CN111041519A - Non-noble metal amorphous electrolyzed water anode material and in-situ growth preparation method - Google Patents
Non-noble metal amorphous electrolyzed water anode material and in-situ growth preparation method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a non-noble metal amorphous electrolyzed water anode material and an in-situ growth preparation method thereof, wherein the non-noble metal electrolyzed water anode material is (Fe)aCobNic)xMyWherein the atomic percentage usage is one or more of a + b + c 1, a is more than or equal to 0.1 and less than or equal to 0.9, b is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 0.9, c is more than or equal to 0.1 and less than or equal to 0.9, x is more than or equal to 80 and less than or equal to 90, y is more than or equal to 10 and less than or equal to 20, and M is B, S, P, Si; feaCobNic)xMyThe amorphous alloy thin film is obtained by adopting electric arc melting and vacuum induction melting melt spinning as an electrolytic water anode materialAnd taking the precursor as a precursor, and carrying out in-situ growth on the surface metal of the precursor into a nickel-iron-cobalt oxidation state substance by adopting an electrochemical cyclic voltammetry so as to prepare the non-noble metal electrolytic water catalyst with high-efficiency in-situ growth. The invention has simple process, low preparation cost, easy operation, stable performance and convenient large-scale production.
Description
Technical Field
The invention provides an electrolytic water anode material and a preparation method thereof, in particular to non-noble metal FeaCobNic)xMyThe amorphous alloy water electrolysis anode material and the in-situ growth preparation method are used for obtaining high catalytic performance and applying the amorphous alloy water electrolysis anode material to water electrolysis.
Background
Energy and environment are the most important issues in the modern times. Global demand for energy has been rapidly increasing and it is expected that energy demand will increase by a factor of two in the next 15 years. But to date, most of the energy consumed comes from fossil fuels that are limited in reserves and unsustainable. The development of a plurality of renewable clean energy sources, including wind energy, geothermal energy, solar energy and the like, is favored by people. Hydrogen energy is an excellent renewable clean energy source recognized by human beings, can realize efficient interconversion with electric energy, and is considered as one of the most promising energy sources. Thus, the conversion of renewable energy is considered as an encouraging solution to significantly reduce the dependence on fossil fuels.
The realization of hydrogen-based renewable energy solutions depends to a large extent on the development of cost-effective green hydrogen production technologies, for example by means of electrochemical electrolysis of water or the like. Electrochemical water splitting represents a promising approach to large-scale hydrogen production, and the combination of hydrogen and fuel cells for electrochemical power generation can provide an ideal energy system for sustainable future realization. Water splitting efficiency is highly dependent on Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) and it is crucial to develop an economical and efficient OER catalyst. The demand for non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts is enormous in view of cost, but its catalytic activity and stability are also important considerations.
On the one hand, compared with the crystalline electrode material, the amorphous electrode material has the following advantages: 1. the number of surface active sites is large; 2. the electronic structure can be regulated and controlled within a wide range by changing the element composition; 3. high mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. Therefore, the non-noble metal-based amorphous electrode material has wide application prospect. On the other hand, the surface of the electrode material is usually converted to improve the catalytic performance, and in the conventional electrode preparation method, the methods for converting the surface of the electrode usually include electroplating, vapor deposition, hydrothermal growth, magnetron sputtering and the like. The electrode material obtained by the method has obvious interfaces on the substrate and the surface, and is easy to separate in the using process, so that the catalytic performance is reduced, and the service life is shortened.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a non-noble metal amorphous electrolyzed water anode material and an in-situ growth preparation method.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a non-noble metal amorphous electrolyzed water anode material is characterized in that: the precursor non-noble metal anode material for the electrolyzed water is (Fe)aCobNic)xMyWherein the atomic percentage usage is one or more of a + b + c 1, a is more than or equal to 0.1 and less than or equal to 0.9, b is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 0.9, c is more than or equal to 0.1 and less than or equal to 0.9, x is more than or equal to 80 and less than or equal to 90, y is more than or equal to 10 and less than or equal to 20, and M is B, S, P, Si; the surface layer of the catalyst is grown into two or more oxidation state substances of nickel, iron and cobalt in situ by adopting an electrochemical cyclic voltammetry method, so that the non-noble metal electrolytic water catalyst with high-efficiency in-situ growth is prepared.
