CN110994534B - Multi-section current lead based on evaporative cooling - Google Patents

Multi-section current lead based on evaporative cooling Download PDF

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CN110994534B
CN110994534B CN201911284573.0A CN201911284573A CN110994534B CN 110994534 B CN110994534 B CN 110994534B CN 201911284573 A CN201911284573 A CN 201911284573A CN 110994534 B CN110994534 B CN 110994534B
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lead
section
heat exchange
lead wire
copper
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CN110994534A (en
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李显皓
石晶
任丽
唐跃进
李敬东
徐颖
郭树强
张宇
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Huazhong University of Science and Technology
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02G—INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES, OR OF COMBINED OPTICAL AND ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES
    • H02G15/00—Cable fittings
    • H02G15/34—Cable fittings for cryogenic cables
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B12/00—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines
    • H01B12/16—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines characterised by cooling
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/60—Superconducting electric elements or equipment; Power systems integrating superconducting elements or equipment

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Abstract

The invention discloses a multi-section current lead based on evaporative cooling, which comprises a first lead section, a second lead section, a third lead section and a fourth lead section, wherein the first lead section is connected with a superconducting cable; the first lead section wraps the superconducting cable and the lead; the second lead wire section is used for increasing the heat exchange area between the lead wire and the liquid nitrogen and enhancing the heat exchange between the lead wire and the liquid nitrogen; the third lead wire section is used for increasing the heat exchange area of the lead wires and the evaporated nitrogen, enhancing the heat exchange between the lead wires and the evaporated nitrogen, reducing the temperature of the lead wires and reducing the heat leakage of the lead wires; the fourth lead section is used for temperature transition from the third lead section to the room temperature end. The invention has the advantages of small heat leakage, small contact resistance, easy disassembly and assembly, clear and novel structure, stability and reliability, prevention of overheating at the low-temperature end during overcurrent and icing at the high-temperature end during no current through the combination of the four lead segments, and the like.

Description

Multi-section current lead based on evaporative cooling
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of application of superconducting technology, and particularly relates to a multi-section current lead based on evaporative cooling.
Background
With the rapid development of social economy in China, the power consumption of urban residents and the power consumption of industrial production are increased rapidly; in addition, energy resources in China are mainly distributed in the west, power loads are mainly distributed in the east, and the contradiction of uneven geographical distribution is gradually highlighted. Therefore, large-scale long-distance power transmission is very important to China. In the traditional power transmission mode, the ultra-high voltage power transmission technology has great advantages in large-capacity and long-distance power transmission compared with the traditional high voltage power transmission technology, but still occupies a large number of power transmission corridors; the high-voltage cable transmission technology is mature at present, has the advantages of stable operation and small environmental pollution when being laid in a cable trench, is increasingly applied to urban power distribution networks, and has large loss in the transmission and distribution links. The superconducting transmission technology is one of potential solutions for realizing large-scale long-distance transmission, is rapidly developed internationally in recent years, and has a good research and development foundation in China. The high-temperature superconducting cable can utilize the existing power transmission channel, combines the characteristics of zero resistance and high current-carrying density of a superconductor, can realize higher power transmission capacity under a lower voltage level, and has the advantages of large capacity, low loss and small volume. The current lead is an integral part of the superconducting device and is connected to a room temperature power supply and a cryogenic superconducting magnet, both to carry current from the power supply into the cable and to undertake temperature transitions in the termination of the cable. Joule heat generated when the current lead is energized and conduction heat caused by high and low temperature differences are main heat leakage sources of low-temperature systems. According to the literature, in large superconducting devices, current lead leakage can account for more than 50% of the total system leakage. Therefore, the design of the current leads almost determines the reliability of the superconducting device. A poor current lead design can cause the efficiency of a superconducting device cooling system to be greatly reduced, the running economy to be reduced, and even can cause the thermal breakdown of a low-temperature system under severe conditions, so that superconducting tapes are quenched and burnt.
