CN110993966A - Fuel cell electrocatalyst and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Fuel cell electrocatalyst and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN110993966A CN110993966A CN202010000499.1A CN202010000499A CN110993966A CN 110993966 A CN110993966 A CN 110993966A CN 202010000499 A CN202010000499 A CN 202010000499A CN 110993966 A CN110993966 A CN 110993966A
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
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- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
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- CBOJBBMQJBVCMW-BTVCFUMJSA-N (2r,3r,4s,5r)-2-amino-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyhexanal;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.O=C[C@H](N)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO CBOJBBMQJBVCMW-BTVCFUMJSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate Chemical group [Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
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- MVFCKEFYUDZOCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);dinitrate Chemical group [Fe+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MVFCKEFYUDZOCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
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- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
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- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 150000001721 carbon Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
- H01M4/8882—Heat treatment, e.g. drying, baking
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Abstract
The invention relates to an oxygen reduction catalyst with double catalytic activity points and a preparation method thereof, wherein the catalyst is compounded by a specially designed high-specific-surface carbon substrate with oxygen catalytic reduction activity and noble metal alloy catalyst nano-particles loaded on the carbon substrate, and is characterized in that the noble metal catalyst nano-particles loaded on the carbon substrate are main active points, the surface of the carbon substrate used as a carrier contains a large number of functional groups, wherein the carbon substrate contains transition metal Co, Fe and nitrogen are coordinated to form a second active point, and the two active points can play a synergistic catalytic effect through the interaction between metal and the carrier, so that the activity of the catalyst is effectively improved, and the catalyst has a good application prospect in a low-temperature hydrogen fuel cell.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a fuel cell electrocatalyst and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the technical field of fuel cell catalysts.
Background
Fuel cells (Fuel cells) are highly efficient power generation devices that convert chemical energy in a Fuel (e.g., hydrogen, methane, methanol, etc.) directly into electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction. Currently, fuel cells are classified into Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs), Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs), Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs), Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs), and the like, according to their structures and operating environments. The Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) process is a fuel cell system with the greatest large-scale application potential because of its advantages of greenness, high efficiency, wide application range, normal temperature working temperature range, rapid start-up, large power density and the like.
In PEMFCs, platinum, which is a noble metal, is commonly used as an electrocatalyst, and particularly, cathode Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) is a Reaction with slow kinetics, and the Reaction rate directly determines the performance of a battery, and the high cost and resource scarcity thereof have become the biggest obstacles to the commercialization of fuel cells, and the development of a novel high-performance low-cost electrocatalyst has important significance in promoting the development of fuel cells. The cathode of the current commercial ORR catalyst, namely a fuel cell, is a Pt/C composite material, and the structure is that Pt metal nanoparticles are dispersed on carbon with high specific surface area as a carrier, so that a large effective catalytic area and catalytic activity are obtained. However, the carbon carrier of the conventional Pt/C catalyst functions only as a support and has no catalytic reaction activity by itself; in addition, the carbon substrate is easy to agglomerate, corrosion occurs during long-term use, interaction with platinum particles is weakened, agglomeration loss of noble metals in the catalyst is caused, and power generation performance of the fuel cell is greatly reduced after long-term use.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: the carbon substrate itself has no reactivity, and is easily corroded to cause loss of noble metal in the catalyst, thereby causing a problem of performance degradation after long-term use. The invention adopts a novel modified carbon substrate, the surface of the carbon substrate is provided with transition metal Co, and the oxygen catalytic active site of Fe coordinated with N can effectively promote ORR reaction in the microporous structure of the carbon substrate, thereby providing a new second reaction active site outside the ORR active region of the noble metal nano-particles and effectively improving the overall electrochemical performance of the catalyst.
In a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided:
a fuel cell catalyst comprises a substrate and a Pt catalyst loaded on the substrate, wherein the surface of the substrate is modified with a compound coordinated with N through Co and/or Fe.
In one embodiment, the substrate is a carbon support.
In a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided:
a method of preparing a fuel cell catalyst comprising the steps of:
dissolving melamine, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid and glucosamine hydrochloride in water, adding cobalt salt and/or iron salt, uniformly stirring, and heating and drying by distillation; grinding, roasting, and washing the product with hydrochloric acid and deionized water in sequence to obtain a carbon carrier modified with Co and/or Fe and N coordination compounds;
and 2, adding the carbon carrier and platinum salt obtained in the step 1 into a solvent, adding a reducing agent for reduction reaction to load platinum on the surface of the carbon carrier, washing the product with hydrochloric acid and deionized water in sequence, and drying to obtain the Pt-loaded catalyst.
In one embodiment, the mass ratio of the melamine to the ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid is as follows: 15: 0.5 to 5; the mass ratio of the ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid to the glucosamine hydrochloride is 1-5: 1.
in one embodiment, the cobalt salt is selected from cobalt nitrate and the iron salt is selected from iron nitrate.