Wherein, the oxidation state substance on the surface layer of the anode material is one or more of ferric oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, ferric hydroxide, cobalt hydroxide, nickel hydroxide, iron oxyhydroxide, cobalt oxyhydroxide and nickel oxyhydroxide.
The precursor non-noble metal water electrolysis anode material is of an amorphous structure.
The invention also provides an in-situ growth preparation method of the non-noble metal amorphous electrolyzed water anode material, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) according to (Fe)aCobNic)xMyNominal components are respectively weighed, wherein the mass percent purity of Fe, Co, Ni and M is not less than 99.9 percent, when M is B, the mass percent purity is not less than 99.9 percent, and when M is S, P, the M can be replaced by master alloy NiM or FeM;
2) and melting the alloy ingot
Putting the weighed Fe, Co, Ni and M elements into a vacuum arc melting furnace for melting to obtain (Fe)aCobNic)xMyAn alloy ingot;
3) single-roller quenching method for preparing amorphous ribbon
Mechanically crushing the obtained alloy ingot into small pieces with the diameter not more than 1cm, putting the small pieces into a quartz tube, putting the quartz tube into a vacuum induction melting and melt-spinning furnace, melting the small pieces, and spraying the melted small pieces onto a rapidly rotating copper roller to prepare the (Fe)aCobNic)xMyAn amorphous alloy thin strip;
melt-spun parameters:
introducing argon gas (99.999 percent by mass) of 0.04-0.05 Mpa before the melt spinning to serve as protective atmosphere;
the required degree of vacuum is 2.5X 10-3Pa～5.0×10-3Pa；
The smelting current is 10-20A;
smelting time: 10-30 s;
injection pressure difference: 0.05 to 0.06 MPa;
the rotating speed of the copper roller is as follows: 1500-2500 m/s;
4) and carrying out in-situ growth on the surface of the obtained amorphous alloy thin strip by an electrochemical cyclic voltammetry.
As a preferred technical scheme:
in the step 2), the smelting parameters of the alloy are as follows:
introducing argon gas with the mass percent of 99.999 percent of 0.03-0.05 Mpa before smelting as protective atmosphere;
the required degree of vacuum is 2.5X 10-3Pa～5.0×10-3Pa；
The smelting current is 50A-300A;
smelting time: smelting for 2-3 min each time and 5-10 times.
In the step 3), the thickness of the prepared amorphous alloy thin strip is 20-50 μm.
In the step 4), the surface in-situ growth specifically comprises the following steps:
(a) using silicone rubber (Fe)aCobNic)xMySealing the non-testing part of the alloy thin strip, and exposing a free surface with a fixed area for electrochemical testing;
(b) will be sealed (Fe)aCobNic)xMyTaking the anode material as an anode, and carrying out in-situ conversion on the surface of the anode material in one or more solutions of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate by using an electrochemical cyclic voltammetry method to obtain a non-noble metal electrolytic water anode material growing in situ;
electrochemical workstation parameters:
cyclic voltammetry voltage range: 1.124-1.624 VVS RHE;
scanning rate: 5-100 mV/s;
the number of scanning turns: 2000-10000 circles;
solution: one or more of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate;
concentration of the solution: 0.01-2 mol/L;
solution gas environment: introducing nitrogen with the flow rate of 10ml/min and the mass percent of 99.9.
The thickness of the surface oxide film of the non-noble metal amorphous electrolytic water anode material prepared by the method is 0.3-1.5 mu m. The material can be used as an anode material in the hydrogen evolution of electrolyzed waterThe material was applied at a solution pH of 14 and a current density of 10mA cm-2In the case of (2), the overpotential is 240 to 330 mV.
