CN110987504B - Device and method for testing temperature gradient and influence of steel structure under light radiation - Google Patents
Device and method for testing temperature gradient and influence of steel structure under light radiation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN110987504B CN110987504B CN201911328077.0A CN201911328077A CN110987504B CN 110987504 B CN110987504 B CN 110987504B CN 201911328077 A CN201911328077 A CN 201911328077A CN 110987504 B CN110987504 B CN 110987504B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- temperature gradient
- temperature
- test
- influence
- light radiation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 93
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 9
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000452 restraining effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002277 temperature effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 31
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 abstract description 23
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 101100334009 Caenorhabditis elegans rib-2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 101001121408 Homo sapiens L-amino-acid oxidase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000827703 Homo sapiens Polyphosphoinositide phosphatase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100026388 L-amino-acid oxidase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100023591 Polyphosphoinositide phosphatase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000009529 body temperature measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001932 seasonal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007655 standard test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009897 systematic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- G01M99/002—Thermal testing
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
- Testing Resistance To Weather, Investigating Materials By Mechanical Methods (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种光辐射下钢结构温度梯度及其影响的测试装置和配套的测试方法。测试装置的组件包括横梁、立柱、支座及附属耳板、对照试件支架等部分，各组件间均通过普通螺栓装配式连接。实现了任意截面形式钢构件或常见大跨度钢结构模型的在同一装置进行标准温度梯度实测，构件支座刚接、铰接或无约束可自由切换，不同形式、不同数量、不同长度自由切换，且测试装置无需外部提供反力设施，实验后亦可拆卸循环利用；所配套的测试方法涵盖温度梯度实测及其对构件内力和变形的影响测试两部分，数据监测方法可靠、采集数据稳定全面，尤其是温度梯度影响的测试方法解决了以往大跨度钢结构梯度温度作用难以定量评估的问题。The present invention discloses a testing device for the temperature gradient of steel structures under light radiation and its influence and a matching testing method. The components of the testing device include beams, columns, supports and auxiliary ear plates, control specimen brackets and other parts, and each component is assembled and connected by ordinary bolts. The standard temperature gradient of steel components of any cross-section form or common large-span steel structure models can be measured in the same device. The component supports can be freely switched between rigid connection, hinged connection or unconstrained connection, and different forms, different numbers and different lengths can be freely switched. The testing device does not require external reaction facilities and can be disassembled and recycled after the experiment. The matching testing method covers two parts: temperature gradient measurement and its influence on the internal force and deformation of the component. The data monitoring method is reliable and the collected data is stable and comprehensive. In particular, the testing method of the temperature gradient influence solves the problem that the gradient temperature effect of large-span steel structures was difficult to quantitatively evaluate in the past.
Description
技术领域Technical Field
本发明涉及钢结构技术领域，具体涉及一种光辐射下钢结构温度梯度及其影响的测试装置及测试方法。The present invention relates to the technical field of steel structures, and in particular to a testing device and a testing method for the temperature gradient of a steel structure under light radiation and the influence thereof.
技术背景technical background
任何一种建筑材料都随周围热环境条件的变化而变化，即存在热胀冷缩的物理现象。建筑物处在自然环境中，经受着一年四季春夏秋冬的变化。由于自然环境条件所产生的温度作用主要分为两类：均匀温度荷载、梯度温度荷载。均匀温度荷载主要是指季节性温度作用，是一种由于四季交替而呈现的缓慢、均匀、整体的温度作用，使结构产生的整体热变形、相对简单；梯度温度荷载主要由于外界自然光辐射导致的，主要包括太阳直射辐射、大气散射辐射、天空地面环境辐射等，由于一昼夜内太阳东升西落而导致自然光辐射不断变化，加之结构自身及周围环境的遮挡，引起结构的梯度温度荷载，表现为短时急变、分布不均、结构温度远大于气温等特征，导致结构产生不均匀的热变形，造成局部应力偏大，最为复杂。Any kind of building material changes with the change of the surrounding thermal environment conditions, that is, there is a physical phenomenon of thermal expansion and contraction. Buildings are located in the natural environment and are subject to changes in the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter. The temperature effects caused by natural environmental conditions are mainly divided into two categories: uniform temperature load and gradient temperature load. Uniform temperature load mainly refers to seasonal temperature effect, which is a slow, uniform, and overall temperature effect due to the alternation of the four seasons, which causes the overall thermal deformation of the structure and is relatively simple; gradient temperature load is mainly caused by external natural light radiation, mainly including direct solar radiation, atmospheric scattered radiation, sky and ground environmental radiation, etc. Due to the constant change of natural light radiation caused by the sun rising in the east and setting in the west during a day and night, coupled with the obstruction of the structure itself and the surrounding environment, the gradient temperature load of the structure is caused, which is characterized by short-term sudden changes, uneven distribution, and the structural temperature is much greater than the air temperature, resulting in uneven thermal deformation of the structure, causing local stress to be too large, which is the most complex.