In the process of current lead design, the material, cooling mode, length and cross-sectional area, structure and insulation thickness of the current lead can all influence the performance of the current lead, so that the design is influenced correctly, the thermoelectric property and the like of the current lead can meet the design requirements, and the safety and stability of the long-term work of the superconducting device are ensured.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a multi-section current lead based on evaporative cooling, and aims to reduce the heat leakage of the lead and improve the operation stability of a superconducting magnet.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides an evaporation cooling based multi-stage current lead, including a first lead section for connecting a superconducting cable, a second lead section for connecting the first lead section to a liquid nitrogen level, a third lead section for connecting the second lead section, a fourth lead section for connecting the third lead section to a room-temperature-end connection terminal;
the first lead section is composed of two independent copper plates wrapping the superconducting cable and the lead, and the two copper plates are respectively arc sections in the vertical direction at two ends and are respectively connected with the superconducting cable and the lead;
the second lead section is used for increasing the heat exchange area between the lead and the liquid nitrogen, so that the heat exchange between the lead and the liquid nitrogen is enhanced, and the situation that the temperature of the lead is higher than the boiling point of the liquid nitrogen when a short circuit fault occurs, the liquid nitrogen boils, and the terminal explosion is caused due to overlarge air pressure of a cable terminal is prevented;
the third lead wire section is used for increasing the heat exchange area of lead wire and evaporation nitrogen gas, has a small amount of nitrogen gas evaporation in the cable termination, and these evaporated nitrogen gas can spill over in the relief valve at terminal top. The heat leakage of the lead is related to the temperature gradient of the lead, so that the heat exchange area between the lead and the cold energy of low-temperature evaporated nitrogen can be increased by utilizing the cold energy of the low-temperature evaporated nitrogen, the heat exchange between the lead and the evaporated nitrogen is enhanced, the temperature of the lead is reduced, and the heat leakage of the lead is reduced;
the fourth lead segment is used for temperature transition from the third lead segment to the room temperature end.
Preferably, in the copper plate longitudinally wrapping the superconducting cable body and axially wrapping the lead body, indium crimping is used.
Preferably, the second section of the lead adopts a shed type design, and the sectional area of the non-shed part is larger than the effective sectional area of the lead body.
Preferably, the third lead section adopts a 'III' type arrangement mode that a plurality of copper bars are arranged in parallel along a certain direction of the lead and two copper bars are arranged in parallel along the vertical direction of the third lead section, and a certain distance is kept between the copper bars. Compared with the traditional rod type lead wire, the copper bar type structure can increase the heat exchange area with low-temperature nitrogen. In an alternating current system, a plurality of small-section copper bars are connected in parallel in consideration of skin depth (the yield depth of red copper at the temperature of liquid nitrogen is about 1.95 mm). In fact, the copper bars are more advantageous in enhancing heat exchange. In a ratio of square cross section to circular cross sectionIn comparison, if the side length of the square is a, the area of the square is SIs just＝a2(ii) a The radius of the circle is r, the area of the circle is SRound (T-shaped)＝πr2. Assuming equal cross-sectional areas, i.e. SIs just＝SRound (T-shaped)Then the ratio of the perimeter thereof is
Figure BDA0002317644050000031
Namely, the heat exchange area of the lead with the square section is 1.13 times that of the lead with the circular section under the same sectional area. In fact, the copper bars have a larger heat exchange area than the square section. Assuming that the length and width of the rectangular cross section are a and b, respectively, the rectangular area is SLong and longAb, rectangular perimeter CLong and long2(a + b). When the sectional area is determined, the perimeter of the rectangular section is as follows:
Figure BDA0002317644050000032
according to the inequality when
Figure BDA0002317644050000033
The perimeter is the smallest, the perimeter is the larger a is, namely the perimeter of the square section is the smallest, the aspect ratio (a/b) of the rectangular section is the larger, the perimeter is the larger, namely the heat exchange area is the larger. Therefore, the heat exchange effect of the self-evaporation cooling type and forced flow cooling type current lead can be enhanced by adopting the copper bar type structure with proper sectional area size and quantity. Turbulence can be locally generated on the surface of the lead by rolling stripes on the side surface of the lead. And the stainless steel bar is adopted for supporting, so that the stability of the third section lead structure is enhanced. The self-evaporating heat exchange section is the main part of the current lead of the superconducting cable. Taking a 1kA/100kV current lead as an example, under the conduction cooling condition, the radius of the lead is 12mm, the requirement of current-carrying safety margin of 2.5A/mm2 is met, the length of the lead is 1500mm, the requirement of insulation distance of a terminal sleeve is met, and the length-to-transverse ratio (L/A) of the lead meets the requirement of minimum heat leakage. Copper has a coefficient of thermal expansion of 1.77 x 10-5m/K, coefficient of thermal expansion of stainless steel 1.01 x 10-5m/K. Thus, the shrinkage caused by low temperature on a 1500mm long copper lead is about 2.65 mm. In fact, due to nitrogen heat exchange, the optimal L/A of the self-evaporation lead is increased, the lead is longer under the condition of through flow, and the lead shrinks more towards the high-temperature end. Excessive shrinkage can cause damage to the lead structure and even pulling up of the cable conductor layers, leading to cable displacement, damage and failure. The stainless steel rod has smaller thermal expansion coefficient, is beneficial to reducing the contraction of the lead caused by low temperature and improving the strength and the stability of the lead.