Compared with the prior art, the preparation method of the non-noble metal amorphous electrolyzed water anode material has the following advantages:
1. (Fe) produced by the present inventionaCobNic)xMyThe electrode material has more surface active sites, larger active area and better conductivity, thereby improving the efficiency of hydrogen evolution by electrolysis;
2. (Fe) produced by the present inventionaCobNic)xMyThe three-dimensional structure directly grown on the surface of the electrode material is more beneficial to the release of oxygen, so that the hydrogen evolution efficiency of the electrolyzed water is improved;
3. (Fe) produced by the present inventionaCobNic)xMyA layer of amorphous oxidation state material grows on the surface of the electrode material, so that the catalytic water oxidation is facilitated, and the electrolytic water hydrogen evolution efficiency is improved;
4. (Fe) produced by the present inventionaCobNic)xMyThe electrode material can be used as an electrode for directly electrolyzing water, has simple process, low preparation cost, easy operation and stable performance, and can be produced and applied on a large scale.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows amorphous Ni of example 1 of the present invention40Fe40B20Electrolytic water anode material (top) and amorphous Ni without any treatment40Fe40B20Thin strip (bottom) optical picture.
FIG. 2 example 1, amorphous Ni40Fe40B20High power scanning electron microscope picture of electrolytic water anode material surface.
FIG. 3 example 2, amorphous Ni60Fe20B20High power scanning electron microscope picture of electrolytic water anode material surface.
FIG. 4 is a plot of the linear voltammetry scans for three-electrode electrolyzed water according to example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the chronopotentiometry of three-electrode water electrolysis in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a plot of a three-electrode electrolytic voltammetric sweep of example 2 of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a plot of the linear voltammetry scans for three-electrode electrolyzed water according to example 3 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical features and characteristics of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings by way of specific examples, which are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
Amorphous Ni40Fe40B20Electrolytic water anode material
1) According to Ni40Fe40B20Nominal components are respectively weighed, wherein the mass percent purity of Fe, Co, Ni and B is not less than 99.95%, and the mass percent purity of B is not less than 99.9%;
2) smelting an alloy ingot;
putting the weighed Fe, Ni and B elements into a vacuum arc melting furnace for melting to obtain Ni40Fe40B20And (3) alloy ingots.
Smelting parameters are as follows: argon gas with the mass percent of 99.999 percent of 0.04Mpa is filled before smelting as protective atmosphere;
the required vacuum degree is 3.5X 10-3Pa；
The smelting current is 150A;
smelting time: smelting for 2-3 min each time and 5-10 times;
3) preparing an amorphous strip by a single-roller quenching method;
mechanically crushing an alloy ingot into small pieces with the diameter not more than 1cm, putting the small pieces into a quartz tube, putting the quartz tube into a vacuum induction melting and melt-spinning furnace, melting the small pieces, and spraying the melted small pieces onto a rapidly rotating copper roller to prepare 50 mu m Ni40Fe40B20An amorphous alloy thin strip;
melt-spun parameters: argon gas with the mass percent of 99.999 percent of 0.04Mpa is filled before the melt spinning to be used as protective atmosphere;
true requirementThe void degree is 3.5 multiplied by 10-3Pa；
The smelting current is 15A;
smelting time: 20 s;
injection pressure difference: 0.05 MPa;
the rotating speed of the copper roller is as follows: 2000 m/s.
The thickness of the prepared alloy thin strip is 40-50 mu m.
4) Ni using silicone rubber40Fe40B20Sealing the non-electrochemical test part of the alloy thin strip, wherein the free area exposed out of the fixed area is used for electrochemical test;
5) ni to be sealed40Fe40B20The electrode material is used as an anode to carry out in-situ growth on the surface of the anode in a sodium hydroxide solution by utilizing an electrochemical cyclic voltammetry method to obtain a non-noble metal electrolytic water anode material which grows in situ;
electrochemical workstation parameters:
cyclic voltammetry voltage range: 1.124-1.624V VS RHE;
scanning rate: 50 mV/s;
the number of scanning turns: 5000 circles;
concentration of the solution: 1 mol/L;
the amorphous Ni obtained above40Fe40B20The electrode material is subjected to three-electrode test on the anodic oxygen evolution performance of the electrolyzed water:
amorphous Ni by adopting linear volt-ampere scanning test method40Fe40B20The electrode material was tested. The test uses a three-electrode system, the working electrode is amorphous Ni40Fe40B20The electrode material, reference electrode is mercury/mercury oxide, auxiliary electrode is platinum sheet, electrolyte is potassium hydroxide solution of 1mol/L, scanning speed is 5 millivolt/second, scanning range is 300 millivolt to 800 millivolt (relative to reference electrode). The polarization curve obtained is shown in fig. 4. FIG. 4 shows that 10mA cm was reached-2The overpotential is only 259 mV. This shows amorphous Ni in example 140Fe40B20The electrolytic water oxygen evolution electrode has excellent oxygen evolution catalytic activity. At the same time, a timing potential test method is adoptedTesting amorphous Ni40Fe40B20At 1 mol. L-1Potential versus time curve in KOH solution. As shown in FIG. 5, amorphous Ni40Fe40B20The potential remained essentially unchanged during the 12h test. This indicates amorphous Ni40Fe40B20The oxygen evolution catalytic activity and stability are excellent.