近数十年，随着经济建设的蓬勃发展，我国建筑业发展迅速，大空间建筑物的需求十分旺盛。伴随着“大空间”这样水平尺度的大型化，处于施工期、具有大型室外构件、采用大面积玻璃采光顶或透光膜材屋面的空间结构工程，温度荷载在结构诸荷载中愈发严重而变得不可忽视，甚至成为结构设计与施工的控制因素。具体体现在：大跨度钢结构几何尺寸大、杆件众多、结构形式复杂、高次超静定，多余的约束阻止结构的温度变形，产生的温度次应力，在某些情况下会占到材料强度的相当比重，使得温度作用参与的工况组合有时候会成为控制组合，同时温度作用在结构中产生的节点位移非常可观，温度变形引起的施工误差不但严重影响到构件的装配效率和结构合拢成型，在不同温度下安装，温度应力若不能充分释放，在合拢后结构内部会产生不均匀残余温度应力，实际结构应力状态与设计状态存在较大差别，对结构的安全性带来了消极的隐患。常规结构设计中，根据气温变化采用整体均匀升温或降温方式施加温度荷载，只能考虑均匀温度荷载的影响，并不能涵盖梯度温度荷载的最不利情况，往往会导致部分构件的局部应力较大而不满足设计要求。夏季太阳辐射下，钢结构表面温度将比环境温度高出25℃以上，梯度温差也在20℃左右，一昼夜的温度变化可能达35℃以上。因此，温度荷载尤其是梯度温度荷载在大跨度钢结构的设计及施工中是不容忽视的。In recent decades, with the vigorous development of economic construction, my country's construction industry has developed rapidly, and the demand for large-space buildings is very strong. With the large-scale horizontal scale of "large space", the temperature load has become more and more serious among the structural loads in the spatial structural engineering with large outdoor components and large-area glass skylights or translucent membrane roofs, and has become a control factor in structural design and construction. Specifically, it is reflected in: the large-span steel structure has large geometric dimensions, many rods, complex structural forms, and high-order hyperstatic. The redundant constraints prevent the temperature deformation of the structure, and the resulting temperature secondary stress, in some cases, will account for a considerable proportion of the material strength, so that the combination of working conditions involved in the temperature action sometimes becomes the control combination. At the same time, the node displacement caused by the temperature action in the structure is very considerable. The construction error caused by temperature deformation not only seriously affects the assembly efficiency of the components and the closing and forming of the structure, but also installs at different temperatures. If the temperature stress cannot be fully released, uneven residual temperature stress will be generated inside the structure after closing. There is a large difference between the actual structural stress state and the design state, which brings negative hidden dangers to the safety of the structure. In conventional structural design, temperature loads are applied by uniform heating or cooling according to temperature changes. This can only consider the impact of uniform temperature loads, but cannot cover the most unfavorable conditions of gradient temperature loads. This often leads to large local stresses in some components that do not meet design requirements. Under summer solar radiation, the surface temperature of the steel structure will be more than 25°C higher than the ambient temperature, and the gradient temperature difference is also around 20°C. The temperature change in a day and night may reach more than 35°C. Therefore, temperature loads, especially gradient temperature loads, cannot be ignored in the design and construction of large-span steel structures.
钢结构梯度温度荷载研究具有较强的复杂性，受光辐射条件、环境温度、风速条件、地面反射情况、阴影遮挡等诸多因素的影响，在现行规范中仅提出原则性要求，缺乏明确的设计规定和计算方法。目前对钢结构梯度温度荷载的研究较少，尤其是实验研究更是缺乏，温度梯度的监测缺乏统一的测量标准，还没有稳定可靠的测量装置和方法。已有研究大多基于数值模拟的方法分析温度场的分布情况，或以假定的温度场分布研究钢结构的温度效应，研究结论也需要可靠的实验验证。因此，有必要建立一种可规范操作、适应各种钢结构构件及结构模型、易于实现的梯度温度作用测试装置及可靠的测试方法。通过对钢结构常用的型钢构件、结构模型等进行大量长期的实验监测，总结梯度温度荷载的分布规律以及对结构性能的影响，填补我国钢结构设计与施工规范中在梯度温度作用规定方面的空白，为实际大跨度钢结构工程的设计和施工提供重要的参考。The study of gradient temperature load on steel structure is highly complex and is affected by many factors such as light radiation conditions, ambient temperature, wind speed conditions, ground reflection, shadow shielding, etc. In the current specifications, only principled requirements are proposed, and there is a lack of clear design regulations and calculation methods. At present, there are few studies on gradient temperature load on steel structure, especially experimental studies. There is a lack of unified measurement standards for monitoring temperature gradients, and there is no stable and reliable measurement device and method. Most of the existing studies are based on numerical simulation methods to analyze the distribution of temperature fields, or study the temperature effect of steel structures with assumed temperature field distribution. The research conclusions also need reliable experimental verification. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a gradient temperature effect test device and reliable test method that can be standardized, adapted to various steel structure components and structural models, and easy to implement. Through a large number of long-term experimental monitoring of commonly used steel structure profiles and structural models, the distribution law of gradient temperature loads and their impact on structural performance are summarized, filling the gap in the provisions of gradient temperature effects in my country's steel structure design and construction specifications, and providing an important reference for the design and construction of actual large-span steel structure projects.
发明内容Summary of the invention
本发明的目的之一在于提供一种光辐射下钢结构温度梯度及其影响的测试装置，同时并提供一套系统的测试方法，以解决钢结构构件及结构模型温度梯度实验测量标准化和梯度温度效应难以测量的问题。One of the purposes of the present invention is to provide a testing device for the temperature gradient of steel structures under light radiation and its influence, and at the same time to provide a set of systematic testing methods to solve the problems of standardization of experimental measurement of temperature gradient of steel structure components and structural models and difficulty in measuring gradient temperature effect.
