CN111020323A - Rolling method of ultrahigh-strength aluminum alloy plate - Google Patents
Rolling method of ultrahigh-strength aluminum alloy plate Download PDFInfo
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- CN111020323A CN111020323A CN201911410821.1A CN201911410821A CN111020323A CN 111020323 A CN111020323 A CN 111020323A CN 201911410821 A CN201911410821 A CN 201911410821A CN 111020323 A CN111020323 A CN 111020323A
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- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000005097 cold rolling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004134 energy conservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/12—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent
- C22C21/18—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent with zinc
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B3/00—Rolling materials of special alloys so far as the composition of the alloy requires or permits special rolling methods or sequences ; Rolling of aluminium, copper, zinc or other non-ferrous metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/10—Alloys containing non-metals
- C22C1/1036—Alloys containing non-metals starting from a melt
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/10—Alloys containing non-metals
- C22C1/1036—Alloys containing non-metals starting from a melt
- C22C1/1047—Alloys containing non-metals starting from a melt by mixing and casting liquid metal matrix composites
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/12—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent
- C22C21/14—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent with silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/12—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent
- C22C21/16—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent with magnesium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/002—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working by rapid cooling or quenching; cooling agents used therefor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/057—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with copper as the next major constituent
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B3/00—Rolling materials of special alloys so far as the composition of the alloy requires or permits special rolling methods or sequences ; Rolling of aluminium, copper, zinc or other non-ferrous metals
- B21B2003/001—Aluminium or its alloys
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Metal Rolling (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a rolling method of an ultrahigh-strength aluminum alloy plate, which comprises the following steps: smelting, casting, homogenizing, hot rolling, solid solution treatment, cold rolling and complete artificial aging treatment of metal raw materials, wherein the metal raw materials comprise the following components in percentage by weight: zn: 0.8-1.0% Cu: 3.0 to 4.5 percent; mg: 0.4-0.6%; TiC: 0.3 to 0.5 percent; SiO: 0.4-0.6%; MnO: 0.4-0.6%; ZrO: 0.1-0.3%, ErO: 0.1-0.4 percent of Al, and the balance of Al, the novel aluminum alloy material product provided by the invention has the advantages of good matching of strength, plasticity and toughness, light weight, corrosion resistance, high specific strength, easiness in processing and forming and the like, is mainly suitable for manufacturing rail transit car bodies, can greatly improve the additional value of aluminum materials, and improves the economic benefit of aluminum processing enterprises; the method can accelerate the circulation of the aluminum scrap, improve the quality of the scrap, facilitate the resource saving and the recycling, and construct an environment-friendly society; the vehicle manufacturing cost is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of traffic tracks, in particular to a rolling method of an ultrahigh-strength aluminum alloy plate.
Background
The aluminum alloy has the characteristics of small density, high specific strength and specific stiffness, good elasticity, good impact resistance, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, easy surface coloring, good processing formability, high recycling reproducibility and the like, and is widely applied to the fields of aviation, aerospace, automobiles, mechanical manufacturing, ships, buildings, decoration and the like.
At present, the low-grade aluminum alloy material market of the high-performance aluminum alloy material for manufacturing the rail transit car body is saturated in the domestic market condition, and the middle-grade and high-grade aluminum alloy materials, particularly the high-grade aluminum alloy materials subjected to deep processing, have larger gaps. Therefore, the invention provides a preparation method of the ultrahigh-strength aluminum alloy plate to improve the economic benefit of aluminum processing enterprises, accelerate the waste aluminum circulation, improve the waste material quality, facilitate the resource saving and the recycling and reduce the vehicle manufacturing cost based on the idea of providing a material product with high quality and low price for the rail transit construction industry in China.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a rolling method of an ultrahigh-strength aluminum alloy plate to solve the problems in the background technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme: a rolling method of an ultrahigh-strength aluminum alloy plate comprises the following steps:
step one, smelting: putting the metal raw material into a smelting furnace for smelting, controlling the temperature of the smelting furnace to be 1050-;
step two, casting: standing the solution obtained in the step one for 30-60min, then casting in time, and continuously adding Al-Ti-B wires in the casting process to obtain an aluminum alloy casting;
step three, fire equalizing: carrying out homogenizing annealing on the aluminum alloy casting prepared in the step two at the temperature of 280-300 ℃ for 2-3 h;
step four, hot rolling: before rolling, heating the aluminum alloy ingot blank to 470-520 ℃ for 8-10h, and then rolling the aluminum alloy casting at the rolling speed of 15-20m/min and the cogging deformation rate of 10-25%;
step five, solution treatment: heating the aluminum alloy casting to the melting point of the eutectic, preserving heat for 2-36h, and rapidly quenching the aluminum alloy casting into water at the temperature of 60-100 ℃ to rapidly cool the aluminum alloy casting;
step six, cold rolling: cold rolling the road alloy casting subjected to solution treatment, wherein the pass deformation rate is 20-45%;
step seven, complete artificial aging treatment: heating the aluminum alloy casting subjected to the solution treatment to 170-200 ℃, preserving heat, and after 5-24h, discharging and air cooling to room temperature.
