CN110994031B - Fast-charging high-temperature-resistant electrolyte and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a fast-charging high-temperature-resistant electrolyte and a preparation method thereof, wherein the electrolyte comprises hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium cations, butyl trimethyl ammonium cations, lithium bis (oxalato) borate, a solvent and an additive; the solvent comprises EC, DEC and PC, and the mass percent of the solvent contained in the electrolyte is 25-29% of EC, 37-45% of DEC and 6-8% of PC; the additive is one or more of VC or PS; the concentration of the lithium bis (oxalato) borate in the electrolyte is 0.45 +/-0.1 mol/L. The electrolyte adopts cetyl trimethyl ammonium cation, butyl trimethyl ammonium cation and lithium bis (oxalato) borate to replace the traditional LiPF6 as the electrolyte, the electrolyte is a liquid organic salt completely composed of anions and cations at room temperature, the electrolyte has conductivity, the decomposition voltage is higher than that of the conventional electrolyte, and the electrolyte is non-volatile and non-flammable in a wider temperature range; the applied electrolyte has high conductivity and good mechanical property, and the safety and stability of the battery can be improved due to no phenomena of solvent volatilization, liquid leakage and the like; the lithium ion polymer battery adopting the electrolyte can meet the requirement of 5C quick charge through tests.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of lithium battery preparation, in particular to a fast-charging high-temperature-resistant electrolyte and a preparation method thereof.
Background
A lithium ion battery is a secondary battery (rechargeable battery) that mainly operates by movement of lithium ions between a positive electrode and a negative electrode. During charging and discharging, Li + is inserted and extracted back and forth between two electrodes: during charging, Li + is extracted from the positive electrode and is inserted into the negative electrode through the electrolyte, and the negative electrode is in a lithium-rich state; the opposite is true during discharge.
The traditional polymer lithium battery is classified into a conventional capacity type battery cell, a high-temperature battery cell, a multiplying power battery cell and the like, the conventional battery can only be realized in capacity density, but the quick charging of a large-current charging mode cannot be realized, only a 0.5-1C small-multiplying power charging mode can be supported, and the charging time is longer; the high-temperature battery cell supports the normal work of the battery under the condition that the temperature is above 80 ℃, the battery can not expand and swell, but under the condition of normal temperature or low temperature, because the solvent selected by the electrolyte has the characteristics of high boiling point, high viscosity, low relative dielectric constant and the like, the internal resistance of the battery is high, the battery can not support large-current charging and discharging, the battery pole piece is easy to polarize, and the capacity can not be normally exerted. The multiplying power battery is characterized in that the battery supports large battery discharge, and because the selected electrolyte has the characteristics of low boiling point, low viscosity, high relative dielectric constant, high conductivity and the like, the battery has low internal resistance, a pole piece needs a larger specific surface contact area, a diaphragm needs a larger porosity, and the energy density of the battery is lower. Therefore, the compatibility of the performance and the quick charging performance of the conventional common battery is poor, and the rate battery and the quick charging technology cannot be obtained at high temperature.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention aims to provide a fast-charging high-temperature-resistant electrolyte which is safe and stable and meets the fast-charging requirement and a preparation method thereof.
In order to realize the technical purpose, the scheme of the invention is as follows: a fast-charging high-temperature-resistant electrolyte comprises hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium cations, butyl trimethyl ammonium cations, lithium bis (oxalato) borate, a solvent and an additive;
the solvent comprises EC, DEC and PC, and the mass percent of the solvent contained in the electrolyte is 25-29% of EC, 37-45% of DEC and 6-8% of PC;
the additive is one or more of VC or PS;
the concentration of the lithium bis (oxalato) borate in the electrolyte is 0.45 +/-0.1 mol/L.
Preferably, the electrolyte comprises the following additives in percentage by mass: 0.4-0.5% of VC and 0.9-1.1% of PS.
Preferably, the mass percentage of the hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium cations in the electrolyte is 5 +/-0.5%, and the mass percentage of the butyl trimethyl ammonium cations in the electrolyte is 5 +/-0.5%.