Example 2
Amorphous Ni60Fe20B20Electrolytic water anode material
1) According to Ni60Fe20B20Nominal components are respectively weighed, wherein the mass percent purity of Fe and Ni elements is not less than 99.95%, and the mass percent purity of B elements is not less than 99.9%;
2) smelting an alloy ingot;
putting the weighed Fe, Ni and B elements into a vacuum arc melting furnace for melting to obtain Ni60Fe20B20And (3) alloy ingots.
Smelting parameters are as follows: argon gas with the mass percent of 99.999 percent of 0.04Mpa is filled before smelting as protective atmosphere;
the required vacuum degree is 3.3X 10-3Pa；
The smelting current is 130A;
smelting time: smelting for 2-3 min each time and 5-10 times;
3) preparing an amorphous strip by a single-roller quenching method;
mechanically crushing an alloy ingot into small pieces with the diameter not more than 1cm, putting the small pieces into a quartz tube, putting the quartz tube into a vacuum induction melting and melt-spinning furnace, melting the small pieces, and spraying the melted small pieces onto a rapidly rotating copper roller to prepare 50 mu m Ni60Fe20B20An amorphous alloy thin strip;
melt-spun parameters: argon gas with the mass percent of 99.999 percent of 0.05Mpa is filled before the melt spinning to be used as protective atmosphere;
the required vacuum degree is 3.3X 10-3Pa；
The smelting current is 14A;
smelting time: 20 s;
injection pressure difference: 0.05 MPa;
the rotating speed of the copper roller is as follows: 1800 m/s.
The thickness of the prepared alloy thin strip is 35-50 mu m.
4) Ni using silicone rubber60Fe20B20Sealing the non-electrochemical test part of the alloy thin strip, wherein the free area exposed out of the fixed area is used for electrochemical test;
5) ni to be sealed60Fe20B20The electrode material is used as an anode to carry out in-situ growth on the surface of the anode in a sodium hydroxide solution by utilizing an electrochemical cyclic voltammetry method to obtain a non-noble metal electrolytic water anode material which grows in situ;
electrochemical workstation parameters:
cyclic voltammetry voltage range: 1.124-1.624V VS RHE;
scanning rate: 20 mV/s;
the number of scanning turns: 2500 circles;
concentration of the solution: 1 mol/L;
the amorphous Ni obtained above60Fe20B20The electrode material is subjected to three-electrode test on the anodic oxygen evolution performance of the electrolyzed water:
amorphous Ni by adopting linear volt-ampere scanning test method60Fe20B20The electrode material was tested. The test uses a three-electrode system, the working electrode is amorphous Ni60Fe20B20The electrode material, reference electrode is mercury/mercury oxide, auxiliary electrode is platinum sheet, electrolyte is potassium hydroxide solution of 1mol/L, scanning speed is 5 millivolt/second, scanning range is 300 millivolt to 800 millivolt (relative to reference electrode). The polarization curve obtained is shown in fig. 6. FIG. 6 shows that 10mA cm was reached-2The over-potential is only 273 mV. This shows amorphous Ni in example 260Fe20B20The electrolytic water oxygen evolution electrode has excellent oxygen evolution catalytic activity.