Preferably, the first step is carried out at the temperature of 700-750 ℃.
Preferably, the metal raw material comprises the following components in percentage by weight: zn: 0.8-1.0% Cu: 3.0 to 4.5 percent; mg: 0.4-0.6%; TiC: 0.3 to 0.5 percent; SiO: 0.4-0.6%; MnO: 0.4-0.6%; ZrO: 0.1-0.3%, ErO: 0.1-0.4% and the balance of Al.
Preferably, the cold rolling speed in the sixth step is 20-50 m/min.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the rolling method of the ultrahigh-strength aluminum alloy plate provided by the invention can homogenize chemical components, tissues and performances of an ingot, improve the surface treatment quality of the material, and simultaneously, through atomic diffusion and migration, the tissues and performances are more homogenized and stabilized, the internal stress is eliminated, and the shaping of the material is greatly improved.
(1) According to the rolling method of the ultrahigh-strength aluminum alloy plate, the prepared aluminum alloy plate has the advantages of light weight, corrosion resistance, high specific strength, easiness in processing and forming, moderate cost and the like, and the product is mainly suitable for manufacturing rail transit car bodies. Compared with steel, the weight of the train can be reduced by 3-4.5 tons per carriage, the weight of the train is reduced by 10%, the fuel can be saved by 8%, and the effects of energy conservation and consumption reduction are obvious; the product is easy to machine and form, convenient to maintain and excellent in corrosion resistance, the service life of the train body can be effectively prolonged, and the recovery value of the scrapped aluminum alloy body is about 4.8 times that of the steel body.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example one
A rolling method of an ultrahigh-strength aluminum alloy plate comprises the following steps:
step one, smelting: putting a metal raw material into a smelting furnace for smelting, controlling the temperature of the smelting furnace to be 1050 ℃, controlling the temperature of the metal raw material not to exceed 650 ℃ in the smelting process, and then sequentially stirring, slagging off and refining, wherein the slagging off temperature is 700 ℃;
step two, casting: standing the solution obtained in the step one for 45min, then casting in time, and continuously adding Al-Ti-B wires in the casting process to obtain an aluminum alloy casting;
step three, fire equalizing: homogenizing and annealing the aluminum alloy casting prepared in the step two at the temperature of 280 ℃ for 3 hours;
step four, hot rolling: before rolling, heating the aluminum alloy ingot blank to 500 ℃ for 9h, and then rolling the aluminum alloy casting at the rolling speed of 15m/min and the cogging deformation rate of 15%;
step five, solution treatment: heating the aluminum alloy casting to the melting point of the eutectic, preserving heat for 2 hours, and rapidly quenching the aluminum alloy casting into water at 60 ℃ to enable the aluminum alloy casting to be quenched;
step six, cold rolling: cold rolling the road alloy casting subjected to solution treatment, wherein the pass deformation rate is 25%, and the cold rolling speed is 25 m/min;
step seven, complete artificial aging treatment: heating the aluminum alloy casting subjected to the solution treatment to 200 ℃, preserving heat, discharging from the furnace and air-cooling to room temperature after 14 hours.