A preparation method of a fast-charging high-temperature-resistant electrolyte comprises the following specific steps:
the first step, purification, namely purifying EC, DEC and PC through rectification or dehydration, detecting the organic solvent, detecting the purity, moisture and total alcohol content, and entering the next step after reaching the standard;
secondly, premixing, adding 25-29% of EC, 37-45% of DEC and 6-8% of PC in mass ratio into a reaction kettle for mixing, stirring at the rotation speed of 300-500r/min and the temperature of 55-65 ℃ for 6 hours to obtain a mixed solvent;
thirdly, mixing, namely adding 5 mass percent of lithium bis (oxalato) borate into the mixed solvent, adding 0.4-0.5 mass percent of VC and 0.9-1.1 mass percent of PS into the mixed solvent, stirring for 4 hours at the rotation speed of 300-500r/min and the temperature of 55-70 ℃ to obtain a primary electrolyte;
and step four, dehydrating and dealcoholizing, namely dehydrating and dealcoholizing the primary electrolyte: putting HMDS into a cylindrical filtering device, filtering at the normal temperature of 25 +/-3 ℃ to obtain a pretreated electrolyte, detecting trace water and trace alcohol residual quantity in the pretreated electrolyte, wherein the requirement on the water content is less than or equal to 20PPM, the free acid is less than or equal to 50PPM, and entering the next step after the standard is met;
fifthly, preparing, namely adding 5 +/-0.5 mass percent of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium cations and 5 +/-0.5 mass percent of butyl trimethyl ammonium cations into the pretreated electrolyte respectively, stirring for 8 hours in a reaction kettle at the rotation speed of 800r/min and the temperature of 50-70 ℃ to obtain the electrolyte;
sixthly, filling and sealing, detecting trace water residual quantity in the electrolyte, wherein the requirement of the water content is less than or equal to 20ppm, the free acid is less than or equal to 50ppm, the conductivity is more than or equal to 7.0MS/CM, and the contents of other impurities are as follows: hg is less than or equal to 1ppm, and Cl is less than or equal to 1 ppm; fe and Pb are less than or equal to 5 ppm; na, K, Ca and SO4 are less than or equal to 10ppm, filling is carried out after the standards are met, and sealing and warehousing are carried out after filling is finished.
A preparation method of a lithium battery comprises the following specific steps:
firstly, preparing a positive plate, wherein the positive plate is prepared according to the proportion of lithium cobaltate: adhesive: 94.5-95.5% of conductive agent: 1.5-1.8%: 2.5-3.5% by mass, and mixing the materials by a vacuum mixer to obtain anode slurry;
step two, preparing a negative plate, wherein the negative plate is prepared according to the following mesocarbon microbeads: conductive agent: suspending agent: acrylic resin 94-95.5%: 1.5-2.5%: 0.5-1.5%: 3.0-3.5 percent, and mixing the materials by a vacuum mixer to obtain cathode slurry;
thirdly, preparing electrolyte, and obtaining lithium bis (oxalate) borate electrolyte according to the preparation method of the fast-charging high-temperature-resistant electrolyte;
coating, namely coating by using a coating machine according to a designed process standard, rolling, flaking, winding, assembling, baking, injecting lithium bis (oxalate) borate electrolyte, forming, and carrying out vacuum sealing forming to prepare the polymer lithium ion battery cell;
the fifth step, formation, high temperature and high pressure formation process: through first constant current charging:
the current is 0.05C/time 60min, and the charging capacity is 4.5-5%; and (3) constant current charging in the second step: the current is 0.2C/time 60min, and the charging electric quantity is 24-25%; and (3) constant current charging in the third step: the current is 0.3C/time 120min, and the charging electric quantity is 55-60%;
sixthly, sealing and forming in vacuum, namely detaching the battery core, forming the battery core into a forming cabinet, entering a 0-10 ℃ quick charging and quick discharging control room for quenching, enabling the electrolyte to be sucked back into the battery, improving the liquid retention capacity of the battery, controlling the liquid retention capacity of the electrolyte of the battery core through measurement and calculation, then sealing in vacuum, rapidly freezing to enable the battery to be rapidly formed, and enabling the battery to have good flatness;
and seventhly, grading the battery capacity, testing at high temperature and detecting the performance.
