CN110987748A - Nondestructive prediction combination method for evaluating uniaxial compressive strength of rock under freeze-thaw cycle - Google Patents
Nondestructive prediction combination method for evaluating uniaxial compressive strength of rock under freeze-thaw cycle Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
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- G01N15/088—Investigating volume, surface area, size or distribution of pores; Porosimetry
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
- G01N29/07—Analysing solids by measuring propagation velocity or propagation time of acoustic waves
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
- G01N3/18—Performing tests at high or low temperatures
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/022—Environment of the test
- G01N2203/0222—Temperature
- G01N2203/0228—Low temperature; Cooling means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/06—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
- G01N2203/0658—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means using acoustic or ultrasonic detectors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/06—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
- G01N2203/067—Parameter measured for estimating the property
- G01N2203/0676—Force, weight, load, energy, speed or acceleration
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
- G01N2291/042—Wave modes
- G01N2291/0421—Longitudinal waves
Abstract
The invention relates to a nondestructive prediction combination method for evaluating uniaxial compressive strength of rock under freeze-thaw cycle, which comprises the following steps: taking a complete rock block of a rock to be detected to manufacture a plurality of standard rock samples; continuously and repeatedly carrying out freeze-thaw cycle on a plurality of standard rock samples until the standard rock samples are damaged; in the repeated freeze-thaw cycle process, after five freeze-thaw cycles are completed, a determination process is performed, and the ultimate uniaxial compressive strength of the rock to be detected is calculated by using a uniaxial compressive strength formula according to the mass, the longitudinal wave velocity and the porosity. The nondestructive prediction combination method determines the porosity and the trend of internal fractures of the rock by the ultrasonic technology and the nuclear magnetic resonance technology, controls the macroscopic integrity of the rock by weight, realizes the control of the microscopic and macroscopic structures of the rock, and enables the uniaxial compressive strength of the rock to be predicted more accurately.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of fracture rock damage detection, in particular to a nondestructive prediction combination method for evaluating uniaxial compressive strength of rock under freeze-thaw cycle.
Background
The damage refers to the phenomenon that micro defects (such as microcracks and gaps) of the material expand and are communicated with each other under the action of load, so that mechanical property parameters of the material are attenuated, and the material is gradually degraded and damaged. It can be seen that the nature of the material damage is the propagation of its internal fracture system. Based on this premise, it is possible to characterize material damage quantitatively by fracture rate. However, due to the limitation of the test technology level, the rock fracture rate is difficult to directly measure, and at present, the quantitative characterization methods of the rock fracture rate mainly include CT scanning, digital image processing, mercury intrusion method, nuclear magnetic resonance, acoustic wave test and the like. The fracture rate on a limited number of sections of the rock can be obtained by CT scanning and image processing technology, and the method belongs to the two-dimensional category; the volume fracture rate of the rock can be indirectly obtained by the techniques of energy spectrum analysis, mercury intrusion method, nuclear magnetic resonance and sound wave test. While the strength of the rock is apparently closely related to the integrity of the rock, changes in the integrity of the rock can be indicated by changes in the mass of the rock. The quality, nuclear magnetic resonance and ultrasonic testing belong to nondestructive testing methods, multi-stage and multi-state continuous testing can be performed on the same sample, errors caused by sample individual differences due to the fact that different samples are adopted in different stages during destructive testing are effectively avoided, operation is relatively simple, and the method is widely applied to actual engineering.
While the uniaxial compressive strength of rock is considered to be an important geotechnical parameter in rock engineering practice. Therefore, it is of great importance to study various methods of assessing uniaxial compressive strength degradation of rock under freeze-thaw cycles (Sinaie et al, 2015). In the aspect of ultrasonic research of rock damage fractures, Zhao Ming dynasty (2000) defines initial damage variables of rocks by using ultrasonic velocity of the rocks under unloaded conditions, and provides a method for estimating rock strength by using the ultrasonic velocity of the rocks; xupinelin (B)2011) The ultrasonic wave velocity characteristics of rock mass under the loading condition and the unloading condition are researched; leec (2013) studied the method of estimating rock mass by ultrasonic wave velocity. However, at present, the relation between the longitudinal wave velocity and factors such as mechanical parameters and damage times is established indirectly by adopting an ultrasonic testing technology, and the longitudinal wave velocity is not clearly proposed to be used for representing the rock volume fracture rate. In the aspect of nuclear magnetic resonance research of rock damage fractures, A.R.Tice measures the relation between frozen water and unfrozen water by applying a nuclear magnetic resonance technology; zhaojie et al have developed the work of nuclear magnetic resonance techniques to evaluate void structures; zhangiom et al establish the utilization of nuclear magnetic resonance T2Researching a void fractal structure by using a spectrum; the royal jelly establishes sandstone nuclear magnetic resonance T2The mathematical model between the value and the pore radius is that nuclear magnetic resonance is more and more deep in the research of rock fractures, but more, the more accurate research on the porosity is that the trend of fractures and the macroscopic integrity of rocks cannot be well reflected.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a nondestructive prediction combination method for evaluating uniaxial compressive strength of rock under freeze-thaw cycle, solves the technical problem that the strength and elastic modulus of freeze-thaw rock cannot be determined accurately and nondestructively by the existing method, realizes nondestructive prediction of damage strength of rock under freeze-thaw cycle, and has the technical effect of more accurate prediction of uniaxial compressive strength of rock.
