CN110960313B - 心脏手术冷冻探针 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种冷冻探针,具有由两个同轴柔性管状的内部线(2)和外部线(3)形成的工作尖端(1),其中内部线(2)的截面直径和长度小于外部线(3)的截面直径的长度。外部线(3)的端部具有关闭工作尖端(1)的顶部(4),而内部线(2)的端部是打开的,在内部线(2)的至少一半的部分上均匀分布有贯穿圆周的开口(6)。电阻丝(7)螺旋缠绕在内部线(2)上。在外部线(3)上设置有温度传感器(8)。外部线(3')和内部线(2')从工作尖端(1)引出至手柄外部,其中由绝缘软管(12)绝缘的外部线(3')和内部线(2')与电源线(9)和(11)的线束一起从手柄(5)连接到单元(15),利用泵系统供应低至0.5巴的低压的空气和液氮。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有主动解冻和电导率测量系统的低压柔性心脏手术冷冻探针,用于在心脏手术期间进行组织特别是心脏组织的局部冷冻。
背景技术
本发明用于进行心脏心房的冷冻消融,作为心律失常(主要是心房颤动)治疗的一部分。本发明主要通过小切口手术用于心内膜和心外膜消融。
所谓的伴发房颤的手术消融被认为是在进行其他心脏手术时的选择治疗,最常见的是二尖瓣修复或置换。该方法在波兰、欧洲和美国的官方承认的心脏外科和心脏病学会开发的治疗程序指南中得到推荐。
冷冻治疗术(Cryothermy),作为将组织暴露于能量源的最古老和最广泛研究的方法,也用于心脏组织消融。冷冻消融基于从靶组织移除热能,导致肌细胞死亡并随后在低温暴露部位形成瘢痕。此类治疗例如最常见的心律失常即心房颤动的治疗的本质和目的是形成精确定位的适当形状的瘢痕,与心肌细胞不同,该瘢痕不传导细胞电流。在使用高温(例如射频电流)的治疗中,在大量病例中发生对邻近器官(即食道和冠状动脉)的损伤,与之相比,使用冷冻疗法的这种治疗更有效且更安全。
市售冷冻治疗装置主要是基于压缩氩气,在包括波兰在内的许多国家,这是非常昂贵的,并且在同样包括波兰在内的许多国家,也不容易获得。第二种最常用的气体是一氧化二氮,也很昂贵,但是不能确保达到与氩气一样低的温度。大多数(如果不是全部)目前使用的柔性冷冻探头的操作是基于焦耳-汤姆逊效应,即在探头的封闭空间中初始压力高达300巴的气体突然膨胀,这绝对不如使用低压气体安全。
专利申请US2016354134(A1)公开了一种用于进行心脏即经皮/经颅消融的多功能装置。该装置既用作阻塞通过肺静脉的血流的插管,又用作冷冻探针。
欧洲专利No.2632363保护一种通过射频电流和低温治疗进行的消融过程的设计方案。因此,该装置配备有用于供应冷却液体的管线和电极阵列。
欧洲申请EP 3062721(A1)公开了一种用于冷冻消融的装置,其配备有由一系列热电偶组成的组织温度测量系统。该装置允许通过使用一个或多个热电偶进行多次温度测量来评估心肌组织损伤的深度,确定热电偶中的每一个或多个的温度变化率,并且在温度变化率改变时调节与心肌组织接触的探针的温度。
美国专利US6383181涉及一种用于低温处理癌前胃肠组织的装置和方法,描述了低压液氮的使用。通过内窥镜将液氮从插入胃肠道的探针直接喷射到受影响的组织碎片上。
此外,WO9634571(A1)公开了一种用于热消融的装置,其配备有冷却尖端,该冷却尖端设计成快速降低先前由高温损坏的组织的温度。
本发明人意图设计一种利用视频胸腔镜技术用于微创心脏手术消融的弹性低压冷冻探针,其中所述探针的新特征是主动解冻,以允许探针尖端与组织安全分离以及手术中被动和主动的电势读出以确认合适的电脉冲传导。冷冻探针的形状和尺寸是根据临床试验设计的,它们允许在心脏的左右心房内进行精确操作和冷冻应用。
发明内容