Preferably, D50 of the lithium cobaltate in the positive electrode sheet is 7 to 12um, specific surface area: 0.3-0.7m2The tap density is more than or equal to 2.7g/cm3The gram capacity is more than or equal to 142 mAh/g;
the mesocarbon microbeads D50 in the negative plate are 10-18um in specific surface area: 2.5-3.2m2The tap density is more than or equal to 1.1g/cm3The gram capacity is more than or equal to 450 mAh/g;
the isolating membrane is an oily single-sided ceramic structure, the porosity of the isolating membrane is 42-45%, and the thickness of the isolating membrane is less than or equal to 12+4 um.
The invention has the beneficial effects that hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium cation, butyl trimethyl ammonium cation and lithium bis (oxalato) borate are adopted to replace the traditional LiPF6 as electrolyte, the electrolyte is a liquid organic salt completely composed of anion and cation at room temperature, the electrolyte has conductivity, the decomposition voltage is larger than that of the conventional electrolyte, and the electrolyte is non-volatile and non-flammable within a wider temperature range; the applied electrolyte has high conductivity and good mechanical property, and the safety and stability of the battery can be improved due to no phenomena of solvent volatilization, liquid leakage and the like; the lithium ion polymer battery adopting the electrolyte can meet the requirement of 5C quick charge through tests.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to specific examples.
The specific embodiment of the invention is a fast-charging high-temperature-resistant electrolyte, which comprises hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium cations, butyl trimethyl ammonium cations, lithium bis (oxalato) borate, a solvent and an additive;
the solvent comprises EC, DEC and PC, and the mass percent of the solvent contained in the electrolyte is 25-29% of EC, 37-45% of DEC and 6-8% of PC;
the additive is one or more of VC or PS;
the concentration of the lithium bis (oxalato) borate in the electrolyte is 0.45 +/-0.1 mol/L, and the mass percent of the lithium bis (oxalato) borate is 5%.
The electrolyte comprises the following additives in percentage by mass: 0.4-0.5% of VC and 0.9-1.1% of PS.
The mass percentage of the hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium cations in the electrolyte is 5 +/-0.5%, and the mass percentage of the butyl trimethyl ammonium cations in the electrolyte is 5 +/-0.5%.
A preparation method of a fast-charging high-temperature-resistant electrolyte comprises the following specific steps:
the first step, purification, namely purifying EC, DEC and PC through rectification or dehydration, detecting the organic solvent, detecting the purity, moisture and total alcohol content, and entering the next step after reaching the standard;
secondly, premixing, adding 25-29% of EC, 37-45% of DEC and 6-8% of PC in mass ratio into a reaction kettle for mixing, stirring at the rotation speed of 300-500r/min and the temperature of 55-65 ℃ for 6 hours to obtain a mixed solvent;
thirdly, mixing, namely adding 5 mass percent of lithium bis (oxalato) borate into the mixed solvent, adding 0.4-0.5 mass percent of VC and 0.9-1.1 mass percent of PS into the mixed solvent, stirring for 4 hours at the rotation speed of 300-500r/min and the temperature of 55-70 ℃ to obtain a primary electrolyte;
and step four, dehydrating and dealcoholizing, namely dehydrating and dealcoholizing the primary electrolyte: the Hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) is filled into a cylindrical filtering device, and is filtered at the normal temperature of 25 +/-3 ℃ to obtain a pretreated electrolyte, wherein trace water and trace alcohol residual quantity in the pretreated electrolyte are detected, the requirement of water content is less than or equal to 20PPM, free acid is less than or equal to 50PPM, and the pretreated electrolyte enters the next step after meeting the standard;
fifthly, preparing, namely adding 5 +/-0.5 mass percent of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium cations and 5 +/-0.5 mass percent of butyl trimethyl ammonium cations into the pretreated electrolyte respectively, stirring for 8 hours in a reaction kettle at the rotation speed of 800r/min and the temperature of 50-70 ℃ to obtain the electrolyte;
sixthly, filling and sealing, detecting trace water residual quantity in the electrolyte, wherein the requirement of the water content is less than or equal to 20ppm, the free acid is less than or equal to 50ppm, the conductivity is more than or equal to 7.0MS/CM, and the contents of other impurities are as follows: hg is less than or equal to 1ppm, and Cl is less than or equal to 1 ppm; fe and Pb are less than or equal to 5 ppm; na, K, Ca and SO4 are less than or equal to 10ppm, filling is carried out after the standards are met, and sealing and warehousing are carried out after filling is finished.