为解决上述问题，本发明提供一种光辐射下钢结构温度梯度及其影响的测试装置，装置组件包括横梁、立柱、支座及附属耳板、对照试件支架，各组件间均通过普通螺栓装配式连接；所述立柱坐落于地面混凝土台面上，立柱上端设有立柱端板，横梁与立柱端板通过螺栓连接，所述支座及附属耳板用于连接不同约束条件需求的测试对象，横梁上翼缘均匀设置安装孔，方便不同形式、不同长度、不同数量的测试对象连接，测试装置整体表面均采用白色防锈漆，对照试件支架与横梁的内侧肋板通过螺栓相连，其上用于放置温度梯度影响测试用的对照试件。In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides a testing device for the temperature gradient of steel structure under light radiation and its influence. The device components include a crossbeam, a column, a support and an auxiliary ear plate, and a control specimen bracket. All components are assembled and connected by ordinary bolts; the column is located on a concrete table on the ground, and a column end plate is provided at the upper end of the column. The crossbeam and the column end plate are connected by bolts. The support and the auxiliary ear plate are used to connect test objects with different constraint conditions. Mounting holes are evenly arranged on the flange of the crossbeam to facilitate the connection of test objects of different forms, lengths and numbers. The entire surface of the test device is painted with white anti-rust paint, and the control specimen bracket is connected to the inner rib of the crossbeam by bolts, on which a control specimen for temperature gradient influence test is placed.
横梁为宽翼缘工字钢HW400×400×13×21mm，长度6.0m，两端下翼缘开螺栓孔便于与下部立柱相连，横梁沿长度方向布置间距为500mm的加劲肋，上翼缘均匀布设150mm等间距的就位孔，方便不同形式、不同长度、不同数量测试对象安装位置的调节。The crossbeam is a wide flange I-beam HW400×400×13×21mm, with a length of 6.0m. Bolt holes are opened on the lower flanges at both ends to facilitate connection with the lower columns. Stiffening ribs with a spacing of 500mm are arranged along the length direction of the crossbeam, and positioning holes with an even spacing of 150mm are evenly arranged on the upper flange to facilitate the adjustment of the installation position of test objects of different forms, lengths and numbers.
两侧立柱为两端焊接封板的宽翼缘工字钢HW400×400×13×21mm，高度为0.5m。上端封板相应位置开螺栓孔，与横梁下翼缘栓接，为加强测试装置的整体稳定性，立柱下封板与地面混凝土基座相连。The columns on both sides are wide flange I-beams HW400×400×13×21mm with welded cover plates at both ends, and the height is 0.5m. Bolt holes are opened at the corresponding positions of the upper cover plate, which is bolted to the lower flange of the beam. In order to enhance the overall stability of the test device, the lower cover plate of the column is connected to the concrete base on the ground.
支座是由箱型支座及附属耳板连接件构成的，箱型支座由300mm长宽翼缘工字钢HW400×400×13×21mm两端焊接封板、中间焊接十字形肋板构成的刚性支座，下部翼缘板开螺栓孔，通过4颗螺栓与下部横梁上翼缘连接，一侧封板预留螺栓孔方便与测试对象连接；固支节点设计为箱型支座与构件端板通过4颗螺栓连接，铰支节点则在构件端板与支座间增附属耳板连接件，通过销钉连接，释放构件竖向转动自由度；在结构体系模型实验中，可将模型支座直接与横梁上翼缘螺栓连接。The support is composed of a box-type support and an auxiliary ear plate connector. The box-type support is a rigid support composed of a 300mm long and wide flange I-beam HW400×400×13×21mm with welded cover plates at both ends and a cross-shaped rib plate welded in the middle. Bolt holes are opened on the lower flange plate and connected to the upper flange of the lower beam through 4 bolts. Bolt holes are reserved on one side of the cover plate for easy connection with the test object. The fixed support node is designed to be connected to the box-type support and the component end plate through 4 bolts. The hinged support node adds an auxiliary ear plate connector between the component end plate and the support, which is connected by pins to release the vertical rotation freedom of the component. In the structural system model experiment, the model support can be directly connected to the upper flange bolts of the beam.
为减轻光辐射对测试装置自身的影响，整体测试装置均采用白色防锈漆喷涂，必要时也可以采取保温隔热材料包裹，减小测试装置自身的温度效应，降低温度效应测量的误差，提高实验数据的可靠性。In order to reduce the impact of light radiation on the test device itself, the entire test device is sprayed with white anti-rust paint. If necessary, it can also be wrapped with thermal insulation materials to reduce the temperature effect of the test device itself, reduce the error in temperature effect measurement, and improve the reliability of experimental data.
对照试件支架采用等边角钢与横梁一侧加劲肋板通过螺栓固定，均匀设6段400mm长140×140mm等边角钢，用于梯度温度效应实验中不同型号、不同长度、不同数量对照试件的设置。The control specimen bracket is fixed with equilateral angle steel and the stiffening rib plate on one side of the beam by bolts. Six sections of 400mm long 140×140mm equilateral angle steel are evenly arranged for the setting of control specimens of different models, lengths and numbers in the gradient temperature effect experiment.
本发明中测试装置所采用的工字钢、角钢、钢板等原材料均为常见钢材，机械切削及开螺栓孔均为常用加工工艺，装置各组件可在工厂内加工，现场采用普通螺栓装配式成形，无需复杂施工技术或大型设备。测试试件或模型可通过调整或更换支座组件与平台螺栓连接，实现固支、铰支、自由三种约束形式，多构件或模型在同一平台进行实验，有利于促进实验的标准化，保障实验数据的稳定性。The raw materials such as I-beams, angle steels, and steel plates used in the test device of the present invention are all common steel materials. Mechanical cutting and bolt hole drilling are common processing techniques. The components of the device can be processed in the factory and assembled on site using ordinary bolts, without the need for complex construction technology or large equipment. The test specimen or model can be connected to the platform bolts by adjusting or replacing the support assembly to achieve three types of constraints: fixed support, hinged support, and free support. Experiments with multiple components or models on the same platform are conducive to promoting the standardization of experiments and ensuring the stability of experimental data.