Example 3
Amorphous (NiFeCo)80B20Electrolytic water anode material
1) According to (N)iFeCo)80B20Nominal components are respectively weighed, wherein the mass percent purity of Fe, Ni, Co and B is not less than 99.95%, and the mass percent purity of B is not less than 99.9%;
2) smelting an alloy ingot;
putting the weighed Fe, Ni and B elements into a vacuum arc melting furnace for melting to obtain (NiFeCo)80B20And (3) alloy ingots.
Smelting parameters are as follows: argon gas with the mass percent of 99.999 percent of 0.04Mpa is filled before smelting as protective atmosphere;
the required vacuum degree is 3.2X 10-3Pa；
The smelting current is 140A;
smelting time: smelting for 2-3 min each time and 5-10 times;
3) preparing an amorphous strip by a single-roller quenching method;
mechanically crushing the alloy ingot into small pieces with diameter not more than 1cm, placing into a quartz tube, placing into a vacuum induction melting melt-spun furnace, melting, and spraying onto a rapidly rotating copper roller to obtain a material with thickness of 50 μm (NiFeCo)80B20An amorphous alloy thin strip;
melt-spun parameters: argon gas with the mass percent of 99.999 percent of 0.05Mpa is filled before the melt spinning to be used as protective atmosphere;
the required vacuum degree is 3.3X 10-3Pa；
The smelting current is 14.5A;
smelting time: 20 s;
injection pressure difference: 0.05 MPa;
the rotating speed of the copper roller is as follows: 2100 m/s.
The thickness of the prepared alloy thin strip is 30-50 mu m.
4) Using a silicone rubber coating (NiFeCo)80B20Sealing the non-electrochemical test part of the alloy thin strip, wherein the free area exposed out of the fixed area is used for electrochemical test;
5) sealing the middle part well (NiFeCo)80B20Taking electrode material as anode, carrying out electrochemical cyclic voltammetry on the surface of the electrode material in sodium hydroxide solutionPerforming in-situ growth to obtain a non-noble metal electrolytic water anode material which grows in situ;
electrochemical workstation parameters:
cyclic voltammetry voltage range: 1.124-1.624V VS RHE;
scanning rate: 100 mV/s;
the number of scanning turns: 10000 circles;
concentration of the solution: 1 mol/L;
the amorphous (NiFeCo) obtained above was used80B20The electrode material is subjected to three-electrode test on the anodic oxygen evolution performance of the electrolyzed water:
amorphous (NiFeCo) test method using linear voltammetric scanning80B20The electrode material was tested. The test uses a three-electrode system with the working electrode amorphous (NiFeCo)80B20The electrode material, reference electrode is mercury/mercury oxide, auxiliary electrode is platinum sheet, electrolyte is potassium hydroxide solution of 1mol/L, scanning speed is 5 millivolt/second, scanning range is 300 millivolt to 800 millivolt (relative to reference electrode). The polarization curve obtained is shown in fig. 7. FIG. 7 shows that 10mA cm was reached-2The overpotential is only 283 mV. This indicates amorphization (NiFeCo) in example 380B20The electrolytic water oxygen evolution electrode has excellent oxygen evolution catalytic activity.
The anode materials described in examples 4-10 (except for the element content, the cyclic voltammetry planned scan rate, the number of scan cycles, etc., which were slightly different, the other conditions were the same as in example 1) were obtained by the material preparation method of example 1. Specifically, as shown in table 1:
table 1 part of the parameters of examples 4 to 10
The above embodiments are merely illustrative of the technical ideas and features of the present invention, and the purpose thereof is to enable those skilled in the art to understand the contents of the present invention and implement the present invention, and not to limit the protection scope of the present invention. All equivalent changes and modifications made according to the spirit of the present invention should be covered within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A non-noble metal amorphous electrolyzed water anode material is characterized in that: the precursor non-noble metal anode material for the electrolyzed water is (Fe)aCobNic)xMyWherein the atomic percentage usage is one or more of a + b + c 1, a is more than or equal to 0.1 and less than or equal to 0.9, b is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 0.9, c is more than or equal to 0.1 and less than or equal to 0.9, x is more than or equal to 80 and less than or equal to 90, y is more than or equal to 10 and less than or equal to 20, and M is B, S, P, Si; the surface layer is grown into two or more oxidation state substances of nickel, iron and cobalt in situ by adopting an electrochemical cyclic voltammetry.