A preparation method of a lithium battery comprises the following specific steps:
firstly, preparing a positive plate, wherein the positive plate is prepared according to the proportion of lithium cobaltate: adhesive: 94.5-95.5% of conductive agent: 1.5-1.8%: 2.5-3.5% by mass, and mixing the materials by a vacuum mixer to obtain anode slurry;
step two, preparing a negative plate, wherein the negative plate is prepared according to the following mesocarbon microbeads: conductive agent: suspending agent: acrylic resin 94-95.5%: 1.5-2.5%: 0.5-1.5%: 3.0-3.5 percent, and mixing the materials by a vacuum mixer to obtain cathode slurry;
thirdly, preparing electrolyte, and obtaining lithium bis (oxalate) borate electrolyte according to the preparation method of the fast-charging high-temperature-resistant electrolyte;
coating, namely coating by using a coating machine according to a designed process standard, rolling, flaking, winding, assembling, baking, injecting lithium bis (oxalate) borate electrolyte, forming, and carrying out vacuum sealing forming to prepare the polymer lithium ion battery cell;
the fifth step, formation, high temperature and high pressure formation process: through first constant current charging:
the current is 0.05C/time 60min, and the charging capacity is 4.5-5%; and (3) constant current charging in the second step: the current is 0.2C/time 60min, and the charging electric quantity is 24-25%; and (3) constant current charging in the third step: the current is 0.3C/time 120min, and the charging electric quantity is 55-60%;
sixthly, sealing and forming in vacuum, namely detaching the battery core, forming the battery core into a forming cabinet, entering a 0-10 ℃ quick charging and quick discharging control room for quenching, enabling the electrolyte to be sucked back into the battery, improving the liquid retention capacity of the battery, controlling the liquid retention capacity of the electrolyte of the battery core through measurement and calculation, then sealing in vacuum, rapidly freezing to enable the battery to be rapidly formed, and enabling the battery to have good flatness;
and seventhly, grading the battery capacity, testing at high temperature and detecting the performance.
D50 of lithium cobaltate in the positive plate is 7-12um, and the specific surface area is as follows: 0.3-0.7m2The tap density is more than or equal to 2.7g/cm3The gram capacity is more than or equal to 142 mAh/g;
the mesocarbon microbeads D50 in the negative plate are 10-18um in specific surface area: 2.5-3.2m2The tap density is more than or equal to 1.1g/cm3The gram capacity is more than or equal to 450 mAh/g;
the isolating membrane is an oily single-sided ceramic structure, the porosity of the isolating membrane is 42-45%, and the thickness of the isolating membrane is less than or equal to 12+4 um.
The binder in the positive plate is PVDF, and the conductive agent is a graphene conductive agent with 2-10 layers; the dispersant in the negative plate is CMC, and the binder is SBR.
All material codes, which are industry standards, refer specifically to PVDF as follows: polyvinylidene fluoride and CMC: sodium carboxymethylcellulose, SBR: styrene butadiene rubber, EC: ethylene carbonate, PC: propylene carbonate, DEC: diethyl carbonate, VC: vinylene carbonate, PS: propylene sulfite, HMDS: hexamethyldisilazane.
A comparison of example 1 with conventional electrolytes and batteries is described below:
adding the materials into a reaction kettle according to the mass ratio of 26% of EC, 39% of DEC and 7% of PC, mixing at the rotation speed of 450r/min and the temperature of 60 ℃, and stirring for 6 hours. Adding 5 mass percent of lithium bis (oxalato) borate into the mixed solvent, adding 0.5 mass percent of VC and 1.0 mass percent of PS into the mixed solvent, stirring for 4 hours at the rotation speed of 45r/min and the temperature of 60 ℃; after dehydration and dealcoholization, 5.0 percent of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium cations and 5.0 percent of butyl trimethyl ammonium cations in percentage by mass are respectively added into the pretreated electrolyte, and the mixture is stirred in a reaction kettle at the rotating speed of 700r/min and the temperature of 60 ℃ for 8 hours to obtain the electrolyte A.