The invention provides a nondestructive prediction combination method for evaluating uniaxial compressive strength of rock under freeze-thaw cycle, which comprises the following steps:
taking a complete rock block of a rock to be detected to manufacture a plurality of standard rock samples;
continuously and repeatedly carrying out freeze-thaw cycling on a plurality of standard rock samples to enable the standard rock samples to continuously generate fracture damage until the standard rock samples are damaged;
during the repetition of the freeze-thaw cycles, performing an assay procedure after every five freeze-thaw cycles, the assay procedure comprising: drying the standard rock sample, and measuring the quality of the standard rock sample; testing the longitudinal wave velocity of the standard rock sample by ultrasonic waves; measuring the nuclear magnetic resonance signal amplitude and the hydrogen nucleus quantity of the standard rock sample by a nuclear magnetic resonance technology, and calculating the porosity of the standard rock sample by a porosity formula;
and calculating the ultimate uniaxial compressive strength of the rock to be detected by using a uniaxial compressive strength formula according to the mass, the longitudinal wave velocity and the porosity.
Preferably, the method further comprises the following steps: verifying the ultimate uniaxial compressive strength of the rock to be tested, wherein the verification process is as follows:
taking the complete rock blocks of the rock to be tested to manufacture comparison rock samples corresponding to the standard rock samples in quantity;
obtaining a comparative ultimate uniaxial compressive strength of the comparative rock sample by a uniaxial compression test;
verifying the accuracy of the ultimate uniaxial compressive strength by comparing the ultimate uniaxial compressive strength.
Preferably, taking a complete rock block of the rock to be detected to prepare 3 standard rock samples; the standard rock sample size is: diameter 50mm, height 100 mm.
Preferably, when the plurality of standard rock samples are prepared, the saturated standard rock samples are forcibly prepared by a vacuum pumping method.
Preferably, the vacuum pressure value of the vacuum pumping method is controlled to be 0.1 MPa.
Preferably, the temperature of the freeze-thaw cycle is set to-20 ℃ to 20 ℃; the freeze-thaw cycle process comprises the following steps: firstly, freezing for 15h in a freezing and thawing box, and then taking out and putting into clear water for thawing for 9 h.
Preferably, the baking temperature does not exceed 105 ℃ in the drying process.
Preferably, the mass of the standard rock sample after damage is determined by a mass measuring platform.
Preferably, the porosity formula is:
wherein: phi is anmr-nuclear magnetic resonance calculation of the porosity value;
mi-core ith T of said standard rock sample2Nuclear magnetic resonance T of component2Spectral amplitude;
Mb-T of said standard rock sample2The total amplitude of the spectrum;
Sb-the number of scans during which the standard rock sample is sampled;
s-the number of scans of the core acquisition signal of the standard rock sample;
Gb-gain at the time of signal acquisition of said standard rock sample;
g, gain of the standard rock sample during rock core signal acquisition;
Vb-total water content in cm of said standard rock sample3；
v-core volume of the standard rock sample in cm3。
Preferably, the uniaxial compressive strength formula is as follows:
wherein: m-represents mass;
n0-represents porosity;
v-represents the velocity of the longitudinal wave;
σ -represents uniaxial compressive strength.