本发明所配套一种光辐射下钢结构温度梯度及其影响的测试方法，包括温度梯度监测和梯度温度效应监测两部分。实验具体步骤如下：The present invention provides a testing method for the temperature gradient of steel structures under light radiation and its influence, including two parts: temperature gradient monitoring and gradient temperature effect monitoring. The specific steps of the experiment are as follows:
步骤一：在自然光条件下实验，测试要求场地开阔、光辐射充足，通风良好且周围无异物遮挡；Step 1: Experiment under natural light conditions. The test requires an open venue with sufficient light radiation, good ventilation and no foreign objects blocking the surroundings.
步骤二：测试装置的组件由工厂加工后运至现场安装，根据测试装置的尺寸要求设计并加工钢构件或结构模型，按测试目的需求的约束条件选择适当的支座组件安装在测试装置上；Step 2: The components of the test device are processed in the factory and transported to the site for installation. The steel components or structural models are designed and processed according to the size requirements of the test device, and appropriate support components are selected and installed on the test device according to the constraints required by the test purpose;
步骤三：对于钢结构温度梯度测试，根据实验目标和精度要求，沿测试对象长度和横截面方向均匀布置若干温度传感器，捕捉其表面温度梯度情况，同时需要对光辐射量、气温、风速等热边界进行同步采集；Step 3: For the temperature gradient test of steel structure, according to the experimental objectives and accuracy requirements, several temperature sensors are evenly arranged along the length and cross-section direction of the test object to capture its surface temperature gradient. At the same time, it is necessary to synchronously collect thermal boundaries such as light radiation, air temperature, and wind speed;
步骤四：对于温度梯度对钢结构内力及变形影响的测试，在步骤三的基础上，根据约束条件的要求调整并安装好支座组件，在测试对象跨中截面方向均匀设置应变测点及变形测点，对照试件与实验模型选用相同材料及规格，放置在对照试件支架上，两者所在高度、角度以及测点布置情况均应相同；Step 4: For the test of the influence of temperature gradient on the internal force and deformation of the steel structure, on the basis of step 3, adjust and install the support assembly according to the requirements of the constraint conditions, evenly set the strain measurement points and deformation measurement points in the mid-span section direction of the test object, and the control specimen and the experimental model are made of the same material and specifications and placed on the control specimen bracket. The height, angle and measurement point arrangement of the two should be the same;
步骤五：实验数据均通过测试分析系统实现数字化采集，温度、位移、应变、光辐射量、风速、风向等数据均全天候定时采集，数据采样的频率根据实验要求确定；Step 5: The experimental data are collected digitally through the test analysis system. The temperature, displacement, strain, light radiation, wind speed, wind direction and other data are collected regularly around the clock. The frequency of data sampling is determined according to the experimental requirements.
步骤六：无约束的对照试件用于实验对象温度变化引起的内力换算，温度梯度对构件内力及变形的影响，采用平均温度应力、弯曲应力和弯曲变形等指标来衡量；平均温度应力即为同一截面各测点温度应力结果的平均值，可由公式(1)计算；温度梯度将导致约束构件自身产生弯曲应力，弯曲应力可由公式(2)计算；弯曲变形即为变形测点位移计的变化量。Step 6: The unconstrained control specimen is used to convert the internal force caused by the temperature change of the experimental object. The influence of temperature gradient on the internal force and deformation of the component is measured by average temperature stress, bending stress and bending deformation. The average temperature stress is the average value of the temperature stress results of each measuring point on the same section, which can be calculated by formula (1). The temperature gradient will cause the constrained component itself to generate bending stress, which can be calculated by formula (2). The bending deformation is the change in the displacement meter at the deformation measuring point.
式中σa——温度梯度引起的约束构件的平均温度应力(Mpa)；Where σ a is the average temperature stress of the constrained component caused by temperature gradient (Mpa);
εi、εi'——分别为测试对象和对照试件相应第i测点的应变值；ε i , ε i '——the strain values of the corresponding i-th measuring point of the test object and the control specimen respectively;
n——测试对象或对照试件布置的测点总数；n——the total number of measuring points arranged on the test object or control specimen;
E——材料弹性模量(Mpa)；E——Material elastic modulus (Mpa);
式中σb——温度梯度引起的约束构件的弯曲应力(Mpa)；Where σ b is the bending stress of the restraining member caused by temperature gradient (Mpa);
εt、εt'——分别为测试对象和对照试件顶面对应测点的应变值；ε t , ε t '——the strain values of the corresponding measuring points on the top surface of the test object and the control specimen respectively;
εb、εb'——分别为测试对象和对照试件底面对应测点的应变值；ε b , ε b '——the strain values of the corresponding measuring points on the bottom surface of the test object and the control specimen respectively;
s——构件顶面测点距中性轴距离(mm)；s——the distance between the measuring point on the top surface of the component and the neutral axis (mm);
h——构件高度(mm)。h——component height (mm).
步骤七：整理测试数据，分析光辐射下钢结构温度梯度规律、随时间变化特征、边界因素影响规律、对结构性能的影响等内容，为相关理论问题的研究提供标准实验依据。Step 7: Organize the test data, analyze the temperature gradient law of the steel structure under light radiation, its characteristics of change over time, the influence of boundary factors, the impact on structural performance, etc., to provide a standard experimental basis for the research of related theoretical issues.