Mixing 95.2% of lithium cobaltate, 1.6% of binder and 3.2% of conductive agent by mass ratio through a vacuum mixer to obtain the anode slurry. Mixing 94.4% of mesocarbon microbeads, 1.8% of conductive agent, 0.8% of suspending agent and 3.0% of acrylic resin by mass ratio through a vacuum mixer to obtain the cathode slurry. Coating by a coating machine according to the designed process standard, rolling, flaking, winding, assembling, baking, injecting lithium bis (oxalato) borate electrolyte A, forming, and vacuum sealing and forming to prepare the polymer lithium ion battery cell. High-temperature high-pressure formation process: through first constant current charging: the current is 0.05C/time 60min, and the charging capacity is 4.5%; and (3) constant current charging in the second step: the current is 0.2C/time 60min, and the charging capacity is 24.5%; and (3) constant current charging in the third step: the current is 0.3C/time 120min, and the charging capacity is 60%. And (3) vacuum sealing and forming, detaching the battery core from the forming cabinet, entering a 5 ℃ quick charging and discharging control room for quenching, grading the battery capacity, testing at high temperature and detecting the performance.
The electrolyte physical and chemical comparison is as follows:
item | LiPF6 electrolyte | Electrolyte A of example 1 |
Electrolyte content | 13~16% | 14~15% |
Water content | 6PPM | 5PPM |
Free acid (HF meter) | 23PPM | 12PPM |
Conductivity (25 ℃ C.) | 7.5/cm | 10.3ms/cm |
Density (25 ℃ C.) | 1.186g/cm3 | 1.12g/cm3 |
The battery characteristics were compared as follows:
the heat dissipation rate inside the battery is also an important factor affecting the rate performance. If the heat dissipation rate is slow, the heat accumulated during high-rate charge and discharge cannot be transferred, which affects the reliability and the service life of the lithium ion battery. The lithium borate electrolyte can accelerate the speed of lithium ions moving in the positive electrode and the negative electrode on the premise of not influencing the service life and the reliability of the battery cell, and improves the charging efficiency. The lithium battery adopting the electrolyte has the main characteristics of quick charging property, high stability, strong reliability, good cycle performance and the like.
The present application employs cetyltrimethylammonium cation, butyltrimethylammonium cation, and lithium bis (oxalato) borate instead of conventional LiPF6 as an electrolyte. The lithium bis (oxalato) borate electrolyte is a liquid organic salt completely composed of anions and cations at room temperature, has conductivity, has a decomposition voltage higher than that of a conventional electrolyte (also called room-temperature molten salt), and is non-volatile and non-flammable in a wider temperature range.
The lithium bis (oxalato) borate electrolyte has high conductivity and good mechanical property, and the safety and the stability of the battery can be improved due to the fact that volatile solvents do not volatilize or leak. Experiments prove that the lithium bis (oxalato) borate electrolyte can be used as a novel polymer electrolyte, and a lithium ion polymer battery made of the lithium bis (oxalato) borate electrolyte can be charged by '5C', and the charging process only takes 7 minutes and 30 seconds to complete 20% to 80% of charging, and only takes 13 minutes and 30 seconds to charge 20% to 100%.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention, and any minor modifications, equivalent replacements and improvements made to the above embodiment according to the technical spirit of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. A preparation method of a fast-charging high-temperature-resistant electrolyte is characterized by comprising the following steps: the electrolyte comprises hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium cations, butyl trimethyl ammonium cations, lithium bis (oxalato) borate, a solvent and an additive; the solvent comprises EC, DEC and PC, and the mass percent of the solvent contained in the electrolyte is 25-29% of EC, 37-45% of DEC and 6-8% of PC; the additive is one or more of VC or PS; the concentration of the lithium bis (oxalato) borate in the electrolyte is 0.45 +/-0.1 mol/L;
the method comprises the following specific steps:
the first step, purification, namely purifying EC, DEC and PC through rectification or dehydration, detecting the organic solvent, detecting the purity, moisture and total alcohol content, and entering the next step after reaching the standard;
secondly, premixing, adding 25-29% of EC, 37-45% of DEC and 6-8% of PC in mass ratio into a reaction kettle for mixing, stirring at the rotation speed of 300-500r/min and the temperature of 55-65 ℃ for 6 hours to obtain a mixed solvent;
thirdly, mixing, namely adding 5 mass percent of lithium bis (oxalato) borate into the mixed solvent, adding 0.4-0.5 mass percent of VC and 0.9-1.1 mass percent of PS into the mixed solvent, stirring for 4 hours at the rotation speed of 300-500r/min and the temperature of 55-70 ℃ to obtain a primary electrolyte;
and step four, dehydrating and dealcoholizing, namely dehydrating and dealcoholizing the primary electrolyte: putting HMDS into a cylindrical filtering device, filtering at the normal temperature of 25 +/-3 ℃ to obtain a pretreated electrolyte, detecting trace water and trace alcohol residual quantity in the pretreated electrolyte, wherein the requirement on the water content is less than or equal to 20PPM, the free acid is less than or equal to 50PPM, and entering the next step after the standard is met;
fifthly, preparing, namely adding 5 +/-0.5 mass percent of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium cations and 5 +/-0.5 mass percent of butyl trimethyl ammonium cations into the pretreated electrolyte respectively, stirring for 8 hours in a reaction kettle at the rotation speed of 800r/min and the temperature of 50-70 ℃ to obtain the electrolyte;
sixthly, filling and sealing, detecting trace water residual quantity in the electrolyte, wherein the requirement of the water content is less than or equal to 20ppm, the free acid is less than or equal to 50ppm, the conductivity is more than or equal to 7.0MS/CM, and the contents of other impurities are as follows: hg is less than or equal to 1ppm, and Cl is less than or equal to 1 ppm; fe and Pb are less than or equal to 5 ppm; na, K, Ca and SO4 are less than or equal to 10ppm, filling is carried out after the standards are met, and sealing and warehousing are carried out after filling is finished.
2. A preparation method of a lithium battery is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following specific steps:
firstly, preparing a positive plate, wherein the positive plate is prepared according to the proportion of lithium cobaltate: adhesive: 94.5-95.5% of conductive agent: 1.5-1.8%: 2.5-3.5% by mass, and mixing the materials by a vacuum mixer to obtain anode slurry;
step two, preparing a negative plate, wherein the negative plate is prepared according to the following mesocarbon microbeads: conductive agent: suspending agent: acrylic resin 94-95.5%: 1.5-2.5%: 0.5-1.5%: 3.0-3.5 percent, and mixing the materials by a vacuum mixer to obtain cathode slurry;
thirdly, preparing an electrolyte, and obtaining a lithium bis (oxalato) borate electrolyte according to the preparation method of the fast-charging high-temperature-resistant electrolyte in claim 1;
coating, namely coating by using a coating machine according to a designed process standard, rolling, flaking, winding, assembling, baking, injecting lithium bis (oxalate) borate electrolyte, forming, and carrying out vacuum sealing forming to prepare the polymer lithium ion battery cell;
the fifth step, formation, high temperature and high pressure formation process: through first constant current charging:
the current is 0.05C/time 60min, and the charging capacity is 4.5-5%; and (3) constant current charging in the second step: the current is 0.2C/time 60min, and the charging electric quantity is 24-25%; and (3) constant current charging in the third step: the current is 0.3C/time 120min, and the charging electric quantity is 55-60%;
sixthly, sealing and forming in vacuum, namely detaching the battery core, forming the battery core into a forming cabinet, entering a 0-10 ℃ quick charging and quick discharging control room for quenching, enabling the electrolyte to be sucked back into the battery, improving the liquid retention capacity of the battery, controlling the liquid retention capacity of the electrolyte of the battery core through measurement and calculation, then sealing in vacuum, rapidly freezing to enable the battery to be rapidly formed, and enabling the battery to have good flatness;
and seventhly, grading the battery capacity, testing at high temperature and detecting the performance.
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