Preferably, the copper bar of the third lead segment is embossed with patterns, so that local turbulence is generated to enhance heat exchange.
Preferably, the copper bar of the third lead segment is supported using four stainless steel bars.
Preferably, the first lead section, the second lead section, the third lead section and the fourth lead section are connected with each other by nuts.
Preferably, the fourth lead is designed to have a variable cross section, and the cross section area of the fourth lead is gradually reduced from the connection part of the fourth lead and the third lead to the room temperature end, and the fourth lead is in tapered transition.
Preferably, the lead adopts red copper with the Residual Resistance Ratio (RRR) less than 100, and indium sheets are arranged on the contact surfaces of all the leads.
Through the technical scheme, compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. generally speaking, the multi-section current lead based on evaporative cooling provided by the invention has the advantages of small heat leakage, small contact resistance, easiness in assembly and disassembly, clear and novel structure, stability and reliability, capability of preventing the low-temperature end from being overheated during overcurrent and the high-temperature end from being frozen during no current through the combination of the four lead sections, and the like.
2. The first lead section of the multi-section current lead based on evaporative cooling provided by the invention is mainly connected with the superconducting cable body and the lead body in an annular wrapping manner, so that the contact area is large, the through-flow safety is ensured, the area is increased, and the resistance of the lead section is also reduced. The terminal lead is convenient to mount, dismount and replace by adopting a nut fixed connection mode. In the copper plate longitudinally wrapping the cable body and axially wrapping the lead body, indium is used for compression joint, so that the contact resistance is favorably reduced.
3. The second lead section of the multi-section current lead based on evaporative cooling provided by the invention adopts an umbrella skirt type design, and when the lead works in an overcurrent or short circuit state, the temperature rise of the lead is mainly concentrated at a low-temperature end. Within a certain fault duration, the temperature rise at the low temperature end can reach 80% of that at the high temperature end. Generally, the low-temperature end of the current lead of the superconducting cable works in a liquid nitrogen temperature zone 77K and is extremely easy to evaporate under normal pressure. The umbrella skirt structure and the larger lead wire area can reduce the resistance of the lead wire, thereby reducing the joule heat generated during through-flow; the heat exchange area is increased, so that the heat exchange efficiency between the leads and the liquid nitrogen is improved, the temperature rise of the leads is reduced, and the liquid nitrogen is prevented from being rapidly evaporated and boiled to cause the out-of-control of a low-temperature system and the quench of the superconducting layer superconducting strip.
4. The third lead section of the multi-section current lead based on evaporative cooling provided by the invention adopts a copper bar type structure. The low-temperature end of the current lead runs in liquid nitrogen, liquid nitrogen evaporation can be caused by heat leakage, the evaporated low-temperature liquid nitrogen can further cool the current lead, and therefore the temperature distribution of the current lead is reduced, and the effect of reducing heat leakage of the lead is achieved.