根据本发明的实施方案的实质在于,一种冷冻探针,具有设置在枪形手柄中的工作尖端,其中所述工作尖端由两个同轴柔性的内部和外部管状线形成,并且内部线的截面直径基本上小于外部线的截面直径,并且内部线的长度略小于外部线的长度。所述外部线的末端具有关闭所述冷冻探针的工作尖端的顶部,而所述内部线的末端是开放的。在位于所述冷冻探针的工作尖端中的所述内部线的至少一半的部分上具有均匀分布贯穿圆周的开口。电阻丝螺旋缠绕在所述内部线上,其中所述外部线的壁与所述内部线的壁之间的距离大于所述电阻丝的直径。在所述外部线上,距离位于所述工作尖端顶端的顶部不超过其长度的1/3处,具有通过电源线连接到所述手柄的温度传感器。另外,在所述手柄内部具有插座,所述冷却探头的工作尖端设置在该插座中,电源线连接到该插座,向电阻丝和外部线的壁提供电压。连接电压的外部线是测量电极,对应于工作尖端中的外部和内部线的外部和内部线从插座中引出至手柄外部,其与电源线束一起用绝缘软管绝缘,从手柄连接到供应0.1-6巴的低压空气和液氮的单元。
优选地,所述内部和外部线由金属制成。
优选地,所述内部和外部线由铜或其合金制成。
优选地,所述内部和外部线由铝或其合金制成。
优选地,所述开口的直径是可变的并且朝向所述顶部增大。
优选地,在所述冷冻探针的工作尖端的正下方设置有限位套管。
在一个优选实施方案中,在所述外部线上具有双层刚性的部分可移动的热夹套。
优选地,所述热夹套由两个同轴刚性管构成,所述两个同轴刚性管相对于彼此可纵向移动,其中具有较大横截面的管的一端稳定在手柄中。
优选地,所述外部线是用于检测组织中的电流的测量电极。
优选地,所述外部线(3)由互连的同轴环构成。
优选地,向所述工作尖端供应的空气和液氮的压力为0.5至3巴。
本发明的有利之处在于,柔性有源工作尖端使外科医生能够将探针进行自由和高精度的成形,这反过来能够实现更快和更彻底的消融以及实现完整的消融线图案所需的应用数量更少。该技术方案取得的优点是心脏停搏持续时间缩短,从而提高了患者的安全性。此外,该技术方案的一个重要特征是低压冷冻探针与工作尖端的柔性的组合,根据本发明,通过选择合适的材料或冷冻探针的有源尖端的适当设计来提供工作尖端的柔性。冷冻探针的适当操作极大地依赖于螺旋缠绕在具有许多功能的内部线上的电阻丝的存在。除了加热内部线内的空气的主要功能之外,电阻丝还允许保持内部线和外部线之间所需的最小距离,从而保持线之间的空间不受阻碍,并且还防止冷冻探针的工作尖端发生破碎、扭结和过度弯曲。
低压冷冻探针的操作基于使用0.1至6巴的压力的液氮来冷却组织,这对于患者的安全非常重要。在进行消融手术的过程中使用液氮作为冷却介质的优点是与其他介质相比可以实现冷冻探针的工作尖端的较低温度,并且因此更快地冷却心脏组织。
根据本发明的冷冻探针的另一个优点是可以控制冷冻探针冷冻组织的解冻过程,而没有使组织冬眠和破坏冷冻组织的风险。
根据本发明的技术方案的特征还在于可以在不需要改变工作尖端的情况下验证所实施的消融。根据欧洲和美国标准,通过测量消融组织的电导率来确认有效消融的性能。这需要使用单独的装置,以及通过手术创口重复该装置在心脏组织中的插入和移除。将冷冻探针和测量装置整合在一个工作尖端中将能够验证通过进行电测量(电导率)而实施的消融效率,而无需更换装置或工作尖端。
此外,许多因素在消融期间影响冷冻探针的有源部分的温度。能够测量根据本发明的冷冻探针的有源尖端的实际温度对消融效率(控制消融组织在“死亡区”中的停留时间)具有积极影响,并且可以缩短持续消融时间并调节消融参数以适应特定患者,从而提高手术效率。
如本发明中的情况,使用低压气体操纵有源柔性工作尖端影响了冷冻消融结果,并且因此:
-减少了手术的持续时间;
-增加了患者的安全性(例如,降低了破坏冷冻组织的风险,减少了心脏组织在死亡区的停留时间);