In one embodiment, the temperature of the calcination is 600-.
In one embodiment, the concentration of hydrochloric acid is 10%.
In one embodiment, the platinum salt is H2PtCl6·6H2O。
In one embodiment, the solvent is ethylene glycol.
In one embodiment, the reducing agent is sodium borohydride.
In a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided:
the fuel cell catalyst is applied to preparing a proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
In a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided:
the carbon carrier modified with Co and/or Fe and N coordination compound is used for improving the catalytic performance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell electrode material.
Advantageous effects
The invention has the advantages that: through the improvement of the carbon substrate, a new transition metal Co, Fe and N coordinated oxygen catalytic activity point position can be constructed in micropores on the surface of the carbon carrier, and a catalytic activity area is expanded from the original precious metal surface to the surface of the whole catalyst, so that the overall ORR activity of the electrocatalyst is greatly improved. And noble metal nanoparticles can be further anchored through metal-carrier interaction in the process of loading noble metals on the surface of the catalyst, so that the electrochemical stability of the catalyst is enhanced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an XRD plot of Pt/(Co-N) @ C obtained in example 1.
FIG. 2 is the LSV performance curve of Pt/(Co-N) @ C prepared in example 1.
Fig. 3 is an SEM image of the catalyst prepared in example 2.
Fig. 4 is a TEM curve of the catalyst prepared in example 3.
FIG. 5 is a comparison of LSV performance of (Co (Fe) @ C carbon support prepared in example 5 versus a commercial XC-72R carbon support.
FIG. 6 is the LSV performance curve of Pt/(Fe-N) @ C prepared in example 3.
Fig. 7 is a comparison of LSV performance curves for the three materials.
Detailed Description
The preparation method of the invention is detailed as follows:
firstly, fully dissolving 15g of melamine, 0.5-5g of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and glucosamine hydrochloride in a corresponding proportion in an aqueous solution. Then adding cobalt and iron metal salt in a fixed proportion, uniformly mixing, heating and stirring until the mixture is dry. Grinding the dried mixture into fine powder, roasting at the high temperature of 600-1000 ℃ in an inert or reducing atmosphere, cooling to room temperature, and then washing with excessive 10% HCl for more than 12h to remove inactive metal compounds on the surface of the carbon material. Then washing and drying by deionized water to obtain the high specific surface carbon carrier (Co (Fe) -N) @ C with the nano-scale Co (Fe) and N coordination on the surface.
Then, take 50-150mg (Co (Fe) -N) @ C, 100mg H2PtCl6·6H2O was added to 200ml of Ethylene Glycol (EG), and reduction was carried out using 180mg of sodium borohydride as a reducing agent. After the reaction is finished, 200ml of 10% HCl is added to remove the excessive unreacted impurities, and finally the product is washed by deionized water and placed in a vacuum drying oven overnight to collect the product Pt/(Co (Fe) -N) @ C.
The relative proportion of the ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid to the glucosamine hydrochloride raw material is 1-5: 1. the metal salt is cobalt, soluble salt solution of iron metal and its compound, such as cobalt nitrate and ferric nitrate; the mass ratio of the melamine to the transition metal salt is 15-50: 1.
the inert or reducing roasting atmosphere adopts hydrogen/nitrogen mixed gas with different mixing ratios (0-100%), ammonia/nitrogen mixed gas with different mixing ratios (0-100%), argon, helium and the like.
Example 1
15g of melamine, 0.5g of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 0.5g of glucosamine hydrochloride were dissolved well in an aqueous solution. Then 0.5g of ferric nitrate is added into the mixture, and the mixture is heated and stirred to be dry after being uniformly mixed. Grinding the dried mixture into fine powder, and roasting at high temperature of 800 ℃ in a 10% hydrogen-nitrogen atmosphere. And cooling to room temperature, and then washing with excess 10% HCl for more than 12h to remove inactive metal compounds on the surface of the carbon material. Then washing and drying by deionized water to obtain the surfaceContains a high specific surface carbon carrier (Co-N) @ C with nano-scale Co coordinated with N. Then, take 150mg (Co-N) @ C, 100mgH2PtCl6·6H2O is added into 200ml of ethylene glycol, and reduction reaction is carried out by taking 180mg of sodium borohydride as a reducing agent. After the reaction is finished, 200ml of 10% HCl is added to remove the excessive unreacted impurities, and finally the product is washed by deionized water and is placed in a vacuum drying oven overnight to be collected to obtain a product Pt/(Co-N) @ C, wherein the relative loading capacity (calculated by the charge) of the platinum is 20 wt%. The XRD pattern of the product is shown in FIG. 1, electrochemical performance of the catalyst is tested, FIG. 2 is LSV curve of Pt/(Co-N) @ C, and the specific mass activity of the catalyst is calculated to be 0.181A mg from the curve-1 PtIs a commercial Pt/XC-72R catalyst (the relative loading of Pt is 20wt%, and the specific mass activity under the same test condition is 0.089A mg-1 Pt) 2 times of the total weight of the powder.