5. The fourth lead section of the multi-section current lead based on evaporative cooling provided by the invention adopts a variable cross-section design, and is beneficial to improving the non-uniformity of the temperature distribution of the copper lead. The sectional area of the high-temperature end is reduced, the heat conduction area and the heat capacity are favorably reduced, the temperature of the room temperature end is increased to be larger than 0 ℃ under the condition of non-through flow, and the phenomenon that the room temperature end freezes greatly at the moment to cause the damage of a wiring terminal and even a terminal structure is prevented.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a multi-section current lead based on evaporative cooling according to the present invention;
fig. 2 is a structural three-view of a first lead segment of the multi-segment current lead according to the present invention;
fig. 3 is a structural three-view of a second lead segment of the multi-segment current lead provided by the present invention;
fig. 4 is a structural three-view of a third lead segment of the multi-segment current lead provided by the present invention;
fig. 5 is a structural three-view diagram of a fourth lead segment of the multi-segment current lead according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention. In addition, the technical features involved in the embodiments of the present invention described below may be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.
The invention provides a multi-section current lead based on evaporative cooling, which comprises a first lead section, a second lead section, a third lead section and a fourth lead section, wherein the first lead section is connected with a superconducting cable;
the first lead section is composed of two independent copper plates wrapping the superconducting cable and the lead, and the two copper plates are respectively arc sections in the vertical direction at two ends and are respectively connected with the superconducting cable and the lead;
the second lead section is used for increasing the heat exchange area between the lead and the liquid nitrogen, so that the heat exchange between the lead and the liquid nitrogen is enhanced, and the situation that the temperature of the lead is higher than the boiling point of the liquid nitrogen when a short circuit fault occurs, the liquid nitrogen boils, and the terminal explosion is caused due to overlarge air pressure of a cable terminal is prevented;
the third lead wire section is used for increasing the heat exchange area of lead wire and evaporation nitrogen gas, has a small amount of nitrogen gas evaporation in the cable termination, and these evaporated nitrogen gas can spill over in the relief valve at terminal top. The heat leakage of the lead is related to the temperature gradient of the lead, so that the heat exchange area between the lead and the cold energy of low-temperature evaporated nitrogen can be increased by utilizing the cold energy of the low-temperature evaporated nitrogen, the heat exchange between the lead and the evaporated nitrogen is enhanced, the temperature of the lead is reduced, and the heat leakage of the lead is reduced;
the fourth lead segment is used for temperature transition from the third lead segment to the room temperature end.
Specifically, in the copper plate longitudinally wrapping the superconducting cable body and the axially wrapping lead body, indium crimping is used.
Specifically, the second section of the lead adopts a shed type design, and the sectional area of the part without the shed is larger than the effective sectional area of the lead body.
Specifically, the third lead section adopts a 'III' type arrangement mode that a plurality of copper bars are arranged in parallel along a certain direction of the lead and two copper bars are arranged in parallel along the vertical direction of the third lead section, and a certain distance is kept between the copper bars. Compared with the traditional rod type lead wire, the copper bar type structure can increase the heat exchange area with low-temperature nitrogen.
Specifically, the copper bar of the third lead segment is embossed with patterns, so that local turbulence is generated to enhance heat exchange.
Specifically, the copper bar of the third lead segment is supported using four stainless steel bars.
Specifically, the first lead section, the second lead section, the third lead section and the fourth lead section are connected with each other by nuts.
Specifically, the fourth lead is designed to be variable in cross section, the cross section area of the fourth lead is gradually reduced from the connection position of the fourth lead and the third lead to the room temperature end, and the fourth lead is in conical transition.
Specifically, the lead adopts red copper with RRR <100, and indium sheets are arranged on the contact surfaces of all the leads.
As shown in fig. 1, the first lead segment is a copper work piece. Two identical workpieces are symmetrically wrapped by axial semicircular surfaces 1-2 to form a current lead body, and indium sheets are arranged on contact surfaces of the two identical workpieces. And a hole is formed at a proper position at the bottom end of the lead body, and the lead body is connected and fixed through a nut by a through hole 1-1. 1-3 are through-flow sections, and transition to radial semicircular surfaces 1-4. Similarly, the superconducting cable body is symmetrically wrapped by the two semi-circular surfaces 1-4, and indium sheets are arranged on the contact surfaces. And the tail parts 1-5 are connected and fixed by nuts through 1-6 through holes. The design is beneficial to increasing the contact area and reducing the contact resistance, thereby reducing the heat leakage. Meanwhile, the structure is convenient to assemble and replace.
