arranged at a distance H below the cold end surface of the air preheater, the displacement sensor measures the distance d (x) between each point of the cold end surface of the air preheater and the displacement sensor when the air preheater rotates, x is the movement distance of the air preheater relative to the projection point of the displacement sensor on the cold end surface of the air preheater, and z (x) is defined as H-d (x), wherein the physical meaning of z (x) is the distance of a certain point x on the cold end surface of the air preheater in the axial direction of the rotating shaft of the air preheater relative to the cold end surface of the air preheater;
secondly, identifying a flow area and a blockage area according to the curve characteristics of z-x;
(iii) after identifying the plugging and flow-through zones, calculating a nominal plugging ratio according to the following equation:
η*area of blocking area ÷ (area of blocking area + area of flow area)
Deducting the contribution of the heat exchange element itself to the nominal plugging ratio yields the actual plugging ratio, namely:
η therein*0 is the nominal blockage ratio when the heat exchange element of the air preheater is completely unblocked;
(IV) the response time of the displacement sensor does not exceed the value given by the following formula:
where w is the width (unit: m) of the gas flow channels between the heat exchange elements when unblocked,
omega is the rotation angular velocity (unit: rad/s) of the air preheater,
r is the radial coordinate (unit: m) of the sensor relative to the center of the air preheater,
Nsis the number of sampling points within the distance w, w is more than or equal to 5.
2. The method of monitoring the clogging degree of an air preheater according to claim 1, wherein: in the step one, the displacement sensor is positioned in a cold end air channel at a primary air side or a secondary air side of the air preheater.
3. According toThe method of monitoring the clogging degree of an air preheater according to claim 1, wherein: in the second step, the method for identifying the flow-through area and the plugging area is as follows: z is less than a threshold value zminThe location of (a) is in the flow-through zone, otherwise in the plugging zone.
4. The method of monitoring the clogging degree of an air preheater according to claim 1, wherein: in the second step, the method for identifying the flow-through area and the plugging area is as follows: the position where the absolute value of the slope at each position of the z-x curve is larger than a certain threshold belongs to the circulation area, otherwise, the position belongs to the blockage area.
5. The method of monitoring the clogging degree of an air preheater according to claim 1, wherein: in the second step, the method for identifying the flow-through area and the plugging area is as follows: for z-x data, the z value is linearly transformed to [0,255%]Range of gray values z*Transformed z*The-x data can be regarded as a one-dimensional gray image, and edge recognition is carried out by utilizing a mature image recognition algorithm library so as to distinguish a blocking area and a circulation area.
6. The method of monitoring the clogging degree of an air preheater according to claim 1, wherein: the displacement sensor is a laser type displacement sensor.
7. The method of monitoring the clogging degree of an air preheater according to claim 1, wherein: in order to more comprehensively master the blocking condition of each part of the cold end of the air preheater, a displacement sensor is respectively arranged at a plurality of different radial positions.
8. The method of monitoring the clogging degree of the air preheater according to claim 7, wherein: the displacement sensor is arranged on the electric linear guide rail to drive the displacement sensor to move along the radial direction of the air preheater within the scanning range of the large displacement sensor.
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| CN112781505A (en) * | 2020-12-17 | 2021-05-11 | 中国电子科技集团公司第四十一研究所 | Cigarette ash column deviation correction device and method based on machine vision detection |
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