-消除了更换工作尖端的需要,因此不会分散心脏外科医生的注意力,减少了手术的持续时间,降低了患者感染的风险;
-有助于手动掌控冷冻探针,因为操纵一个而不是几个工作尖端是更容易学会的,这降低了手术的风险;
-确保工作尖端的牢固和彻底附着,从而确保消融线的连续性;
-提高了消融效率。
附图说明
附图中的实施方案示出根据本发明的技术方案,其中:
图1是热夹套闭合和打开的工作尖端的投影:a)侧视图,b)工作尖端的纵向截面图,c)工作尖端的半截面图,d)工作尖端的半截面图;
图2是具有工作尖端的手柄的视图;
图3是具有为温度计提供电压的电源线的工作尖端的截面图;
图4是具有冷冻探头的单元的视图;
图5是没有热夹套的工作尖端的变化方案的四面视图和半截面图,以更好地示出尖端的设计;
图6是电源和控制系统的模块化方案。
具体实施方式
在工作部分中,心脏手术冷冻探针具有工作尖端1,该工作尖端1安装成从枪形手柄5连接到单元15,单元15配备有将液氮和空气交替地供应到工作尖端1的顶部4的泵。工作尖端1由两个金属同轴柔性管状的内部线2和外部线3构成,对其供给和从中排出气体或空气。内部线2的截面直径基本上小于外部线3的截面直径,并且内部线2的长度略小于外部线3的长度,因此内部线2的开口端不与关闭冷冻探针的工作尖端1的顶部4接触。
在位于冷冻探针的工作尖端1中的内部线2的至少一半的部分上均匀分布有贯穿圆周的开口6。开口6的直径是可变的并且朝向顶部4增大。当液氮流过内部线2时,其一部分泄漏到内部线2和外部线3之间的空间中,仅一部分到达顶部4。这导致工作尖端1内的温度均匀。
电阻丝7螺旋缠绕在工作尖端1中的内部线2上,在手柄5中与电源线连接。电阻丝7加热空气使其推动液氮离开内部线2,防止内部线2的壁接触外部线3的壁,这种接触会阻塞开口6和阻碍内部线2和外部线3之间的空间,由此保护内部线2的壁免于扭结或断裂。
在外部线3上,距离位于工作尖端1顶端的顶部不超过其长度的1/3处,设置有温度传感器8,其通过电源线9连接到手柄5上。线9的端部具有插头,该插头设置在位于手柄5中的插座16中,位于轴1的入口上方。
在手柄5内有插座10,冷冻探头的工作尖端1设置在插座10中,并且电源线11连接到插座。电源线11向电阻丝7和外部线3的壁提供电压。对应于外部线3和内部线2的外部线3'和内部线2'从插座10延伸至手柄外部。由绝缘软管12保护的外部线3'和内部线2'以及电源线9和11的线束从手柄5引出至供应单元15,空气和液氮的低压为0.1至6巴,优选为0.5至3巴。
在外部线3上,在从手柄5到工作尖端1的部分上,设置有热夹套14。热夹套14由两个同轴的刚性管构成,这两个管相对彼此可纵向移动,其中具有较大横截面的管的一端稳定在手柄5中。热夹套14使工作尖端1在所需长度上具有刚性,设计用于减少轴内的热损失,防止与消融部位相邻的组织的意外过度冷冻。另外,热夹套14构成轴的电绝缘,而外部线3用作电极。
在冷冻探针的工作尖端1的正下方设置有限位套管13。
内部线2和外部线3可以由铜或铝或其合金制成,这提供了合适的弹性和柔性。
在图5所示的第二实施方案中,工作尖端1的柔性通过外部线3的特定结构实现,外部线3可以采用互连的同轴环的形式。
手柄5上设有开关以控制冷冻探针。附图标记为17的其中一个开关布置在枪扳机的常规位置上,当被拉动时,激活液氮流到内部线2。开关17用食指操作。
在拇指靠在手柄5的表面上的情况下,设有开关18,其设计成打开和关闭流到内部线2的空气流并且激活到电阻丝7的电流。
另一个开关19设置在略高的位置,用于激活到外部线3的壁的电流,这导致外部线3成为用于电刺激的电极,即起搏和感测。
根据本发明的装置通过图6中示意性示出的电力和控制系统供电和控制。