2. The non-noble metal amorphous electrolytic water anode material as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: the oxidation state substance on the surface layer of the anode material is one or more of ferric oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, ferric hydroxide, cobalt hydroxide, nickel hydroxide, iron oxyhydroxide, cobalt oxyhydroxide and nickel oxyhydroxide.
3. The non-noble metal amorphous electrolytic water anode material as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: the precursor non-noble metal anode material for the electrolyzed water is of an amorphous structure.
4. The in-situ growth preparation method of the non-noble metal amorphous electrolyzed water anode material as defined in claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) according to (Fe)aCobNic)xMyNominal components are respectively weighed to obtain Fe, Co, Ni and M elements;
2) and melting the alloy ingot
Putting the weighed Fe, Co, Ni and M elements into a vacuum arc melting furnace for melting to obtain (Fe)aCobNic)xMyAn alloy ingot;
3) single-roller quenching method for preparing amorphous ribbon
Mechanically crushing the obtained alloy ingot into small pieces with the diameter not more than 1cm, putting the small pieces into a quartz tube, and putting the quartz tube into a vacuum induction melting furnaceMelting and spraying the molten iron to a copper roller rotating rapidly in a smelting and spinning furnace to prepare (Fe)aCobNic)xMyAn amorphous alloy thin strip;
melt-spun parameters:
introducing argon of 0.04-0.05 Mpa as a protective atmosphere before the melt spinning;
the required degree of vacuum is 2.5X 10-3Pa～5.0×10-3Pa；
The smelting current is 10-20A;
smelting time: 10-30 s;
injection pressure difference: 0.05 to 0.06 MPa;
the rotating speed of the copper roller is as follows: 1500-2500 m/s;
4) and carrying out in-situ growth on the surface of the obtained amorphous alloy thin strip by an electrochemical cyclic voltammetry.
5. The in-situ growth preparation method of the non-noble metal amorphous electrolyzed water anode material as defined in claim 4, wherein in the step 2), the melting parameters of the alloy are as follows:
introducing argon gas with the mass percent of 99.999 percent of 0.03-0.05 Mpa before smelting as protective atmosphere;
the required degree of vacuum is 2.5X 10-3Pa～5.0×10-3Pa；
The smelting current is 50A-300A;
smelting time: smelting for 2-3 min each time and 5-10 times.
6. The in-situ growth preparation method of the non-noble metal amorphous electrolyzed water anode material as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that: in the step 3), the thickness of the prepared amorphous alloy thin strip is 20-50 μm.
7. The in-situ growth preparation method of the non-noble metal amorphous electrolyzed water anode material as claimed in claim 4, wherein the surface in-situ growth in step 4) comprises the following specific steps:
(a) using silicone rubber (Fe)aCobNic)xMyAlloy foilSealing the non-testing part, and exposing the free surface for electrochemical testing;
(b) will be sealed (Fe)aCobNic)xMyTaking the anode material as an anode, and carrying out in-situ growth on the surface of the anode material in one or more solutions of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate by using an electrochemical cyclic voltammetry to obtain a non-noble metal electrolytic water anode material growing in situ;
electrochemical workstation parameters:
cyclic voltammetry voltage range: 1.124-1.624V VS RHE;
scanning rate: 5-100 mV/s;
the number of scanning turns: 2000-10000 circles;
concentration of the solution: 0.01-2 mol/L;
solution gas environment: introducing nitrogen with the flow rate of 10ml/min and the mass percent of 99.9.
8. The in-situ growth preparation method of the non-noble metal amorphous electrolyzed water anode material as claimed in claim 7, characterized in that: the prepared anode material has the surface oxide film thickness of 0.3-1.5 μm.
9. Use of the material according to claim 1 as anode material in the electrolysis of water for hydrogen evolution.
10. Use according to claim 9, characterized in that: the pH value of the solution is 14, and the current density reaches 10mA cm-2In the case of (2), the overpotential is 240 to 330 mV.
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