As shown in fig. 2, the second lead segment is of an umbrella skirt construction. The lead body 2-1 has larger radius, and is processed into a plurality of 2-2 type umbrella skirts by a thicker original copper rod through CNC, and the edges of the umbrella skirts are rounded as much as possible. The lead is aligned with the first lead segment 1-6 through hole at the bottom 2-3 through hole and is fixed by a nut. The design is favorable for increasing the heat exchange area of the low-temperature end of the lead and the liquid nitrogen, and prevents the low-temperature end of the lead from being greatly heated when overcurrent or short circuit faults occur, so that the system fault after the refrigerant liquid nitrogen boils is avoided.
As shown in fig. 3, the third lead section is a liquid nitrogen evaporated copper heat exchange section. 3-1 and 3-5 are symmetrical round copper plates, and are respectively connected with the second lead section and the fourth lead section by nuts at the positions close to the edges in four symmetrical directions. 3-2 are four stainless steel bars with certain size for supporting and protecting the lead wire section, 3-3 are three parallel copper plates, 3-4 are copper plates with symmetrical and parallel sides, and the contact resistance is reduced by silver welding on 3-1 and 3-5. The number of 3-3 and 3-4 is mainly determined by the actual current flowing condition of the lead wire, wherein the total cross-sectional area is the designed cross-sectional area of the current lead wire. The design is favorable for increasing the heat exchange between the lead and the evaporated low-temperature nitrogen, and the temperature distribution along the lead is reduced, so that the heat leakage is reduced.
As shown in fig. 4, the fourth lead segment is a tapered transition segment. 4-1 is the high temperature end of the lead, with smaller radius and longer length. 4-2 adopts a variable cross-section design, a thin end is close to 4-1, and a thick end is close to 4-3. 4-3 are connected to a third lead segment 3-1. The design is favorable for improving the temperature of the high-temperature end of the lead under the non-working condition and preventing icing.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention, and that any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. A multi-section current lead based on evaporative cooling is characterized by comprising a first lead section, a second lead section, a third lead section and a fourth lead section, wherein the first lead section is used for connecting a superconducting cable, the second lead section is used for connecting the first lead section to the liquid level of liquid nitrogen, the third lead section is used for connecting the second lead section, and the fourth lead section is used for connecting the third lead section to a room-temperature terminal;
the first lead section is composed of two independent copper plates wrapping the superconducting cable and the lead, and two ends of the two copper plates are respectively arc sections in the vertical direction and are respectively connected with the superconducting cable and the lead;
the second lead wire section is used for increasing the heat exchange area between the lead wire and the liquid nitrogen so as to strengthen the heat exchange between the lead wire and the liquid nitrogen; the second lead section is designed in an umbrella skirt manner, and the sectional area of the non-umbrella skirt part is larger than the effective sectional area of the lead body;
the third lead wire section is used for increasing the heat exchange area between the lead wire and the evaporated nitrogen gas, so that the heat exchange between the lead wire and the evaporated nitrogen gas is enhanced, the temperature of the lead wire is reduced, and the heat leakage of the lead wire is reduced; the third lead section adopts an arrangement mode that a plurality of copper bars are arranged in parallel in two directions on the cross section of the lead, and a preset interval is kept between the copper bars;
the fourth lead section is used for temperature transition from the third lead section to a room temperature end; the fourth lead wire section adopts a variable cross-section design, the cross-sectional area is gradually reduced from the connection part of the fourth lead wire section and the third lead wire section to the room temperature end, and the fourth lead wire section is in conical transition.
2. The multi-segment current lead of claim 1, wherein the copper plate is wrapped longitudinally around the superconducting cable body and wrapped axially around the lead body using indium crimping.
3. The multi-segment current lead of claim 1 wherein the copper bars of the third lead segment are embossed with patterns to create local turbulence to enhance heat transfer.
4. The multi-section current lead of claim 1, wherein the copper bars of the third lead section are supported using four stainless steel bars.
5. The multi-segment current lead of claim 1, wherein the first, second, third and fourth lead segments are connected to each other with a nut.
6. The multi-segment current lead of claim 1 wherein the lead is made of red copper with a residual resistivity of less than 100 and each segment of the lead contact surface is padded with indium.
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