本发明对比现有技术具有以下优点：本发明所提供的光辐射下钢结构温度梯度及其影响的测试装置标准化程度高，全部组件采用装配式螺栓连接，施工安装简单，运输及吊装时无需大型设备，实验后亦可拆卸循环利用；测试装置功能完善，既可以进行温度梯度监测，配合不同支座组件也可以进行梯度温度效应实验，测试装置利用自身刚度大的特点实现梯度温度效应实验自平衡，无需外界提供反力设施；测试装置适应性强，既能够进行钢结构构件如圆管、矩形管、工字钢等常见构件的测试(最多可同时对比测试三根不同钢构件)，也能够进行结构体系模型如网架、张弦梁等结构模型的实验，操作简便、使用灵活、实用性强，可以有效降低温度作用实验成本、提高实验效率。Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages: the test device for the temperature gradient of steel structure and its influence under light radiation provided by the present invention has a high degree of standardization, all components are connected by assembled bolts, the construction and installation are simple, no large equipment is required for transportation and hoisting, and it can be disassembled and recycled after the experiment; the test device has perfect functions, can not only monitor the temperature gradient, but also can carry out gradient temperature effect experiments in conjunction with different support components, the test device uses its own large rigidity to achieve self-balancing of the gradient temperature effect experiment, and no reaction force facilities are required from the outside; the test device has strong adaptability, can carry out tests on common components such as steel structure components such as round tubes, rectangular tubes, I-beams, etc. (up to three different steel components can be compared and tested at the same time), and can also carry out experiments on structural system models such as grids, string beams, etc., it is simple to operate, flexible to use, and highly practical, and can effectively reduce the cost of temperature effect experiments and improve experimental efficiency.
本发明所提供的光辐射下钢结构温度梯度及其效应的测试方法简单易行，涵盖温度梯度监测和梯度温度效应监测两部分，数据监测方法可靠、采集数据稳定全面。所提出的温度梯度测试方法能够提供稳定长期的温度梯度数据及其相应的热边界条件，为大跨度钢结构温度场模拟及参数取值方法研究提供了良好的实验依据；所提出的梯度温度效应监测方法填补了大跨度钢结构梯度温度效应实验测量方法的空白，以平均温度应力、弯曲应力、弯曲变形等指标定量衡量梯度温度效应对构件性能的影响，为大跨度钢结构温度效应机理研究提供良好的实验依据。The test method for the temperature gradient and its effect of steel structure under light radiation provided by the present invention is simple and easy, covering two parts: temperature gradient monitoring and gradient temperature effect monitoring. The data monitoring method is reliable and the collected data is stable and comprehensive. The proposed temperature gradient test method can provide stable and long-term temperature gradient data and its corresponding thermal boundary conditions, providing a good experimental basis for the simulation of temperature field and parameter value method of large-span steel structure; the proposed gradient temperature effect monitoring method fills the gap in the experimental measurement method of gradient temperature effect of large-span steel structure, and quantitatively measures the influence of gradient temperature effect on component performance with indicators such as average temperature stress, bending stress, and bending deformation, providing a good experimental basis for the study of temperature effect mechanism of large-span steel structure.
本发明克服了现有钢结构温度作用实验无标准实验装置、对比实验条件不一致、温度效应难以测量、无法考虑梯度温度效应等诸多不足，实现了任意形式钢构件、常用结构体系模型在同一平台自由切换，支座刚接、铰接或自由无约束的自由切换，可同时进行多个测试对象控制不同变量在同环境条件下的对比实验，测试装置本身刚度较测试对象大很多，并采取了减轻自身温度效应影响的措施，从而保障了实验的效果和数据的可靠性。配套的测试方法包含温度梯度监测和梯度温度效应影响监测两部分，在监测试件温度梯度随时间变化的同时还测量热边界条件的变化情况，克服了以往实验研究中环境热边界条件基于传统理论取值或经验取值的误差问题，为数值模拟方法的研究提供了更为精细化的实测验证数据；梯度温度效应测试方法中提出了梯度温度效应的定量衡量指标，并给出了基于同环境条件对照试件的弯曲应力实验测量方法，测得了钢构件不同约束条件下的梯度温度效应引起的弯曲应力大小及弯曲变形的情况。本发明中测试装置是标准装配式的，加工制作简捷可行，试件适应能力强，成本低、效率高；配套的标准测试方法简单易行，测试数据全面可靠，有助于大跨度钢结构温度作用实验研究的标准化，尤其是为梯度温度作用的理论及模拟研究提供重要的实验支撑。The present invention overcomes many shortcomings of the existing steel structure temperature effect experiment, such as no standard experimental device, inconsistent comparative experimental conditions, difficult to measure temperature effects, and inability to consider gradient temperature effects. It realizes the free switching of any form of steel components and common structural system models on the same platform, and the free switching of rigid, hinged or free unconstrained supports. It can simultaneously carry out comparative experiments of multiple test objects controlling different variables under the same environmental conditions. The test device itself is much more rigid than the test object, and measures are taken to reduce the influence of its own temperature effect, thereby ensuring the experimental effect and data reliability. The supporting test method includes two parts: temperature gradient monitoring and gradient temperature effect influence monitoring. While monitoring the temperature gradient of the test piece over time, it also measures the change of thermal boundary conditions, overcomes the error problem of environmental thermal boundary conditions based on traditional theoretical values or empirical values in previous experimental studies, and provides more refined measured verification data for the research of numerical simulation methods; the gradient temperature effect test method proposes a quantitative measurement index of the gradient temperature effect, and provides a bending stress experimental measurement method based on the same environmental conditions control specimen, and measures the bending stress size and bending deformation caused by the gradient temperature effect of steel components under different constraint conditions. The test device in the present invention is of standard assembly type, and its processing and manufacturing are simple and feasible, the test piece has strong adaptability, low cost and high efficiency; the supporting standard test method is simple and easy to implement, and the test data is comprehensive and reliable, which is conducive to the standardization of experimental research on temperature effects of large-span steel structures, especially providing important experimental support for theoretical and simulation research on gradient temperature effects.