In this embodiment, the metal raw material comprises the following components in parts by weight: zn: 1.0 percent; cu: 3.5 percent; mg: 0.6 percent; TiC: 0.3 percent; SiO: 0.5 percent; MnO: 0.6 percent; ZrO: 0.1%, ErO: 0.3 percent and the balance of Al.
Example two
The second embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that:
step one, smelting: putting a metal raw material into a smelting furnace for smelting, controlling the temperature of the smelting furnace to be 1200 ℃, controlling the temperature of the metal raw material not to exceed 750 ℃ in the smelting process, and then sequentially stirring, slagging off and refining, wherein the slagging off temperature is 720 ℃;
step two, casting: standing the solution obtained in the step one for 30min, then casting in time, and continuously adding Al-Ti-B wires in the casting process to obtain an aluminum alloy casting;
step three, fire equalizing: homogenizing and annealing the aluminum alloy casting prepared in the step two at the temperature of 300 ℃ for 2 hours;
step four, hot rolling: before rolling, heating the aluminum alloy ingot blank to 470 ℃ for 8h, and then rolling the aluminum alloy casting at the rolling speed of 20m/min and the cogging deformation rate of 10 percent;
step five, solution treatment: heating the aluminum alloy casting to the melting point of the eutectic, preserving heat for 10 hours, and rapidly quenching the aluminum alloy casting into water at 80 ℃ to rapidly cool the aluminum alloy casting;
step six, cold rolling: cold rolling the road alloy casting subjected to solution treatment, wherein the pass deformation rate is 20%, and the cold rolling speed is 20 m/min;
step seven, complete artificial aging treatment: heating the aluminum alloy casting subjected to the solution treatment to 170 ℃, preserving heat, discharging from the furnace and air-cooling to room temperature after 15 hours.
In this embodiment, the metal raw material comprises the following components in parts by weight: zn: 0.9 percent; cu: 3.0 percent; mg: 0.4 percent; TiC: 0.5 percent; SiO: 0.4 percent; MnO: 0.5 percent; ZrO: 0.1%, ErO: 0.2% and the balance of Al.
The other steps are the same as those of the first embodiment.
EXAMPLE III
The third embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that:
step one, smelting: putting a metal raw material into a smelting furnace for smelting, controlling the temperature of the smelting furnace to be 1110 ℃, controlling the temperature of the metal raw material not to exceed 700 ℃ in the smelting process, and then stirring, slagging off and refining in sequence, wherein the slagging off temperature is 750 ℃;
step two, casting: standing the solution obtained in the step one for 50min, then casting in time, and continuously adding Al-Ti-B wires in the casting process to obtain an aluminum alloy casting;
step three, fire equalizing: homogenizing and annealing the aluminum alloy casting prepared in the second step at 290 ℃ for 2.5 h;
step four, hot rolling: before rolling, heating the aluminum alloy ingot blank to 510 ℃ for 10h, and then rolling the aluminum alloy casting at the rolling speed of 16m/min and the cogging deformation rate of 20%;
step five, solution treatment: heating the aluminum alloy casting to the melting point of the eutectic, preserving heat for 10 hours, and rapidly quenching the aluminum alloy casting into water at 70 ℃ to enable the aluminum alloy casting to be quenched;
step six, cold rolling: cold rolling the road alloy casting subjected to solution treatment, wherein the pass deformation rate is 30%, and the cold rolling speed is 30 m/min;
step seven, complete artificial aging treatment: heating the aluminum alloy casting subjected to the solution treatment to 180 ℃, preserving heat, discharging from the furnace and air-cooling to room temperature after 24 hours.
In this embodiment, the metal raw material comprises the following components in parts by weight: zn: 0.8 percent; cu: 4.0 percent; mg: 0.5 percent; TiC: 0.4 percent; SiO: 0.6 percent; MnO: 0.4 percent; ZrO: 0.1%, ErO: 0.1% and the balance of Al.
The rest is the same as the first embodiment.