The grid-connected inverter current control method provided by the application at least has the following technical effects or advantages:
the application provides a nondestructive prediction combination method for evaluating rock uniaxial compressive strength under freeze-thaw cycle, which determines the porosity of the rock and the walking direction of the internal cracks jointly by an ultrasonic technology and a nuclear magnetic resonance technology, controls the macroscopic integrity of the rock by weight, realizes the control of the microcosmic and macroscopic structures of the rock, and enables the rock uniaxial compressive strength to be predicted more accurately. The nondestructive prediction combination method is a comprehensive prediction method, and is used for evaluating deterioration of uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of the rock under a freeze-thaw condition to jointly obtain ultimate uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of the rock to be tested. The method can reduce the defects and errors of a single monitoring method, improve the experimental efficiency and the accuracy of rock strength prediction, and has the advantages of accuracy and economy.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of a non-destructive predictive combined method for evaluating uniaxial compressive strength of rock under freeze-thaw cycles according to the present application;
FIG. 2 is a plot of mass versus ultimate uniaxial compressive strength for a standard rock sample testing procedure of the present application;
FIG. 3 is a plot of porosity versus ultimate uniaxial compressive strength for a standard rock sample assay procedure of the present application;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the velocity of longitudinal waves and the ultimate uniaxial compressive strength during the measurement of a standard rock sample in the present application;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a rock sound wave velocity test provided by an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a rock sample NMR experiment measurement provided by an embodiment of the present application.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The invention provides a nondestructive prediction combination method for evaluating uniaxial compressive strength of rock under freeze-thaw cycle, which is shown in the attached figure 1 and has the following specific implementation process:
firstly, fresh schist rock blocks are made into 3 standard rock samples (numbered 0, 0-1, 0-2, 5-1, 5-2, 10-1, 10-2, 15-1, 15-2, 20-1, 20-2, 25-1, 25-2, 30-1, 30-2, 35-1, 35-2, 40-1, 40-2, 45-1, 45-2, 50-1 and 50-2) with the diameter of 50mm and the height of 100 mm.
3 rock samples (0, 0-1, 0-2) were comparative rock samples, and uniaxial compression tests were performed to obtain comparative ultimate uniaxial compressive strengths of the comparative rock samples. And (4) respectively measuring and recording the initial quality of the comparative rock of the three rock samples by using an electronic scale before and after the freeze-thaw test. Meanwhile, other rock samples (5, 5-1, 5-2, 10-1, 10-2, 15-1, 15-2, 20-1, 20-2, 25-1, 25-2, 30-1, 30-2, 35-1, 35-2, 40-1, 40-2, 45-1, 45-2, 50-1, 50-2) were measured by an electronic scale after the freeze-thaw test and recorded.
Referring to fig. 5, when the longitudinal wave velocity of a standard rock sample is tested by ultrasonic waves, an instrument, a transducer (a zero sound value T0 of a correction sound wave system) and a rock sample are connected according to the requirements of the figure. Setting the initial area number, line number and point number of the measurement. And selecting and measuring the voltage of the transmitted electric pulse, the pulse width and the triggering time. Pressing down the measuring key of the instrument, searching and adjusting the instrument to receive the waveform, sampling the waveform, reading the amplitude, reading the frequency and storing the waveform. The wave amplitude and the first arrival time (t) are read from the wave form by selecting the sampling time interval, the sampling length, the frequency bandwidth and the magnification, and the longitudinal wave velocity (Vp) of the ultrasonic wave propagating in the test rock sample can be calculated by the known distance (L) of the test material, namely Vp is equal to L/t.