附图说明BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
图1为测试装置整体轴测图；Figure 1 is an overall axonometric view of the test device;
图2为铰支钢构件实验装配图；Figure 2 is an experimental assembly diagram of a hinged steel member;
图3为固支钢构件实验装配图；Figure 3 is an experimental assembly diagram of a fixed-support steel member;
图4为网架结构模型实验装配图；FIG4 is an experimental assembly diagram of a grid structure model;
图5为张弦梁结构模型实验装配图。Figure 5 is the experimental assembly diagram of the beam string structure model.
附图标记。1：横梁，2：加劲肋，3：立柱，4：箱型支座，5：支座耳板，6：试件耳板，7：对照试件支架，8：测试构件，9：对照试件，10：网架结构模型，11：张弦梁结构模型。Figure 1: beam, 2: stiffening rib, 3: column, 4: box support, 5: support lug, 6: specimen lug, 7: reference specimen support, 8: test member, 9: reference specimen, 10: grid structure model, 11: beam string structure model.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
以下结合附图详细描述本发明的实施例，对本发明作进一步的描述。各附图中相同的标号表示相同的元件。下面的实施例是示例性的，旨在解释本发明，而不能理解为对本发明的限制。The following embodiments of the present invention are described in detail in conjunction with the accompanying drawings to further describe the present invention. The same reference numerals in the accompanying drawings represent the same elements. The following embodiments are exemplary and are intended to explain the present invention, but should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
本发明的光辐射下钢结构温度梯度及其影响的测试装置主要由横梁1、加劲肋2、立柱3、支座组件、对照试件支架7组成，支座组件包括箱型支座4、支座耳板5、试件耳板6、如图1所示。横梁1沿长度方向每隔500mm设一道加劲肋2，立柱3上端焊接封板并开设螺栓孔，横梁1下翼缘与立柱3上封板栓接，对照试件支架7与横梁1一侧加劲肋通过螺栓连接，整体测试装置采用白色涂漆。横梁1上翼缘开150mm等间距螺栓孔，方便与箱型支座4栓接。试件为铰支条件时，箱型支座4与支座耳板5栓接，试件端板与试件耳板6栓接，耳板间通过销钉连接，如图2所示；试件为固支条件时，试件耳板6直接与箱型支座4栓接，如图3所示；在结构体系模型实验中，可将模型支座直接与横梁上翼缘螺栓连接，如图4、5所示。The test device for the temperature gradient of steel structure under light radiation and its influence is mainly composed of a crossbeam 1, a stiffening rib 2, a column 3, a support assembly, and a reference specimen bracket 7. The support assembly includes a box-type support 4, a support ear plate 5, and a specimen ear plate 6, as shown in FIG1. The crossbeam 1 is provided with a stiffening rib 2 every 500 mm along the length direction, a sealing plate is welded on the upper end of the column 3 and a bolt hole is provided, the lower flange of the crossbeam 1 is bolted to the upper sealing plate of the column 3, and the reference specimen bracket 7 is connected to the stiffening rib on one side of the crossbeam 1 by bolts, and the whole test device is painted white. The upper flange of the crossbeam 1 is provided with bolt holes with equal spacing of 150 mm, which is convenient for bolting with the box-type support 4. When the specimen is in the hinged support condition, the box-type support 4 is bolted to the support ear plate 5, the specimen end plate is bolted to the specimen ear plate 6, and the ear plates are connected by pins, as shown in Figure 2; when the specimen is in the fixed support condition, the specimen ear plate 6 is directly bolted to the box-type support 4, as shown in Figure 3; in the structural system model experiment, the model support can be directly connected to the upper flange bolts of the beam, as shown in Figures 4 and 5.
具体实施例一：测试对象选用钢结构中常用的矩形管、工字钢、圆管三种构件，均为Q235钢材。构件按照实验要求分为3组，前两组为钢构件温度梯度及其效应测试构件8，第3组为温度效应对照试件9，试件的详细信息如表1所示。第一组铰支试件的温度梯度及其效应实验如图2所示，第二组固支试件温度梯度及其效应实验如图3所示。严格按照本专利配套的测试方法的步骤一至步骤七进行实验，获得了稳定可靠的实验数据，结果给出了不同截面形式的钢构件温度梯度分布特性，以及环境因素包括光辐射量、风速、气温等对构件温度梯度的影响，掌握了固支和铰支试件温度梯度对其内力及变形的影响。Specific embodiment 1: The test objects are three kinds of components commonly used in steel structures, namely rectangular tubes, I-beams and round tubes, all of which are Q235 steel. The components are divided into three groups according to the experimental requirements. The first two groups are steel component temperature gradient and its effect test components 8, and the third group is temperature effect control specimens 9. The detailed information of the specimens is shown in Table 1. The temperature gradient and its effect experiment of the first group of hinged specimens is shown in Figure 2, and the temperature gradient and its effect experiment of the second group of fixed specimens is shown in Figure 3. The experiment was carried out strictly in accordance with steps one to seven of the test method supporting this patent, and stable and reliable experimental data were obtained. The results show the temperature gradient distribution characteristics of steel components with different cross-sectional forms, as well as the influence of environmental factors including light radiation, wind speed, air temperature, etc. on the temperature gradient of the components, and the influence of the temperature gradient of fixed and hinged specimens on their internal force and deformation is mastered.