Example four
The fourth embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that:
step one, smelting: putting a metal raw material into a smelting furnace for smelting, controlling the temperature of the smelting furnace to be 1110 ℃, controlling the temperature of the metal raw material not to exceed 800 ℃ in the smelting process, and then stirring, slagging off and refining in sequence, wherein the slagging off temperature is 740 ℃;
step two, casting: standing the solution obtained in the step one for 60min, then casting in time, and continuously adding Al-Ti-B wires in the casting process to obtain an aluminum alloy casting;
step three, fire equalizing: homogenizing and annealing the aluminum alloy casting prepared in the step two at the temperature of 300 ℃ for 3 hours;
step four, hot rolling: before rolling, heating the aluminum alloy ingot blank to 520 ℃ for 9 hours, and then rolling the aluminum alloy casting at the rolling speed of 20m/min and the cogging deformation rate of 25%;
step five, solution treatment: heating the aluminum alloy casting to the melting point of the eutectic, preserving heat for 36 hours, and rapidly quenching the aluminum alloy casting into water at 100 ℃ to rapidly cool the aluminum alloy casting;
step six, cold rolling: cold rolling the road alloy casting subjected to solution treatment, wherein the pass deformation rate is 45%, and the cold rolling speed is 50 m/min;
step seven, complete artificial aging treatment: heating the aluminum alloy casting subjected to the solution treatment to 175 ℃, preserving the heat, discharging the aluminum alloy casting from the furnace after 5 hours, and cooling the aluminum alloy casting to room temperature in air.
In this embodiment, the metal raw material comprises the following components in parts by weight: zn: 0.9 percent; cu: 5.0 percent; mg: 0.6 percent; TiC: 0.5 percent; SiO: 0.4 percent; MnO: 0.4 percent; ZrO: 0.3%, ErO: 0.4% and the balance of Al.
The rest is the same as the first embodiment.
Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes in the embodiments and/or modifications of the invention can be made, and equivalents and modifications of some features of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (4)
1. A rolling method of an ultrahigh-strength aluminum alloy plate is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
step one, smelting: putting the metal raw material into a smelting furnace for smelting, controlling the temperature of the smelting furnace to be 1050-;
step two, casting: standing the solution obtained in the step one for 30-60min, then casting in time, and continuously adding Al-Ti-B wires in the casting process to obtain an aluminum alloy casting;
step three, fire equalizing: carrying out homogenizing annealing on the aluminum alloy casting prepared in the step two at the temperature of 280-300 ℃ for 2-3 h;
step four, hot rolling: before rolling, heating the aluminum alloy ingot blank to 470-520 ℃ for 8-10h, and then rolling the aluminum alloy casting at the rolling speed of 15-20m/min and the cogging deformation rate of 10-25%;
step five, solution treatment: heating the aluminum alloy casting to the melting point of the eutectic, preserving heat for 2-36h, and rapidly quenching the aluminum alloy casting into water at the temperature of 60-100 ℃ to rapidly cool the aluminum alloy casting;
step six, cold rolling: cold rolling the road alloy casting subjected to solution treatment, wherein the pass deformation rate is 20-45%;
step seven, complete artificial aging treatment: heating the aluminum alloy casting subjected to the solution treatment to 170-200 ℃, preserving heat, and after 5-24h, discharging and air cooling to room temperature.
2. The rolling method of the ultra-high strength aluminum alloy plate as set forth in claim 1, wherein: in the first step, the slag removing operation is carried out when the temperature is 700-750 ℃.
3. The rolling method of the ultra-high strength aluminum alloy plate as set forth in claim 1, wherein: the metal raw materials comprise the following components in percentage by weight: zn: 0.8-1.0% Cu: 3.0 to 4.5 percent; mg: 0.4-0.6%; TiC: 0.3 to 0.5 percent; SiO: 0.4-0.6%; MnO: 0.4-0.6%; ZrO: 0.1-0.3%, ErO: 0.1-0.4% and the balance of Al.
4. The rolling method of the ultra-high strength aluminum alloy plate as set forth in claim 1, wherein: and in the sixth step, the cold rolling speed is 20-50 m/min.
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| CN201911410821.1A CN111020323A (en) | 2019-12-31 | 2019-12-31 | Rolling method of ultrahigh-strength aluminum alloy plate |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113373354A (en) * | 2021-03-26 | 2021-09-10 | 沈阳工业大学 | Ultrahigh-strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Sc-Zr alloy plate and preparation process thereof |
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