Referring to fig. 6, when performing the nmr test, the power supply of the instrument is turned on, the magnet is required to be set to control the temperature, and the probe and the magnet are kept at constant temperature; the instrument needs to be preheated for more than 16 h; opening a computer to enter measurement control software; the method comprises the following steps of (1) loading a prepared rock sample to be tested by using a non-magnetic container (such as a glass test tube) without hydrogen, placing the rock sample into a measurement cavity (a core chamber or a sample chamber), selecting a CPMG pulse sequence according to the measurement content, setting system parameters and acquisition parameters, wherein the system parameters comprise a nuclear magnetic resonance frequency migration value, an offset value does not exceed 2% of a rated frequency, 90 ℃ pulse width, 180 ℃ pulse width and instrument receiving gain, and the gain is as large as possible under the condition of no signal distortion; the acquisition parameters comprise echo intervals, waiting time, the number of acquired echoes and the acquisition scanning times. And (3) starting measurement after no error is confirmed, and calculating the initial porosity by using the measured data according to the formula:
wherein: phi is anmr-nuclear magnetic resonance calculation of the porosity value;
mi-core ith T of said standard rock sample2Nuclear magnetic resonance T of component2Spectral amplitude;
Mb-T of said standard rock sample2The total amplitude of the spectrum;
Sb-the number of scans during which the standard rock sample is sampled;
s-the number of scans of the core acquisition signal of the standard rock sample;
Gb-gain at the time of signal acquisition of said standard rock sample;
g, gain of the standard rock sample during rock core signal acquisition;
Vb-total water content in cm of said standard rock sample3；
v-core volume of the standard rock sample in cm3。
When the uniaxial compression test was performed, the initial uniaxial compressive strength was measured. The test adopts axial displacement control, the comparison rock sample is placed in the center of a pressure bearing plate of the press, the pressure bearing plate is adjusted to enable the comparison rock sample to be evenly stressed, the test machine is started, and the comparison rock sample is loaded at the displacement rate of 0.005mm/s until the comparison rock sample is damaged; and defines the state as an initial state. The initial rock sample data is as follows:
the freeze-thaw cycle test method comprises the following steps: and (3) respectively combining the rock samples into a group, performing air extraction and saturation on the samples, placing the saturated samples in a refrigeration system, and performing freeze-thaw cycling, wherein the number of times of the freeze-thaw cycling is set to be 5-50 (5 is a unit). The temperature of the freeze-thaw cycle is set to-20 ℃ to 20 ℃, the mixture is frozen for 15h in a freeze-thaw box, and then taken out and put into clear water for thawing for 9h (according to ISRM international standard). Each timeAfter the freezing and thawing cycle is completed, drying treatment is carried out under the condition that the baking temperature does not exceed 105 ℃. And (4) continuing the experiment process, measuring the quality and the geometric dimension of the dried rock sample, placing the rock sample into an ultrasonic system, and measuring the longitudinal wave velocity. Simultaneously, the rock sample is placed in a nuclear magnetic resonance system for measurement and related data is recorded according to a formula
The porosity of the rock sample was calculated and then subjected to uniaxial compression to measure the uniaxial compression strength. The data obtained are as follows:
fitting a relation curve between the rock mass and the ultimate uniaxial compressive strength shown in FIG. 2 according to the data obtained by the experiment; FIG. 3 is a plot of porosity versus ultimate uniaxial compressive strength; FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the longitudinal wave velocity and the ultimate uniaxial compressive strength, and the three evaluation indexes of the rock quality, the porosity and the longitudinal wave velocity are comprehensively considered through the three relationship curves.
The nondestructive prediction formula of uniaxial compressive strength of rock under freeze-thaw cycle of the method is as follows:
R2＝0.957；
wherein: m-represents mass;
n0-represents porosity;
v-represents the velocity of the longitudinal wave;
σ -represents uniaxial compressive strength.
The nondestructive prediction combination method requires a rock damage testing platform, a nuclear magnetic resonance testing platform and a rock quality measuring platform under ultrasonic vibration, and freeze-thaw cycles are respectively carried out on a standard rock sample for 5 times, 10 times, 15 times, 20 times, 25 times, 30 times, 35 times, 40 times, 45 times and 50 times to obtain 10 groups of rock samples with different fracture damages; drying the rock sample obtained each time, measuring the mass by using a mass test platform, measuring the longitudinal wave velocity by using an ultrasonic vibration platform, measuring the nuclear magnetic resonance signal amplitude and the hydrogen nucleus quantity by using a nuclear magnetic resonance technology, calculating the porosity according to the nuclear magnetic resonance signal amplitude and the hydrogen nucleus quantity, and measuring the ultimate uniaxial compressive strength of the rock sample after each freeze thawing by using a rock testing machine; respectively establishing a relation curve of the mass and the ultimate uniaxial compressive strength, a relation curve of the porosity and the ultimate uniaxial compressive strength, and a relation curve of the longitudinal wave velocity and the ultimate uniaxial compressive strength; based on the obtained corresponding relation curves, a comprehensive prediction method is provided for evaluating the deterioration of uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of the rock under the freeze-thaw condition to jointly obtain the ultimate uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of the rock to be tested. The method can reduce the defects and errors of a single monitoring method, improve the experimental efficiency and the accuracy of rock strength prediction, and has the advantages of accuracy and economy.
The above-mentioned embodiments are intended to illustrate the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention in further detail, and it should be understood that the above-mentioned embodiments are merely exemplary embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the present invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A lossless prediction combination method for evaluating uniaxial compressive strength of rock under freeze-thaw cycle is characterized by comprising the following steps:
taking a complete rock block of a rock to be detected to manufacture a plurality of standard rock samples;
continuously repeating freeze-thaw cycles on a plurality of the standard rock samples until the standard rock samples are destroyed;
during the repetition of the freeze-thaw cycles, performing an assay procedure after every five freeze-thaw cycles, the assay procedure comprising: drying the standard rock sample, and measuring the quality of the standard rock sample; testing the longitudinal wave velocity of the standard rock sample by ultrasonic waves; measuring the nuclear magnetic resonance signal amplitude and the hydrogen nucleus quantity of the standard rock sample by a nuclear magnetic resonance technology, and calculating the porosity of the standard rock sample by a porosity formula;
and calculating the ultimate uniaxial compressive strength of the rock to be detected by using a uniaxial compressive strength formula according to the mass, the longitudinal wave velocity and the porosity.
2. A non-destructive predictive combination method for evaluating uniaxial compressive strength of a rock under freeze-thaw cycles according to claim 1, further comprising: verifying the ultimate uniaxial compressive strength of the rock to be tested, wherein the verification process is as follows:
taking the complete rock blocks of the rock to be tested to manufacture comparison rock samples corresponding to the standard rock samples in quantity;
obtaining a comparative ultimate uniaxial compressive strength of the comparative rock sample by a uniaxial compression test;
verifying the accuracy of the ultimate uniaxial compressive strength by comparing the ultimate uniaxial compressive strength.
3. A non-destructive combined predictive method for evaluating uniaxial compressive strength of rock under freeze-thaw cycles according to claim 1, characterized by taking a complete piece of rock to be tested to make 3 said standard rock samples; the standard rock sample size is: diameter 50mm, height 100 mm.
4. A non-destructive predictive combination method for assessing uniaxial compressive strength of a rock under freeze-thaw cycles according to claim 1 wherein a plurality of standard rock samples are prepared by forcibly saturating said standard rock samples using vacuum pumping.
5. A non-destructive predictive combination method for assessing uniaxial compressive strength of rock under freeze-thaw cycles according to claim 4 wherein the vacuum pressure of said vacuum pumping method is controlled to 0.1 MPa.
6. A non-destructive predictive combination method for the evaluation of uniaxial compressive strength of rock under freeze-thaw cycles according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the freeze-thaw cycle is set to-20 ℃ to 20 ℃; the freeze-thaw cycle process comprises the following steps: firstly, freezing for 15h in a freezing and thawing box, and then taking out and putting into clear water for thawing for 9 h.
7. A non-destructive predictive combination method for assessing uniaxial compressive strength of a rock under freeze-thaw cycles according to claim 1 wherein the baking temperature during the baking process does not exceed 105 ℃.
8. A combined nondestructive predictive method of assessing uniaxial compressive strength of rock under freeze-thaw cycles according to claim 1 wherein the quality of the standard rock specimen is determined by a quality measuring platform.
9. A combined nondestructive predictive method of evaluating uniaxial compressive strength of a rock under freeze-thaw cycles according to claim 1 wherein the porosity formula is:
wherein: phinmr-nuclear magnetic resonance calculation of the porosity value;
mi-core ith T of said standard rock sample2Nuclear magnetic resonance T of component2The spectral amplitude;
Mb-T of said standard rock sample2The total amplitude of the spectrum;
Sb-the number of scans during which the standard rock sample is sampled;
s-the number of scans of the core acquisition signal of the standard rock sample;
Gb-at the time of signal acquisition of said standard rock sampleA gain of (d);
g, gain of the standard rock sample during rock core signal acquisition;
Vb-total water content in cm of said standard rock sample3；
v-core volume of the standard rock sample in cm3。
10. A non-destructive predictive combination method for evaluating uniaxial compressive strength of a rock under freeze-thaw cycles according to claim 1 wherein the uniaxial compressive strength formula is:
wherein: m-represents the mass;
n0-representing said porosity;
v-represents the velocity of said longitudinal wave;
σ -represents the uniaxial compressive strength.
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| CN113325027A (en) * | 2021-08-02 | 2021-08-31 | 西南交通大学 | Method for measuring unfrozen water content of frozen soil by piezoelectric ceramic |
| CN115876634A (en) * | 2023-03-02 | 2023-03-31 | 中国有色金属工业昆明勘察设计研究院有限公司 | Rock freezing-thawing cycle degradation overall process multi-channel test equipment and test method |
| CN116008074A (en) * | 2022-12-23 | 2023-04-25 | 扬州市职业大学(扬州开放大学) | Concrete performance testing device and method |
| CN116935983A (en) * | 2023-02-25 | 2023-10-24 | 长安大学 | Prediction method for rock physical and mechanical property attenuation degree after freeze thawing |
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