表1试件参数Table 1 Specimen parameters
具体实施例二：测试对象选用常见的双层网架结构体系，网架结构模型10设计为焊接球四角锥网架，总体平面尺寸为4m边长，上下弦网格尺寸为0.8m，结构厚度0.7m，两端下弦球节点设置十字板支座与测试装置横梁栓接，杆件选用φ42×3mm的圆管，焊接球为WS120×4mm，结构模型安装成形如图4所示。严格按照本发明配套的测试方法的步骤一至步骤七进行实验，考虑到网架结构模型杆件数量众多，从经济全面的角度出发，相同空间角度的杆件选择其中一根进行监测；对于下弦杆和腹杆，温度测点选择易受周围杆件阴影遮挡的杆件布设。网架模型实验共选取7根杆件进行监测，含上弦杆2根，腹杆4根，下弦杆1根。对照试件采用相同的圆管，采用相同的测点布置，放置在对照试件支架上。实验获得大量稳定可靠的数据，结果给出了网架结构各区域构件温度梯度分布规律及其对结构内力及变形的影响。Specific embodiment 2: The test object uses a common double-layer grid structure system. The grid structure model 10 is designed as a welded ball tetrahedral grid. The overall plane size is 4m side length, the upper and lower chord grid size is 0.8m, the structure thickness is 0.7m, and the lower chord ball nodes at both ends are provided with cross plate supports and bolted to the crossbeam of the test device. The rods are selected from φ42×3mm round tubes, and the welding balls are WS120×4mm. The structural model is installed and formed as shown in Figure 4. The experiment is strictly carried out in accordance with steps 1 to 7 of the test method of the present invention. Considering the large number of rods in the grid structure model, from the perspective of economic comprehensiveness, one of the rods with the same spatial angle is selected for monitoring; for the lower chord rod and the web rod, the temperature measurement point is selected to be easily blocked by the shadow of the surrounding rods. A total of 7 rods are selected for monitoring in the grid model experiment, including 2 upper chord rods, 4 web rods, and 1 lower chord rod. The control specimen uses the same round tube and the same measurement point arrangement, and is placed on the control specimen bracket. The experiment obtained a large amount of stable and reliable data, and the results gave the temperature gradient distribution law of components in each area of the grid structure and its influence on the internal force and deformation of the structure.
具体实施例三：测试对象选用带拉索的张弦梁结构，预应力张弦梁结构模型11设计为单向撑杆顶升式张弦梁结构，上弦拱为宽翼缘工字钢，跨度为4m，矢跨比0.08，下弦为直径为12mm钢绞线，两端锚具为O型压制钢套。模型左端支座与测试装置横梁上翼缘栓接，右端支座直接放置在反力梁上，水平方向可滑移，结构模型安装成形如图5所示。按照本发明配套的测试方法的步骤一至步骤七进行实验，适当根据试验要求进行微调。根据结构模型特点布置测点位置，上弦拱测点在跨中位置布设，其中上翼缘设2个测点，腹板设1个测点，下翼缘设2个测点，左右拉索各设1个测点，共7个温度测点；位移测点布置在上弦拱拱顶位置以及可自由滑动的拱脚支座位置，共2个位移测点；在拉索上串联拉力传感器监测索力的变化情况。实验获得大量稳定可靠的数据，结果给出了张弦梁结构各构件温度分布规律及其效应对结构内力及变形的影响。Specific embodiment 3: The test object is a beam string structure with cables. The prestressed beam string structure model 11 is designed as a one-way strut jacking beam string structure. The upper chord arch is a wide flange I-beam with a span of 4m and a rise-span ratio of 0.08. The lower chord is a steel strand with a diameter of 12mm. The anchors at both ends are O-shaped pressed steel sleeves. The left end support of the model is bolted to the upper flange of the crossbeam of the test device, and the right end support is directly placed on the reaction beam and can slide in the horizontal direction. The structural model is installed and formed as shown in Figure 5. Experiments are carried out according to steps 1 to 7 of the test method of the present invention, and fine-tuning is performed appropriately according to the test requirements. The measuring points are arranged according to the characteristics of the structural model. The upper chord arch measuring points are arranged at the mid-span position, including 2 measuring points on the upper flange, 1 measuring point on the web, 2 measuring points on the lower flange, and 1 measuring point on each of the left and right cables, for a total of 7 temperature measuring points; the displacement measuring points are arranged at the top of the upper chord arch and the freely slidable arch foot support, for a total of 2 displacement measuring points; the tension sensor is connected in series on the cable to monitor the change of the cable force. The experiment obtains a large amount of stable and reliable data, and the results give the temperature distribution law of each component of the beam string structure and its effect on the internal force and deformation of the structure.
最后说明的是，以上实例仅用于说明本发明的技术方案而非限制，在不脱离本发明总体思路的前提下，本领域普通工程技术人员对本发明的技术方案作出的各种变形和改进，均应落入本发明的权利要求书确定的保护范围内。Finally, it should be noted that the above examples are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention and are not limiting. Without departing from the overall idea of the present invention, various modifications and improvements made to the technical solution of the present invention by ordinary engineering and technical personnel in the field should fall within the protection scope determined by the claims of the present invention.