Example 2
15g of melamine, 2g of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 0.5g of glucosamine hydrochloride were dissolved well in an aqueous solution. Then 1.0g of ferric nitrate is added into the mixture, and the mixture is heated and stirred to be dry after being uniformly mixed. Grinding the dried mixture into fine powder, and roasting at high temperature of 1000 ℃ in 5% hydrogen nitrogen atmosphere. And cooling to room temperature, and then washing with excess 10% HCl for more than 12h to remove inactive metal compounds on the surface of the carbon material. Then washing and drying by deionized water to obtain the high specific surface carbon carrier (Fe-N) @ C with the surface containing nanoscale Fe and N coordination. Then, take 150mg (Fe-N) @ C, 100mg H2PtCl6·6H2O is added into 200ml of ethylene glycol, and reduction reaction is carried out by taking 180mg of sodium borohydride as a reducing agent. After the reaction is finished, 200ml of 10% HCl is added to remove the excessive unreacted impurities, and finally the product is washed by deionized water and is placed in a vacuum drying oven overnight to be collected to obtain a product Pt/(Fe-N) @ C, wherein the relative loading capacity (calculated by the charge) of the platinum is 20 wt%. The SEM image of the prepared catalyst is shown in FIG. 3, and it can be seen that the micro-morphology of the (Fe-N) @ C carbon support is a coil-shaped structure formed by bending and crosslinking carbon nanotube bundles. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) result shows the relative content of Fe and N elements in Pt/(Fe-N) @ C3.84wt% and 7.38wt%, respectively.
Example 3
15g of melamine, 5g of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 1g of glucosamine hydrochloride were dissolved thoroughly in an aqueous solution. Then 0.3g of ferric nitrate is added into the mixture, and the mixture is heated and stirred to be dry after being uniformly mixed. Grinding the dried mixture into fine powder, and roasting at high temperature of 700 ℃ in an ammonia atmosphere. And cooling to room temperature, and then washing with excess 10% HCl for more than 12h to remove inactive metal compounds on the surface of the carbon material. Then washing and drying by deionized water to obtain the high specific surface carbon carrier (Fe-N) @ C with the surface containing nanoscale Fe and N coordination. Then, take 50mg of (Fe-N) @ C, 100mg of H2PtCl6·6H2O is added into 200ml of ethylene glycol, and reduction reaction is carried out by taking 180mg of sodium borohydride as a reducing agent. After the reaction is finished, 200ml of 10% HCl is added to remove the excessive unreacted impurities, and finally the product is washed by deionized water and is placed in a vacuum drying oven overnight to be collected to obtain a product Pt/(Fe-N) @ C, wherein the relative loading capacity (calculated by the charge) of platinum is 43 wt%. The TEM image of Pt/(Fe-N) @ C is shown in FIG. 4, and it can be seen that the platinum particles are very uniformly supported on the curved carbon nanotubes, and the particle sizes are all around 3-5 nm. FIG. 6 is an LSV curve of Pt/(Fe-N) @ C, from which it can be calculated that the specific mass activity of the catalyst is 0.145A mg-1 PtCommercial Pt/XC-72R catalyst (Pt relative loading of 20wt%, mass specific activity bit 0.189A mg under the same test conditions-1 Pt) 1.63 times of.
Example 4
15g of melamine, 3g of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 0.87g of glucosamine hydrochloride were dissolved well in the aqueous solution. Then 0.75g of cobalt nitrate is added into the mixture, and the mixture is heated and stirred to be dry after being uniformly mixed. Grinding the dried mixture into fine powder, and roasting at high temperature of 600 ℃ in the atmosphere of 50% ammonia-nitrogen mixed gas. And cooling to room temperature, and then washing with excess 10% HCl for more than 12h to remove inactive metal compounds on the surface of the carbon material. Then washing and drying by deionized water to obtain the high specific surface carbon carrier (Co-N) @ C with the surface containing the nano-scale Co and N coordination. Then, 80mg (Co-N)@C，100mgH2PtCl6·6H2O is added into 200ml of ethylene glycol, and reduction reaction is carried out by taking 180mg of sodium borohydride as a reducing agent. After the reaction is finished, 200ml of 10% HCl is added to remove the excessive unreacted impurities, and finally the product is washed by deionized water and is placed in a vacuum drying oven overnight to be collected to obtain a product Pt/(Co-N) @ C, wherein the relative loading capacity (calculated by the charge) of the platinum is 32 wt%.
Example 5
15g of melamine, 2.5g of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 1g of glucosamine hydrochloride were dissolved thoroughly in an aqueous solution. Then 0.5g of cobalt nitrate and 0.5g of ferric nitrate are added, and after uniform mixing, the mixture is heated and stirred to be dry. Grinding the dried mixture into fine powder, and roasting at high temperature of 600 ℃ in the atmosphere of 50% ammonia-nitrogen mixed gas. And cooling to room temperature, and then washing with excess 10% HCl for more than 12h to remove inactive metal compounds on the surface of the carbon material. Then washing and drying by deionized water to obtain the high specific surface carbon carrier (Co (Fe) -N) @ C with the surface containing nano-grade Co, Fe and N coordination. Then, take 100mg (Co (Fe) -N) @ C, 100mg H2PtCl6·6H2O is added into 200ml of ethylene glycol, and reduction reaction is carried out by taking 180mg of sodium borohydride as a reducing agent. After the reaction is finished, 200ml of 10% HCl is added to remove the excessive unreacted impurities, and finally the product is washed by deionized water and is placed in a vacuum drying oven for overnight collection to obtain a product Pt/(Co (Fe) -N) @ C, wherein the relative loading of platinum (calculated by the charge) is 27 wt%. The electrochemical performance test of the prepared (Co (Fe) -N) @ C carbon carrier and the commercial XC-72R carbon carrier is carried out, and the comparison of the LSV performance curve in the figure 5 proves that the (Co (Fe) -N) @ C carbon carrier has better oxygen catalytic reduction (ORR) activity under the same test condition, and the half-wave potential of the (Co (Fe) -N) @ C carbon carrier can be calculated to be 0.779V by the curve in the figure, so that the half-wave potential is greatly improved compared with the half-wave potential of the carbon carrier XC-72R of the commercial Pt/XC-72R catalyst (the relative Pt loading is 20wt percent and under the same test condition) by 0.442V. It is demonstrated that the improved carbon support disclosed in this patent does extend the catalytically active area to the entire surface of the composite catalyst, thereby greatly increasing the overall ORR activity of the electrocatalyst.
The LSV performance curves measured for the (Co (Fe) -N) @ C carbon support prepared in example 5, the (Co-N) @ C prepared in example 4, and the (Fe-N) @ C carbon support prepared in example 4 were compared with LSV performance curves for three different carbon substrates, as shown in FIG. 7, in which the half-wave potential is one of the indexes for measuring LSV performance of the substrate, and the larger the half-wave potential, the better the substrate performance, and the half-wave potential of (Co (Fe) -N) @ C was 0.779V, and the half-wave potential of (Co-N) @ C was 0.641V. (Fe-N) @ C was 0.632V.
Claims (7)
1. A fuel cell catalyst comprises a substrate and a Pt catalyst loaded on the substrate, and is characterized in that the surface of the substrate is modified with a compound coordinated with N through Co and/or Fe.
2. The fuel cell catalyst according to claim 1 wherein in one embodiment, the substrate is a carbon support.
3. The method for preparing a fuel cell catalyst according to claim 1, characterized by comprising the steps of:
dissolving melamine, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid and glucosamine hydrochloride in water, adding cobalt salt and/or iron salt, uniformly stirring, and heating and drying by distillation; grinding, roasting, and washing the product with hydrochloric acid and deionized water in sequence to obtain a carbon carrier modified with Co and/or Fe and N coordination compounds;
and 2, adding the carbon carrier and platinum salt obtained in the step 1 into a solvent, adding a reducing agent for reduction reaction to load platinum on the surface of the carbon carrier, washing the product with hydrochloric acid and deionized water in sequence, and drying to obtain the Pt-loaded catalyst.
4. A method of preparing a fuel cell catalyst according to claim 3, characterized by comprising the steps of: in one embodiment, the mass ratio of the melamine to the ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid is as follows: 15: 0.5 to 5; the mass ratio of the ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid to the glucosamine hydrochloride is 1-5: 1; in one embodiment, the cobalt salt is selected from cobalt nitrate and the iron salt is selected from iron nitrate; in one embodiment, the temperature of the calcination is 600-1000 ℃; in one embodiment, the concentration of hydrochloric acid is 10%.
5. A method of preparing a fuel cell catalyst according to claim 3, characterized by comprising the steps of: in one embodiment, the platinum salt is H2PtCl6·6H2O; in one embodiment, the solvent is ethylene glycol; in one embodiment, the reducing agent is sodium borohydride.
6. Use of the fuel cell catalyst of claim 1 for the preparation of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
7. The carbon carrier modified with Co and/or Fe and N coordination compound is used for improving the catalytic performance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell electrode material.
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