冷冻探针的操作包括:按压开关17激活液氮通过内部线2'流到内部线2。气体在内部线2内扩散并且部分地流到内部线2和外部线3之间的空间,到达顶部4。在达到所需温度并冷冻组织后,开关18用于激活到内部线2的空气流并通过电阻丝7加热空气。加热的空气推动液氮离开内部线2和外部线3内部的空间并且加热的空气到达顶部4,将温度加热到略高于0℃。对组织进行冷冻的顶部4的外表面加热消融部位,因此可以容易地从冷冻组织上脱离。然后,开关19用于激活对外部线3的壁的电压供应,并且执行组织电导率测量。如果刺激和电导率检测的结果不令人满意,则重复整个过程。
Claims (11)
1.一种心脏手术冷冻探针系统,具有:
单元(15),包括:
-控制器;
-利用泵系统交替供应0.1至6巴低压的空气和液氮的可控流体源;
-工作尖端加热功能控制模块;
-电导率测量模块;
枪形手柄(5),其配备有至少一个连接到单元(15)的开关;和
安装在枪形手柄(5)中的工作尖端(1),其中:
-所述工作尖端(1)由两个同轴柔性管状内部线(2)和外部线(3)形成,所述内部线(2)的截面直径小于所述外部线(3)的截面直径,并且所述内部线(2)的长度略小于所述外部线(3)的长度,所述外部线(3)的端部具有关闭所述冷冻探针的工作尖端(1)的顶部(4),所述内部线(2)的端部是打开的,在所述内部线(2)的至少一半的长度上均匀分布有贯穿圆周的开口(6),所述单元(15)的可控流体源通过所述内部线(2)向所述工作尖端(1)交替供应液氮和空气;
-电阻丝(7)螺旋缠绕在所述顶部(4)近端的内部线(2)上;
-所述外部线(3)的壁与所述内部线(2)的壁之间的距离大于所述电阻丝(7)的直径;
-温度传感器(8)设置在所述外部线(3)上,距离所述顶部(4)的距离不超过所述工作尖端(1)长度的1/3,温度传感器(8)通过电线(9)连接到手柄(5);
-所述手柄(5)的内部设置有插座(10),所述冷冻探针的工作尖端(1)安装在插座(10)中,所述插座(10)与电线(9)和电源线(11)连接,电源线(11)从所述工作尖端加热功能控制模块和所述电导率测量模块分别向所述电阻丝(7)和所述外部线(3)的壁提供电压,此外外部线(3)的壁形成连接所述电导率测量模块的测量电极;
将所述手柄(5)连接到所述单元(15)的软管(12),所述软管(12)包括:
-与工作尖端(1)的外部线(3)和内部线(2)流体连通的外部线(3’)和内部线(2’);
-电源线(11);
-电线(9);和
-绝缘外管(12)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的冷冻探针系统,其特征在于,内部线(2)和外部线(3)由金属制成。
3.根据权利要求2所述的冷冻探针系统,其特征在于,内部线(2)和外部线(3)由铜或其合金制成。
4.根据权利要求2所述的冷冻探针系统,其特征在于,内部线(2)和外部线(3)由铝或其合金制成。
5.根据权利要求1所述的冷冻探针系统,其特征在于,所述开口(6)的直径是可变的,并且朝向顶部(4)增大。
6.根据权利要求1所述的冷冻探针系统,其特征在于,在所述冷冻探针的工作尖端(1)的近端附近设置有限位套管(13)。
7.根据权利要求1所述的冷冻探针系统,其特征在于,在外部线(3)上设置有双层部分可移动的刚性热夹套(14)。
8.根据权利要求7所述的冷冻探针系统,其特征在于,所述热夹套(14)由两个同轴的刚性管构成,所述两个同轴的刚性管相对于彼此可纵向移动,其中具有较大截面的管的一端稳定在手柄(5)中。
9.根据权利要求1所述的冷冻探针系统,其特征在于,外部线(3)是用于检测组织中的电流的测量电极。
10.根据权利要求1所述的冷冻探针系统,其特征在于,外部线(3)由互连的同轴环构成。
11.如权利要求1所述的冷冻探针系统,其特征在于,向所述工作尖端(1)供应的空气和液氮的压力为0.5至3巴。
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