Claims (7)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911328077.0A CN110987504B (en) | 2019-12-20 | 2019-12-20 | Device and method for testing temperature gradient and influence of steel structure under light radiation |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911328077.0A CN110987504B (en) | 2019-12-20 | 2019-12-20 | Device and method for testing temperature gradient and influence of steel structure under light radiation |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN110987504A CN110987504A (en) | 2020-04-10 |
| CN110987504B true CN110987504B (en) | 2024-05-14 |
Family
ID=70074343
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911328077.0A Active CN110987504B (en) | 2019-12-20 | 2019-12-20 | Device and method for testing temperature gradient and influence of steel structure under light radiation |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN110987504B (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111651927B (en) * | 2020-06-12 | 2022-04-26 | 重庆交通大学 | Method for calculating vertical worst temperature gradient of box girder |
| CN111980176B (en) * | 2020-09-11 | 2022-03-22 | 中建安装集团有限公司 | Construction process of integrated support with grid structure |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2010072060A1 (en) * | 2008-12-23 | 2010-07-01 | 徐州中煤钢结构建设有限公司 | Construction technique of super large span double-layer network frame dome |
| CN102243671A (en) * | 2011-06-16 | 2011-11-16 | 东南大学 | Method for analyzing temperature gradient effect of flat steel box girder of long-span steel bridge |
| WO2017121315A1 (en) * | 2016-01-12 | 2017-07-20 | 广州机施建设集团有限公司 | Construction method for building truss and floor slab |
| WO2019205189A1 (en) * | 2018-04-23 | 2019-10-31 | 东北大学 | Test apparatus and method for key roof block collapse in bidirectional static-dynamic loading |
| CN211317771U (en) * | 2019-12-20 | 2020-08-21 | 哈尔滨工业大学（威海） | A test device for temperature gradient of steel structure and its influence under light radiation |
-
2019
- 2019-12-20 CN CN201911328077.0A patent/CN110987504B/en active Active
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2010072060A1 (en) * | 2008-12-23 | 2010-07-01 | 徐州中煤钢结构建设有限公司 | Construction technique of super large span double-layer network frame dome |
| CN102243671A (en) * | 2011-06-16 | 2011-11-16 | 东南大学 | Method for analyzing temperature gradient effect of flat steel box girder of long-span steel bridge |
| WO2017121315A1 (en) * | 2016-01-12 | 2017-07-20 | 广州机施建设集团有限公司 | Construction method for building truss and floor slab |
| WO2019205189A1 (en) * | 2018-04-23 | 2019-10-31 | 东北大学 | Test apparatus and method for key roof block collapse in bidirectional static-dynamic loading |
| CN211317771U (en) * | 2019-12-20 | 2020-08-21 | 哈尔滨工业大学（威海） | A test device for temperature gradient of steel structure and its influence under light radiation |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 大跨悬索桥扁平钢箱梁温度梯度与温度影响研究;缪长青;史长华;;中国科学:技术科学;20131020(第10期);全文 * |
| 重庆石板坡长江大桥复线桥温度效应分析;岳笛;刘纲;杨溥;黄宗明;;重庆建筑大学学报;20071015(第05期);全文 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN110987504A (en) | 2020-04-10 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN102337785B (en) | Construction process of ultra-large-span net-frame arch-shaped shed type storage silo | |
| Chen et al. | Experimental and numerical investigation of temperature effects on steel members due to solar radiation | |
| CN110987504B (en) | Device and method for testing temperature gradient and influence of steel structure under light radiation | |
| Tang et al. | Design and application of structural health monitoring system in long-span cable-membrane structure | |
| CN104406777B (en) | A kind of three dimensions varied angle charger | |
| CN102620707B (en) | Hidden frame glass curtain wall glass on-site detection method and device | |
| CN209727604U (en) | A kind of Shield-bored tunnels section of jurisdiction reinforcement and strengthening effect measuring testing equipment | |
| CN104091046A (en) | Method and system for calculating icing thickness of tension resistant tower wire based on weighing method | |
| CN107543641A (en) | A kind of electric power pylon mechanical characteristic and safety Analysis monitoring system | |
| CN104182611A (en) | Weighing method based tangent tower wire icing thickness calculation method and system | |
| CN211317771U (en) | A test device for temperature gradient of steel structure and its influence under light radiation | |
| Li et al. | Research on temperature effect on reinforced concrete bridge pylon during strong cooling weather event | |
| Huang et al. | Comparison of the corrugated steel web composite box-girder and traditional girders regarding temperature field under solar radiation | |
| Li et al. | Wind forces on circular steel tubular lattice structures with inclined leg members | |
| CN108061667A (en) | A kind of test device implementation method of composite floor system fire resistance | |
| CN114910001A (en) | A roof panel structure, system and monitoring method based on optical fiber sensing technology | |
| Paiva et al. | Review of transmission tower testing stations around the world | |
| Bai et al. | Research on solar radiation-caused radial temperature difference and interface separation of CFST | |
| Wang et al. | Analysis of temperature field and effect of cold-formed stainless steel roof panels | |
| CN110826211A (en) | Determination method of transmission line wind load under non-uniform mean wind | |
| CN210421630U (en) | Main workshop cylinder structure | |
| CN105953956A (en) | Large-capacity power transmission line strain tower strain measuring device | |
| Hua et al. | Turbulence integral scale corrections to experimental results of aeroelastic models with large geometric scales: Application to gust loading factor of a transmission line tower | |
| CN221898660U (en) | Locking stress measuring system of highly modularized steel truss structure | |
| CN220871279U (en) | A support and maintenance structure for an ultra-large and ultra-high low-temperature and low-dew-point space |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |