CN110959200B - Multicolor display device - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a light color conversion layer (4) comprising at least one luminescent material (7) comprising at least one composite particle (1) partially or completely surrounded by at least one medium (71); wherein the luminescent material (7) is operative to be excited to emit light and the at least one composite particle (1) comprises a plurality of nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material; and wherein the inorganic material has a difference in refractive index at 450nm greater than or equal to 0.02 as compared to the at least one medium (71). The invention also relates to the use of the display device.

Description

Multicolor display device

Technical Field

The present invention relates to a light color conversion layer using light emitting composite particles to achieve high efficiency and a display device thereof.

Background

Light emitting or backlight displays such as LCD screens are widely used in a variety of devices, such as calculators, mobile phones and televisions. A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is a multi-layer system comprising: a backlight unit, a liquid crystal layer and a color filter layer. The backlight unit is configured to generate primary light directed toward the liquid crystal layer, and the liquid crystal layer is configured to adjust light transmittance toward the color filter layer. Conventional color filter layers typically include an array of color filters, where each color filter forms a subpixel and allows only light of a defined wavelength range to be transmitted and other wavelengths to be absorbed. The combination of color filters of different wavelength ranges typically forms a pixel from which colored light can be obtained. When colored light is obtained from the pixel array, a viewer can view the revealed image.

Some color filters use a color conversion layer to absorb a portion of the incident light and thereby emit light of a different wavelength. Typically, the light color conversion layer emits light after excitation by a light source from the display device, for example, when the light color conversion layer comprises fluorescent nanoparticles.

Document US2015378216 is known from the prior art. This document describes a backlight unit and a color filter for a display device comprising a light color conversion layer comprising a complex of scattering particles and quantum dots in a matrix of pixels. The scattering particles are capable of scattering incident light in all directions and also to the vector sub-dot complex. When excited by primary light, quantum dot composites emit secondary light of a different wavelength than the incident light.

However, the efficiency of the quantum dots in this pixel matrix is not optimized. Because their choice of substrate (typically a resin) exposes the quantum dot composite to oxygen, high temperature and ultraviolet light during this process, and may not protect the quantum dot composite from oxidation by oxygen and moisture in the surrounding atmosphere. Directly causing its optical properties to decrease after processing or after prolonged use. To overcome this lack of efficiency, the thickness of the light color conversion layer, the concentration of quantum dots in the light color conversion layer, and/or the intensity of the primary light must be increased.

The present invention relates to providing a light color conversion layer having an efficiency and thickness equivalent to that of, for example, the quantum dot composite described above, but having a lower concentration of luminescent particles, and better preventing oxidation by oxygen and moisture in the ambient air. The invention also relates to increasing the amount of light converted from primary light to secondary light by said particles. The invention also relates to a light color conversion layer for controlling the scattering and absorption of incident light.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention relates to a light color conversion layer comprising at least one luminescent material, comprising at least one composite particle partially or completely surrounded by at least one surrounding medium; wherein the luminescent material is configured to emit secondary light when excited; wherein the at least one composite particle comprises a plurality of nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material; and wherein the inorganic material has a refractive index at 450nm that is better than or equal to 0.02 as compared to at least one surrounding medium.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material limits or prevents diffusion of external molecular species or fluids (liquids or gases) into the inorganic material.

According to one embodiment, at least one composite particle in at least one surrounding medium is configured to scatter light.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer absorbs at least 70% of the incident light with a thickness of less than or equal to 5 μm, wherein the wavelength of the incident light is in the range of 370 to 470 nm.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle comprised in the at least one composite particle is a semiconductor nanocrystal comprising a core of a material of formula M _xN_yE_zA_w, wherein: m is selected from Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ag、Au、Ni、Pd、Pt、Co、Fe、Ru、Os、Mn、Tc、Re、Cr、Mo、W、V、Nd、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、As、Sb、Bi、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Cs or a mixture thereof; n is selected from Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ag、Au、Ni、Pd、Pt、Co、Fe、Ru、Os、Mn、Tc、Re、Cr、Mo、W、V、Nd、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、As、Sb、Bi、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Cs or a mixture thereof; e is selected from O, S, se, te, C, N, P, as, sb, F, cl, br, I or a mixture thereof. A is selected from O, S, se, te, C, N, P, as, sb, F, cl, br, I or a mixture thereof. And X, Y, Z and W are decimal numbers independently from 0 to 5; x, y, z and w are not equal to 0 at the same time; x and y are not equal to 0 at the same time; z and W may not be equal to 0 at the same time.

According to one embodiment, a semiconductor nanocrystal includes at least one shell comprising a material of formula M _xN_yE_zA_w, wherein: m is selected from Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ag、Au、Ni、Pd、Pt、Co、Fe、Ru、Os、Mn、Tc、Re、Cr、Mo、W、V、Nd、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、As、Sb、Bi、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Cs or a mixture thereof; n is selected from Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ag、Au、Ni、Pd、Pt、Co、Fe、Ru、Os、Mn、Tc、Re、Cr、Mo、W、V、Nd、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、As、Sb、Bi、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Cs or a mixture thereof; e is selected from O, S, se, te, C, N, P, as, sb, F, cl, br, I or a mixture thereof. A is selected from O, S, se, te, C, N, P, as, sb, F, cl, br, I or a mixture thereof. And X, Y, Z and W are decimal numbers independently from 0 to 5; x, y, z and w are not equal to 0 at the same time; x and y are not equal to 0 at the same time; z and W may not be equal to 0 at the same time.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystals are semiconductor nanoplatelets.

According to one embodiment, at least one surrounding medium is optically transparent.

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the at least one surrounding medium under standard conditions is at least 0.1W/(mK).

The invention also relates to a display device comprising a backlight unit and at least one light color conversion layer according to the invention. The backlight unit includes a light source configured to direct at least one luminescent material to provide excitation.

According to one embodiment, the at least one light color conversion layer is an array of luminescent materials forming an array of pixels.

The invention also relates to a display device comprising an array of light sources and at least one light color conversion layer according to the invention, wherein the light sources are configured to provide excitation light towards at least one luminescent material.

According to an embodiment, each light source in the array of light sources is configured to illuminate and/or excite at least one luminescent material.

The invention also relates to a further display device comprising at least one laser source and at least one light color conversion layer comprising an array of luminescent materials, wherein the laser source is configured to provide excitation light of the at least one luminescent material.

The invention also relates to a display device comprising at least one laser source and at least one light-color conversion layer according to the invention, which is deposited on a solid support, which, when excited by the laser source, generates an image by reflection or back-scattering.

Definition of the definition

In the present invention, the following terms have the following meanings:

An "array" refers to a series, a matrix, a collection, an organization, a collection, or a combination of elements, where the elements are arranged in a particular manner.

"Backlight unit" refers to a unit comprising at least one light source capable of emitting primary light and provided with a polarizer polarizing said primary light. The "" backlight unit "" is configured to provide the polarized light and emit in a direction toward the color filter layer and the second polarizer liquid crystal layer. As the polarized light passes through the liquid crystal layer and the color filter layer, only a portion of the selected primary light passes through the second polarizer so that the image can be viewed by a viewer. The "backlight unit" is preferably located behind the LCD panel and in front of the liquid crystal layer.

"Core" refers to the portion of the innermost layer of a particle.

By "shell" is meant a material that partially or completely covers the inner layer, outside the core, and has a thickness of at least one monolayer of atomic layers.

"Encapsulating" refers to a material that surrounds, embeds, contains, includes, covers, encapsulates or encapsulates a plurality of nanoparticles.

"Uniformly dispersed" means that the particles are not aggregated, are not in contact, and are separated by inorganic material. Each nanoparticle is spaced apart from an adjacent nanoparticle by an average minimum distance.

By "colloid" is meant a homogeneous mixture of particles and a medium in which the dispersed particles are stably suspended and dispersed in a medium, do not precipitate or require a long time to precipitate, but are insoluble in the medium.

"Colloidal particles" means that they can be dispersed, suspended in another medium (such as water or an organic solvent), do not precipitate or require a long period of time to precipitate, and are insoluble in the medium. "colloidal particles" do not refer to particles grown on a substrate.

"Impermeable" refers to a material that limits or prevents the diffusion of external molecules or fluids (liquids or gases) into the interior of the material.

"Permeable" means a material that allows an external molecule or fluid (liquid or gas) to diffuse into the material.

By "external molecule or fluid (liquid or gas)" is meant a molecule or fluid (liquid or gas) that is located outside the material or particle.

By "adjacent nanoparticles" is meant nanoparticles that are adjacent in a space or volume without any other nanoparticles between the adjacent nanoparticles.

"Fill rate" refers to the volume ratio between the volume of the filling material and the volume of the space being filled. The terms filling rate, bulk density and packing density are interchangeable in the present invention.

"Load ratio" refers to the mass ratio between the mass of the set in a space and the mass of the space.

"Particle group" refers to a group of particles having the same emission wavelength.

"Group" refers to an aggregate selected by a particular method to have a number of at least 2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、100、150、200、250、300、350、400、450、500、550、600、650、700、750、800、850、900、950 or 1000. This set of groups is used to define the average characteristics of the objects, such as their average size, average particle size distribution or average distance between them.

"Surfactant-free" refers to particles that do not contain any surfactant or surfactant molecule and are not synthesized via a process that involves the use of a surfactant.

By "optically transparent" is meant that a material has an absorbance of less than 10％、5％、2.5％、1％、0.99％、0.98％、0.97％、0.96％、0.95％、0.94％、0.93％、0.92％、0.91％、0.9％、0.89％、0.88％、0.87％、0.86％、0.85％、0.84％、0.83％、0.82％、0.81％、0.8％、0.79％、0.78％、0.77％、0.76％、0.75％、0.74％、0.73％、0.72％、0.71％、0.7％、0.69％、0.68％、0.67％、0.66％、0.65％、0.64％、0.63％、0.62％、0.61％、0.6％、0.59％、0.58％,0.57％、0.56％、0.55％、0.54％、0.53％、0.52％、0.51％、0.5％、0.49％、0.48％、0.47％、0.46％、0.45％、0.44％、0.43％、0.42％、0.41％、0.4％、0.39％、0.38％、0.37％、0.36％、0.35％、0.34％、0.33％、0.32％、0.31％、0.3％、0.29％、0.28％、0.27％、0.26％、0.25％、0.24％、0.23％、0.22％、0.21％、0.2％、0.19％、0.18％、0.17％、0.16％、0.15％、0.14％、0.13％、0.12％、0.11％、0.1％、0.09％、0.08％,0.07％、0.06％、0.05％、0.04％、0.03％、0.02％、0.01％、0.009％、0.008％、0.007％、0.006％、0.005％、0.004％、0.003％、0.002％、0.001％、0.0009％、0.0008％、0.0007％、0.0006％、0.0005％、0.0004％、0.0003％、0.0002％、0.0001％ or 0% at a wavelength of light between 200nm and 50 microns, between 200nm and 10 microns, between 200nm and 2500 nm, between 200nm and 2000 nm, between 200nm and 1500 nm, between 200nm and 1000 nm, between 200nm and 800 nm, between 400 and 700 nm, between 400 nm and 600 nm, or between 400 nm and 470 nm.

"Roughness" refers to the surface state of a particle. The surface of a particle may have surface irregularities and is defined as the difference in the position of protrusions or depressions of the particle surface relative to the average position of the particle surface. All of the surface irregularities constitute the roughness of the particles. The roughness is defined as the difference in height between the most protruding point on the surface and the most recessed point on the surface. If the surface of the particles is free of the surface described by the areas of the asperities, the surface of the particles is smooth, i.e. has a roughness of 0％、0.0001％、0.0002％、0.0003％、0.0004％、0.0005％、0.0006％、0.0007％、0.0008％、0.0009％、0.001％、0.002％、0.003％、0.004％、0.005％、0.006％、0.007％、0.008％、0.009％、0.01％、0.02％、0.03％、0.04％、0.05％、0.06％、0.07％,0.08％、0.09％、0.1％、0.11％、0.12％、0.13％、0.14％、0.15％、0.16％、0.17％、0.18％、0.19％、0.2％、0.21％、0.22％、0.23％、0.24％、0.25％、0.26％、0.26％、0.27％、0.28％、0.29％、0.3％、0.31％、0.32％、0.33％、0.34％、0.35％、0.36％、0.37％、0.38％、0.39％、0.4％、0.41％、0.42％、0.43％、0.44％、0.45％、0.46％、0.47％、0.48％、0.49％、0.5％、1％、1.5％、2％、2.5％3％、3.5％、4％、4.5％ or less.

By "polydisperse" is meant particles or droplets of different sizes, the difference between their sizes being greater than or equal to 20%.

"Monodisperse" refers to a collection of particles or droplets whose size varies by less than 20%, 15%, 10% or 5% preferably.

By "narrow size distribution" is meant a size distribution of the group particles that is less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% or 40% compared to the average size.

"Part" means incomplete. In the case of ligand exchange, partial ligand exchange means that 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% of the surface ligands on the surface of a particle are successfully exchanged.

The terms "film", "layer" or "sheet" are interchangeable in the present invention.

"Nanoplatelets" refers to a two-dimensional shaped nanoparticle wherein the ratio (aspect ratio) between the dimension of the smallest dimension and the dimension of the largest dimension of the nanoplatelets is at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, at least 7.5, at least 8, at least 8.5, at least 9, at least 9.5, or at least 10.

By "oxygen-free" is meant a formulation, solution, film, composite, or composition that is free of oxygen molecules (O ₂), i.e., the weight ratio of oxygen molecules present in the formulation, solution, film, composite, or composition is less than 100ppm, 10ppm, 5ppm, 4ppm, 3ppm, 2ppm, 1ppm, 500ppb, 300ppb, or 100ppb.

By "anhydrous" or "free of water" is meant a formulation, solution, film or complex that is free of water molecules (H ₂ O), i.e., wherein the weight ratio of water molecules present in the formulation, solution, film or complex is less than about 100ppm, 50ppm, 10ppm,5ppm, 4ppm, 3ppm, 2ppm, 1ppm, 500ppb, 300ppb, or 100ppb.

The "pixel pitch" refers to the distance from the center of one pixel to the center of the next pixel.

"Subpixel pitch" refers to the distance from the center of one subpixel to the center of the next subpixel.

"Curvature" refers to the inverse of the radius of curvature.

"Compliance with RoHS specifications" refers to materials used in electronic and electrical equipment, and regarding the use restrictions of certain harmful substances, compliance with 2011/65/EU of european parliament and 2011 year 6 month instruction of council 8.

An "aqueous solvent" is defined as a unique phase solvent in which water is the predominant chemical species in molar, mass or volume ratios relative to the other included chemical species. The aqueous solvents include, but are not limited to: water, a mixture of water and a hydrophilic organic solvent, such as methanol, ethanol, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, N-methylformamide, N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, or a mixture thereof.

"Vapor" refers to a substance in a gaseous state that exists as a liquid or solid under standard conditions of normal pressure and temperature.

"Reactive vapor" refers to a substance in the gaseous state that exists as a liquid or solid under standard conditions of normal pressure and temperature. And which in the presence of another chemical may produce a chemical reaction.

"Gas" means a substance that is gaseous under standard conditions of normal pressure and temperature.

"Standard conditions" refer to conditions of normal temperature and pressure, namely 273.15K and 10 ⁵ Pa.

"Display device" refers to a device or apparatus that displays an image signal. A display component or display device is a device that contains all of the displayed images, successive pictures, or video, such as, but not limited to, an LCD display, a television, a projector, a computer monitor, a personal digital assistant, a mobile phone, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, an MP3 player, a CD player, a DVD player, a blu-ray player, a head mounted display, eyeglasses, a helmet, a hat, a headwear smart watch, a watch phone, or a smart device.

"Primary light" refers to light provided by a light source. For example, the primary light refers to light supplied to the luminescent material by the light source.

"Secondary light" refers to light emitted by a material upon excitation by absorption of the energy of the excitation. The excitation source is usually a light source, i.e. the excitation light is incident light. For example, secondary light refers to light emitted by composite particles, luminescent materials, or nanoparticles within composite particles in a light color conversion layer, excited by incident light.

The term "output light" refers to the combination of incident light that is transmitted through a material without being absorbed after the incident light excites the material, and the stimulated light generated by the material. For example, output light refers to incident light that partially penetrates the composite particles, luminescent material, or light color conversion layer, and combinations of the foregoing secondary light.

"Media" refers to a platform in which the composite particles of the present invention are dispersed in a medium or around some or all of the composite particles. It may be a fluid (liquid, gas) or a solid host material.

Detailed Description

The following detailed description will be better understood when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. For purposes of illustration, preferred embodiments are graphically illustrated in the composite particles. This patent application is not limited to the precise arrangements, structures, features, embodiments, and states shown, however. The drawings are not to scale and are not intended to limit the scope of the claimed embodiments to that which is depicted. It is therefore to be understood that the reference numerals attached to features mentioned in the scope of the appended claims are only intended to assist in the understanding of the scope of the claims and do not in any way limit the scope of the claims.

The first object of the present invention, as shown in a-B in fig. 7, relates to a light color conversion layer 4 that can be used instead of or in addition to a color filter used in a display device. The light color conversion layer 4 comprises at least one luminescent material 7 comprising at least one composite particle 1 surrounded, partially or completely, by at least one medium 71. The at least one luminescent material 7 functions to emit secondary light when excited, in particular excitation from a light source. The at least one composite particle 1 comprises a plurality of nanoparticles 3 encapsulated in an inorganic material 2. The inorganic material 2 has a refractive index greater than or equal to 0.02 than the at least one surrounding medium 71.

According to one embodiment, the at least one composite particle 1 has a refractive index greater than or equal to 0.02 than the at least one surrounding medium 71.

The difference in refractive index was measured at 450 nm.

When primary light from a light source passes through the at least one medium 71 and encounters at least one composite particle 1, the primary light may be divided. A first portion of the primary light may penetrate said composite particles 1. A second portion of the primary light may be absorbed by the nanoparticle 3 and caused to emit secondary light. A third portion of the primary light may be scattered and/or reflected at the boundary of the at least one surrounding medium 71 and the composite particles 1 to change the direction of travel and may again encounter another composite particle 1.

The efficiency of the luminescent material 7 is directly related to the unit cost, performance and size of the product. Only using the luminescent material 7 with high fluorescence efficiency can reduce the unit cost of the product and reduce the number of phosphors in the display device. By luminescent material 7 with high efficiency is meant that a sufficiently intense secondary light is emitted using a lower concentration of nanoparticles 3 in the luminescent material 7.

The inorganic material 2 has a refractive index different from that of the at least one medium 71, which means that the at least one composite particle 1 is capable of scattering light when embedded in the at least one medium 71. Thus, with the composite particles 1, it is further possible to achieve: 1) Fewer nanoparticles 3 may be used with the same shape and size than with a color filter or light color conversion layer using bare nanoparticles 3. 2) The size (e.g., thickness) of the nanoparticles 3 can be made smaller with the same concentration than with a color filter or a light color conversion layer using the bare nanoparticles 3. In both cases, when using the composite particles 1 of the present invention, the amount of nanoparticles 3 required is reduced, thus reducing the cost of the final product.

The composite particles 1 may also limit or prevent oxidation of the nanoparticles 3; the distance between the nano-particles 3 coated in the inorganic material 2 can be controlled; the nano-particles 3 coated in the inorganic material 2 or the generated charges and heat from at least one medium can be made conductive and removed; the light emitting angle of the secondary light is improved; improving the luminous efficiency of the luminous material 7 or the light color conversion layer 4; and the half-width of the luminous spectrum is reduced, so that the luminous color is purer and clearer than the color filter or the light color conversion material known in the prior art. Furthermore, as described above, the concentration of composite particles 1 required in the final product can be reduced. Thus, using the composite particles 1 in the light color conversion layer 4, an improvement in optical characteristics and an enhancement in resistance to an oxidizing environment can be obtained.

The composite particles 1 according to the invention are also particularly advantageous, since they can easily meet the RoHS requirement depending on the choice of inorganic material 2. Thus, it is possible to act as RoHS standard compliant particles while retaining the properties of the nanoparticle 3 that may not themselves meet the RoHS standard.

The luminescent material 7 may protect the composite particles 1 from oxygen molecules, ozone, water and/or high temperatures by means of at least one medium 71. Thus, the deposition of an additional protective layer at the luminescent material 7 may be omitted to save time, money and loss of luminescence.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are prepared via the atmosphere. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for handling, using or transporting the composite particles 1, for example in photovoltaic devices using the composite particles 1.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are compatible with general lithographic processes. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for use of the composite particles 1 in devices, such as optoelectronic devices.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises at least one composite particle 1 enclosed or encapsulated in at least one medium 71. The at least one composite particle 1 functions to emit secondary light when excited and to scatter primary light emitted from a light source if the refractive indices of the composite particle 1 and the medium 71 are different.

According to one embodiment, in the composite particles 1, a plurality of nanoparticles 3 are uniformly dispersed in an inorganic material 2 (as shown in fig. 1). The uniform dispersion of the plurality of nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 prevents aggregation of the nanoparticles 3, thereby preventing deterioration of the performance thereof. For example, in the case of inorganic fluorescent nanoparticles, a uniform dispersion would allow the optical properties of the nanoparticles to be preserved and fluorescence quenching can be avoided.

According to one embodiment, the maximum size of the composite particles 1 is at least 5nm、10nm、20nm、30nm、40nm、50nm、60nm、70nm、80nm、100nm、110nm、120nm、130nm、140nm、150nm、160nm、170nm、180nm、190nm、200nm、210nm、220nm、230nm、240nm、250nm、260nm、270nm、280nm、290nm、300nm、350nm、400nm、450nm、500nm、550nm、600nm、650nm、700nm、750nm、800nm、850nm、900nm、950nm、1μm、1.5μm、2.5μm、3μm、3.5μm、4μm、4.5μm、5μm、5.5μm、6μm、6.5μm、7μm、7.5μm、8μm、8.5μm、9μm、9.5μm、10μm、10.5μm、11μm、11.5μm、12μm、12.5μm、13μm、13.5μm、14μm、14.5μm、15μm、15.5μm、16μm、16.5μm、17μm、17.5μm、18μm、18.5μm、19μm、19.5μm、20μm、20.5μm、21μm、21.5μm、22μm、22.5μm、23μm、23.5μm、24μm、24.5μm、25μm、25.5μm、26μm、26.5μm、27μm、27.5μm、28μm、28.5μm、29μm、29.5μm、30μm、30.5μm、31μm、31.5μm、32μm、32.5μm、33μm、33.5μm、34μm、34.5μm、35μm、35.5μm、36μm、36.5μm、37μm、37.5μm、38μm、38.5μm、39μm、39.5μm、40μm、40.5μm、41μm、41.5μm、42μm、42.5μm、43μm、43.5μm、44μm、44.5μm、45μm、45.5μm、46μm、46.5μm、47μm、47.5μm、48μm、48.5μm、49μm、49.5μm、50μm、50.5μm、51μm、51.5μm、52μm、52.5μm、53μm、53.5μm、54μm、54.5μm、55μm、55.5μm、56μm、56.5μm、57μm、57.5μm、58μm、58.5μm、59μm、59.5μm、60μm、60.5μm、61μm、61.5μm、62μm、62.5μm、63μm、63.5μm、64μm、64.5μm、65μm、65.5μm、66μm、66.5μm、67μm、67.5μm、68μm、68.5μm、69μm、69.5μm、70μm、70.5μm、71μm、71.5μm、72μm、72.5μm、73μm、73.5μm、74μm、74.5μm、75μm、75.5μm、76μm、76.5μm、77μm、77.5μm、78μm、78.5μm、79μm、79.5μm、80μm、80.5μm、81μm、81.5μm、82μm、82.5μm、83μm、83.5μm、84μm、84.5μm、85μm、85.5μm、86μm、86.5μm、87μm、87.5μm、88μm、88.5μm、89μm、89.5μm、90μm、90.5μm、91μm、91.5μm、92μm、92.5μm、93μm、93.5μm、94μm、94.5μm、95μm、95.5μm、96μm、96.5μm、97μm、97.5μm、98μm、98.5μm、99μm、99.5μm、100μm、200μm、250μm、300μm、350μm、400μm、450μm、500μm、550μm、600μm、650μm、700μm、750μm、800μm、850μm、900μm、950μm、 or 1mm.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a minimum size of at least 5nm、10nm、20nm、30nm、40nm、50nm、60nm、70nm、80nm、100nm、110nm、120nm、130nm、140nm、150nm、160nm、170nm、180nm、190nm、200nm、210nm、220nm、230nm、240nm、250nm、260nm、270nm、280nm、290nm、300nm、350nm、400nm、450nm、500nm、550nm、600nm、650nm、700nm、750nm、800nm、850nm、900nm、950nm、1μm、1.5μm、2.5μm、3μm、3.5μm、4μm、4.5μm、5μm、5.5μm、6μm、6.5μm、7μm、7.5μm、8μm、8.5μm、9μm、9.5μm、10μm、10.5μm、11μm、11.5μm、12μm、12.5μm、13μm、13.5μm、14μm、14.5μm、15μm、15.5μm、16μm、16.5μm、17μm、17.5μm、18μm、18.5μm、19μm、19.5μm、20μm、20.5μm、21μm、21.5μm、22μm、22.5μm、23μm、23.5μm、24μm、24.5μm、25μm、25.5μm、26μm、26.5μm、27μm、27.5μm、28μm、28.5μm、29μm、29.5μm、30μm、30.5μm、31μm、31.5μm、32μm、32.5μm、33μm、33.5μm、34μm、34.5μm、35μm、35.5μm、36μm、36.5μm、37μm、37.5μm、38μm、38.5μm、39μm、39.5μm、40μm、40.5μm、41μm、41.5μm、42μm、42.5μm、43μm、43.5μm、44μm、44.5μm、45μm、45.5μm、46μm、46.5μm、47μm、47.5μm、48μm、48.5μm、49μm、49.5μm、50μm、50.5μm、51μm、51.5μm、52μm、52.5μm、53μm、53.5μm、54μm、54.5μm、55μm、55.5μm、56μm、56.5μm、57μm、57.5μm、58μm、58.5μm、59μm、59.5μm、60μm、60.5μm、61μm、61.5μm、62μm、62.5μm、63μm、63.5μm、64μm、64.5μm、65μm、65.5μm、66μm、66.5μm、67μm、67.5μm、68μm、68.5μm、69μm、69.5μm、70μm、70.5μm、71μm、71.5μm、72μm、72.5μm、73μm、73.5μm、74μm、74.5μm、75μm、75.5μm、76μm、76.5μm、77μm、77.5μm、78μm、78.5μm、79μm、79.5μm、80μm、80.5μm、81μm、81.5μm、82μm、82.5μm、83μm、83.5μm、84μm、84.5μm、85μm、85.5μm、86μm、86.5μm、87μm、87.5μm、88μm、88.5μm、89μm、89.5μm、90μm、90.5μm、91μm、91.5μm、92μm、92.5μm、93μm、93.5μm、94μm、94.5μm、95μm、95.5μm、96μm、96.5μm、97μm、97.5μm、98μm、98.5μm、99μm、99.5μm、100μm、200μm、250μm、300μm、350μm、400μm、450μm、500μm、550μm、600μm、650μm、700μm、750μm、800μm、850μm、900μm、950μm、 or 1mm.

According to one embodiment, the size ratio between the composite particles 1 and the nanoparticles 3 is in the range of 1.25 to 1,000, preferably between 2 and 500, more preferably between 5 and 250, even more preferably between 5 and 100.

According to one embodiment, the ratio between the smallest dimension of said composite particles 1 and the largest dimension thereof (size ratio), at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, at least 7.5, at least 8, at least 8.5, at least 9, at least 9.5, at least 10, at least 10.5, at least 11, at least 11.5, at least 12, at least 12.5, at least 13, at least 13.5, at least 14, at least 14.5, at least 15, at least 15.5, at least 16, at least 16.5, at least 17, at least 17.5, at least 18, at least 18.5, at least 19, at least 19.5, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450, at least 500, at least 550, at least 600, at least 700, at least 1000, at least 650, at least 1000, or at least 1000.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have an average size of at least 5nm、10nm、20nm、30nm、40nm、50nm、60nm、70nm、80nm、100nm、110nm、120nm、130nm、140nm、150nm、160nm、170nm、180nm、190nm、200nm、210nm、220nm、230nm、240nm、250nm、260nm、270nm、280nm、290nm、300nm、350nm、400nm、450nm、500nm、550nm、600nm、650nm、700nm、750nm、800nm、850nm、900nm、950nm、1μm、1.5μm、2.5μm、3μm、3.5μm、4μm、4.5μm、5μm、5.5μm、6μm、6.5μm、7μm、7.5μm、8μm、8.5μm、9μm、9.5μm、10μm、10.5μm、11μm、11.5μm、12μm、12.5μm、13μm、13.5μm、14μm、14.5μm、15μm、15.5μm、16μm、16.5μm、17μm、17.5μm、18μm、18.5μm、19μm、19.5μm、20μm、20.5μm、21μm、21.5μm、22μm、22.5μm、23μm、23.5μm、24μm、24.5μm、25μm、25.5μm、26μm、26.5μm、27μm、27.5μm、28μm、28.5μm、29μm、29.5μm、30μm、30.5μm、31μm、31.5μm、32μm、32.5μm、33μm、33.5μm、34μm、34.5μm、35μm、35.5μm、36μm、36.5μm、37μm、37.5μm、38μm、38.5μm、39μm、39.5μm、40μm、40.5μm、41μm、41.5μm、42μm、42.5μm、43μm、43.5μm、44μm、44.5μm、45μm、45.5μm、46μm、46.5μm、47μm、47.5μm、48μm、48.5μm、49μm、49.5μm、50μm、50.5μm、51μm、51.5μm、52μm、52.5μm、53μm、53.5μm、54μm、54.5μm、55μm、55.5μm、56μm、56.5μm、57μm、57.5μm、58μm、58.5μm、59μm、59.5μm、60μm、60.5μm、61μm、61.5μm、62μm、62.5μm、63μm、63.5μm、64μm、64.5μm、65μm、65.5μm、66μm、66.5μm、67μm、67.5μm、68μm、68.5μm、69μm、69.5μm、70μm、70.5μm、71μm、71.5μm、72μm、72.5μm、73μm、73.5μm、74μm、74.5μm、75μm、75.5μm、76μm、76.5μm、77μm、77.5μm、78μm、78.5μm、79μm、79.5μm、80μm、80.5μm、81μm、81.5μm、82μm、82.5μm、83μm、83.5μm、84μm、84.5μm、85μm、85.5μm、86μm、86.5μm、87μm、87.5μm、88μm、88.5μm、89μm、89.5μm、90μm、90.5μm、91μm、91.5μm、92μm、92.5μm、93μm、93.5μm、94μm、94.5μm、95μm、95.5μm、96μm、96.5μm、97μm、97.5μm、98μm、98.5μm、99μm、99.5μm、100μm、200μm、250μm、300μm、350μm、400μm、450μm、500μm、550μm、600μm、650μm、700μm、750μm、800μm、850μm、900μm、950μm、 or 1mm.

In the case of particles comprising the same number of nanoparticles 3, particles of composite particles 1 having an average particle diameter of less than 1 micron have several advantages compared to larger particles: i) The light scattering rate can be increased compared with larger particles; ii) when dispersed in a solvent, form a more stable colloidal suspension than larger particles; iii) Is compatible with a pixel having a size of at least 100 nanometers.

In the case of particles comprising the same number of nanoparticles 3, particles having an average particle diameter of greater than 1 micron of the composite particles 1 have several advantages compared to smaller particles: i) The light scattering of the particles can be reduced compared to smaller particles; ii) has a whispering gallery mode (whispering-GALLERY WAVE modes); iii) Is compatible with a pixel having a size greater than or equal to 1 micron; iv) increasing the average distance between the nanoparticles 3 inside the composite particles 1, thereby obtaining a better heat transfer efficiency; v) increasing the average distance between the nanoparticles 3 inside said composite particles 1 and the surface of said composite particles 1, thereby better resisting oxidation of the nanoparticles 3 or delaying chemical reactions or oxidation with chemicals penetrating from outside said composite particles 1; vi) the mass ratio between the composite particles 1 and the nanoparticles 3 comprised in said composite particles 1 is increased compared to smaller composite particles 1, thereby reducing the mass concentration of chemical elements that have to meet the ROHS standard, making it easier to meet the ROHS specification.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are in accordance with the RoHS specification.

According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises less than 10ppm, less than 20ppm, less than 30ppm, less than 40ppm, less than 50ppm, less than 100ppm, less than 150ppm, less than 200ppm, less than 250ppm, less than 300ppm, less than 350ppm, less than 400ppm, less than 450ppm, less than 500ppm, less than 550ppm, less than 600ppm, less than 650ppm, less than 700ppm, less than 750ppm, less than 800ppm, less than 850ppm, less than 900ppm, less than 950ppm, or less than 1000ppm by weight of cadmium.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 comprise less than 10ppm, less than 20ppm, less than 30ppm, less than 40ppm, less than 50ppm, less than 100ppm, less than 150ppm, less than 200ppm, less than 250ppm, less than 300ppm, less than 350ppm, less than 400ppm, less than 450ppm, less than 500ppm, less than 550ppm, less than 600ppm, less than 650ppm, less than 700ppm, less than 750ppm, less than 800ppm, less than 850ppm, less than 900ppm, less than 950ppm, less than 1000ppm, less than 2000ppm, less than 3000ppm, less than 4000ppm, less than 5000ppm, less than 6000ppm, less than 7000ppm, less than 8000ppm, less than 9000ppm, less than 10000ppm by weight.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 comprise mercury in a weight ratio of less than 10ppm, less than 20ppm, less than 30ppm, less than 40ppm, less than 50ppm, less than 100ppm, less than 150ppm, less than 200ppm, less than 250ppm, less than 300ppm, less than 350ppm, less than 400ppm, less than 450ppm, less than 500ppm, less than 550ppm, less than 600ppm, less than 650ppm, less than 700ppm, less than 750ppm, less than 800ppm, less than 850ppm, less than 900ppm, less than 950ppm, less than 1000ppm, less than 2000ppm, less than 3000ppm, less than 4000ppm, less than 5000ppm, less than 6000ppm, less than 7000ppm, less than 8000ppm, less than 9000ppm, less than 10000ppm.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 comprise a chemical element that is heavier than the main chemical element of the inorganic material 2. In this embodiment, the relatively heavy chemical elements contained in the composite particles 1 can reduce the mass concentration of the chemical elements limited by ROHS standards in the composite particles 1, so that the composite particles 1 conform to the ROHS standards.

According to one embodiment, examples of heavy chemical elements include, but are not limited to, the following chemical elements ：B、C、N、F、Na、Mg、Al、Si、P、S、Cl、K、Ca、Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Ge、As、Se、Br、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Mo、Tc、Ru、Rh、Pd、Ag、Cd、In、Sn、Sb、Te、I、Cs、Ba、La、Hf、Ta、W、Re、Os、Ir、Pt、Au、Hg、Tl、Pb、Bi、Po、At、Ce、Pr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a minimum curvature of at least 200μm^-1、100μm^-1、66.6μm^-1、50μm^-1、33.3μm^-1、28.6μm^-1、25μm^-1、20μm^-1、18.2μm^-1、16.7μm^-1、15.4μm^-1、14.3μm^-1、13.3μm^-1、12.5μm^-1、11.8μm^-1、11.1μm^-1、10.5μm^-1、10μm^-1、9.5μm^-1、9.1μm^-1、8.7μm^-1、8.3μm^-1、8μm^-1、7.7μm^-1、7.4μm^-1、7.1μm^-1、6.9μm^-1、6.7μm^-1、5.7μm^-1、5μm^-1、4.4μm^-1、4μm^-1、3.6μm^-1、3.3μm^-1、3.1μm^-1、2.9μm^-1、2.7μm^-1、2.5μm^-1、2.4μm^-1、2.2μm^-1、2.1μm^-1、2μm^-1、1.3333μm^-1、0.8μm^-1、0.6666μm^-1、0.5714μm^-1、0.5μm^-1、0.4444μm^-1、0.4μm^-1、0.3636μm^-1、0.3333μm^-1、0.3080μm^-1、0.2857μm^-1、0.2667μm^-1、0.25μm^-1、0.2353μm^-1、0.2222μm^-1、0.2105μm^-1、0.2μm^-1、0.1905μm^-1、0.1818μm^-1、0.1739μm^-1、0.1667μm^-1、0.16μm^-1、0.1538μm^-1、0.1481μm^-1、0.1429μm^-1、0.1379μm^-1、0.1333μm^-1、0.1290μm^-1、0.125μm^-1、0.1212μm^-1、0.1176μm^-1、0.1176μm^-1、0.1143μm^-1、0.1111μm^-1、0.1881μm^-1、0.1053μm^-1、0.1026μm^-1、0.1μm^-1、0.0976μm^-1、0.9524μm^-1、0.0930μm^-1、0.0909μm^-1、0.0889μm^-1、0.870μm^-1、0.0851μm^-1、0.0833μm^-1、0.0816μm^-1、0.08μm^-1、0.0784μm^-1、0.0769μm^-1、0.0755μm^-1、0.0741μm^-1、0.0727μm^-1、0.0714μm^-1、0.0702μm^-1、0.0690μm^-1、0.0678μm^-1、0.0667μm^-1、0.0656μm^-1、0.0645μm^-1、0.0635μm^-1、0.0625μm^-1、0.0615μm^-1、0.0606μm^-1、0.0597μm^-1、0.0588μm^-1、0.0580μm^-1、0.0571μm^-1、0.0563μm^-1、0.0556μm^-1、0.0548μm^-1、0.0541μm^-1、0.0533μm^-1、0.0526μm^-1、0.0519μm^-1、0.0513μm^-1、0.0506μm^-1、0.05μm^-1、0.0494μm^-1、0.0488μm^-1、0.0482μm^-1、0.0476μm^-1、0.0471μm^-1、0.0465μm^-1、0.0460μm^-1、0.0455μm^-1、0.0450μm^-1、0.0444μm^-1、0.0440μm^-1、0.0435μm^-1、0.0430μm^-1、0.0426μm^-1、0.0421μm^-1、0.0417μm^-1、0.0412μm^-1、0.0408μm^-1、0.0404μm^-1、0.04μm^-1、0.0396μm^-1、0.0392μm^-1、0.0388μm^-1、0.0385μm^-1;0.0381μm^-1、0.0377μm^-1、0.0374μm^-1、0.037μm^-1、0.0367μm^-1、0.0364μm^-1、0.0360μm^-1、0.0357μm^-1、0.0354μm^-1、0.0351μm^-1、0.0348μm^-1、0.0345μm^-1、0.0342μm^-1、0.0339μm^-1、0.0336μm^-1、0.0333μm^-1、0.0331μm^-1、0.0328μm^-1、0.0325μm^-1、0.0323μm^-1、0.032μm^-1、0.0317μm^-1、0.0315μm^-1、0.0312μm^-1、0.031μm^-1、0.0308μm^-1、0.0305μm^-1、0.0303μm^-1、0.0301μm^-1、0.03μm^-1、0.0299μm^-1、0.0296μm^-1、0.0294μm^-1、0.0292μm^-1、0.029μm^-1、0.0288μm^-1、0.0286μm^-1、0.0284μm^-1、0.0282μm^-1、0.028μm^-1、0.0278μm^-1、0.0276μm^-1、0.0274μm^-1、0.0272μm^-1;0.0270μm^-1、0.0268μm^-1、0.02667μm^-1、0.0265μm^-1、0.0263μm^-1、0.0261μm^-1、0.026μm^-1、0.0258μm^-1、0.0256μm^-1、0.0255μm^-1、0.0253μm^-1、0.0252μm^-1、0.025μm^-1、0.0248μm^-1、0.0247μm^-1、0.0245μm^-1、0.0244μm^-1、0.0242μm^-1、0.0241μm^-1、0.024μm^-1、0.0238μm^-1、0.0237μm^-1、0.0235μm^-1、0.0234μm^-1、0.0233μm^-1、0.231μm^-1、0.023μm^-1、0.0229μm^-1、0.0227μm^-1、0.0226μm^-1、0.0225μm^-1、0.0223μm^-1、0.0222μm^-1、0.0221μm^-1、0.022μm^-1、0.0219μm^-1、0.0217μm^-1、0.0216μm^-1、0.0215μm^-1、0.0214μm^-1、0.0213μm^-1、0.0212μm^-1、0.0211μm^-1、0.021μm^-1、0.0209μm^-1、0.0208μm^-1、0.0207μm^-1、0.0206μm^-1、0.0205μm^-1、0.0204μm^-1、0.0203μm^-1、0.0202μm^-1、0.0201μm^-1、0.02μm^-1 or 0.002 μm ^-1.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a maximum curvature of at least 200μm^-1、100μm^-1、66.6μm^-1、50μm^-1、33.3μm^-1、28.6μm^-1、25μm^-1、20μm^-1、18.2μm^-1、16.7μm^-1、15.4μm^-1、14.3μm^-1、13.3μm^-1、12.5μm^-1、11.8μm^-1、11.1μm^-1、10.5μm^-1、10μm^-1、9.5μm^-1、9.1μm^-1、8.7μm^-1、8.3μm^-1、8μm^-1、7.7μm^-1、7.4μm^-1、7.1μm^-1、6.9μm^-1、6.7μm^-1、5.7μm^-1、5μm^-1、4.4μm^-1、4μm^-1、3.6μm^-1、3.3μm^-1、3.1μm^-1、2.9μm^-1、2.7μm^-1、2.5μm^-1、2.4μm^-1、2.2μm^-1、2.1μm^-1、2μm^-1、1.3333μm^-1、0.8μm^-1、0.6666μm^-1、0.5714μm^-1、0.5μm^-1、0.4444μm^-1、0.4μm^-1、0.3636μm^-1、0.3333μm^-1、0.3080μm^-1、0.2857μm^-1、0.2667μm^-1、0.25μm^-1、0.2353μm^-1、0.2222μm^-1、0.2105μm^-1、0.2μm^-1、0.1905μm^-1、0.1818μm^-1、0.1739μm^-1、0.1667μm^-1、0.16μm^-1、0.1538μm^-1、0.1481μm^-1、0.1429μm^-1、0.1379μm^-1、0.1333μm^-1、0.1290μm^-1、0.125μm^-1、0.1212μm^-1、0.1176μm^-1、0.1176μm^-1、0.1143μm^-1、0.1111μm^-1、0.1881μm^-1、0.1053μm^-1、0.1026μm^-1、0.1μm^-1、0.0976μm^-1、0.9524μm^-1、0.0930μm^-1、0.0909μm^-1、0.0889μm^-1、0.870μm^-1、0.0851μm^-1、0.0833μm^-1、0.0816μm^-1、0.08μm^-1、0.0784μm^-1、0.0769μm^-1、0.0755μm^-1、0.0741μm^-1、0.0727μm^-1、0.0714μm^-1、0.0702μm^-1、0.0690μm^-1、0.0678μm^-1、0.0667μm^-1、0.0656μm^-1、0.0645μm^-1、0.0635μm^-1、0.0625μm^-1、0.0615μm^-1、0.0606μm^-1、0.0597μm^-1、0.0588μm^-1、0.0580μm^-1、0.0571μm^-1、0.0563μm^-1、0.0556μm^-1、0.0548μm^-1、0.0541μm^-1、0.0533μm^-1、0.0526μm^-1、0.0519μm^-1、0.0513μm^-1、0.0506μm^-1、0.05μm^-1、0.0494μm^-1、0.0488μm^-1、0.0482μm^-1、0.0476μm^-1、0.0471μm^-1、0.0465μm^-1、0.0460μm^-1、0.0455μm^-1、0.0450μm^-1、0.0444μm^-1、0.0440μm^-1、0.0435μm^-1、0.0430μm^-1、0.0426μm^-1、0.0421μm^-1、0.0417μm^-1、0.0412μm^-1、0.0408μm^-1、0.0404μm^-1、0.04μm^-1、0.0396μm^-1、0.0392μm^-1、0.0388μm^-1、0.0385μm^-1;0.0381μm^-1、0.0377μm^-1、0.0374μm^-1、0.037μm^-1、0.0367μm^-1、0.0364μm^-1、0.0360μm^-1、0.0357μm^-1、0.0354μm^-1、0.0351μm^-1、0.0348μm^-1、0.0345μm^-1、0.0342μm^-1、0.0339μm^-1、0.0336μm^-1、0.0333μm^-1、0.0331μm^-1、0.0328μm^-1、0.0325μm^-1、0.0323μm^-1、0.032μm^-1、0.0317μm^-1、0.0315μm^-1、0.0312μm^-1、0.031μm^-1、0.0308μm^-1、0.0305μm^-1、0.0303μm^-1、0.0301μm^-1、0.03μm^-1、0.0299μm^-1、0.0296μm^-1、0.0294μm^-1、0.0292μm^-1、0.029μm^-1、0.0288μm^-1、0.0286μm^-1、0.0284μm^-1、0.0282μm^-1、0.028μm^-1、0.0278μm^-1、0.0276μm^-1、0.0274μm^-1、0.0272μm^-1;0.0270μm^-1、0.0268μm^-1、0.02667μm^-1、0.0265μm^-1、0.0263μm^-1、0.0261μm^-1、0.026μm^-1、0.0258μm^-1、0.0256μm^-1、0.0255μm^-1、0.0253μm^-1、0.0252μm^-1、0.025μm^-1、0.0248μm^-1、0.0247μm^-1、0.0245μm^-1、0.0244μm^-1、0.0242μm^-1、0.0241μm^-1、0.024μm^-1、0.0238μm^-1、0.0237μm^-1、0.0235μm^-1、0.0234μm^-1、0.0233μm^-1、0.231μm^-1、0.023μm^-1、0.0229μm^-1、0.0227μm^-1、0.0226μm^-1、0.0225μm^-1、0.0223μm^-1、0.0222μm^-1、0.0221μm^-1、0.022μm^-1、0.0219μm^-1、0.0217μm^-1、0.0216μm^-1、0.0215μm^-1、0.0214μm^-1、0.0213μm^-1、0.0212μm^-1、0.0211μm^-1、0.021μm^-1、0.0209μm^-1、0.0208μm^-1、0.0207μm^-1、0.0206μm^-1、0.0205μm^-1、0.0204μm^-1、0.0203μm^-1、0.0202μm^-1、0.0201μm^-1、0.02μm^-1 or 0.002 μm ^-1.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are polydisperse.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are monodisperse.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a narrow particle size distribution.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are non-aggregated.

According to one embodiment, the surface roughness of the composite particles 1 is less than or equal to 0％、0.0001％、0.0002％、0.0003％、0.0004％、0.0005％、0.0006％、0.0007％、0.0008％、0.0009％、0.001％、0.002％、0.003％、0.004％、0.005％、0.006％、0.007％、0.008％、0.009％、0.01％、0.02％、0.03％、0.04％、0.05％、0.06％、0.07％、0.08％、0.09％、0.1％、0.11％、0.12％、0.13％、0.14％、0.15％、0.16％、0.17％、0.18％、0.19％、0.2％、0.21％、0.22％、0.23％、0.24％、0.25％,0.26％、0.27％、0.28％、0.29％、0.3％、0.31％、0.32％、0.33％、0.34％、0.35％、0.36％、0.37％、0.38％、0.39％、0.4％、0.41％、0.42％、0.43％、0.44％、0.45％、0.46％、0.47％、0.48％、0.49％、0.5％、1％、1.5％、2％、2.5％3％、3.5％、4％、4.5％ or 5% compared to the largest dimension of the composite particles 1, i.e. the surface composite particles 1 are completely smooth.

According to one embodiment, the surface roughness of the composite particles 1 is less than or equal to 0.5% of the largest dimension of the composite particles 1, i.e. the surface composite particles 1 are completely smooth.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a spherical shape, an oval shape, a disk shape, a cylindrical shape, a surface shape, a hexagonal shape, a triangular shape, a cubic shape, or a platelet shape.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a raspberry shape, a prismatic shape, a polyhedral shape, a snowflake shape, a flower shape, a thorn shape, a hemispherical shape, a conical shape, a sea urchin shape, a filiform shape, a biconcave disk shape, a worm shape, a tree shape, a dendrite shape, a necklace shape, a chain shape, or a bushing shape.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a spherical shape or the composite particles 1 are bead-shaped.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are hollow, i.e. the composite particles 1 are hollow beads.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 do not have a core/shell structure.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a core/shell structure as described below.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are not fibers.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are not net-shaped with an undefined shape.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are not macroscopic glass pieces. In this embodiment, a piece of glass refers to a piece of glass obtained from a larger solid glass by, for example, cutting or using a mold. According to one embodiment, one dimension of a piece of glass is at least over 1 centimeter.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are obtained without reducing the size of the inorganic material. For example, the composite particles 1 are not obtained from a piece of inorganic material 2 by cutting, grinding, nor by etching with accelerated atoms, molecules or electrons or by any other method.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are not obtained by grinding larger particles or by spraying a powder.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are not a piece of nanoporous glass doped with nanoparticles 3.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are not a monolithic glass.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are spherical. The spherical shape may circulate light in the composite particles 1 without leaving the composite particles 1, thereby acting as a waveguide. The spherical shape may allow the light to have whisper gallery modes (whispering-GALLERY WAVE). Furthermore, the ideal spherical shape prevents fluctuation of the scattered light intensity in each direction.

According to one embodiment, the spherical composite particles 1 have a diameter of at least 5nm、10nm、20nm、30nm、40nm、50nm、60nm、70nm、80nm、100nm、110nm、120nm、130nm、140nm、150nm、160nm、170nm、180nm、190nm、200nm、210nm、220nm、230nm、240nm、250nm、260nm、270nm、280nm、290nm、300nm、350nm、400nm、450nm、500nm、550nm、600nm、650nm、700nm、750nm、800nm、850nm、900nm、950nm、1μm、1.5μm、2.5μm、3μm、3.5μm、4μm、4.5μm、5μm、5.5μm、6μm、6.5μm、7μm、7.5μm、8μm、8.5μm、9μm、9.5μm、10μm、10.5μm、11μm、11.5μm、12μm、12.5μm、13μm、13.5μm、14μm、14.5μm、15μm、15.5μm、16μm、16.5μm、17μm、17.5μm、18μm、18.5μm、19μm、19.5μm、20μm、20.5μm、21μm、21.5μm、22μm、22.5μm、23μm、23.5μm、24μm、24.5μm、25μm、25.5μm、26μm、26.5μm、27μm、27.5μm、28μm、28.5μm、29μm、29.5μm、30μm、30.5μm、31μm、31.5μm、32μm、32.5μm、33μm、33.5μm、34μm、34.5μm、35μm、35.5μm、36μm、36.5μm、37μm、37.5μm、38μm、38.5μm、39μm、39.5μm、40μm、40.5μm、41μm、41.5μm、42μm、42.5μm、43μm、43.5μm、44μm、44.5μm、45μm、45.5μm、46μm、46.5μm、47μm、47.5μm、48μm、48.5μm、49μm、49.5μm、50μm、50.5μm、51μm、51.5μm、52μm、52.5μm、53μm、53.5μm、54μm、54.5μm、55μm、55.5μm、56μm、56.5μm、57μm、57.5μm、58μm、58.5μm、59μm、59.5μm、60μm、60.5μm、61μm、61.5μm、62μm、62.5μm、63μm、63.5μm、64μm、64.5μm、65μm、65.5μm、66μm、66.5μm、67μm、67.5μm、68μm、68.5μm、69μm、69.5μm、70μm、70.5μm、71μm、71.5μm、72μm、72.5μm、73μm、73.5μm、74μm、74.5μm、75μm、75.5μm、76μm、76.5μm、77μm、77.5μm、78μm、78.5μm、79μm、79.5μm、80μm、80.5μm、81μm、81.5μm、82μm、82.5μm、83μm、83.5μm、84μm、84.5μm、85μm、85.5μm、86μm、86.5μm、87μm、87.5μm、88μm、88.5μm、89μm、89.5μm、90μm、90.5μm、91μm、91.5μm、92μm、92.5μm、93μm、93.5μm、94μm、94.5μm、95μm、95.5μm、96μm、96.5μm、97μm、97.5μm、98μm、98.5μm、99μm、99.5μm、100μm、200μm、250μm、300μm、350μm、400μm、450μm、500μm、550μm、600μm、650μm、700μm、750μm、800μm、850μm、900μm、950μm、 or 1mm.

According to one embodiment, a group of spherical composite particles 1 has an average diameter of at least 5nm、10nm、20nm、30nm、40nm、50nm、60nm、70nm、80nm、100nm、110nm、120nm、130nm、140nm、150nm、160nm、170nm、180nm、190nm、200nm、210nm、220nm、230nm、240nm、250nm、260nm、270nm、280nm、290nm、300nm、350nm、400nm、450nm、500nm、550nm、600nm、650nm、700nm、750nm、800nm、850nm、900nm、950nm、1μm、1.5μm、2.5μm、3μm、3.5μm、4μm、4.5μm、5μm、5.5μm、6μm、6.5μm、7μm、7.5μm、8μm、8.5μm、9μm、9.5μm、10μm、10.5μm、11μm、11.5μm、12μm、12.5μm、13μm、13.5μm、14μm、14.5μm、15μm、15.5μm、16μm、16.5μm、17μm、17.5μm、18μm、18.5μm、19μm、19.5μm、20μm、20.5μm、21μm、21.5μm、22μm、22.5μm、23μm、23.5μm、24μm、24.5μm、25μm、25.5μm、26μm、26.5μm、27μm、27.5μm、28μm、28.5μm、29μm、29.5μm、30μm、30.5μm、31μm、31.5μm、32μm、32.5μm、33μm、33.5μm、34μm、34.5μm、35μm、35.5μm、36μm、36.5μm、37μm、37.5μm、38μm、38.5μm、39μm、39.5μm、40μm、40.5μm、41μm、41.5μm、42μm、42.5μm、43μm、43.5μm、44μm、44.5μm、45μm、45.5μm、46μm、46.5μm、47μm、47.5μm、48μm、48.5μm、49μm、49.5μm、50μm、50.5μm、51μm、51.5μm、52μm、52.5μm、53μm、53.5μm、54μm、54.5μm、55μm、55.5μm、56μm、56.5μm、57μm、57.5μm、58μm、58.5μm、59μm、59.5μm、60μm、60.5μm、61μm、61.5μm、62μm、62.5μm、63μm、63.5μm、64μm、64.5μm、65μm、65.5μm、66μm、66.5μm、67μm、67.5μm、68μm、68.5μm、69μm、69.5μm、70μm、70.5μm、71μm、71.5μm、72μm、72.5μm、73μm、73.5μm、74μm、74.5μm、75μm、75.5μm、76μm、76.5μm、77μm、77.5μm、78μm、78.5μm、79μm、79.5μm、80μm、80.5μm、81μm、81.5μm、82μm、82.5μm、83μm、83.5μm、84μm、84.5μm、85μm、85.5μm、86μm、86.5μm、87μm、87.5μm、88μm、88.5μm、89μm、89.5μm、90μm、90.5μm、91μm、91.5μm、92μm、92.5μm、93μm、93.5μm、94μm、94.5μm、95μm、95.5μm、96μm、96.5μm、97μm、97.5μm、98μm、98.5μm、99μm、99.5μm、100μm、200μm、250μm、300μm、350μm、400μm、450μm、500μm、550μm、600μm、650μm、700μm、750μm、800μm、850μm、900μm、950μm、 or 1mm.

According to one embodiment, the average diameter of a population of spherical composite particles 1 has a deviation value of less than or equal to 0.01％、0.02％、0.03％、0.04％、0.05％、0.06％、0.07％、0.08％、0.09％、0.1％、0.2％、0.3％、0.4％、0.5％、0.6％、0.7％、0.8％、0.9％、1％、1.1％、1.2％、1.3％、1.4％、1.5％、1.6％,1.7％、1.8％、1.9％、2％、2.1％、2.2％、2.3％、2.4％、2.5％、2.6％、2.7％、2.8％、2.9％、3％、3.1％、3.2％、3.3％、3.4％、3.5％、3.6％、3.7％、3.8％、3.9％、4％、4.1％、4.2％、4.3％、4.4％、4.5％、4.6％、4.7％、4.8％、4.9％、5％、5.1％、5.2％、5.3％、5.4％、5.5％、5.6％、5.7％、5.8％、5.9％、6％、6.1％、6.2％、6.3％、6.4％、6.5％、6.6％,6.7％、6.8％、6.9％、7％、7.1％、7.2％、7.3％、7.4％、7.5％、7.6％、7.7％、7.8％、7.9％、8％、8.1％、8.2％、8.3％、8.4％、8.5％、8.6％、8.7％、8.8％、8.9％、9％、9.1％、9.2％、9.3％、9.4％、9.5％、9.6％、9.7％、9.8％、9.9％、10％、20％、30％、40％、50％、60％、70％、80％、85％、90％、95％、100％、105％、110％、115％、120％、125％、130％、135％、140％、145％、150％、155％、160％、165％、170％、175％、180％、185％、190％、195％ or 200%.

According to one embodiment, the spherical composite particles 1 have a unique curvature of at least 200μm^-1、100μm^-1、66.6μm^-1、50μm^-1、33.3μm^-1、28.6μm^-1、25μm^-1、20μm^-1、18.2μm^-1、16.7μm^-1、15.4μm^-1、14.3μm^-1、13.3μm^-1、12.5μm^-1、11.8μm^-1、11.1μm^-1、10.5μm^-1、10μm^-1、9.5μm^-1、9.1μm^-1、8.7μm^-1、8.3μm^-1、8μm^-1、7.7μm^-1、7.4μm^-1、7.1μm^-1、6.9μm^-1、6.7μm^-1、5.7μm^-1、5μm^-1、4.4μm^-1、4μm^-1、3.6μm^-1、3.3μm^-1、3.1μm^-1、2.9μm^-1、2.7μm^-1、2.5μm^-1、2.4μm^-1、2.2μm^-1、2.1μm^-1、2μm^-1、1.3333μm^-1、0.8μm^-1、0.6666μm^-1、0.5714μm^-1、0.5μm^-1、0.4444μm^-1、0.4μm^-1、0.3636μm^-1、0.3333μm^-1、0.3080μm^-1、0.2857μm^-1、0.2667μm^-1、0.25μm^-1、0.2353μm^-1、0.2222μm^-1、0.2105μm^-1、0.2μm^-1、0.1905μm^-1、0.1818μm^-1、0.1739μm^-1、0.1667μm^-1、0.16μm^-1、0.1538μm^-1、0.1481μm^-1、0.1429μm^-1、0.1379μm^-1、0.1333μm^-1、0.1290μm^-1、0.125μm^-1、0.1212μm^-1、0.1176μm^-1、0.1176μm^-1、0.1143μm^-1、0.1111μm^-1、0.1881μm^-1、0.1053μm^-1、0.1026μm^-1、0.1μm^-1、0.0976μm^-1、0.9524μm^-1、0.0930μm^-1、0.0909μm^-1、0.0889μm^-1、0.870μm^-1、0.0851μm^-1、0.0833μm^-1、0.0816μm^-1、0.08μm^-1、0.0784μm^-1、0.0769μm^-1、0.0755μm^-1、0.0741μm^-1、0.0727μm^-1、0.0714μm^-1、0.0702μm^-1、0.0690μm^-1、0.0678μm^-1、0.0667μm^-1、0.0656μm^-1、0.0645μm^-1、0.0635μm^-1、0.0625μm^-1、0.0615μm^-1、0.0606μm^-1、0.0597μm^-1、0.0588μm^-1、0.0580μm^-1、0.0571μm^-1、0.0563μm^-1、0.0556μm^-1、0.0548μm^-1、0.0541μm^-1、0.0533μm^-1、0.0526μm^-1、0.0519μm^-1、0.0513μm^-1、0.0506μm^-1、0.05μm^-1、0.0494μm^-1、0.0488μm^-1、0.0482μm^-1、0.0476μm^-1、0.0471μm^-1、0.0465μm^-1、0.0460μm^-1、0.0455μm^-1、0.0450μm^-1、0.0444μm^-1、0.0440μm^-1、0.0435μm^-1、0.0430μm^-1、0.0426μm^-1、0.0421μm^-1、0.0417μm^-1、0.0412μm^-1、0.0408μm^-1、0.0404μm^-1、0.04μm^-1、0.0396μm^-1、0.0392μm^-1、0.0388μm^-1、0.0385μm^-1、0.0381μm^-1、0.0377μm^-1、0.0374μm^-1、0.037μm^-1、0.0367μm^-1、0.0364μm^-1、0.0360μm^-1、0.0357μm^-1、0.0354μm^-1、0.0351μm^-1、0.0348μm^-1、0.0345μm^-1、0.0342μm^-1、0.0339μm^-1、0.0336μm^-1、0.0333μm^-1、0.0331μm^-1、0.0328μm^-1、0.0325μm^-1、0.0323μm^-1、0.032μm^-1、0.0317μm^-1、0.0315μm^-1、0.0312μm^-1、0.031μm^-1、0.0308μm^-1、0.0305μm^-1、0.0303μm^-1、0.0301μm^-1、0.03μm^-1、0.0299μm^-1、0.0296μm^-1、0.0294μm^-1、0.0292μm^-1、0.029μm^-1、0.0288μm^-1、0.0286μm^-1、0.0284μm^-1、0.0282μm^-1、0.028μm^-1、0.0278μm^-1、0.0276μm^-1、0.0274μm^-1、0.0272μm^-1;0.0270μm^-1、0.0268μm^-1、0.02667μm^-1、0.0265μm^-1、0.0263μm^-1、0.0261μm^-1、0.026μm^-1、0.0258μm^-1、0.0256μm^-1、0.0255μm^-1、0.0253μm^-1、0.0252μm^-1、0.025μm^-1、0.0248μm^-1、0.0247μm^-1、0.0245μm^-1、0.0244μm^-1、0.0242μm^-1、0.0241μm^-1、0.024μm^-1、0.0238μm^-1、0.0237μm^-1、0.0235μm^-1、0.0234μm^-1、0.0233μm^-1、0.231μm^-1、0.023μm^-1、0.0229μm^-1、0.0227μm^-1、0.0226μm^-1、0.0225μm^-1、0.0223μm^-1、0.0222μm^-1、0.0221μm^-1、0.022μm^-1、0.0219μm^-1、0.0217μm^-1、0.0216μm^-1、0.0215μm^-1、0.0214μm^-1、0.0213μm^-1、0.0212μm^-1、0.0211μm^-1、0.021μm^-1、0.0209μm^-1、0.0208μm^-1、0.0207μm^-1、0.0206μm^-1、0.0205μm^-1、0.0204μm^-1、0.0203μm^-1、0.0202μm^-1、0.0201μm^-1、0.02μm^-1 or 0.002 μm ^-1.

According to one embodiment, a population of spherical composite particles 1 has an average curvature of at least 200μm^-1、100μm^-1、66.6μm^-1、50μm^-1、33.3μm^-1、28.6μm^-1、25μm^-1、20μm^-1、18.2μm^-1、16.7μm^-1、15.4μm^-1、14.3μm^-1、13.3μm^-1、12.5μm^-1、11.8μm^-1、11.1μm^-1、10.5μm^-1、10μm^-1、9.5μm^-1、9.1μm^-1、8.7μm^-1、8.3μm^-1、8μm^-1、7.7μm^-1、7.4μm^-1、7.1μm^-1、6.9μm^-1、6.7μm^-1、5.7μm^-1、5μm^-1、4.4μm^-1、4μm^-1、3.6μm^-1、3.3μm^-1、3.1μm^-1、2.9μm^-1、2.7μm^-1、2.5μm^-1、2.4μm^-1、2.2μm^-1、2.1μm^-1、2μm^-1、1.3333μm^-1、0.8μm^-1、0.6666μm^-1、0.5714μm^-1、0.5μm^-1、0.4444μm^-1、0.4μm^-1、0.3636μm^-1、0.3333μm^-1、0.3080μm^-1、0.2857μm^-1、0.2667μm^-1、0.25μm^-1、0.2353μm^-1、0.2222μm^-1、0.2105μm^-1、0.2μm^-1、0.1905μm^-1、0.1818μm^-1、0.1739μm^-1、0.1667μm^-1、0.16μm^-1、0.1538μm^-1、0.1481μm^-1、0.1429μm^-1、0.1379μm^-1、0.1333μm^-1、0.1290μm^-1、0.125μm^-1、0.1212μm^-1、0.1176μm^-1、0.1176μm^-1、0.1143μm^-1、0.1111μm^-1、0.1881μm^-1、0.1053μm^-1、0.1026μm^-1、0.1μm^-1、0.0976μm^-1、0.9524μm^-1、0.0930μm^-1、0.0909μm^-1、0.0889μm^-1、0.870μm^-1、0.0851μm^-1、0.0833μm^-1、0.0816μm^-1、0.08μm^-1、0.0784μm^-1、0.0769μm^-1、0.0755μm^-1、0.0741μm^-1、0.0727μm^-1、0.0714μm^-1、0.0702μm^-1、0.0690μm^-1、0.0678μm^-1、0.0667μm^-1、0.0656μm^-1、0.0645μm^-1、0.0635μm^-1、0.0625μm^-1、0.0615μm^-1、0.0606μm^-1、0.0597μm^-1、0.0588μm^-1、0.0580μm^-1、0.0571μm^-1、0.0563μm^-1、0.0556μm^-1、0.0548μm^-1、0.0541μm^-1、0.0533μm^-1、0.0526μm^-1、0.0519μm^-1、0.0513μm^-1、0.0506μm^-1、0.05μm^-1、0.0494μm^-1、0.0488μm^-1、0.0482μm^-1、0.0476μm^-1、0.0471μm^-1、0.0465μm^-1、0.0460μm^-1、0.0455μm^-1、0.0450μm^-1、0.0444μm^-1、0.0440μm^-1、0.0435μm^-1、0.0430μm^-1、0.0426μm^-1、0.0421μm^-1、0.0417μm^-1、0.0412μm^-1、0.0408μm^-1、0.0404μm^-1、0.04μm^-1、0.0396μm^-1、0.0392μm^-1、0.0388μm^-1、0.0385μm^-1、0.0381μm^-1、0.0377μm^-1、0.0374μm^-1、0.037μm^-1、0.0367μm^-1、0.0364μm^-1、0.0360μm^-1、0.0357μm^-1、0.0354μm^-1、0.0351μm^-1、0.0348μm^-1、0.0345μm^-1、0.0342μm^-1、0.0339μm^-1、0.0336μm^-1、0.0333μm^-1、0.0331μm^-1、0.0328μm^-1、0.0325μm^-1、0.0323μm^-1、0.032μm^-1、0.0317μm^-1、0.0315μm^-1、0.0312μm^-1、0.031μm^-1、0.0308μm^-1、0.0305μm^-1、0.0303μm^-1、0.0301μm^-1、0.03μm^-1、0.0299μm^-1、0.0296μm^-1、0.0294μm^-1、0.0292μm^-1、0.029μm^-1、0.0288μm^-1、0.0286μm^-1、0.0284μm^-1、0.0282μm^-1、0.028μm^-1、0.0278μm^-1、0.0276μm^-1、0.0274μm^-1、0.0272μm^-1;0.0270μm^-1、0.0268μm^-1、0.02667μm^-1、0.0265μm^-1、0.0263μm^-1、0.0261μm^-1、0.026μm^-1、0.0258μm^-1、0.0256μm^-1、0.0255μm^-1、0.0253μm^-1、0.0252μm^-1、0.025μm^-1、0.0248μm^-1、0.0247μm^-1、0.0245μm^-1、0.0244μm^-1、0.0242μm^-1、0.0241μm^-1、0.024μm^-1、0.0238μm^-1、0.0237μm^-1、0.0235μm^-1、0.0234μm^-1、0.0233μm^-1、0.231μm^-1、0.023μm^-1、0.0229μm^-1、0.0227μm^-1、0.0226μm^-1、0.0225μm^-1、0.0223μm^-1、0.0222μm^-1、0.0221μm^-1、0.022μm^-1、0.0219μm^-1、0.0217μm^-1、0.0216μm^-1、0.0215μm^-1、0.0214μm^-1、0.0213μm^-1、0.0212μm^-1、0.0211μm^-1、0.021μm^-1、0.0209μm^-1、0.0208μm^-1、0.0207μm^-1、0.0206μm^-1、0.0205μm^-1、0.0204μm^-1、0.0203μm^-1、0.0202μm^-1、0.0201μm^-1、0.02μm^-1 or 0.002 μm ^-1.

According to one embodiment, the curvature of the spherical composite particles 1 has no deviation, i.e. the composite particles 1 have a perfectly spherical shape. This perfect sphere prevents the intensity of the surface light scattering from floating.

According to one embodiment, the curvature of the spherical composite particles 1 may have a curvature difference with a deviation of less than or equal to 0.01％、0.02％、0.03％、0.04％、0.05％、0.06％、0.07％、0.08％、0.09％、0.1％、0.2％、0.3％、0.4％、0.5％、0.6％、0.7％、0.8％、0.9％、1％、1.1％、1.2％、1.3％、1.4％、1.5％、1.6％、1.7％,1.8％、1.9％、2％、2.1％、2.2％、2.3％、2.4％、2.5％、2.6％、2.7％、2.8％、2.9％、3％、3.1％、3.2％、3.3％、3.4％、3.5％、3.6％、3.7％、3.8％、3.9％、4％、4.1％、4.2％、4.3％、4.4％、4.5％、4.6％、4.7％、4.8％、4.9％、5％、5.1％、5.2％、5.3％、5.4％、5.5％、5.6％、5.7％、5.8％、5.9％、6％、6.1％、6.2％、6.3％、6.4％、6.5％、6.6％、6.7％,6.8％、6.9％、7％、7.1％、7.2％、7.3％、7.4％、7.5％、7.6％、7.7％、7.8％、7.9％、8％、8.1％、8.2％、8.3％、8.4％、8.5％、8.6％、8.7％、8.8％、8.9％、9％、9.1％、9.2％、9.3％、9.4％、9.5％、9.6％、9.7％、9.8％、9.9％ or 10% along the surface of the composite particles 1.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are luminescent.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are fluorescent.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are phosphorescent.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are electrically induced.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are chemiluminescent.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are tribofluorescent.

According to one embodiment, the luminescence properties of the composite particles 1 may be affected by a change in external pressure. In the present embodiment, "influence" means that the light emission characteristics thereof can be changed by an external pressure change.

According to one embodiment, the wavelength of the luminescence peak of the composite particles 1 may be affected by a change in external pressure. In the present embodiment, "influence" means that the wavelength of its emission peak can be changed by an external pressure change.

According to one embodiment, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the luminescence spectrum of the composite particles 1 may be affected by a change in external pressure. In the present embodiment, "influence" means that the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of its light emission spectrum can be changed by an external pressure change.

According to one embodiment, the quantum efficiency (PLQY) of the photoexcitation light of the composite particles 1 can be influenced by a change in external pressure. In the present embodiment, "influence" means that the quantum efficiency (PLQY) of its photoexcitation light can be changed by external pressure change.

According to one embodiment, the luminescence properties of the composite particles 1 may be affected by changes in external temperature. In the present embodiment, "influence" means that the light emission characteristics thereof can be changed by an external temperature change.

According to one embodiment, the wavelength of the luminescence peak of the composite particles 1 may be affected by a change in the external temperature. In the present embodiment, "influence" means that the wavelength of its emission peak can be changed by an external temperature change.

According to one embodiment, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the luminescence spectrum of the composite particles 1 may be affected by changes in external temperature. In the present embodiment, "influence" means that the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of its light emission spectrum can be changed by an external temperature change.

According to one embodiment, the quantum efficiency (PLQY) of the photoexcitation light of the composite particles 1 can be influenced by a change in external temperature. In the present embodiment, "influence" means that the quantum efficiency (PLQY) of its photoexcitation light can be changed by an external temperature change.

According to one embodiment, the luminescence properties of the composite particles 1 may be affected by changes in the external acid base number (pH). In this embodiment, "influence" means that the light emission characteristics thereof can be changed by an external change in the acid-base value (pH).

According to one embodiment, the wavelength of the luminescence peak of the composite particles 1 may be affected by a change in the external acid-base number (pH). In this embodiment, "influence" means that the wavelength of its emission peak can be changed by an external change in the acid-base value (pH).

According to one embodiment, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the luminescence spectrum of the composite particles 1 may be affected by changes in the external acid-base number (pH). In this embodiment, "influence" means that the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of its light emission spectrum can be changed by an external change in the acid-base value (pH).

According to one embodiment, the quantum efficiency (PLQY) of the photoexcitation light of the composite particles 1 can be influenced by changes in the external pH. In this embodiment, "influence" means that the quantum efficiency (PLQY) of its photoexcitation light can be changed by an external change in the acid-base value (pH).

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 comprise at least one nanoparticle 3 whose wavelength of the emission peak can be influenced by external temperature variations; at least one nanoparticle 3 is included, wherein the wavelength emission peak is not or less affected by external temperature changes. In the present embodiment, "influence" means that the wavelength of the emission peak can be changed by an external temperature change, i.e., the wavelength of the emission peak can be reduced or increased. This embodiment is particularly advantageous in temperature sensor applications.

According to one embodiment, the luminescence spectrum of the composite particles 1 has at least one emission peak, wherein the emission peak has a luminescence peak wavelength of 400 nm to 50 μm.

According to one embodiment, the luminescence spectrum of the composite particle 1 has at least one emission peak, wherein the emission peak has a luminescence peak wavelength of 400 nm to 500 nm. In this embodiment, the composite particles 1 emit blue light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescence spectrum of the composite particle 1 has at least one emission peak, wherein the emission peak has a luminescence peak wavelength ranging from 500 nm to 560 nm, preferably ranging from 515 nm to 545 nm. In this embodiment, the composite particles 1 emit green light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescence spectrum of the composite particle 1 has at least one emission peak, wherein the emission peak has a luminescence peak wavelength ranging from 560 nm to 590 nm. In this embodiment, the composite particles 1 emit yellow light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescence spectrum of the composite particle 1 has at least one emission peak, wherein the emission peak has a luminescence peak wavelength ranging from 590 nm to 750 nm, preferably ranging from 610 nm to 650 nm. In this embodiment, the composite particles 1 emit red light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescence spectrum of the composite particles 1 has at least one emission peak, wherein the emission peak has a luminescence peak wavelength ranging from 750 nm to 50 μm. In the present embodiment, the composite particles 1 emit near infrared light, mid infrared light or far infrared light.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 emit secondary light of a different wavelength than the primary light.

According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is a light diffuser.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 may absorb incident light having a wavelength of less than 50 microns, 40 microns, 30 microns, 20 microns, 10 microns, 1 micron, 950 nanometers, 900 nanometers, 850 nanometers, 800 nanometers, 750 nanometers, 700 nanometers, 650 nanometers, 600 nanometers, 550 nanometers, 500 nanometers, 450 nanometers, 400 nanometers, 350 nanometers, 300 nanometers, 250 nanometers, or less than 200 nanometers.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are electrical insulators. In this embodiment, the property of the electrical insulator can avoid quenching the fluorescent properties of the fluorescent nanoparticles 3 coated with the inorganic material 2 due to electron conduction. In this embodiment, the composite particles 1 may exhibit the same characteristics as exhibited by the nanoparticles 3 encased within an electrical insulator material that is the same as the inorganic material 2.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are electrical conductors. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for application of the composite particles 1 in a photovoltaic or Light Emitting Diode (LED).

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a conductivity of 1X 10 ^-20 to 10 ⁷ S/m under standard conditions, preferably from 1X 10 ^-15 to 5S/m, more preferably from 1X 10 ^-7 to 1S/m.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a conductivity of at least 1×10^-20S/m、0.5×10^-19S/m、1×10^-19S/m、0.5×10^-18S/m、1×10^-18S/m、0.5×10^-17S/m、1×10^{- 17}S/m、0.5×10^-16S/m、1×10^-16S/m、0.5×10^-15S/m、1×10^-15S/m、0.5×10^-14S/m、1×10^-14S/m、0.5×10^-13S/m、1×10^-13S/m、0.5×10^-12S/m、1×10^-12S/m、0.5×10^-11S/m、1×10^-11S/m、0.5×10^-10S/m、1×10^-10S/m、0.5×10^-9S/m、1×10^-9S/m、0.5×10^-8S/m、1×10^-8S/m、0.5×10^-7S/m、1×10^-7S/m、0.5×10^-6S/m、1×10^-6S/m、0.5×10^-5S/m、1×10^-5S/m、0.5×10^-4S/m、1×10^-4S/m、0.5×10^-3S/m、1×10^-3S/m、0.5×10^-2S/m、1×10^-2S/m、0.5×10^-1S/m、1×10^-1S/m、0.5S/m、1S/m、1.5S/m、2S/m、2.5S/m、3S/m、3.5S/m、4S/m、4.5S/m、5S/m、5.5S/m、6S/m、6.5S/m、7S/m、7.5S/m、8S/m、8.5S/m、9S/m、9.5S/m、10S/m、50S/m、10²S/m、5×10²S/m、10³S/m、5×10³S/m、10⁴S/m、5×10⁴S/m、10⁵S/m、5×10⁵S/m、10⁶S/m、5×10⁶S/m or 10 ⁷ S/m under standard conditions.

According to one embodiment, the conductivity of the composite particles 1 may be measured, for example, by an impedance spectrometer.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are thermal insulators.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises a refractory material.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are thermal conductors. In the present embodiment, the composite particles 1 are capable of conducting away heat generated by the nanoparticles 3 coated with the inorganic material 2 or heat generated from the environment.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a thermal conductivity in the range of 0.1 to 450W/(m.k), preferably 1 to 200W/(m.k), more preferably 10 to 150W/(m.k) under standard conditions.

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the composite particles 1 under standard conditions is at least 0.1W/(m.K)、0.2W/(m.K)、0.3W/(m.K)、0.4W/(m.K)、0.5W/(m.K)、0.6W/(m.K)、0.7W/(m.K)、0.8W/(m.K)、0.9W/(m.K)、1W/(m.K)、1.1W/(m.K)、1.2W/(m.K)、1.3W/(m.K)、1.4W/(m.K)、1.5W/(m.K)、1.6W/(m.K)、1.7W/(m.K)、1.8W/(m.K)、1.9W/(m.K)、2W/(m.K)、2.1W/(m.K)、2.2W/(m.K)、2.3W/(m.K)、2.4W/(m.K)、2.5W/(m.K)、2.6W/(m.K)、2.7W/(m.K)、2.8W/(m.K)、2.9W/(m.K)、3W/(m.K)、3.1W/(m.K)、3.2W/(m.K)、3.3W/(m.K)、3.4W/(m.K)、3.5W/(m.K)、3.6W/(m.K)、3.7W/(m.K)、3.8W/(m.K)、3.9W/(m.K)、4W/(m.K)、4.1W/(m.K)、4.2W/(m.K)、4.3W/(m.K)、4.4W/(m.K)、4.5W/(m.K)、4.6W/(m.K)、4.7W/(m.K)、4.8W/(m.K)、4.9W/(m.K)、5W/(m.K)、5.1W/(m.K)、5.2W/(m.K)、5.3W/(m.K)、5.4W/(m.K)、5.5W/(m.K)、5.6W/(m.K)、5.7W/(m.K)、5.8W/(m.K)、5.9W/(m.K)、6W/(m.K)、6.1W/(m.K)、6.2W/(m.K)、6.3W/(m.K)、6.4W/(m.K)、6.5W/(m.K)、6.6W/(m.K)、6.7W/(m.K)、6.8W/(m.K)、6.9W/(m.K)、7W/(m.K)、7.1W/(m.K)、7.2W/(m.K)、7.3W/(m.K)、7.4W/(m.K)、7.5W/(m.K)、7.6W/(m.K)、7.7W/(m.K)、7.8W/(m.K)、7.9W/(m.K)、8W/(m.K)、8.1W/(m.K)、8.2W/(m.K)、8.3W/(m.K)、8.4W/(m.K)、8.5W/(m.K)、8.6W/(m.K)、8.7W/(m.K)、8.8W/(m.K)、8.9W/(m.K)、9W/(m.K)、9.1W/(m.K)、9.2W/(m.K)、9.3W/(m.K)、9.4W/(m.K)、9.5W/(m.K)、9.6W/(m.K)、9.7W/(m.K)、9.8W/(m.K)、9.9W/(m.K)、10W/(m.K)、10.1W/(m.K)、10.2W/(m.K)、10.3W/(m.K)、10.4W/(m.K)、10.5W/(m.K)、10.6W/(m.K)、10.7W/(m.K)、10.8W/(m.K)、10.9W/(m.K)、11W/(m.K)、11.1W/(m.K)、11.2W/(m.K)、11.3W/(m.K)、11.4W/(m.K)、11.5W/(m.K)、11.6W/(m.K)、11.7W/(m.K)、11.8W/(m.K)、11.9W/(m.K)、12W/(m.K)、12.1W/(m.K)、12.2W/(m.K)、12.3W/(m.K)、12.4W/(m.K)、12.5W/(m.K)、12.6W/(m.K)、12.7W/(m.K)、12.8W/(m.K)、12.9W/(m.K)、13W/(m.K)、13.1W/(m.K)、13.2W/(m.K)、13.3W/(m.K)、13.4W/(m.K)、13.5W/(m.K)、13.6W/(m.K)、13.7W/(m.K)、13.8W/(m.K)、13.9W/(m.K)、14W/(m.K)、14.1W/(m.K)、14.2W/(m.K)、14.3W/(m.K)、14.4W/(m.K)、14.5W/(m.K)、14.6W/(m.K)、14.7W/(m.K)、14.8W/(m.K)、14.9W/(m.K)、15W/(m.K)、15.1W/(m.K)、15.2W/(m.K)、15.3W/(m.K)、15.4W/(m.K)、15.5W/(m.K)、15.6W/(m.K)、15.7W/(m.K)、15.8W/(m.K)、15.9W/(m.K)、16W/(m.K)、16.1W/(m.K)、16.2W/(m.K)、16.3W/(m.K)、16.4W/(m.K)、16.5W/(m.K)、16.6W/(m.K)、16.7W/(m.K)、16.8W/(m.K)、16.9W/(m.K)、17W/(m.K)、17.1W/(m.K)、17.2W/(m.K)、17.3W/(m.K)、17.4W/(m.K)、17.5W/(m.K)、17.6W/(m.K)、17.7W/(m.K)、17.8W/(m.K)、17.9W/(m.K)、18W/(m.K)、18.1W/(m.K)、18.2W/(m.K)、18.3W/(m.K)、18.4W/(m.K)、18.5W/(m.K)、18.6W/(m.K)、18.7W/(m.K)、18.8W/(m.K)、18.9W/(m.K)、19W/(m.K)、19.1W/(m.K)、19.2W/(m.K)、19.3W/(m.K)、19.4W/(m.K)、19.5W/(m.K)、19.6W/(m.K)、19.7W/(m.K)、19.8W/(m.K)、19.9W/(m.K)、20W/(m.K)、20.1W/(m.K)、20.2W/(m.K)、20.3W/(m.K)、20.4W/(m.K)、20.5W/(m.K)、20.6W/(m.K)、20.7W/(m.K)、20.8W/(m.K)、20.9W/(m.K)、21W/(m.K)、21.1W/(m.K)、21.2W/(m.K)、21.3W/(m.K)、21.4W/(m.K)、21.5W/(m.K)、21.6W/(m.K)、21.7W/(m.K)、21.8W/(m.K)、21.9W/(m.K)、22W/(m.K)、22.1W/(m.K)、22.2W/(m.K)、22.3W/(m.K)、22.4W/(m.K)、22.5W/(m.K)、22.6W/(m.K)、22.7W/(m.K)、22.8W/(m.K)、22.9W/(m.K)、23W/(m.K)、23.1W/(m.K)、23.2W/(m.K)、23.3W/(m.K)、23.4W/(m.K)、23.5W/(m.K)、23.6W/(m.K)、23.7W/(m.K)、23.8W/(m.K)、23.9W/(m.K)、24W/(m.K)、24.1W/(m.K)、24.2W/(m.K)、24.3W/(m.K)、24.4W/(m.K)、24.5W/(m.K)、24.6W/(m.K)、24.7W/(m.K)、24.8W/(m.K)、24.9W/(m.K)、25W/(m.K)、30W/(m.K)、40W/(m.K)、50W/(m.K)、60W/(m.K)、70W/(m.K)、80W/(m.K)、90W/(m.K)、100W/(m.K)、110W/(m.K)、120W/(m.K)、130W/(m.K)、140W/(m.K)、150W/(m.K)、160W/(m.K)、170W/(m.K)、180W/(m.K)、190W/(m.K)、200W/(m.K)、210W/(m.K)、220W/(m.K)、230W/(m.K)、240W/(m.K)、250W/(m.K)、260W/(m.K)、270W/(m.K)、280W/(m.K)、290W/(m.K)、300W/(m.K)、310W/(m.K)、320W/(m.K)、330W/(m.K)、340W/(m.K)、350W/(m.K)、360W/(m.K)、370W/(m.K)、380W/(m.K)、390W/(m.K)、400W/(m.K)、410W/(m.K)、420W/(m.K)、430W/(m.K)、440W/(m.K) or 450W/(m.k).

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the composite particles 1 may be determined using, for example, steady state methods or transient methods.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are a localized high temperature heating system.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are hydrophobic.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are hydrophilic.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are homogeneously dispersible in an aqueous solvent, in an organic solvent, and/or in a mixture thereof.

According to one embodiment, the luminescence spectrum of the composite particles 1 has at least one peak with a half-width of less than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm or 10 nm.

According to one embodiment, the luminescence spectrum of the composite particles 1 has at least one peak, the half-width of which must be below 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm or 10 nm.

According to one embodiment, the luminescence spectrum of the composite particles 1 has at least one peak with a quarter peak with a bandwidth of less than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25nm, 20 nm, 15 nm or 10 nm.

According to one embodiment, the luminescence spectrum of the composite particles 1 has at least one peak, the bandwidth of which quarter peak has to be lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm or 10 nm.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQY) of at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%,55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 100%.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQY) drop of less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after at least 300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000、6000、7000、8000、9000、10000、11000、12000、13000、14000、15000、16000、17000、18000、19000、20000、21000、22000、23000、24000、25000、26000、27000、28000、29000、30000、31000、32000、33000,34000、35000、36000、37000、38000、39000、40000、41000、42000、43000、44000、45000、46000、47000,48000、49000 or 50000 hours of accumulation under light irradiation.

According to one embodiment, the light illumination is provided by a blue, green, red, or UV light source, such as a laser light, a light emitting diode, a fluorescent lamp, or a xenon arc lamp. According to one embodiment, the luminous flux or average peak pulse power of the illumination is between 1 μw.cm ^-2 and 100kw.cm ^-2, more preferably between 10mw.cm ^-2 and 100w.cm ^-2, even more preferably between 10mw.cm ^-2 and 30w.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the luminous flux or average peak pulse power of the illumination is at least 1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2-、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2,1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2 or 100kw.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the light illumination described is continuous illumination.

According to one embodiment, the light illumination described uses a pulsed light source. This embodiment is particularly advantageous as it allows time for the heat generated by the composite particles 1 and/or the charge generated from the nanoparticles 3 to be conducted and evacuated. Furthermore, because for some of the described nanoparticles 3 a longer lifetime is obtainable using pulsed light excitation. I.e. for some nanoparticles 3 the degradation under continuous light is faster than under pulsed light.

According to one embodiment, the light illumination described uses a pulsed light source. In this embodiment, if the material is continuously illuminated with light during which the light source or illuminated material is regularly or periodically removed (turned off), the light may be considered pulsed light. This embodiment is particularly advantageous because it allows time for heat and/or charge to be evacuated from the nanoparticle 3.

According to one embodiment, the pulsed light is turned off for a time (or non-illuminated time) of at least 1 microsecond, 2 microsecond, 3 microsecond, 4 microsecond, 5 microsecond, 6 microsecond, 7 microsecond, 8 microsecond, 9 microsecond, 10 microsecond, 11 microsecond, 12 microsecond, 13 microsecond, 14 microsecond, 15 microsecond, 16 microsecond, 17 microsecond, 18 microsecond, 19 microsecond, 20 microsecond, 21 microsecond, 22 microsecond, 23 microsecond, 24 microsecond, 25 microsecond, 26 microsecond, 27 microsecond, 28 microsecond, 29 microsecond, 30 microsecond, 31 microsecond, 32 microsecond, 33 microsecond, 34 microsecond, 35 microsecond, 36 microsecond, 37 microsecond, 38 microsecond, 39 microsecond, 40 microsecond, 41 microsecond, 42 microsecond, 43 microsecond, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1,2,3,4, 5,6, 7,8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 31, 32, 33, 34, 48, 43 or 48, 41, 44, or 48, respectively.

According to one embodiment, the time (or irradiation time) for each turn-on of the pulsed light is at least 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 0.6 nm, 0.7 nm, 0.8 nm, 0.9 nm, 1 nm, 2,3,4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, and the like. 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1,2,3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 microseconds, 45 microseconds, 46 microseconds, 47 microseconds, 48 microseconds, 49 microseconds, or 50 microseconds.

According to one embodiment, the pulse light has an irradiation cycle frequency of at least 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1, 2, 3,4 kilohertz, 5 kilohertz, 6 kilohertz, 7 kilohertz, 8 kilohertz, 9 kilohertz, 10 kilohertz, 11 kilohertz, 12 kilohertz, 13 kilohertz, 14 kilohertz, 15 kilohertz, 16 kilohertz, 17 kilohertz, 18 kilohertz, 19 kilohertz, 20 kilohertz, 21 kilohertz, 22 kilohertz, 23 kilohertz, 24 kilohertz, 25 kilohertz, 26 kilohertz, 27 kilohertz, 28 kilohertz, 29 kilohertz, 30 kilohertz, 31 kilohertz, 32 kilohertz, 33 kilohertz, 34 kilohertz, 35 kilohertz, 36 kilohertz, 37 kilohertz, 38 kilohertz, 39 kilohertz, 40 kilohertz, 41 kilohertz, 42 kilohertz, 43 kilohertz, 44 kilohertz, 45 kilohertz, 46 kilohertz, 47 kilohertz, 48 kilohertz, 49 kilohertz, 50 kilohertz, 100 kilohertz, 150 kilohertz, 200 kilohertz, 250 kilohertz, 300 kilohertz, 350 kilohertz, 400 kilohertz, 450 kilohertz, 500 kilohertz, 550 kilohertz, 600 kilohertz, 650 kilohertz, 700 kilohertz 750 khz, 800 khz, 850 khz, 900 khz, 950 khz, 1 mhz, 2 mhz, 3 mhz, 4 mhz, 5 mhz, 6 mhz, 7 mhz, 8 mhz, 9 mhz, 10 mhz, 11 mhz, 12 mhz, 13 mhz, 14 mhz, 15 mhz, 16 mhz, 17 mhz, 18 mhz, 19 mhz, 20 mhz, 21 mhz, 22 mhz, 23 mhz, 24 mhz, 25 mhz, 26 mhz, 27 mhz, 28 mhz, 29 mhz, 30 mhz, 31 mhz, 32 mhz, 33 mhz, 34 mhz, 35 mhz, 36 mhz, 37 mhz, 38 mhz, 39 mhz, 40 mhz, 41 mhz, 42 mhz, 43 mhz, 44 mhz, 45 mhz, 46 mhz, 47 mhz, 48 mhz, 49 mhz, 50 mhz or 100 mhz.

According to one embodiment, the light irradiated on the composite particles 1, the nanoparticles 3 and/or the luminescent material 7 has a light spot area of at least 10 square micrometers, 20 square micrometers, 30 square micrometers, 40 square micrometers, 50 square micrometers, 60 square micrometers, 70 square micrometers, 80 square micrometers, 90 square micrometers, 100 square micrometers, 200 square micrometers, 300 square micrometers, 400 square micrometers, 500 square micrometers, 600 square micrometers, 700 square micrometers, 800 square micrometers, 900 square micrometers, 10 ³ square micrometers, 10 ⁴ square micrometers, 10 ⁵ square micrometers, 1 square millimeters, 10 square millimeters, 20 square millimeters, 30 square millimeters, 40 square millimeters, 50 square millimeters, 60 square millimeters, 70 square millimeters, 80 square millimeters, 90 square millimeters, 100 square millimeters, 200 square millimeters, 300 square millimeters, 400 square millimeters, 500 square millimeters, 600 square millimeters, 700 square millimeters, 800 square millimeters, 900 square millimeters, 10 ³ square millimeters, 10 ⁴ square millimeters, 10 ⁵ square millimeters, 1 meter, 10 square millimeters, 20 square millimeters, 30 square millimeters, 40 square millimeters, 60 square millimeters, 80 square millimeters, or 100 square millimeters.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1, nanoparticles 3 and/or luminescent material 7 may reach a range of luminescent saturation when the peak pulse power of the pulsed light reaches at least 1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2-、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2,400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、100kW.cm^-2、200kW.cm^-2、300kW.cm^-2、400kW.cm^-2、500kW.cm^-2、600kW.cm^-2、700kW·cm^-2、800kW.cm^-2、900kW.cm^-2 or 1mw.cm ^-2 when excited by the pulsed light.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1, nanoparticles 3 and/or luminescent material 7 may reach a range of luminescent saturation when they are excited by continuous light, when their power reaches at least 1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2-、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2,400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2 or 1kw.cm ^-2.

When the particle cannot emit more photons under the excitation of higher luminous flux, the particle reaches the light emission saturation. In other words, a higher luminous flux does not result in the particle being able to emit a higher number of photons.

According to one embodiment, the FCE (frequency conversion efficiency) of the light-excited composite particles 1, nanoparticles 3 and/or luminescent material 7 is at least 1％、2％、3％、4％、5％、6％、7％、8％、9％、10％、15％、16％、17％、18％、18％、19％、20％、21％、22％、23％、24％、25％、30％,35％、40％、45％、50％、55％、60％、65％、70％、75％、80％、85％、90％、95％ or 100%. In this embodiment, FCE is measured using 480 nm light.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are irradiated with light, wherein the average luminous flux or the average peak pulse power of the irradiated light is at least 1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2,5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W·cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2 or 100kw.cm ^-2 and the photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PQLY) of the composite particles 1 decreases by less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after an irradiation time of at least 300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000、6000、7000、8000、9000、10000、11000、12000、13000、14000、15000、16000、17000、18000、19000、20000、21000、22000、23000、24000、25000、26000、27000、28000、29000、30000、31000、32000、33000、34000、35000、36000、37000、38000、39000、40000、41000、42000、43000、44000、45000、46000、47000、48000、49000 or 50000 hours.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are irradiated with light, wherein the average luminous flux or the average peak pulse power of the irradiated light is at least 1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2,5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W·cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2 or 100kw.cm ^-2 and the FCE of the composite particles 1 decreases by less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after an irradiation time of at least 300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000、6000、7000、8000、9000、10000、11000、12000、13000、14000、15000、16000、17000、18000、19000、20000、21000、22000、23000、24000、25000、26000、27000、28000、29000、30000、31000、32000、33000、34000、35000、36000、37000、38000、39000、40000、41000、42000、43000、44000、45000、46000、47000、48000、49000 or 50000 hours.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have an average fluorescence lifetime (fluorescence lifetime) of at least 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 0.6 nm, 0.7 nm, 0.8 nm, 0.9 nm, 1 nm, 2nm, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950 or 1 microsecond.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are irradiated with light, wherein the average luminous flux or the average peak pulse power of the irradiated light is at least 1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2,5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W·cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2 or 100kw.cm ^-2 and the photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PQLY) of the composite particles 1 decreases by less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after an irradiation time of at least 300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000、6000、7000、8000、9000、10000、11000、12000、13000、14000、15000、16000、17000、18000、19000、20000、21000、22000、23000、24000、25000、26000、27000、28000、29000、30000、31000、32000、33000、34000、35000、36000、37000、38000、39000、40000、41000、42000、43000、44000、45000、46000、47000、48000、49000 or 50000 hours. In the present embodiment, the preferred type of composite particles 1 are quantum dots, semiconductor nanoparticles, semiconductor nanocrystals or semiconductor nanoplatelets.

In a preferred embodiment, the composite particles 1 are irradiated with light, wherein the average luminous flux or average peak pulse power of the irradiated light is at least 1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2,5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W·cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2 or 100kw.cm ^-2, and the photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PQLY) of the composite particles 1 decreases by less than 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after an irradiation time of at least 300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000、6000、7000、8000、9000、10000、11000、12000、13000、14000、15000、16000、17000、18000、19000、20000、21000、22000、23000、24000、25000、26000、27000、28000、29000、30000、31000、32000、33000、34000、35000、36000、37000、38000、39000、40000、41000、42000、43000、44000、45000、46000、47000、48000、49000 or 50000 hours.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are irradiated with light, wherein the average luminous flux or the average peak pulse power of the irradiated light is at least 1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2,5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W·cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2 or 100kw.cm ^-2 and the FCE of the composite particles 1 decreases by less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after an irradiation time of at least 300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000、6000、7000、8000、9000、10000、11000、12000、13000、14000、15000、16000、17000、18000、19000、20000、21000、22000、23000、24000、25000、26000、27000、28000、29000、30000、31000、32000、33000、34000、35000、36000、37000、38000、39000、40000、41000、42000、43000、44000、45000、46000、47000、48000、49000 or 50000 hours. In the present embodiment, the preferred type of composite particles 1 are quantum dots, semiconductor nanoparticles, semiconductor nanocrystals or semiconductor nanoplatelets.

In a preferred embodiment, the composite particles 1 are irradiated with light, wherein the average luminous flux or average peak pulse power of the irradiated light is at least 1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2,5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W·cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2 or 100kw.cm ^-2 and the FCE of the composite particles 1 decreases by less than 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after an irradiation time of at least 300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000、6000、7000、8000、9000、10000、11000、12000、13000、14000、15000、16000、17000、18000、19000、20000、21000、22000、23000、24000、25000、26000、27000、28000、29000、30000、31000、32000、33000、34000、35000、36000、37000、38000、39000、40000、41000、42000、43000、44000、45000、46000、47000、48000、49000 or 50000 hours.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are surfactant free. In this embodiment, the surface of the composite particles 1 can be easily modified or functionalized, since the surface is not blocked by any surfactant molecules.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are not surfactant-free.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are amorphous.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are crystals.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are fully crystalline.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are partially crystalline.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are single crystals.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are polycrystalline. In the present embodiment, the composite particles 1 include at least one grain boundary.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are colloidal particles.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 do not comprise spherical porous beads, preferably the composite particles 1 do not comprise centrally spherical porous beads.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 do not comprise spherical porous beads, characterized in that the nanoparticles 3 may be linked to the surface of the spherical porous beads.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 do not comprise beads and nanoparticles 3 having opposite electronic charges.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are porous.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are considered to be porous when the composite particles 1 have an adsorption capacity exceeding 20cm ³/g、15cm³/g、10cm³/g、5cm³/g, measured by the Bruno-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory for nitrogen adsorption-separation, at 650 mmHg or more preferably at 700 mmHg.

According to one embodiment, the porosity of the composite particles 1 may be hexagonal, vermicular or cubic.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have an organized pore size of at least 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18 nm, 19 nm, 20 nm, 21 nm, 22 nm, 23 nm, 24 nm, 25 nm, 26 nm, 27 nm, 28 nm, 29 nm, 30 nm, 31 nm, 32nm, 33 nm, 34 nm, 35 nm, 36 nm, 37 nm, 38 nm, 39 nm, 40 nm, 41 nm, 42 nm, 43 nm, 44 nm, 45 nm, 46 nm, 47 nm, 48 nm, 49 or 50 nm.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are non-porous.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are considered non-porous when the composite particles 1 have an adsorption capacity of less than 20cm ³/g、15cm³/g、10cm³/g、5cm³/g, as determined by the adsorption-separation of nitrogen measured by the Bruno-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory, at 650 mmHg or more preferably at 700 mmHg.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 do not comprise pores or cavities.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are permeable.

According to one embodiment, the permeable composite particles 1 have an inherent permeability to fluids higher than or equal to 10^-11cm²、10^-10cm²、10^-9cm²、10^-8cm²、10^-7cm²、10^-6cm²、10^-5cm²、10^-4cm² or 10 ^-3cm².

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are impermeable to various molecules, gases or liquids outside. In the present embodiment, the external various molecules, gases or liquids refer to various molecules, gases or liquids outside the composite particles 1.

According to one embodiment, the impermeable composite particles 1 have an inherent permeability to fluids of less than or equal to 10 ^-11cm²、10^-12cm²、10^-13cm²、10^-14cm² or 10 ^-15cm².

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have an oxygen permeability ranging from 10 ^-7 to 10cm ³.m^{- 2}.day^-1, preferably from 10 ^-7 to 1cm ³.m^-2.day^-1, more preferably from 10 ^-7 to 10 ^-1cm³.m^-2.day^-1, even more preferably from 10 ^-7 to 10- ⁴cm³.m^-2.day^-1, at room temperature.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a permeability to water vapor at room temperature ranging from 10 ^-7 to 10 ^-2g.day^-1, preferably from 10 ^-7 to 1g.m ^-2.day^-1, more preferably from 10 ^-7 to 10 ^-1 g g.m ^-2.day^-1, even more preferably from 10 ^-7 to 10 ^-4g.m^-2.day^-1. Typically a water vapor transmission rate of 10 ^-6g.m^-2.day^{-1 A kind of electronic device} is suitable for use in Light Emitting Diode (LED) applications.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles exhibit less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degradation to their primary properties after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2, 3, 4,5,6,7, 8, 5, 3, 2, 5, 3, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years of degradation.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a shelf life of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300% degradation of their primary properties at a temperature of at least 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 exhibit less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degradation of their primary properties at a humidity of at least 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degradation of their primary properties at a temperature of at least 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% at a temperature of at least 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300 ℃.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are at least 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% wet, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degradation occurs to its primary characteristics.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are produced at a temperature of at least 0 ℃, 10 ℃,20 ℃,30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃,200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degradation occurs to its primary characteristics.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are at a temperature of at least 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300%, and a humidity of at least 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%, and less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degradation of a primary property thereof occurs after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are formed at an ambient oxygen concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% or less, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degradation occurs to its primary characteristics.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are formed at an ambient oxygen concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 10% 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% or less and at a temperature of at least 0 ℃, 10 ℃,20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degradation occurs to its primary characteristics.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are at an ambient oxygen concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 10% for 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% or less and at a humidity of at least 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degradation occurs to its primary characteristics.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are at an ambient oxygen concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 10% 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% or less, and at a temperature of at least 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300%, and at a humidity of at least 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degradation occurs to its primary characteristics.

According to one embodiment, the specific characteristics of the composite particles 1 include one or more of the following characteristics: fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are formed after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescent properties is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

Photoluminescence refers to fluorescence and/or phosphorescence.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are produced at a temperature of 0 ℃,10 ℃,20 ℃,30 ℃, 40 ℃,50 ℃,60 ℃, 70 ℃, DEG C, 80 ℃, 90 ℃,100 ℃, 125 ℃,150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃, the degradation of the photoluminescent characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a degradation of their photoluminescent properties of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a degradation of their photoluminescent properties of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a temperature of 0 ℃, 10 ℃, 20 ℃, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, at a temperature of 0 ℃, 50 ℃, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, c, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100%, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃ and at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, and a deterioration of the photoluminescent characteristics of the composition is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are produced at a temperature of 0 ℃,10 ℃,20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃,50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, DEG C, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃,200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃, and a deterioration of the photoluminescent characteristics of the composition is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are at a temperature of 0 ℃,10 ℃,20 ℃,30 ℃, 40 ℃,50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, DEG C, 80 ℃, 90 ℃,100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃, or 300 ℃ and at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%, and a deterioration of the photoluminescent characteristics of the composition is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are at an oxygen molecule concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, and a deterioration of the photoluminescent characteristics of the composition is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are at an oxygen molecular concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, at a temperature of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, DEG C, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300 ℃, and a deterioration of the photoluminescent characteristics of the composition is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are at an oxygen molecule concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, and a deterioration of the photoluminescent characteristics of the composition is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are at a concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% oxygen molecules, at a temperature of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, DEG C, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300 ℃, at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, and a deterioration of the photoluminescent characteristics of the composition is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are formed after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) that degrades by less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a temperature of 0 ℃, 10 ℃, 20 ℃, 40%, 50%, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, c, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a degradation of their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a temperature of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, at a temperature of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70 ℃, c, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300 ℃ and at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, and after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are produced at a temperature of 0 ℃, 10 ℃, 20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, DEG C, 80 ℃,90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃, and after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are at a temperature of 0 ℃,10 ℃,20 ℃,30 ℃, 40 ℃,50 ℃,60 ℃,70 ℃, DEG C, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃, or 300 ℃ and at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%, and after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are at an oxygen molecule concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, and after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are at an oxygen molecular concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, at a temperature of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, DEG C, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300 ℃, and after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is degraded at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at a time of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9, or a Q5%, 20%, 3%, 5%, 3 years, 5% or a quantum yield after 20%, 10%, 5%, 50%, 40%, 20%, 3% of the quantum of the light is degraded (20%, 3%, 5% or 10% or 100%).

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are at a concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% oxygen molecules, at a temperature of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, DEG C, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300 ℃, at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, and after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 has a FCE degradation of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1.5, 7%, 5%, 3.5, 4%, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5, 4 years, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6 years, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 has a degradation of FCE of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a temperature of 0 ℃,10 ℃, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70 ℃, c, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100%, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃.

According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 has a degradation of FCE of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity.

According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 has a FCE degradation of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a temperature of 0 ℃, 10 ℃, 20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃, or 300 ℃ and at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%,75%,80%,85%,90%, 95% or 99%, and the FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degraded after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are produced at a temperature of 0 ℃,10 ℃,20 ℃,30 ℃, 40 ℃,50 ℃,60 ℃,70 ℃, DEG C, 80 ℃, 90 ℃,100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃, and the FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degraded after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are at a temperature of 0 ℃,10 ℃,20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, DEG C, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃, or 300 ℃ and at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%, and the FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degraded after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are at an oxygen molecule concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, and the FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degraded after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are at an oxygen molecular concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, at a temperature of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, DEG C, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300 ℃, and the FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degraded after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are at an oxygen molecule concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, and the FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degraded after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are at a concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% oxygen molecules, at a temperature of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, DEG C, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300 ℃, at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, and the FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degraded after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are optically transparent, i.e. the composite particles 1 are transparent at wavelengths between 200nm and 50 μm, 200nm and 10 μm, 200nm and 2500nm, 200nm and 2000nm, 200nm and 1500nm, 200nm and 1000nm, 200nm and 800nm, 400nm and 700nm, 400nm and 60 nm or 400nm and 470 nm.

According to one embodiment, each nanoparticle 3 is completely surrounded by the inorganic material 2 or encapsulated in the inorganic material 2.

According to one embodiment, each nanoparticle 3 is partially surrounded by the inorganic material 2 or encapsulated in the inorganic material 2.

According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 1% or 0% of the nanoparticles 3 on its surface.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 do not comprise nanoparticles 3 on their surface. In this embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are completely surrounded by the inorganic material 2.

According to one embodiment, at least 100%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5% or 1% of the nanoparticles 3 are contained in the inorganic material 2. In this embodiment, each of the nanoparticles 3 is completely surrounded by the inorganic material 2.

According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least one nanoparticle 3 located on the surface of said composite particle 1. This embodiment is advantageous in that at least one nanoparticle 3 will be better excited by the incident light than if said nanoparticle 3 were dispersed in the inorganic material 2.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 comprise nanoparticles 3 dispersed in the inorganic material 2, i.e. they are completely surrounded by said inorganic material 2; and at least one nanoparticle 3 is located on the surface of the luminescent particle 1.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 comprise nanoparticles 3 dispersed in an inorganic material 2, characterized in that the nanoparticles 3 emit a wavelength in the range of 500 to 560 nm; and at least one nanoparticle 3 is located on the surface of the composite particle 1, wherein the at least one nanoparticle 3 emits a wavelength in the range of 600 to 2500 nm.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 comprise nanoparticles 3 dispersed in an inorganic material 2, characterized in that said nanoparticles 3 emit in the wavelength range from 600 to 2500nm; and at least one nanoparticle 3 is located on the surface of the composite particle 1, wherein the at least one nanoparticle 3 emits a wavelength in the range of 500 to 560 nm.

According to one embodiment, at least one nanoparticle 3 located on the surface of the composite particle 1 may be chemically or physically adsorbed on the surface.

According to one embodiment, at least one nanoparticle 3 located on the surface of the composite particle 1 may be adsorbed on the surface.

According to one embodiment, at least one nanoparticle 3 located on the surface of the composite particle 1 may be adsorbed by cement on the surface.

According to one embodiment, examples of cements include, but are not limited to: a polymer, a silicone, an oxide, or a mixture thereof.

According to one embodiment, at least one nanoparticle 3 located on the surface of the composite particle 1 may have at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of its volume enclosed into the inorganic material 2.

According to one embodiment, the plurality of nanoparticles 3 are uniformly spaced apart on the surface of the composite particle 1.

According to one embodiment, each nanoparticle 3 of the plurality of nanoparticles 3 is spaced from its neighboring nanoparticle 3 by an average minimum distance, which is described above.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are homogeneous.

According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is not a core/shell structure, wherein the core does not comprise the nanoparticle 3 and the shell comprises the nanoparticle 3.

According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is a heterostructure comprising one core 11 and at least one shell 12.

According to one embodiment, the shell 12 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises an inorganic material 21. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 21 is the same as or different from the inorganic material 2 contained in the core 11 of the core/shell-obtained particle 1.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises the nanoparticle 3 described herein, whereas the shell 12 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 does not comprise the nanoparticle 3.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises the nanoparticle 3 described herein, while the shell 12 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises the nanoparticle 3.

According to one embodiment, the core/shell particles 1 obtained are such that the nanoparticles 3 contained in the core 11 are identical to the nanoparticles 3 contained in the shell 12.

According to one embodiment, as shown in fig. 12, the core/shell particles 1 are obtained in which the nanoparticles 3 contained in the core 11 are different from the nanoparticles 3 contained in the shell 12. In this example, the resulting core/shell particles 1 will exhibit different properties.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle and the shell 12 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one nanoparticle 3 selected from the group consisting of: magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, thermoelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

In a preferred embodiment, the core 11 and the shell 12 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprise at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein the luminescent nanoparticles have different emission wavelengths. This means that the core 11 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle and the shell 12 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle, said luminescent nanoparticles having different emission wavelengths.

In a preferred embodiment, the core 11 of the core/shell particle 1 and the shell 12 of the core/shell particle 1 comprise at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits a wavelength in the range of 500-560nm and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits a wavelength in the range of 600-2500 nm. In the present embodiment, the core 11 of the core/shell particle 1 and the shell 12 of the core/shell particle 1 comprise at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle in the red region of the visible spectrum, so that the pairing of the obtained core/shell particle 1 with a blue LED will become a white emitter.

In a preferred embodiment, the core 11 of the core/shell particle 1 and the shell 12 of the core/shell particle 1 comprise at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits a wavelength in the range of 400-490nm and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits a wavelength in the range of 600-2500 nm. In the present embodiment, the core 11 of the core/shell particle 1 and the shell 12 of the core/shell particle 1 comprise at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the blue region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum, whereby the obtained core/shell particle 1 is a white luminophore.

In one embodiment, the core 11 of the core/shell particle 1 and the shell 12 of the core/shell particle 1 comprise at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits a wavelength in the range of 400-490nm 500-560nm and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits a wavelength in the range of 500-560 nm. In the present embodiment, the core 11 of the core/shell particle 1 and the shell 12 of the core/shell particle 1 comprise at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle in the red region of the visible spectrum.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one magnetic nanoparticle and the shell 12 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of: luminescent nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, thermoelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one plasmonic nanoparticle and the shell 12 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group of: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, thermoelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one dielectric nanoparticle and the shell 12 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group of: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, thermoelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one piezoelectric nanoparticle, and the shell 12 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group of: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, thermoelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one thermoelectric nanoparticle and the shell 12 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one ferroelectric nanoparticle and the shell 12 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, thermoelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one light scattering nanoparticle, and the shell 12 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, thermoelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one electrically insulating nanoparticle, and the shell 12 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, thermoelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one thermally insulating nanoparticle, and the shell 12 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, thermoelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one catalytic nanoparticle and the shell 12 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, thermoelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, or thermally insulating nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the shell 12 of the composite particle 1 is at least 0.1nm、0.2nm、0.3nm、0.4nm、0.5nm、1nm、1.5nm、2nm、2.5nm、3nm、3.5nm、4nm、4.5nm、5nm、5.5nm、6nm、6.5nm、7nm、7.5nm、8nm、8.5nm、9nm、9.5nm、10nm、10.5nm、11nm、11.5nm、12nm、12.5nm、13nm、13.5nm、14nm、14.5nm、15nm、15.5nm、16nm、16.5nm、17nm、17.5nm、18nm、18.5nm、19nm、19.5nm、20nm、30nm、40nm、50nm、60nm、70nm、80nm、100nm、110nm、120nm、130nm、140nm、150nm、160nm、170nm、180nm、190nm、200nm、210nm、220nm、230nm、240nm、250nm、260nm、270nm、280nm、290nm、300nm、350nm、400nm、450nm、500nm、550nm、600nm、650nm、700nm、750nm、800nm、850nm、900nm、950nm、1μm、1.5μm、2.5μm、3μm、3.5μm、4μm、4.5μm、5μm、5.5μm、6μm、6.5μm、7μm、7.5μm、8μm、8.5μm、9μm、9.5μm、10μm、10.5μm、11μm、11.5μm、12μm、12.5μm、13μm、13.5μm、14μm、14.5μm、15μm、15.5μm、16μm、16.5μm、17μm、17.5μm、18μm、18.5μm、19μm、19.5μm、20μm、20.5μm、21μm、21.5μm、22μm、22.5μm、23μm、23.5μm、24μm、24.5μm、25μm、25.5μm、26μm、26.5μm、27μm、27.5μm、28μm、28.5μm、29μm、29.5μm、30μm、30.5μm、31μm、31.5μm、32μm、32.5μm、33μm、33.5μm、34μm、34.5μm、35μm、35.5μm、36μm、36.5μm、37μm、37.5μm、38μm、38.5μm、39μm、39.5μm、40μm、40.5μm、41μm、41.5μm、42μm、42.5μm、43μm、43.5μm、44μm、44.5μm、45μm、45.5μm、46μm、46.5μm、47μm、47.5μm、48μm、48.5μm、49μm、49.5μm、50μm、50.5μm、51μm、51.5μm、52μm、52.5μm、53μm、53.5μm、54μm、54.5μm、55μm、55.5μm、56μm、56.5μm、57μm、57.5μm、58μm、58.5μm、59μm、59.5μm、60μm、60.5μm、61μm、61.5μm、62μm、62.5μm、63μm、63.5μm、64μm、64.5μm、65μm、65.5μm、66μm、66.5μm、67μm、67.5μm、68μm、68.5μm、69μm、69.5μm、70μm、70.5μm、71μm、71.5μm、72μm、72.5μm、73μm、73.5μm、74μm、74.5μm、75μm、75.5μm、76μm、76.5μm、77μm、77.5μm、78μm、78.5μm、79μm、79.5μm、80μm、80.5μm、81μm、81.5μm、82μm、82.5μm、83μm、83.5μm、84μm、84.5μm、85μm、85.5μm、86μm、86.5μm、87μm、87.5μm、88μm、88.5μm、89μm、89.5μm、90μm、90.5μm、91μm、91.5μm、92μm、92.5μm、93μm、93.5μm、94μm、94.5μm、95μm、95.5μm、96μm、96.5μm、97μm、97.5μm、98μm、98.5μm、99μm、99.5μm、100μm、200μm、250μm、300μm、350μm、400μm、450μm、500μm、550μm、600μm、650μm、700μm、750μm、800μm、850μm、900μm、950μm、 or 1mm.

According to one embodiment, the shell 12 of the composite particle 1 has a uniform thickness over the whole core 11, i.e. the shell 12 of the composite particle 1 has the same thickness over the whole core 11.

According to one embodiment, the shell 12 of the composite particle 1 has a uniform thickness over the whole core 11, i.e. the shell 12 of the composite particle 1 has the same thickness over the whole core 11, i.e. the thickness varies along the core 11.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are not core/shell particles, wherein the core is an aggregate of metal particles and the shell comprises the inorganic material 2.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are core/shell particles, wherein the core is filled with a solvent and the shell comprises nanoparticles 3 dispersed in the inorganic material 2, i.e. the composite particles 1 are hollow beads with a solvent filled core.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 may be functionalized. The functionalized composite particles 1 may be dispersed in a medium for further use.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 of the present invention may be functionalized with specific bridging functionalities including, but not limited to: antigens, steroids, vitamins, drugs, haptens, metabolites, toxins, environmental pollutants, amino acids, peptides, proteins, antibodies, polysaccharides, nucleotides, nucleosides, oligonucleotides, psoralens, hormones, nucleic acids, nucleic acid polymers, carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipids, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, liposomes, lipophilic polymers, synthetic polymers, polymeric particles, biological cells, viruses, and combinations thereof. Preferred peptides include, but are not limited to: neuropeptides, cytokines, toxins, protease substrates, and protein kinase substrates. Preferred protein conjugates include enzymes, antibodies, lectins, glycoproteins, histones, albumin, lipoproteins, avidin, streptavidin a, protein G, phycobiliproteins and other fluorescent proteins, hormones, toxins and growth factors. Preferred nucleic acid polymers are single or multiple stranded, natural or synthetic DNA or RNA oligonucleotides or DNA/RNA hybrids or incorporate unusual bridging entities such as morpholine-derived phosphides or units such as N-peptide nucleic acids (2-aminoethyl) glycine, wherein the nucleic acids comprise less than 50 nucleotides, more typically less than 25 nucleotides. The functionalization of the composite particles 1 of the present invention can be prepared using techniques known in the art.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is physically and chemically stable under different conditions. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is strong enough to withstand the conditions to which the composite particles 1 will be subjected.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 remains physically and chemically stable after at least 1, 5 days, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 9 years, 5.5 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years at a temperature of 0 ℃,10 ℃,20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃,200 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is strong enough to withstand the conditions to which the composite particles 1 will be subjected.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 remains physically and chemically stable at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% and after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, or 10 years. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is strong enough to withstand the conditions to which the composite particles 1 will be subjected.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 remains physically and chemically stable at an ambient oxygen concentration of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% and after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is strong enough to withstand the conditions to which the composite particles 1 will be subjected.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is physically stable after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years of humidity at a temperature of 0 ℃, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% and a temperature of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 5, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7, 7.5 years, 8, 8.5 years, 9, 9.5 years, or 10 years. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is strong enough to withstand the conditions to which the composite particles 1 will be subjected.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 remains physically and chemically stable at an ambient oxygen concentration of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% and at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9, 9.5 years or 10 years. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is strong enough to withstand the conditions to which the composite particles 1 will be subjected.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is physically stable at an ambient oxygen concentration of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%, and at a temperature of 0 ℃,10 ℃,20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃, 90 ℃,100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃, or 300 ℃ and over at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is strong enough to withstand the conditions to which the composite particles 1 will be subjected.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is stable under acidic conditions, i.e. under conditions with a pH of less than or equal to 7. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is strong enough to withstand acidic conditions, i.e. the properties of the composite particles 1 are preserved under such conditions.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is stable under alkaline conditions, i.e. at a pH above 7. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is strong enough to withstand alkaline conditions, i.e. the properties of the composite particles 1 are preserved under such conditions.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 acts as a barrier to avoid oxidation of the nanoparticles 3.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is thermally conductive.

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the inorganic material 2 under standard conditions ranges from 0.1 to 450W/(m.k), preferably from 1 to 200W/(m.k), more preferably between 10 and 150W/(m.k).

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the inorganic material 2 under standard conditions is at least 0.1W/(m.K)、0.2W/(m.K)、0.3W/(m.K)、0.4W/(m.K)、0.5W/(m.K)、0.6W/(m.K)、0.7W/(m.K)、0.8W/(m.K)、0.9W/(m.K)、1W/(m.K)、1.1W/(m.K)、1.2W/(m.K)、1.3W/(m.K)、1.4W/(m.K)、1.5W/(m.K)、1.6W/(m.K)、1.7W/(m.K)、1.8W/(m.K)、1.9W/(m.K)、2W/(m.K)、2.1W/(m.K)、2.2W/(m.K)、2.3W/(m.K)、2.4W/(m.K)、2.5W/(m.K)、2.6W/(m.K)、2.7W/(m.K)、2.8W/(m.K)、2.9W/(m.K)、3W/(m.K)、3.1W/(m.K)、3.2W/(m.K)、3.3W/(m.K)、3.4W/(m.K)、3.5W/(m.K)、3.6W/(m.K)、3.7W/(m.K)、3.8W/(m.K)、3.9W/(m.K)、4W/(m.K)、4.1W/(m.K)、4.2W/(m.K)、4.3W/(m.K)、4.4W/(m.K)、4.5W/(m.K)、4.6W/(m.K)、4.7W/(m.K)、4.8W/(m.K)、4.9W/(m.K)、5W/(m.K)、5.1W/(m.K)、5.2W/(m.K)、5.3W/(m.K)、5.4W/(m.K)、5.5W/(m.K)、5.6W/(m.K)、5.7W/(m.K)、5.8W/(m.K)、5.9W/(m.K)、6W/(m.K)、6.1W/(m.K)、6.2W/(m.K)、6.3W/(m.K)、6.4W/(m.K)、6.5W/(m.K)、6.6W/(m.K)、6.7W/(m.K)、6.8W/(m.K)、6.9W/(m.K)、7W/(m.K)、7.1W/(m.K)、7.2W/(m.K)、7.3W/(m.K)、7.4W/(m.K)、7.5W/(m.K)、7.6W/(m.K)、7.7W/(m.K)、7.8W/(m.K)、7.9W/(m.K)、8W/(m.K)、8.1W/(m.K)、8.2W/(m.K)、8.3W/(m.K)、8.4W/(m.K)、8.5W/(m.K)、8.6W/(m.K)、8.7W/(m.K)、8.8W/(m.K)、8.9W/(m.K)、9W/(m.K)、9.1W/(m.K)、9.2W/(m.K)、9.3W/(m.K)、9.4W/(m.K)、9.5W/(m.K)、9.6W/(m.K)、9.7W/(m.K)、9.8W/(m.K)、9.9W/(m.K)、10W/(m.K)、10.1W/(m.K)、10.2W/(m.K)、10.3W/(m.K)、10.4W/(m.K)、10.5W/(m.K)、10.6W/(m.K)、10.7W/(m.K)、10.8W/(m.K)、10.9W/(m.K)、11W/(m.K)、11.1W/(m.K)、11.2W/(m.K)、11.3W/(m.K)、11.4W/(m.K)、11.5W/(m.K)、11.6W/(m.K)、11.7W/(m.K)、11.8W/(m.K)、11.9W/(m.K)、12W/(m.K)、12.1W/(m.K)、12.2W/(m.K)、12.3W/(m.K)、12.4W/(m.K)、12.5W/(m.K)、12.6W/(m.K)、12.7W/(m.K)、12.8W/(m.K)、12.9W/(m.K)、13W/(m.K)、13.1W/(m.K)、13.2W/(m.K)、13.3W/(m.K)、13.4W/(m.K)、13.5W/(m.K)、13.6W/(m.K)、13.7W/(m.K)、13.8W/(m.K)、13.9W/(m.K)、14W/(m.K)、14.1W/(m.K)、14.2W/(m.K)、14.3W/(m.K)、14.4W/(m.K)、14.5W/(m.K)、14.6W/(m.K)、14.7W/(m.K)、14.8W/(m.K)、14.9W/(m.K)、15W/(m.K)、15.1W/(m.K)、15.2W/(m.K)、15.3W/(m.K)、15.4W/(m.K)、15.5W/(m.K)、15.6W/(m.K)、15.7W/(m.K)、15.8W/(m.K)、15.9W/(m.K)、16W/(m.K)、16.1W/(m.K)、16.2W/(m.K)、16.3W/(m.K)、16.4W/(m.K)、16.5W/(m.K)、16.6W/(m.K)、16.7W/(m.K)、16.8W/(m.K)、16.9W/(m.K)、17W/(m.K)、17.1W/(m.K)、17.2W/(m.K)、17.3W/(m.K)、17.4W/(m.K)、17.5W/(m.K)、17.6W/(m.K)、17.7W/(m.K)、17.8W/(m.K)、17.9W/(m.K)、18W/(m.K)、18.1W/(m.K)、18.2W/(m.K)、18.3W/(m.K)、18.4W/(m.K)、18.5W/(m.K)、18.6W/(m.K)、18.7W/(m.K)、18.8W/(m.K)、18.9W/(m.K)、19W/(m.K)、19.1W/(m.K)、19.2W/(m.K)、19.3W/(m.K)、19.4W/(m.K)、19.5W/(m.K)、19.6W/(m.K)、19.7W/(m.K)、19.8W/(m.K)、19.9W/(m.K)、20W/(m.K)、20.1W/(m.K)、20.2W/(m.K)、20.3W/(m.K)、20.4W/(m.K)、20.5W/(m.K)、20.6W/(m.K)、20.7W/(m.K)、20.8W/(m.K)、20.9W/(m.K)、21W/(m.K)、21.1W/(m.K)、21.2W/(m.K)、21.3W/(m.K)、21.4W/(m.K)、21.5W/(m.K)、21.6W/(m.K)、21.7W/(m.K)、21.8W/(m.K)、21.9W/(m.K)、22W/(m.K)、22.1W/(m.K)、22.2W/(m.K)、22.3W/(m.K)、22.4W/(m.K)、22.5W/(m.K)、22.6W/(m.K)、22.7W/(m.K)、22.8W/(m.K)、22.9W/(m.K)、23W/(m.K)、23.1W/(m.K)、23.2W/(m.K)、23.3W/(m.K)、23.4W/(m.K)、23.5W/(m.K)、23.6W/(m.K)、23.7W/(m.K)、23.8W/(m.K)、23.9W/(m.K)、24W/(m.K)、24.1W/(m.K)、24.2W/(m.K)、24.3W/(m.K)、24.4W/(m.K)、24.5W/(m.K)、24.6W/(m.K)、24.7W/(m.K)、24.8W/(m.K)、24.9W/(m.K)、25W/(m.K)、30W/(m.K)、40W/(m.K)、50W/(m.K)、60W/(m.K)、70W/(m.K)、80W/(m.K)、90W/(m.K)、100W/(m.K)、110W/(m.K)、120W/(m.K)、130W/(m.K)、140W/(m.K)、150W/(m.K)、160W/(m.K)、170W/(m.K)、180W/(m.K)、190W/(m.K)、200W/(m.K)、210W/(m.K)、220W/(m.K)、230W/(m.K)、240W/(m.K)、250W/(m.K)、260W/(m.K)、270W/(m.K)、280W/(m.K)、290W/(m.K)、300W/(m.K)、310W/(m.K)、320W/(m.K)、330W/(m.K)、340W/(m.K)、350W/(m.K)、360W/(m.K)、370W/(m.K)、380W/(m.K)、390W/(m.K)、400W/(m.K)、410W/(m.K)、420W/(m.K)、430W/(m.K)、440W/(m.K) or 450W/(m.k).

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the inorganic material 2 may be determined, for example, by a steady state method or a transient method.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is not thermally conductive.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises a refractory material.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is an electrical insulator. In this embodiment, the property of the electrical insulator can avoid quenching the fluorescent properties of the fluorescent nanoparticles 3 coated with the inorganic material 2 due to electron conduction. In this embodiment, the composite particles 1 may exhibit the same characteristics as exhibited by the nanoparticles 3 encapsulated within an electrical insulator material that is the same as the inorganic material 2.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is electrically conductive. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for application of the composite particles 1 in a photovoltaic or Light Emitting Diode (LED).

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 has a conductivity of 1X 10 ^-20 to 10 ⁷ S/m, preferably from 1X 10 ^-15 to 5S/m, more preferably from 1X 10 ^-7 to 1S/m, under standard conditions.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 has a conductivity of at least 1×10^-20S/m、0.5×10^-19S/m、1×10^-19S/m、0.5×10^-18S/m、1×10^-18S/m、0.5×10^-17S/m、1×10^-17S/m、0.5×10^-16S/m、1×10^-16S/m、0.5×10^-15S/m、1×10^-15S/m、0.5×10^-14S/m、1×10^-14S/m、0.5×10^-13S/m、1×10^-13S/m、0.5×10^-12S/m、1×10^-12S/m、0.5×10^-11S/m、1×10^-11S/m、0.5×10^-10S/m、1×10^-10S/m、0.5×10^-9S/m、1×10^-9S/m、0.5×10^-8S/m、1×10^-8S/m、0.5×10^-7S/m、1×10^-7S/m、0.5×10^-6S/m、1×10^-6S/m、0.5×10^-5S/m、1×10^-5S/m、0.5×10^-4S/m、1×10^-4S/m、0.5×10^{- 3}S/m、1×10^-3S/m、0.5×10^-2S/m、1×10^-2S/m、0.5×10^-1S/m、1×10^-1S/m、0.5S/m、1S/m、1.5S/m、2S/m、2.5S/m、3S/m、3.5S/m、4S/m、4.5S/m、5S/m、5.5S/m、6S/m、6.5S/m、7S/m、7.5S/m、8S/m、8.5S/m、9S/m、9.5S/m、10S/m、50S/m、10²S/m、5×10²S/m、10³S/m、5×10³S/m、10⁴S/m、5×10⁴S/m、10⁵S/m、5×10⁵S/m、10⁶S/m、5×10⁶S/m or 10 ⁷ S/m under standard conditions.

According to one embodiment, the conductivity of the inorganic material 2 may be measured, for example, with an impedance spectrometer.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 has an energy gap greater than or equal to 3eV.

When the inorganic material 2 has an energy gap of 3eV or more, i.e. it is optically transparent to UV and blue light.

According to one embodiment, the energy gap of the inorganic material 2 is at least 3.0eV、3.1eV、3.2eV、3.3eV、3.4eV、3.5eV、3.6eV、3.7eV、3.8eV、3.9eV、4.0eV、4.1eV、4.2eV、4.3eV、4.4eV、4.5eV、4.6eV、4.7eV、4.8eV、4.9eV、5.0eV、5.1eV、5.2eV、5.3eV、5.4eV or 5.5eV.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 has an extinction coefficient less than or equal to 15x10 ^-5 at a wavelength of 460 nm.

According to one embodiment, the extinction coefficient is measured by an absorption brightness measurement technique, such as measuring an absorption spectrum or any other method known in the art.

According to one embodiment, the extinction coefficient is determined by measuring the absorption of the sample divided by the length of the path of the glazing.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is amorphous.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is crystalline.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is completely crystalline.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is partially crystalline.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is monocrystalline.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is polycrystalline. In the present embodiment, the inorganic material 2 contains at least one kind of grain boundary.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is hydrophobic.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is hydrophilic.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is porous.

According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 may be considered to be a porous material when the adsorption of inorganic material 2 exceeds 20cm ³/g、15cm³/g、10cm³/g、5cm³/g, measured by the Bruno-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory for adsorption-separation of nitrogen, at 650 mmHg or more preferably 700 mmHg.

According to one embodiment, the porosity of the inorganic material 2 may be hexagonal, vermicular or cubic in structure.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 has an organized pore having a pore size of at least 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18 nm, 19 nm, 20 nm, 21 nm, 22 nm, 23 nm, 24 nm, 25 nm, 26 nm, 27 nm, 28 nm, 29 nm, 30 nm, 31 nm, 32 nm, 33 nm, 34 nm, 35 nm, 36 nm, 37 nm, 38 nm, 39 nm, 40 nm, 41 nm, 42 nm, 43 nm, 44 nm, 45 nm, 46 nm, 47 nm, 48 nm, 49 nm or 50 nm.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is not porous.

According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 is considered non-porous when the adsorption of composite particles 1 exceeds 20cm ³/g、15cm³/g、10cm³/g、5cm³/g, measured by the Bruno-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory for adsorption-separation of nitrogen, at 650 mmHg or more preferably 700 mmHg.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not contain pores or cavities.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is permeable. In the present embodiment, molecules, gas or liquid other than the inorganic material 2 are permeable.

According to one embodiment, the permeable inorganic material 2 has a permeability to fluids higher than or equal to 10^-11cm²、10^-10cm²、10^-9cm²、10^-8cm²、10^-7cm²、10^-6cm²、10^-5cm²、10^-4cm² or 10 ^-3cm².

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is impermeable to external molecules, gases or liquids. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 can limit or prevent the deterioration of chemical and physical properties of the nanoparticle 3 caused by oxygen molecules, ozone, water and/or high temperature.

According to one embodiment, the impermeable inorganic material 2 has a permeability to fluid of less than or equal to 10^-11cm²、10^-10cm²、10^-9cm²、10^-8cm²、10^-7cm²、10^-6cm²、10^-5cm²、10^-4cm² or 10 ^-3cm².

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 may limit or prevent the diffusion of external molecules or fluids (liquids or gases) into the inorganic material 2.

According to one embodiment, the specific properties of the nanoparticle 3 are unchanged after being encapsulated in the composite particle 1.

According to one embodiment, the photoluminescent properties of the nanoparticle 3 are unchanged after being encapsulated in the composite particle 1.

According to one embodiment, the density of the inorganic material 2 is in the range of 1 to 10 g/cc and the preferred density of the inorganic material 2 is 3 to 10 g/cc.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are present in the composition after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of a particular characteristic thereof is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 have a degradation of their specific properties of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a temperature of 0 ℃, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70 ℃, c, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 have a degradation of a specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are formed at a temperature of 0 ℃, 10 ℃, 20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, DEG C, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃, and a degradation of a particular characteristic of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, and a degradation of a particular characteristic of the composition is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are formed at a temperature of 0 ℃,10 ℃, 20 ℃, 30 ℃,40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, DEG C, 80 ℃, 90 ℃,100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃, and a degradation of a particular characteristic of the composition is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at a temperature of 0 ℃,10 ℃,20 ℃,30 ℃,40 ℃,50 ℃,60 ℃,70 ℃, DEG C, 80 ℃, 90 ℃,100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃ and at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, and a degradation of a particular characteristic of the composition is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at an oxygen molecule concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, and a degradation of a particular characteristic of the composition is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 in the inorganic material 2 is at an oxygen molecular concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, at a temperature of 0 ℃,10 ℃,20 ℃,30 ℃,40 ℃,50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, DEG C, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃, and a degradation of a particular characteristic of the composition is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at an oxygen molecule concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, and a degradation of a particular characteristic of the composition is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 in the inorganic material 2 is at a concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% oxygen molecules, at a temperature of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, DEG C, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300%, at a temperature of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and a degradation of a particular characteristic of the composition is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are present in the composition after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescent properties is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 have a degradation of their photoluminescence properties of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a temperature of 0 ℃,10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70 ℃, c, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 have a degradation of their photoluminescent properties of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are formed at a temperature of 0 ℃,10 ℃,20 ℃,30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, DEG C, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃,150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃, and a degradation of the photoluminescent characteristics of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, and a deterioration of the photoluminescent characteristics of the composition is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are formed at a temperature of 0 ℃,10 ℃, 20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, DEG C, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃, and a deterioration of the photoluminescent characteristics of the composition is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at a temperature of 0 ℃,10 ℃,20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃,50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, DEG C, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃ and at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, and a deterioration of the photoluminescent characteristics of the composition is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at an oxygen molecule concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, and a deterioration of the photoluminescent characteristics of the composition is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 in the inorganic material 2 is at an oxygen molecular concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, at a temperature of 0 ℃,10 ℃,20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, DEG C, 80 ℃, 90 ℃,100 ℃, 125 ℃,150 ℃, 175 ℃,200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃, and a deterioration of the photoluminescent characteristics of the composition is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at an oxygen molecule concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, and a deterioration of the photoluminescent characteristics of the composition is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 in the inorganic material 2 is at a concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% oxygen molecules, at a temperature of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, DEG C, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300%, at a temperature of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and a deterioration of the photoluminescent characteristics of the composition is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 have a degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 have a degradation of their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a temperature of 0 ℃, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70 ℃, c, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 have a degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are formed at a temperature of 0 ℃, 10 ℃, 20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, DEG C, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃, and a degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, and after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are formed at a temperature of 0 ℃,10 ℃, 20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, DEG C, 80 ℃,90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃, and after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at a temperature of 0 ℃, 10 ℃, 20 ℃,30 ℃, 40 ℃,50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, DEG C, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃ and at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, and after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at an oxygen molecule concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, and after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 in the inorganic material 2 is at an oxygen molecular concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, at a temperature of 0 ℃, 10 ℃,20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, DEG C, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃, and after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at an oxygen molecule concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, and after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 in the inorganic material 2 is at a concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% oxygen molecules, at a temperature of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, DEG C, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300%, at a temperature of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are present in the composition after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the FCE has a degradation of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 have a degradation of FCE of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a temperature of 0 ℃, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70 ℃, c, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 have a degradation of FCE of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 have a degradation of FCE of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity at a temperature of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 70%, c, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300 ℃ and at a temperature of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 300%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, and the FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degraded after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are formed at a temperature of 0 ℃,10 ℃,20 ℃,30 ℃,40 ℃,50 ℃,60 ℃, 70 ℃, DEG C, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃,250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃, and the FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degraded after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at a temperature of 0 ℃, 10 ℃,20 ℃,30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, DEG C, 80 ℃,90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃,250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃ and at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, and the FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degraded after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at an oxygen molecule concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, and the FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degraded after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 in the inorganic material 2 is at an oxygen molecular concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, at a temperature of 0 ℃, 10 ℃, 20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, DEG C, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃, and the FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degraded after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at an oxygen molecule concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, at a humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, and the FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degraded after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 in the inorganic material 2 is at a concentration of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% oxygen molecules, at a temperature of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, DEG C, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300%, at a temperature of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and the FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degraded after a period of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is optically transparent, i.e. the inorganic material 2 is transparent at wavelengths between 200 nm and 50 microns, between 200 nm and 10 microns, between 200 nm and 2500 nm, between 200 nm and 2000 nm, between 200 nm and 1500 nm, between 200 nm and 1000 nm, between 200 nm and 800 nm, between 400 nm and 700 nm, between 400 nm and 600 nm or between 400 nm and 470 nm. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not absorb all of the incident light, so that the nanoparticles 3 absorb some or all of the incident light, and/or the inorganic material 2 does not absorb light emitted from the nanoparticles 3, so that the emitted light can penetrate the inorganic material 2.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is not optically transparent, i.e. the inorganic material 2 absorbs light at wavelengths between 200 nm and 50 microns, between 200 nm and 10 microns, between 200 nm and 2500 nm, between 200 and 2000 nm, between 200 nm and 1500 nm, between 200 nm and 1000 nm, between 200 and 800 nm, between 400 nm and 700 nm, between 400 nm and 600 nm or between 400 nm and 470 nm. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 may absorb incident light such that the nanoparticles 3 absorb only a portion of the incident light, and/or the inorganic material 2 absorbs light emitted from the nanoparticles 3 such that the light emitted therefrom only partially penetrates the inorganic material 2.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 may be at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% transparent to incident light.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 partly penetrates the incident light and emits at least one secondary light. In this embodiment, the resulting combination of light comprises the remaining transmitted incident light.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 absorbs incident light having a wavelength of less than 50 microns, 40 microns, 30 microns, 20 microns, 10 microns, 1 micron, 950 nanometers, 900 nanometers, 850 nanometers, 800 nanometers, 750 nanometers, 700 nanometers, 650 nanometers, 600 nanometers, 550 nanometers, 500 nanometers, 450 nanometers, 400 nanometers, 350 nanometers, 300 nanometers, 250 nanometers, or 200 nanometers.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 may absorb incident light having a wavelength of less than 460 nanometers.

According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 has an extinction coefficient at 460 nm of less than or equal to 1x10^-5、1.1x10^-5、1.2x10^-5、1.3x10^-5、1.4x10^-5、1.5x10^-5、1.6x10^-5、1.7x10^-5、1.8x10^-5、1.9x10^-5、2x10^-5、3x10^-5、4x10^-5、5x10^-5、6x10^-5、7x10^-5、8x10^-5、9x10^-5、10x10^-5、11x10^-5、12x10^-5、13x10^-5、14x10^-5、15x10^-5、16x10^-5、17x10^-5、18x10^-5、19x10^-5、20x10^-5、21x10^-5、22x10^-5、23x10^-5、24x10^-5 or 25x10 ^-5.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 has an attenuation coefficient at 460 nm of less than or equal to 1x10^-2 cm^-1、1x10^-1cm^-1、0.5x10^-1 cm^-1、0.1cm^-1、0.2cm^-1、0.3cm^-1、0.4cm^-1、0.5cm^-1、0.6cm^-1、0.7cm^-1、0.8cm^-1、0.9cm^-1、1cm^-1、1.1cm^-1、1.2cm^-1、1.3cm^-1、1.4cm^-1、1.5cm^-1、1.6cm^-1、1.7cm^-1、1.8cm^-1、1.9cm^-1、2.0cm^-1、2.5cm^-1、3.0cm^-1、3.5cm^-1、4.0cm^-1、4.5cm^-1、5.0cm^-1、5.5cm^-1、6.0cm^-1、6.5cm^-1、7.0cm^-1、7.5cm^-1、8.0cm^-1、8.5cm^-1、9.0cm^-1、9.5cm^-1、10cm^-1、15cm^-1、20cm^-1、25cm^-1 or 30cm ^-1.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 has an attenuation coefficient at 450 nm of less than or equal to 1x10^-2 cm^-1、1x10^-1cm^-1、0.5x10^-1 cm^-1、0.1cm^-1、0.2cm^-1、0.3cm^-1、0.4cm^-1、0.5cm^-1、0.6cm^-1、0.7cm^-1、0.8cm^-1、0.9cm^-1、1cm^-1、1.1cm^-1、1.2cm^-1、1.3cm^-1、1.4cm^-1、1.5cm^-1、1.6cm^-1、1.7cm^-1、1.8cm^-1、1.9cm^-1、2.0cm^-1、2.5cm^-1、3.0cm^-1、3.5cm^-1、4.0cm^-1、4.5cm^-1、5.0cm^-1、5.5cm^-1、6.0cm^-1、6.5cm^-1、7.0cm^-1、7.5cm^-1、8.0cm^-1、8.5cm^-1、9.0cm^-1、9.5cm^-1、10cm^-1、15cm^-1、20cm^-1、25cm^-1 or 30cm ^-1.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 has an optical absorption cross section at 460 nm of less than or equal to 1.10^-35cm²、1.10^-34cm²、1.10^-33cm²、1.10^-32cm²、1.10^-31cm²、1.10^-30cm²、1.10^-29cm²、1.10^-28cm²、1.10^-27cm²、1.10^-26cm²、1.10^-25cm²、1.10^-24cm²、1.10^-23cm²、1.10^-22cm²、1.10^-21cm²、1.10^-20cm²、1.10^-19cm²、1.10^-18cm²、1.10^-17cm²、1.10^-16cm²、1.10^-15cm²、1.10^-14cm²、1.10^-13cm²、1.10^-12cm²、1.10^-11cm²、1.10^-10cm²、1.10^-9cm²、1.10^-8cm²、1.10^-7cm²、1.10^-6cm²、1.10^-5cm²、1.10^-4cm²、1.10^-3cm²、1.10^-2cm² or 1.10 ^-1cm².

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not comprise organic molecules, organic groups or polymer chains.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not comprise a polymer.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises an inorganic polymer.

According to one embodiment, the elements of the inorganic material 2 consist of at least one of the following classes of materials: halides, chalcogenides, phosphides, sulfides, metalloids, metal alloys, ceramics, such as oxides, carbides, nitrides, glass, enamel, ceramics, stones, precious stones, pigments, cements, and/or inorganic polymers. The inorganic material 2 is prepared using methods well known to those skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment, the elements of the inorganic material 2 consist of at least one of the following classes of materials: halides, chalcogenides, phosphides, sulfides, metalloids, metal alloys, ceramics, such as oxides, carbides, nitrides, enamels, ceramics, stones, precious stones, pigments and/or cements. The inorganic material 2 is prepared using methods well known to those skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment, the composition of the inorganic material 2 is selected from oxide materials, semiconductor materials, wide bandgap semiconductor materials or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of semiconductor materials include, but are not limited to: a group III-V semiconductor, a group II-VI semiconductor, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of wide bandgap semiconductor materials include, but are not limited to: silicon carbide SiC, aluminum nitride AlN, gallium nitride GaN, boron nitride BN, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises or consists of a mixture of zirconia/silica: si _xZ_r1-xO₂, wherein 0.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.1. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is resistant to any pH range from 0 to 14, thereby making it better to protect the nanoparticles 3.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises or consists of Si _0.8Zr_0.2O₂.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises or consists of a mixture of Si _xZr_1-XO_Z, wherein 0< x.ltoreq.1 and 0<z.ltoreq.3.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises or is mixed by HfO ₂/SiO₂: si _xHf_1-xO_z, wherein 0< x.ltoreq.1 and 0<z.ltoreq.3.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises or consists of Si _0.8Hf_0.2O₂.

According to one embodiment, the chalcogenide is a compound composed of at least one chalcogen element selected from oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, polonium, and at least one or more electropositive elements.

According to one embodiment, the composition of the metallic inorganic material 2 comprises at least one of the following elements: gold, silver, copper, vanadium, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhenium, yttrium, mercury, cadmium, osmium, chromium, tantalum, manganese, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, rhodium, tungsten, iridium, nickel, iron, or cobalt.

According to one embodiment, examples of carbide inorganic materials 2 include, but are not limited to ：SiC、WC、BC、MoC、TiC、Al₄C₃、LaC₂、FeC、CoC、HfC、Si_xC_y、W_xC_y、B_xC_y、Mo_xC_y、Ti_xC_y、Al_xC_y、La_xC_y、Fe_xC_y、Co_xC_y、Hf_xC_y or mixtures thereof; wherein X and Y are each independently a decimal number of 0 to 5, and X and Y are not simultaneously equal to 0, and X and.

According to one embodiment, examples of the inorganic material 2 of the oxide include, but are not limited to ：SiO₂、Al₂O₃、TiO₂、ZrO₂、ZnO、MgO、SnO₂、Nb₂O₅、CeO₂、BeO、IrO₂、CaO、Sc₂O₃、NiO、Na₂O、BaO、K₂O、PbO、Ag₂O、V₂O₅、TeO₂、MnO、B₂O₃、P₂O₅、P₂O₃、P₄O₇、P₄O₈、P₄O₉、P₂O₆、PO、GeO₂、As₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、Fe₃O₄、Ta₂O₅、Li₂O、SrO、Y₂O₃、HfO₂、WO₂、MoO₂、Cr₂O₃、Tc₂O₇、ReO₂、RuO₂、Co₃O₄、OsO、RhO₂、Rh₂O₃、PtO、PdO、CuO、Cu₂O、CdO、HgO、Tl₂O、Ga₂O₃、In₂O₃、Bi₂O₃、Sb₂O₃、PoO₂、SeO₂、Cs₂O、La₂O₃、Pr₆O₁₁、Nd₂O₃、La₂O₃、Sm₂O₃、Eu₂O₃、Tb₄O₇、Dy₂O₃、Ho₂O₃、Er₂O₃、Tm₂O₃、Yb₂O₃、Lu₂O₃、Gd₂O₃ or a mixture thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of the inorganic material 2 of the oxide include, but are not limited to: silica, alumina, titania, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, osmium oxide, rhenium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium oxide, cadmium oxide, mercury oxide, thallium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, antimony oxide, polonium oxide, selenium oxide, cesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, terbium oxide, erbium oxide, holmium oxide, thulium oxide, ytterbium oxide, lutetium oxide, gadolinium oxide, mixed oxides thereof, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of nitride inorganic materials 2 include, but are not limited to ：TiN、Si₃N₄、MoN、VN、TaN、Zr₃N₄、HfN、FeN、NbN、GaN、CrN、AlN、InN、Ti_xN_y、Si_xN_y、Mo_xN_y、V_xN_y、Ta_xN_y、Zr_xN_y、Hf_xN_y、Fe_xN_y、Nb_xN_y、Ga_xN_y、Cr_xN_y、Al_xN_y、In_xN_y or mixtures thereof; wherein X and Y are each independently a decimal number of 0 to 5, and X and Y are not simultaneously equal to 0, and X and.

According to one embodiment, examples of sulfide inorganic materials 2 include, but are not limited to ：Si_yS_x、Al_yS_x、Ti_yS_x、Zr_yS_x、Zn_yS_x、Mg_yS_x、Sn_yS_x、Nb_yS_x、Ce_yS_x、Be_yS_x、Ir_yS_x、Ca_yS_x、Sc_yS_x、Ni_yS_x、Na_yS_x、Ba_yS_x、K_yS_x、Pb_yS_x、Ag_yS_x、V_yS_x、Te_yS_x、Mn_yS_x、B_yS_x、P_yS_x、Ge_yS_x、As_yS_x、Fe_yS_x、Ta_yS_x、Li_yS_x、Sr_yS_x、Y_yS_x、Hf_yS_x、W_yS_x、Mo_yS_x、Cr_yS_x、Tc_yS_x、Re_yS_x、Ru_yS_x、Co_yS_x、Os_yS_x、Rh_yS_x、Pt_yS_x、Pd_yS_x、Cu_yS_x、Au_yS_x、Cd_yS_x、Hg_yS_x、Tl_yS_x、Ga_yS_x、In_yS_x、Bi_yS_x、Sb_yS_x、Po_yS_x、Se_yS_x、Cs_yS_x, mixed sulfides or mixtures thereof; ; wherein X and Y are each independently a decimal number of 0 to 5, and X and Y are not simultaneously equal to 0, and X and.

According to one embodiment, examples of the halide inorganic material 2 include, but are not limited to ：BaF₂、LaF₃、CeF₃、YF₃、CaF₂、MgF₂、PrF₃、AgCl、MnCl₂、NiCl₂、Hg₂Cl₂、CaCl₂、CsPbCl₃、AgBr、PbBr₃、CsPbBr₃、AgI、CuI、PbI、HgI₂、BiI₃、CH₃NH₃PbI₃、CH₃NH₃PbCl₃、CH₃NH₃PbBr₃、CsPbI₃、FAPbBr₃(FA being formamidine) or a mixture thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of chalcogenide inorganic materials 2 include, but are not limited to ：CdO、CdS、CdSe、CdTe、ZnO、ZnS、ZnSe、ZnTe、HgO、HgS、HgSe、HgTe、CuO、Cu₂O、CuS、Cu₂S、CuSe、CuTe、Ag₂O、Ag₂S、Ag₂Se、Ag₂Te、Au₂S、PdO、PdS、Pd₄S、PdSe、PdTe、PtO、PtS、PtS₂、PtSe、PtTe、RhO₂、Rh₂O₃、RhS₂、Rh₂S₃、RhSe₂、Rh₂Se₃、RhTe₂、IrO₂、IrS₂、Ir₂S₃、IrSe₂、IrTe₂、RuO₂、RuS₂、OsO、OsS、OsSe、OsTe、MnO、MnS、MnSe、MnTe、ReO₂、ReS₂、Cr₂O₃、Cr₂S₃、MoO₂、MoS₂、MoSe₂、MoTe₂、WO₂、WS₂、WSe₂、V₂O₅、V₂S₃、Nb₂O₅、NbS₂、NbSe₂、HfO₂、HfS₂、TiO₂、ZrO₂、ZrS₂、ZrSe₂、ZrTe₂、Sc₂O₃、Y₂O₃、Y₂S₃、SiO₂、GeO₂、GeS、GeS₂、GeSe、GeSe₂、GeTe、SnO₂、SnS、SnS₂、SnSe、SnSe₂、SnTe、PbO、PbS、PbSe、PbTe、MgO、MgS、MgSe、MgTe、CaO、CaS、SrO、Al₂O₃、Ga₂O₃、Ga₂S₃、Ga₂Se₃、In₂O₃、In₂S₃、In₂Se₃、In₂Te₃、La₂O₃、La₂S₃、CeO₂、CeS₂、Pr₆O₁₁、Nd₂O₃、NdS₂、La₂O₃、Tl₂O、Sm₂O₃、SmS₂、Eu₂O₃、EuS₂、Bi₂O₃、Sb₂O₃、PoO₂、SeO₂、Cs₂O、Tb₄O₇、TbS₂、Dy₂O₃、Ho₂O₃、Er₂O₃、ErS₂、Tm₂O₃、Yb₂O₃、Lu₂O₃、CuInS₂、CuInSe₂、AgInS₂、AgInSe₂、Fe₂O₃、Fe₃O₄、FeS、FeS₂、Co₃S₄、CoSe、Co₃O₄、NiO、NiSe₂、NiSe、Ni₃Se₄、Gd₂O₃、BeO、TeO₂、Na₂O、BaO、K₂O、Ta₂O₅、Li₂O、Tc₂O₇、As₂O₃、B₂O₃、P₂O₅、P₂O₃、P₄O₇、P₄O₈、P₄O₉、P₂O₆、PO or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of phosphide inorganic materials 2 include, but are not limited to: inP, cd ₃P₂、Zn₃P₂, alP, gaP, tlP or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of the metalloid inorganic material 2 include, but are not limited to: silicon, boron, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of the inorganic material 2 of the metal alloy include, but are not limited to: gold-palladium, gold-silver, gold-copper, platinum-palladium, platinum-nickel, copper-silver, copper-tin, ruthenium-platinum, rhodium-platinum, copper-platinum, nickel-gold, platinum-tin, palladium-vanadium, iridium-platinum, gold-platinum, palladium-silver, copper-zinc, chromium-nickel, iron-cobalt, cobalt-nickel, iron-nickel, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises garnet.

According to one embodiment, examples of garnet include, but are not limited to ：Y₃Al₅O₁₂、Y₃Fe₂(FeO₄)₃、Y₃Fe₅O₁₂、Y₄Al₂O₉、YAlO₃、Fe₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃、Mg₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃、Mn₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃、Ca₃Fe₂(SiO₄)₃、Ca₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃、Ca₃Cr₂(SiO₄)₃、Al₅Lu₃O₁₂、GAL、GaYAG or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the ceramic is a crystalline or non-crystalline ceramic. According to one embodiment, the ceramic is selected from oxide ceramic and/or non-oxide ceramic, and according to one embodiment, the ceramic is composed of ceramic, brick, tile, cement or glass.

According to one embodiment, the stone is selected from the following materials: agate, sea sapphire, celestial river, amber, amethyst, angelite, apatite, aragonite, silver, asteriscus, placentite, sapphire, andalusite, silicified wood, cupronite, chalcedony, calcite, celestite, pulse wheel, amethyst, sky-rock, silica-pore brome, green chalcedony, yellow crystal, coral, red chalcedony, rock crystal, native copper, kyanite, siraitia, diamond, chalcopyrite, dolomite, blue-line stone, emerald, fluorite, leaf, fang Qiandan, garnet, haemanite, hematite, calamine, bai Wendan, perilla, cordierite, jade, jet, jade, spodumene, laponite, celestite, sea vein stone, lava, lepidolite, magnetite, and magnetite malachite, white iron ore, merle, mo Gedan, czochralsite, chloromyces, parent pearl, obsidian, oculare, ocular iron, bullseye, tiger eye stone, agate, opal, gold, olivine, lunar feldspar, star stone, solar stone, quartz, hematite, opal, rose quartz, rutile, rhodochrosite, rose pyroxene, flow rock, ruby, sapphire, rock salt, selenite, green dragon crystal, serpentine, sapphire, wet grand stone, flint, square stone, sodalite, hard stone, amphibole, shu Julai stone, dander, topaz, tourmaline watermelon, schorlite, turquoise, natrobronpite, green curtain granite, fluorite or tetrahedron.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises or consists of a thermally conductive material, wherein the thermally conductive material comprises, but is not limited to ：Al_yO_x、Ag_yO_x、Cu_yO_x、Fe_yO_x、Si_yO_x、Pb_yO_x、Ca_yO_x、Mg_yO_x、Zn_yO_x、Sn_yO_x、Ti_yO_x、Be_yO_x、CdS、ZnS、ZnSe、CdZnS、CdZnSe、Au、Na、Fe、Cu、Al、Ag、Mg, mixed oxides, mixed oxides thereof or mixtures thereof; x and Y are each a decimal number 0 to 10, X and Y are not equal to 0 at the same time, and X is also.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises or consists of a thermally conductive material including, but not limited to ：Al₂O₃、Ag₂O、Cu₂O、CuO、Fe₃O₄、FeO、SiO₂、PbO、CaO、MgO、ZnO、SnO₂、TiO₂、BeO、CdS、ZnS、ZnSe、CdZnS、CdZnSe、Au、Na、Fe、Cu、Al、Ag、Mg, mixed oxides, mixed oxides thereof, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises or consists of a thermally conductive material, wherein the thermally conductive material comprises but is not limited to: aluminum oxide, silver oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silicon oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, titanium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, zinc selenide, cadmium zinc selenium, cadmium zinc sulfide, gold, sodium, iron, copper, aluminum, silver, magnesium, mixed oxides thereof, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 includes, but is not limited to, one of the following materials: silica, alumina, titania, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, osmium oxide, rhenium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium oxide, cadmium oxide, mercury oxide, thallium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, antimony oxide, polonium oxide, selenium oxide, cesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, terbium oxide, erbium oxide, holmium oxide, thulium oxide, ytterbium oxide, lutetium oxide, gadolinium oxide, mixed oxides thereof, garnet, such as Y₃Al₅O₁₂、Y₃Fe₂(FeO₄)₃、Y₃Fe₅O₁₂、Y₄Al₂O₉、YAlO₃、Fe₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃、Mg₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃、Mn₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃、Ca₃Fe₂(SiO₄)₃、Ca₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃、Ca₃Cr₂(SiO₄)₃、Al₅Lu₃O₁₂、GAL、GaYAG or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises small amounts of organic molecules in amounts relative to the elements of said inorganic material 2 0mole％、1mole％、5mole％、10mole％、15mole％、20mole％、25mole％、30mole％、35mole％、40mole％、45mole％、50mole％、55mole％、60mole％、65mole％、70mole％、75mole％,80mole％.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not comprise an inorganic polymer.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not comprise SiO ₂.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not comprise pure SiO ₂, i.e. 100% SiO ₂.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% SiO ₂.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% SiO ₂.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% SiO ₂ precursor.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% SiO ₂ precursor.

According to one embodiment, examples of silica precursors include, but are not limited to: tetramethyl orthosilicate, tetraethyl orthosilicate, polydiethoxysilane, n-alkyl trimethoxysilanes, e.g. n-butyl trimethoxysilane, n-octyl trimethoxysilane, n-dodecyl trimethoxysilane, n-octadecyl trimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane, 11-mercaptoundecyl trimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, 11-aminoundecyl trimethoxysilane, 3- (2- (2-aminoethylamino) ethylamino) propyl trimethoxysilane, 3- (trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate, 3- (aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not comprise pure Al ₂O₃, i.e. 100% Al ₂O₃.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% Al ₂O₃.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% Al ₂O₃.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% Al ₂O₃ precursor.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% Al ₂O₃ precursor.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not comprise titanium dioxide.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not comprise pure TiO ₂, i.e. 100% TiO ₂.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not comprise zeolite.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not consist of pure zeolite, i.e. 100% zeolite.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not comprise glass.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not comprise vitrified glass.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises an inorganic polymer.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is a carbon-free polymer. According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is selected from polysilanes, polysiloxanes (or siloxanes), polysulfide nitrides, polyaluminosilicates, polysilto-base compounds, polyborosilazanes, polyphosphazenes, polydichlorophosphazenes, polysulfides, polysulfide and/or polysilides. According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is a liquid crystal polymer.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is a natural or synthetic polymer. According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is synthesized by inorganic reaction, free radical polymerization, polycondensation, polyaddition or Ring Opening Polymerization (ROP). According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is a homopolymer or a copolymer. According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is linear, branched, and/or crosslinked. According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is amorphous, semi-crystalline or crystalline.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer has an average molecular weight ranging from 2 g/mol to 5.10 ⁶ g/mol and prefers from 5 g/mol to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 6000 to 4.10 ⁶, from 7000 to 4.10 ⁶, from 8000 to 4.10 ⁶, from 9000 to 4.10 ⁶, from 10000 to 4.10 ⁶, from 15000 to 4.10 ⁶, from 20000 to 4.10 ⁶, from 25000 to 4.10 ⁶, from 30000 to 4.10 ⁶, from 35000 to 4.10 ⁶, from 40000 to 4.10 ⁶, from 45000 to 4.10 ⁶, from 50000 to 4.10 ⁶, from 55000 to 4.10 ⁶, from 60000 to 4.10 ⁶, from 65 to 4.10, from 70000 to 4.10 ⁶, from 75 to 4.10, from 4.000 to 4.10, from 80.000 to 4.10 ⁶, from 3.000 to 4.10 ⁶, from 3.10 g/mol, from 35 to 4.10 ⁶, from 50 to 4.10 ⁶, from 50.10.10 to ⁶, from 50 g/mol, from 50.10 to ⁶, from 50.10.10.10 to ⁶.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises additional doping elements, wherein said doping elements comprise, but are not limited to ：Cd、S、Se、Zn、In、Te、Hg、Sn、Cu、N、Ga、Sb、Tl、Mo、Pd、Ce、W、Co、Mn、Si、Ge、B、P、Al、As、Fe、Ti、Zr、Ni、Ca、Na、Ba、K、Mg、Pb、Ag、V、Be、Ir、Sc、Nb、Ta or mixtures thereof. In this embodiment, the doping element may diffuse within the composite particles 1 at a high temperature. They may form nanoclusters within the interior of said composite particles 1. These doping elements may limit degradation of certain properties of the composite particles 1 during the heating step and/or if it is a good heat conductor conductive excess heat and/or evacuate accumulated charges.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises a small amount of doping elements in an amount of about 0mole%, 1mole%, 5mole%, 10mole%, 15mole%, 20mole%, 25mole%, 30mole%, 35mole%, 40mole%, 45mole%,50mole% relative to the main constituent elements of said inorganic material 2.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises additional nanoparticles Al₂O₃、SiO₂、MgO、ZnO、ZrO₂、TiO₂、IrO₂、SnO₂、BaO、BaSO₄、BeO、CaO、CeO₂、CuO、Cu₂O、DyO₃、Fe₂O₃、Fe₃O₄、GeO₂、HfO₂、Lu₂O₃、Nb₂O₅、Sc₂O₃、TaO₅、TeO₂ or Y ₂O₃. These additional nanoparticles may assist in conducting heat away, and/or evacuating charges, and/or scattering incident light.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises additional nanoparticles in an amount of less than or equal to 100ppm、200ppm、300ppm、400ppm、500ppm、600ppm、700ppm、800ppm、900ppm、1000ppm、1100ppm、1200ppm、1300ppm、1400ppm、1500ppm、1600ppm、1700ppm、1800ppm、1900ppm、2000ppm、2100ppm、2200ppm、2300ppm、2400ppm、2500ppm、2600ppm、2700ppm、2800ppm、2900ppm、3000ppm、3100ppm、3200ppm、3300ppm、3400ppm、3500ppm、3600ppm、3700ppm、3800ppm、3900ppm、4000ppm、4100ppm、4200ppm、4300ppm,4400ppm、4500ppm、4600ppm、4700ppm、4800ppm、4900ppm、5000ppm、5100ppm、5200ppm、5300ppm、5400ppm、5500ppm、5600ppm、5700ppm、5800ppm、5900ppm、6000ppm、6100ppm、6200ppm、6300ppm、6400ppm、6500ppm、6600ppm、6700ppm、6800ppm、6900ppm、7000ppm、7100ppm、7200ppm、7300ppm、7400ppm、7500ppm、7600ppm、7700ppm、7800ppm、7900ppm、8000ppm、8100ppm、8200ppm、8300ppm、8400ppm、8500ppm、8600ppm、8700ppm、8800ppm、8900ppm、9000ppm、9100ppm、9200ppm、9300ppm、9400ppm、9500ppm、9600ppm、9700ppm、9800ppm、9900ppm、10000ppm、10500ppm、11000ppm、11500ppm、12000ppm、12500ppm、13000ppm、13500ppm、14000ppm、14500ppm、15000ppm、15500ppm、16000ppm、16500ppm、17000ppm、17500ppm、18000ppm、18500ppm、19000ppm、19500ppm、20000ppm、30000ppm、40000ppm、50000ppm、60000ppm,70000ppm、80000ppm、90000ppm、100000ppm、110000ppm、120000ppm、130000ppm、140000ppm、150000ppm、160000ppm、170000ppm、180000ppm、190000ppm、200000ppm、210000ppm、220000ppm、230000ppm、240000ppm、250000ppm、260000ppm、270000ppm、280000ppm、290000ppm、300000ppm、310000ppm、320000ppm、330000ppm、340000ppm、350000ppm、360000ppm、370000ppm、380000ppm、390000ppm、400000ppm、410000ppm、420000ppm、430000ppm、440000ppm、450000ppm、460000ppm、470000ppm、480000ppm、490000ppm or 500000ppm by weight compared to the composite particles 1.

According to one embodiment, the refractive index of the inorganic material 2 ranges from 1.0 to 3.0, from 1.2 to 2.6, from 1.4 to 2.0 at 450 nanometers.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 has a refractive index of at least 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6,2.7, 2.8, 2.9, or 3.0 at 450 nm.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 may absorb incident light having a wavelength greater than 50 microns, 40 microns, 30 microns, 20 microns, 10 microns, 1 micron, 950 nanometers, 900 nanometers, 850 nanometers, 800 nanometers, 750 nanometers, 700 nanometers, 650 nanometers, 600 nanometers, 550 nanometers, 500 nanometers, 450 nanometers, 400 nanometers, 350 nanometers, 300 nanometers, 250 nanometers, or less than 200 nanometers.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a luminescent nanoparticle.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle is a fluorescent nanoparticle.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle is a phosphorescent nanoparticle.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle is a chemiluminescent nanoparticle.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle is a triboluminescent nanoparticle.

According to one embodiment, the emission spectrum of the luminescent nanoparticle has at least one emission peak, wherein the peak wavelength of the emission peak is 400 nm to 50 μm.

According to one embodiment, the emission spectrum of the luminescent nanoparticle has at least one emission peak, wherein the peak wavelength of the emission peak is 400 nm to 500 nm. In this embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle emits blue light.

According to one embodiment, the emission spectrum of the luminescent nanoparticle has at least one emission peak, wherein the peak wavelength of the emission peak ranges from 500 nm to 560 nm, more preferably from 515 nm to 545 nm. In this embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle emits green light.

According to one embodiment, the emission spectrum of the luminescent nanoparticle has at least one emission peak, wherein the peak wavelength of said emission peak ranges from 560 nm to 590 nm. In this embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle emits yellow light.

According to one embodiment, the emission spectrum of the luminescent nanoparticle has at least one emission peak, wherein the peak wavelength of the emission peak ranges from 590 nm to 750 nm, more preferably ranging from 610 nm to 650 nm. In this embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle emits red light.

According to one embodiment, the emission spectrum of the luminescent nanoparticle has at least one emission peak, wherein the peak wavelength of said emission peak ranges from 750 nm to 50 μm. In this embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle emits near infrared light, mid infrared light or infrared light.

According to one embodiment, the half-width of at least one emission peak in the emission spectrum of the luminescent nanoparticle is below 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm or 10 nm.

According to one embodiment, the emission spectrum of the luminescent nanoparticle has at least one emission peak with a quarter wave width height below 90 nm, 80nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm or 10 nm.

According to one embodiment, the emission spectrum of the luminescent nanoparticle has at least one emission peak with a full width at half maximum strictly lower than 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm or 10 nm.

According to one embodiment, the emission spectrum of the luminescent nanoparticle has at least one quarter wave width of the emission peak strictly below 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm or 10 nm.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle has a photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQY) of at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 100%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle has an average fluorescence lifetime of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950 or 1 microsecond.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle is a semiconductor nanoparticle.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle is a semiconductor nanocrystal.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are light scattering nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is electrically conductive.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 has a conductivity of 1X 10 ^-20 to 10 ⁷ S/m, preferably from 1X 10 ^-15 to 5S/m, more preferably from 1X 10 ^-7 to 1S/m, under standard conditions.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 has a conductivity of at least 1×10^-20S/m、0.5×10^-19S/m、1×10^-19S/m、0.5×10^-18S/m、1×10^-18S/m、0.5×10^-17S/m、1×10^-17S/m、0.5×10^-16S/m、1×10^-16S/m、0.5×10^-15S/m、1×10^-15S/m、0.5×10^-14S/m、1×10^-14S/m、0.5×10^-13S/m、1×10^-13S/m、0.5×10^-12S/m、1×10^-12S/m、0.5×10^-11S/m、1×10^-11S/m、0.5×10^-10S/m、1×10^-10S/m、0.5×10^-9S/m、1×10^-9S/m、0.5×10^-8S/m、1×10^-8S/m、0.5×10^-7S/m、1×10^{- 7}S/m、0.5×10^-6S/m、1×10^-6S/m、0.5×10^-5S/m、1×10^-5S/m、0.5×10^-4S/m、1×10^-4S/m、0.5×10^-3S/m、1×10^-3S/m、0.5×10^-2S/m、1×10^-2S/m、0.5×10^-1S/m、1×10^-1S/m、0.5S/m、1S/m、1.5S/m、2S/m、2.5S/m、3S/m、3.5S/m、4S/m、4.5S/m、5S/m、5.5S/m、6S/m、6.5S/m、7S/m、7.5S/m、8S/m、8.5S/m、9S/m、9.5S/m、10S/m、50S/m、10²S/m、5×10²S/m、10³S/m、5×10³S/m、10⁴S/m、5×10⁴S/m、10⁵S/m、5×10⁵S/m、10⁶S/m、5×10⁶S/m or 10 ⁷ S/m under standard conditions.

According to one embodiment, the conductivity of the nanoparticle 3 may be measured, for example, by an impedance spectrometer.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are thermally conductive.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 has a thermal conductivity of 0.1 to 450W/(m.k), preferably 1 to 200W/(m.k), more preferably 10 to 150W/(m.k) under standard conditions.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 has a thermal conductivity of at least 0.1W/(m.K)、0.2W/(m.K)、0.3W/(m.K)、0.4W/(m.K)、0.5W/(m.K)、0.6W/(m.K)、0.7W/(m.K)、0.8W/(m.K)、0.9W/(m.K)、1W/(m.K)、1.1W/(m.K)、1.2W/(m.K)、1.3W/(m.K)、1.4W/(m.K)、1.5W/(m.K)、1.6W/(m.K)、1.7W/(m.K)、1.8W/(m.K)、1.9W/(m.K)、2W/(m.K)、2.1W/(m.K)、2.2W/(m.K)、2.3W/(m.K)、2.4W/(m.K)、2.5W/(m.K)、2.6W/(m.K)、2.7W/(m.K)、2.8W/(m.K)、2.9W/(m.K)、3W/(m.K)、3.1W/(m.K)、3.2W/(m.K)、3.3W/(m.K)、3.4W/(m.K)、3.5W/(m.K)、3.6W/(m.K)、3.7W/(m.K)、3.8W/(m.K)、3.9W/(m.K)、4W/(m.K)、4.1W/(m.K)、4.2W/(m.K)、4.3W/(m.K)、4.4W/(m.K)、4.5W/(m.K)、4.6W/(m.K)、4.7W/(m.K)、4.8W/(m.K)、4.9W/(m.K)、5W/(m.K)、5.1W/(m.K)、5.2W/(m.K)、5.3W/(m.K)、5.4W/(m.K)、5.5W/(m.K)、5.6W/(m.K)、5.7W/(m.K)、5.8W/(m.K)、5.9W/(m.K)、6W/(m.K)、6.1W/(m.K)、6.2W/(m.K)、6.3W/(m.K)、6.4W/(m.K)、6.5W/(m.K)、6.6W/(m.K)、6.7W/(m.K)、6.8W/(m.K)、6.9W/(m.K)、7W/(m.K)、7.1W/(m.K)、7.2W/(m.K)、7.3W/(m.K)、7.4W/(m.K)、7.5W/(m.K)、7.6W/(m.K)、7.7W/(m.K)、7.8W/(m.K)、7.9W/(m.K)、8W/(m.K)、8.1W/(m.K)、8.2W/(m.K)、8.3W/(m.K)、8.4W/(m.K)、8.5W/(m.K)、8.6W/(m.K)、8.7W/(m.K)、8.8W/(m.K)、8.9W/(m.K)、9W/(m.K)、9.1W/(m.K)、9.2W/(m.K)、9.3W/(m.K)、9.4W/(m.K)、9.5W/(m.K)、9.6W/(m.K)、9.7W/(m.K)、9.8W/(m.K)、9.9W/(m.K)、10W/(m.K)、10.1W/(m.K)、10.2W/(m.K)、10.3W/(m.K)、10.4W/(m.K)、10.5W/(m.K)、10.6W/(m.K)、10.7W/(m.K)、10.8W/(m.K)、10.9W/(m.K)、11W/(m.K)、11.1W/(m.K)、11.2W/(m.K)、11.3W/(m.K)、11.4W/(m.K)、11.5W/(m.K)、11.6W/(m.K)、11.7W/(m.K)、11.8W/(m.K)、11.9W/(m.K)、12W/(m.K)、12.1W/(m.K)、12.2W/(m.K)、12.3W/(m.K)、12.4W/(m.K)、12.5W/(m.K)、12.6W/(m.K)、12.7W/(m.K)、12.8W/(m.K)、12.9W/(m.K)、13W/(m.K)、13.1W/(m.K)、13.2W/(m.K)、13.3W/(m.K)、13.4W/(m.K)、13.5W/(m.K)、13.6W/(m.K)、13.7W/(m.K)、13.8W/(m.K)、13.9W/(m.K)、14W/(m.K)、14.1W/(m.K)、14.2W/(m.K)、14.3W/(m.K)、14.4W/(m.K)、14.5W/(m.K)、14.6W/(m.K)、14.7W/(m.K)、14.8W/(m.K)、14.9W/(m.K)、15W/(m.K)、15.1W/(m.K)、15.2W/(m.K)、15.3W/(m.K)、15.4W/(m.K)、15.5W/(m.K)、15.6W/(m.K)、15.7W/(m.K)、15.8W/(m.K)、15.9W/(m.K)、16W/(m.K)、16.1W/(m.K)、16.2W/(m.K)、16.3W/(m.K)、16.4W/(m.K)、16.5W/(m.K)、16.6W/(m.K)、16.7W/(m.K)、16.8W/(m.K)、16.9W/(m.K)、17W/(m.K)、17.1W/(m.K)、17.2W/(m.K)、17.3W/(m.K)、17.4W/(m.K)、17.5W/(m.K)、17.6W/(m.K)、17.7W/(m.K)、17.8W/(m.K)、17.9W/(m.K)、18W/(m.K)、18.1W/(m.K)、18.2W/(m.K)、18.3W/(m.K)、18.4W/(m.K)、18.5W/(m.K)、18.6W/(m.K)、18.7W/(m.K)、18.8W/(m.K)、18.9W/(m.K)、19W/(m.K)、19.1W/(m.K)、19.2W/(m.K)、19.3W/(m.K)、19.4W/(m.K)、19.5W/(m.K)、19.6W/(m.K)、19.7W/(m.K)、19.8W/(m.K)、19.9W/(m.K)、20W/(m.K)、20.1W/(m.K)、20.2W/(m.K)、20.3W/(m.K)、20.4W/(m.K)、20.5W/(m.K)、20.6W/(m.K)、20.7W/(m.K)、20.8W/(m.K)、20.9W/(m.K)、21W/(m.K)、21.1W/(m.K)、21.2W/(m.K)、21.3W/(m.K)、21.4W/(m.K)、21.5W/(m.K)、21.6W/(m.K)、21.7W/(m.K)、21.8W/(m.K)、21.9W/(m.K)、22W/(m.K)、22.1W/(m.K)、22.2W/(m.K)、22.3W/(m.K)、22.4W/(m.K)、22.5W/(m.K)、22.6W/(m.K)、22.7W/(m.K)、22.8W/(m.K)、22.9W/(m.K)、23W/(m.K)、23.1W/(m.K)、23.2W/(m.K)、23.3W/(m.K)、23.4W/(m.K)、23.5W/(m.K)、23.6W/(m.K)、23.7W/(m.K)、23.8W/(m.K)、23.9W/(m.K)、24W/(m.K)、24.1W/(m.K)、24.2W/(m.K)、24.3W/(m.K)、24.4W/(m.K)、24.5W/(m.K)、24.6W/(m.K)、24.7W/(m.K)、24.8W/(m.K)、24.9W/(m.K)、25W/(m.K)、30W/(m.K)、40W/(m.K)、50W/(m.K)、60W/(m.K)、70W/(m.K)、80W/(m.K)、90W/(m.K)、100W/(m.K)、110W/(m.K)、120W/(m.K)、130W/(m.K)、140W/(m.K)、150W/(m.K)、160W/(m.K)、170W/(m.K)、180W/(m.K)、190W/(m.K)、200W/(m.K)、210W/(m.K)、220W/(m.K)、230W/(m.K)、240W/(m.K)、250W/(m.K)、260W/(m.K)、270W/(m.K)、280W/(m.K)、290W/(m.K)、300W/(m.K)、310W/(m.K)、320W/(m.K)、330W/(m.K)、340W/(m.K)、350W/(m.K)、360W/(m.K)、370W/(m.K)、380W/(m.K)、390W/(m.K)、400W/(m.K)、410W/(m.K)、420W/(m.K)、430W/(m.K)、440W/(m.K) or 450W/(m.k) under standard conditions.

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the nanoparticle 3 may be measured by a steady state method or a transient method.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is thermally insulating.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a localized high temperature heating system.

According to one embodiment, the surface ligands attached to the nanoparticles 3 are in contact with the inorganic material 2. In this embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are attached to the inorganic material 2 such that the charge of the nanoparticles 3 is conducted away. This prevents the surface of the nanoparticle 3 from reacting due to the accumulation of charges.

According to one embodiment, the ligands on the surface of said nanoparticle 3 are C3-C20 alkyl thiol ligands, such as: propanethiol, butanethiol, pentanethiol, hexanethiol, heptanethiol, octanethiol, nonanethiol, decanethiol, undecanethiol, dodecanethiol, tridecanethiol, tetradecanethiol, pentadecanethiol, hexadecanethiol, heptadecanethiol, octadecanethiol or mixtures thereof. In this example, the C3 to C20 alkyl thiol ligands help control the hydrophobicity of the nanoparticle surface.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is hydrophobic.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are hydrophilic.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are dispersible in an aqueous solvent, an organic solvent and/or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 have an average size of at least 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18 nm, 19 nm, 20 nm, 21 nm, 22 nm, 23 nm, 24 nm, 25 nm, 26 nm, 27 nm, 28 nm, 29 nm, 30 nm, 31 nm, 32 nm, 33 nm, 34 nm, 35 nm, 36 nm, 37 nm, 38 nm, 39 nm, 40 nm, 41 nm, 42 nm, 43 nm, 44 nm, 45 nm, 46 nm, 47 nm, 48 nm, 49 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, 105 nm, 110 nm, 115 nm, 120 nm, 125 nm, 130 nm, 135 nm, 140 nm, 145 nm, 150 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, and 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm, 950 nm, 1 micron, 1.5 micron, 2.5 micron, 3 micron, 3.5 micron, 4 micron, 4.5 micron, 5 micron, 5.5 micron, 6 micron, 6.5 micron, 7 micron, 7.5 micron, 8 micron, 8.5 micron, 9 micron, 9.5 micron, 10 micron, 10.5 micron, 11 micron, 11.5 micron, 12 micron, 12.5 micron, 13 micron, 13.5 micron, 14 micron, 14.5 micron, 15 microns, 15.5 microns, 16 microns, 16.5 microns, 17 microns, 17.5 microns, 18 microns, 18.5 microns, 19 microns, 19.5 microns, 20 microns, 20.5 microns, 21 microns, 21.5 microns, 22 microns, 22.5 microns, 23 microns, 23.5 microns, 24 microns, 24.5 microns, 25 microns, 25.5 microns, 26 microns, 26.5 microns, 27 microns, 27.5 microns, 28 microns, 28.5 microns, 29 microns, 29.5 microns, 30 microns, 30.5 microns, 31 microns, 31.5 microns, 32 microns, 32.5 microns, 33 microns, 33.5 microns, 34 microns, 34.5 microns, 35 microns, 35.5 microns, 36 microns, 36.5 microns, 37 microns, 37.5 microns, 38 microns, 38.5 microns, 39 microns, 39.5 microns, 40 microns, 40.5 microns, 41 microns, 41.5 microns, 42 microns, 42.5 microns, 43 microns, 43.5 microns, 44 microns, 44.5 microns, 45 microns, 45.5 microns, 46 microns, 46.5 microns, 47 microns, 47.5 microns, 48 microns, 48.5 microns, 49 microns, 49.5 microns, 50 microns, 50.5 microns, 51 microns, 51.5 microns, 52 microns, 52.5 microns, 53 microns, 53.5 microns, 54 microns, 54.5 microns, 55 microns, 55.5 microns, 56 microns, 56.5 microns, 57 microns, 57.5 microns, 58 microns, 58.5 microns, 59 microns, 59.5 microns, 60 microns, 60.5 microns, 61 microns, 61.5 microns, 62 microns, 62.5 microns, 63 microns, 63.5 microns, 64 microns, 64.5 microns, 65 microns, 65.5 microns, 66 microns, 66.5 microns, 67 microns, 67.5 microns, 68 microns, 68.5 microns, 69 microns, 69.5 microns, 70 microns, 70.5 microns, 71 microns, 71.5 microns, 72 microns, 72.5 microns, 73 microns, 73.5 microns, 74 microns, 74.5 microns, 75 microns, 75.5 microns, 76 microns, 76.5 microns, 77 microns, 78 microns, 78.5 microns, 79 microns, 79.5, 80, 80.5, 81, 81.5, 82, 82.5, 83, 83.5, 84, 84.5, 85, 85.5, 86, 86.5, 87, 87.5, 88, 88.5, 89, 89.5, 90, 90.5, 91, 91.5, 92, 92.5, 93, 93.5, 94, 94.5, 95, 95.5, 96, 96.5, 97, 97.5, 98, 98.5, 98, 99, 99.5, 100, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950 or 1 mm.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 have a maximum dimension of at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, 105 nm, 110 nm, 115 nm, 120 nm, 125 nm, 130 nm, 135 nm, 140 nm, 145 nm, 150 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm, 950 nm, 1 micron, 1.5 micron, 2.5 micron, 3 micron, 3.5 micron, 4 micron, 4.5 micron, 5 micron, 5.5 micron, 6 micron, 6.5 micron, 7 micron, 7.5 micron, 8 micron, 8.5 micron, 9 micron, 9.5 micron, 10 micron, 10.5 micron, 11 micron, 11.5 micron, 12 micron, 12.5 micron, 13 micron, 13.5 micron, 14 micron, 14.5 micron, 15 micron, 15.5 micron, 16 micron, 16.5 micron, 17 micron, 17.5 micron, 18 micron, 18.5 micron, 19 micron, 19.5 micron, 20 micron, 20.5 micron, 21 micron, 21.5 micron, 22, 22.5, 23, 23.5, 24, 24.5, 25, 25.5, 26, 26.5, 27, 27.5, 28, 28.5, 29, 29.5, 30, 30.5, 31, 31.5, 32, 32.5, 33, 33.5, 34, 34.5, 35, 35.5 microns, 36 microns, 36.5 microns, 37 microns, 37.5 microns, 38 microns, 38.5 microns, 39 microns, 39.5 microns, 40 microns, 40.5 microns, 41 microns, 41.5 microns, 42 microns, 42.5 microns, 43 microns, 43.5 microns, 44 microns, 44.5 microns, 45 microns, 45.5 microns, 46 microns, 46.5 microns, 47 microns, 47.5 microns, 48 microns, 48.5 microns, 49 microns, 49.5 microns, 50 microns, 50.5 microns, 51 microns, 51.5 microns, 52 microns, 52.5 microns, 53 microns, 53.5 microns, 54 microns, 54.5 microns, 55 microns, 55.5 microns, 56 microns, 56.5 microns, 57 microns, 57.5 microns, 58 microns, 58.5 microns, 59 microns, 59.5 microns, 60 microns, 60.5 microns, 61 microns, 61.5 microns, 62 microns, 62.5 microns, 63 microns, 63.5 microns, 64 microns, 64.5 microns, 65 microns, 65.5 microns, 66 microns, 66.5 microns, 67 microns, 67.5 microns, 68 microns, 68.5 microns, 69 microns, 69.5 microns, 70 microns, 70.5 microns, 71 microns, 71.5 microns, 72 microns, 72.5 microns, 73 microns, 73.5 microns, 74 microns, 74.5 microns, 75, 75.5, 76, 76.5, 77, 77.5, 78, 78.5, 79, 79.5, 80, 80.5, 81, 81.5, 82, 82.5, 83, 83.5, 84, 84.5, 85, 85.5, 86, 86.5, 87, 87.5, 88, 89, 89.5, 90, 90.5, 91, 91.5, 92, 92.5, 93, 93.5, 94, 94.5, 95, 95.5, 96, 96.5, 97, 97.5, 98, 98.5, 99, 99.5, 100, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950 or 1 mm.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the smallest dimension of the nanoparticle 3 is at least 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5 nm, 17 nm, 17.5 nm, 18 nm, 18.5 nm, 19 nm, 19.5 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 90 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm, 950 nm, 1 micron, 1.5 micron, 2.5 micron, 3 micron, 3.5 micron, 4 microns, 4.5 microns, 5 microns, 5.5 microns, 6 microns, 6.5 microns, 7 microns, 7.5 microns, 8 microns, 8.5 microns, 9 microns, 9.5 microns, 10 microns, 10.5 microns, 11 microns, 11.5 microns, 12 microns, 12.5 microns, 13 microns, 13.5 microns, 14 microns, 14.5 microns, 15 microns, 15.5 microns, 16 microns, 16.5 microns, 17 microns, 17.5 microns, 18 microns, 18.5 microns, 19 microns, 19.5 microns, 20 microns, 20.5 microns, 21 microns, 21.5 microns, 22, 22.5, 23, 23.5, 24, 24.5, 25, 25.5, 26, 26.5, 27, 27.5, 28, 28.5, 29, 29.5, 30, 30.5, 31, 31.5, 32, 32.5, 33, 33.5, 34, 34.5, 35, 35.5, 36, 36.5, 37, 37.5, 38, 38.5 microns, 39 microns, 39.5 microns, 40 microns, 40.5 microns, 41 microns, 41.5 microns, 42 microns, 42.5 microns, 43 microns, 43.5 microns, 44 microns, 44.5 microns, 45 microns, 45.5 microns, 46 microns, 46.5 microns, 47 microns, 47.5 microns, 48 microns, 48.5 microns, 49 microns, 49.5 microns, 50 microns, 50.5 microns, 51 microns, 51.5 microns, 52 microns, 52.5 microns, 53 microns, 53.5 microns, 54 microns 54.5 microns, 55 microns, 55.5 microns, 56 microns, 56.5 microns, 57 microns, 57.5 microns, 58 microns, 58.5 microns, 59 microns, 59.5 microns, 60 microns, 60.5 microns, 61 microns, 61.5 microns, 62 microns, 62.5 microns, 63 microns, 63.5 microns, 64 microns, 64.5 microns, 65 microns, 65.5 microns, 66 microns, 66.5 microns, 67 microns, 67.5 microns, 68 microns, 68.5 microns, 69 microns, 69.5 microns, 70 microns 70.5 microns, 71 microns, 71.5 microns, 72 microns, 72.5 microns, 73 microns, 73.5 microns, 74 microns, 74.5 microns, 75 microns, 75.5 microns, 76 microns, 76.5 microns, 77 microns, 77.5 microns, 78 microns, 78.5 microns, 79 microns, 79.5 microns, 80 microns, 80.5 microns, 81 microns, 81.5 microns, 82 microns, 82.5 microns, 83 microns, 83.5 microns, 84 microns, 84.5 microns, 85 microns, 85.5 microns, 86 microns, 86.5, 87, 87.5, 88, 88.5, 89, 89.5, 90, 90.5, 91, 91.5, 92, 92.5, 93, 93.5, 94, 94.5, 95, 95.5, 96, 96.5, 97, 97.5, 98, 98.5, 99, 99.5, 100, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950 or 1 mm.

According to one embodiment, the smallest dimension of the nanoparticle 3 in each dimension is equal to the largest dimension of the nanoparticle 3 in each dimension, the ratio (aspect ratio) therebetween is at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, at least 7.5, at least 8, at least 8.5, at least 9, at least 9.5, at least 10, at least 10.5, at least 11, at least 11.5, at least 12, at least 12.5, at least 13, at least 13.5, at least 14, at least 14.5, at least 15, at least 15.5, at least 16, at least 16.5, at least 17, at least 17.5, at least 18, at least 18.5, at least 19, at least 19.5, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450, at least 550, at least 500, at least 600, at least 700, at least 900, or at least 1000.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are polydisperse.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are monodisperse.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 have a narrow particle size distribution.

According to one embodiment, the size distribution of the smallest dimension of a group of nanoparticles 3 is less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% or 40% of said smallest dimension.

According to one embodiment, the size distribution of the largest dimension of a group of nanoparticles 3 is greater than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% or 40% of said largest dimension.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is hollow.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is not hollow.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is isotropic.

According to one embodiment, examples of shapes of nanoparticle isotropy 3 include, but are not limited to: the sphere 31 (as shown in fig. 2) has a faceted sphere, prism, polyhedron or cube shape.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is not spherical.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are anisotropic.

According to one embodiment, examples of shapes of anisotropy 3 of nanoparticles include, but are not limited to: rod, wire, needle, rod, ribbon, cone or polyhedral shape.

According to one embodiment, examples of branching shapes for anisotropy 3 of the nanoparticle include, but are not limited to: single foot, two feet, three feet, four feet, star or eight feet.

According to one embodiment, examples of complex shapes of anisotropy 3 of nanoparticles include, but are not limited to: snowflake, flower, thorn, hemispherical, conical, sea urchin, filamentous particle, biconcave disk, worm, tree, dendrite, necklace or chain.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 has a two-dimensional shape 32, as shown in fig. 3.

According to one embodiment, example nanoparticles 32 of two-dimensional shape include, but are not limited to: sheet, platelet, plate, strip, wall, triangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, disk, or ring.

According to one embodiment, one nanoplate is different from a nanoplate.

According to one embodiment, one nanoplatelet is different from a disk or nanodisk.

According to one embodiment, the nanoplates and nanoplates are not discs or nanoplates. In this embodiment, the nanoplates or nanoplates are square or rectangular along portions of the other dimensions (width, length) than the thickness. And when it is circular or elliptical, it is a disk or nanodisk.

According to one embodiment, the nanoplates and nanoplates are not discs or nanoplates. In this embodiment, none of the dimensions of the nanoplates define a diameter, semi-major axis or semi-minor axis of a disk or nanoplate.

According to one embodiment, the nanoplates and nanoplates are not discs or nanoplates. In this embodiment, the curvature at any point along the other dimensions (length, width) than the thickness is less than 10 μm ^-1, while for a disk or nanodisk, the curvature at least some point is above this value.

According to one embodiment, the nanoplates and nanoplates are not discs or nanoplates. In this embodiment, the curvature at a point along the other dimensions (length, width) than the thickness is less than 10 μm ^-1, while for a disk or nanodisk the curvature at any point is higher than 10 μm ^-1.

According to one embodiment, one nanoplatelet is different from one quantum dot or spherical nanocrystal. Quantum dots are spherical and thus have a three-dimensional shape, and subject excitons to quantum confinement in three spatial dimensions. While nanoplates have a two-dimensional shape and allow excitons to be quantum confined in only one dimension and free to conduct in the other two dimensions. This gives the nanoplatelets different electronic and optical properties, for example, the typical photoluminescence decay time of a semiconductor plate is 1 order of magnitude faster than that of a spherical quantum dot, and the semiconductor plate has very narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) optical characteristics, which are much smaller than that of a spherical quantum dot.

According to one embodiment, one nanosheet is different from one nanorod or nanowire. The nanorods (or nanowires) have a one-dimensional shape and confine the excitons to two spatial dimensions, while the nanoplatelets have a two-dimensional shape and allow confinement of the excitons in one dimension while being free to conduct in the other two dimensions. This results in different electronic and optical properties.

According to one embodiment, to obtain composite particles 1 that meet the RoHS specification, the composite particles 1 preferably comprise semiconductor nanoplatelets instead of semiconductor quantum dots. In fact, the semiconductor quantum dot of diameter d, and the semiconductor nanoplatelet of thickness d/2, whose emission peak positions are identical; thus, for the same emission wavelength, the semiconductor nanoplatelets contain less weight of cadmium than the semiconductor quantum dots. In addition, if the core/shell quantum dot or the core/shell (or core/crown) nanoplatelets comprise a core of cadmium sulfide, the core/shell (or core/crown) nanoplatelets are more likely to have a shell of cadmium or not; thus, the cadmium sulfide core-to-core/shell (or core/crown) nanosheets and the cadmium sulfide core-to-core/shell quantum dots may contain lower weight cadmium. The lattice difference between cadmium sulfide and the cadmium-free shell is very large and is difficult for quantum dots to withstand. Finally, semiconductor nanoplatelets have better absorption properties than semiconductor quantum dots, thus resulting in less weight of cadmium required in the semiconductor nanoplatelets.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are atomically flat. In this embodiment, the characteristics of the atomically flat nanoparticles 3 may be confirmed by transmission electron microscopy or fluorescence scanning microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS), electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS), photoluminescence or any other method known to those skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment, as shown in a in fig. 5, the nanoparticle 3 is a shell-less core nanoparticle 33.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 comprises at least one atomically flat core nanoparticle. In this embodiment, the characteristics of the atomically flat nanoparticles 3 may be confirmed by transmission electron microscopy or fluorescence scanning microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS), electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS), photoluminescence or any other method known to those skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a nanoparticle of a core 33/shell 34, wherein said core 33 is partially or completely covered by at least one shell 34, which comprises at least one layer of material.

According to one embodiment, as shown in B-C in FIG. 5 and F-G in FIG. 5, the nanoparticle 3 is a nanoparticle of a core 33/shell 34, wherein said core 33 is covered with at least one shell (34, 35).

According to one embodiment, the aforementioned at least one housing (34, 35) has a thickness of at least 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5 nm, 17 nm, 17.5 nm, 18 nm, 18.5 nm, 19 nm, 19.5 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 150 nm, 170 nm, 220 nm, 250 nm, 400 nm, 220 nm, 300 nm, 220 nm, 400 nm, 300 nm, 250 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 260 nm, 300 nm.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a nanoparticle of a core 33/shell 34, wherein said core 33 and shell 34 are composed of the same material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a nanoparticle of a core 33/shell 34, wherein the core 33 and the shell 34 are made of at least two different materials.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a nanoparticle of a core 33/shell 34, wherein said core 33 is a luminescent material and is covered by at least one shell 34, which is composed of one of the following materials: magnetic material, plasmonic material, dielectric material, piezoelectric material, thermoelectric material, ferroelectric material, light scattering material, electrically insulating material, thermally insulating material, or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a nanoparticle of a core 33/shell 34, wherein said core 33 is of magnetic material and is covered by at least one shell 34, which is of one of the following materials composition: luminescent material, plasmonic material, dielectric material, piezoelectric material, thermoelectric material, ferroelectric material, light scattering material, electrically insulating material, thermally insulating material or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a nanoparticle of a core 33/shell 34, wherein said core 33 is a light scattering material and is covered by at least one shell 34, which is composed of one of the following materials: magnetic material, plasmonic material, dielectric material, luminescent material, piezoelectric material, thermoelectric material, ferroelectric material, electrically insulating material, thermally insulating material, or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a nanoparticle of a core 33/shell 34, said core 33 being covered by at least one shell 34. Wherein the shell 34 comprises a light scattering material and the core 33 is of one of the following materials: magnetic material, plasmonic material, dielectric material, luminescent material, piezoelectric material, thermoelectric material, ferroelectric material, electrically insulating material, light scattering material, thermally insulating material, or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a nanoparticle of a core 33/shell 34, said core 33 being covered by at least one shell 34. Wherein the shell 34 comprises a luminescent material and the core 33 is of one of the following material compositions: magnetic material, plasmonic material, dielectric material, luminescent material, piezoelectric material, thermoelectric material, ferroelectric material, electrically insulating material, light scattering material, thermally insulating material, or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a nanoparticle of a core 33/shell 36, wherein said core 33 is covered by a shell 36 of an insulator. In this embodiment, the shell 36 of the insulator prevents aggregation of the core 33.

According to one embodiment, the thickness of the insulator housing 36 is at least 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2nm, 2.5 nm, 3nm, 3.5 nm, 4nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9nm, 9.5 nm, 10nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5 nm, 17 nm, 17.5 nm, 18 nm, 18.5 nm, 19 nm, 19.5 nm, 20 nm, 30nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 180, 200nm, 250 nm, 400 nm, 250 nm, 210 nm, 400 nm, 250 nm, 400 nm or 300 nm.

According to one embodiment, as shown in D in fig. 5 and H in fig. 5, the nanoparticle 3 is a nanoparticle of a core 33/shell (34, 35, 36), wherein said core 33 is covered with at least one shell (34, 35) and an insulator shell 36.

According to one embodiment, the shells (34, 35, 36) covering the core 33 of the nanoparticle 3 may be composed of the same material.

According to one embodiment, the shell (34, 35, 36) covering the core 33 of the nanoparticle 3 may be made of at least two different materials.

According to one embodiment, the shells (34, 35, 36) covering the core 33 of the nanoparticle 3 may have the same thickness.

According to one embodiment, the shells (34, 35, 36) covering the core 33 of the nanoparticle 3 may have different thicknesses.

According to one embodiment, each shell (34, 35, 36) covers the thickness of the core 33 of the nanoparticle 3, being uniform along the core 33, i.e. each shell (34, 35, 36) has the same thickness along the whole core 33.

According to one embodiment, each shell (34, 35, 36) covers the core 33 of said nanoparticle 3, which is non-uniform along the thickness of the core 33, i.e. said thickness varies along the core 33.

According to one embodiment, nanoparticle 3 is a nanoparticle of core 33/insulator shell 36, wherein examples of insulator shell 36 include, but are not limited to: non-porous silica, non-porous manganese oxide, non-porous zinc oxide, non-porous aluminum oxide, porous aluminum oxide non-porous zirconium dioxide, non-porous titanium dioxide, non-porous tin dioxide, or mixtures thereof. The insulator housing 36 serves as an auxiliary barrier against oxidation and, if it is a good thermal conductor, may assist in dissipating heat.

According to one embodiment, as shown in E in fig. 5, the nanoparticle 3 is a two-dimensional structure of core 33/crown 37 nanoparticles, wherein said core 33 is covered by at least one crown 37.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/crown 37 nanoparticle, wherein said crown 37 covering the core 33 is composed of at least one layer of material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/crown 37 nanoparticle, wherein said core 33 and crown 37 are composed of the same material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/crown 37 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 and crown 37 are composed of at least two different materials.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a nanoparticle of a core 33/crown 37, wherein said core 33 is a luminescent material and is surrounded by at least one crown 37, the shell being of one of the following materials composition: magnetic material, plasmonic material, dielectric material, piezoelectric material, thermoelectric material, ferroelectric material, light scattering material, electrically insulating material, thermally insulating material, or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a nanoparticle of a core 33/crown 37, wherein said core 33 is of magnetic material and is surrounded by at least one crown 37, the shell being of one of the following materials: luminescent material, plasmonic material, dielectric material, piezoelectric material, thermoelectric material, ferroelectric material, light scattering material, electrically insulating material, thermally insulating material or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a nanoparticle of a core 33/crown 37, wherein said core 33 is a light scattering material and is surrounded by at least one crown 37, the shell being of one of the following materials: magnetic material, plasmonic material, dielectric material, luminescent material, piezoelectric material, thermoelectric material, ferroelectric material, electrically insulating material, thermally insulating material, or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a nanoparticle of a core 33/crown 37, said core 33 being surrounded by at least one crown 37. Wherein crown 37 comprises a light scattering material and core 33 is of one of the following materials composition: magnetic material, plasmonic material, dielectric material, luminescent material, piezoelectric material, thermoelectric material, ferroelectric material, electrically insulating material, light scattering material, thermally insulating material, or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a nanoparticle of a core 33/crown 37, said core 33 being surrounded by at least one crown 37. Wherein crown 37 comprises a luminescent material and core 33 is of one of the following materials composition: magnetic material, plasmonic material, dielectric material, luminescent material, piezoelectric material, thermoelectric material, ferroelectric material, electrically insulating material, light scattering material, thermally insulating material, or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a nanoparticle of a core 33/crown 37, wherein said core 33 is covered by an insulator crown 37. In this embodiment, insulator crown 37 prevents aggregation of core 33.

According to one embodiment, as shown in fig. 4, the composite particle 1 comprises a combination (31, 32) of at least two different nanoparticles. In this example, the resulting particles 1 will exhibit different properties.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 comprise at least one luminescent nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 selected from the group consisting of magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, thermoelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

In a preferred embodiment, the composite particles 1 comprise at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein the luminescent nanoparticles have different emission wavelengths.

In a preferred embodiment, the composite particles 1 comprise at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits a wavelength in the range of 500-560nm and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits a wavelength in the range of 600-2500 nm. In this embodiment, the composite particles 1 comprise at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum, so that pairing of the particles 1 with a blue LED will become a white emitter.

In a preferred embodiment, the composite particles 1 comprise at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits a wavelength in the range of 400-490nm and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits a wavelength in the range of 600-2500 nm. In this embodiment, the composite particles 1 comprise at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the blue region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum, whereby the particles 1 are white emitters.

In one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits a wavelength in the range of 400-490nm and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits a wavelength in the range of 500-560 nm. In the present embodiment, the composite particles 1 comprise at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the blue region of the visible spectrum.

In a preferred embodiment, the composite particles 1 comprise at least three different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein the luminescent nanoparticles have different emission wavelengths.

In one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits a wavelength in the range of 400-490nm, at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits a wavelength in the range of 500-560nm, and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits a wavelength in the range of 600-2500 nm. In the present embodiment, the composite particles 1 comprise at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the blue region of the visible spectrum, at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 comprise at least one light scattering nanoparticle and comprise at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group of: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, thermoelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, examples of sulfide nanoparticles include, but are not limited to ：Si_yS_x、Al_yS_x、Ti_yS_x、Zr_yS_x、Zn_yS_x、Mg_yS_x、Sn_yS_x、Nb_yS_x、Ce_yS_x、Be_yS_x、Ir_yS_x、Ca_yS_x、Sc_yS_x、Ni_yS_x、Na_yS_x、Ba_yS_x、K_yS_x、Pb_yS_x、Ag_yS_x、V_yS_x、Te_yS_x、Mn_yS_x、B_yS_x、P_yS_x、Ge_yS_x、As_yS_x、Fe_yS_x、Ta_yS_x、Li_yS_x、Sr_yS_x、Y_yS_x、Hf_yS_x、W_yS_x、Mo_yS_x、Cr_yS_x、Tc_yS_x、Re_yS_x、Ru_yS_x、Co_yS_x、Os_yS_x、Rh_yS_x、Pt_yS_x、Pd_yS_x、Cu_yS_x、Au_yS_x、Cd_yS_x、Hg_yS_x、Tl_yS_x、Ga_yS_x、In_yS_x、Bi_yS_x、Sb_yS_x、Po_yS_x、Se_yS_x、Cs_yS_x、 mixed sulfides or mixtures thereof; wherein X and Y are each a number from 0 to 10, and X and Y are not both equal to 0, and X and.

According to one embodiment, examples of halide nanoparticles include, but are not limited to ：BaF₂、LaF₃、CeF₃、YF₃、CaF₂、MgF₂、PrF₃、AgCl、MnCl₂、NiCl₂、Hg₂Cl₂、CaCl₂、CsPbCl₃、AgBr、PbBr₃、CsPbBr₃、AgI、CuI、PbI、HgI₂、BiI₃、CH₃NH₃PbI₃、CH₃NH₃PbCl₃、CH₃NH₃PbBr₃、CsPbI₃、FAPbBr₃(FA being formamidine) or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of chalcogenide nanoparticles include, but are not limited to ：CdO、CdS、CdSe、CdTe、ZnO、ZnS、ZnSe、ZnTe、HgO、HgS、HgSe、HgTe、CuO、Cu₂O、CuS、Cu₂S、CuSe、CuTe、Ag₂O、Ag₂S、Ag₂Se、Ag₂Te、Au₂S、PdO、PdS、Pd₄S、PdSe、PdTe、PtO、PtS、PtS₂、PtSe、PtTe、RhO₂、Rh₂O₃、RhS₂、Rh₂S₃、RhSe₂、Rh₂Se₃、RhTe₂、IrO₂、IrS₂、Ir₂S₃、IrSe₂、IrTe₂、RuO₂、RuS₂、OsO、OsS、OsSe、OsTe、MnO、MnS、MnSe、MnTe、ReO₂、ReS₂、Cr₂O₃、Cr₂S₃、MoO₂、MoS₂、MoSe₂、MoTe₂、WO₂、WS₂、WSe₂、V₂O₅、V₂S₃、Nb₂O₅、NbS₂、NbSe₂、HfO₂、HfS₂、TiO₂、ZrO₂、ZrS₂、ZrSe₂、ZrTe₂、Sc₂O₃、Y₂O₃、Y₂S₃、SiO₂、GeO₂、GeS、GeS₂、GeSe、GeSe₂、GeTe、SnO₂、SnS、SnS₂、SnSe、SnSe₂、SnTe、PbO、PbS、PbSe、PbTe、MgO、MgS、MgSe、MgTe、CaO、CaS、SrO、Al₂O₃、Ga₂O₃、Ga₂S₃、Ga₂Se₃、In₂O₃、In₂S₃、In₂Se₃、In₂Te₃、La₂O₃、La₂S₃、CeO₂、CeS₂、Pr₆O₁₁、Nd₂O₃、NdS₂、La₂O₃、Tl₂O、Sm₂O₃、SmS₂、Eu₂O₃、EuS₂、Bi₂O₃、Sb₂O₃、PoO₂、SeO₂、Cs₂O、Tb₄O₇、TbS₂、Dy₂O₃、Ho₂O₃、Er₂O₃、ErS₂、Tm₂O₃、Yb₂O₃、Lu₂O₃、CuInS₂、CuInSe₂、AgInS₂、AgInSe₂、Fe₂O₃、Fe₃O₄、FeS、FeS₂、Co₃S₄、CoSe、Co₃O₄、NiO、NiSe₂、NiSe、Ni₃Se₄、Gd₂O₃、BeO、TeO₂、Na₂O、BaO、K₂O、Ta₂O₅、Li₂O、Tc₂O₇、As₂O₃、B₂O₃、P₂O₅、P₂O₃、P₄O₇、P₄O₈、P₄O₉、P₂O₆、PO or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of phosphide nanoparticles include, but are not limited to: inP, cd ₃P₂、Zn₃P₂, alP, gaP, tlP or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of metal nanoparticles include, but are not limited to: silicon, boron, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of metal alloy nanoparticles include, but are not limited to: gold-palladium, gold-silver, gold-copper, platinum-palladium, platinum-nickel, copper-silver, copper-tin, ruthenium-platinum, rhodium-platinum, copper-platinum, nickel-gold, platinum-tin, palladium-vanadium, iridium platinum, gold-platinum, palladium-silver, copper-zinc, chromium-nickel, iron-cobalt, cobalt-nickel, iron-nickel, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a nanoparticle comprising a hygroscopic material, such as a phosphor material or a scintillator material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a perovskite nanoparticle.

According to one embodiment, the perovskite comprises a material a _mB_nX_3p, wherein the composition of a is selected from Ba, B, K, pb, cs, ca, ce, na, la, sr, th, FA (formamidine CN ₂H₅ ⁺) or mixtures thereof; b is selected from Fe, nb, ti, pb, sn, ge, bi, zr, or their mixture; x is selected from O, cl, br, I, cyanide, thiocyanate or mixtures thereof; m, n and p are each decimal numbers from 0 to 5; m, n and p are not equal to 0 at the same time; m and n are not equal to 0 at the same time.

According to one embodiment, m, n and p are not equal to 0.

According to one embodiment, examples of perovskite include, but are not limited to ：Cs₃Bi₂I₉、Cs₃Bi₂Cl₉、Cs₃Bi₂Br₉、BFeO₃、KNbO₃、BaTiO₃、CH₃NH₃PbI₃、CH₃NH₃PbCl₃、CH₃NH₃PbBr₃、FAPbBr₃(with FA formamidinium)、FAPbCl₃、FAPbI₃、CsPbCl₃、CsPbBr₃、CsPbI₃、CsSnI₃、CsSnCl₃、CsSnBr₃、CsGeCl₃、CsGeBr₃、CsGeI₃、FAPbCl_xBr_yI_z( where x, y, and z are numbers from 0 to 5 and are not equal to 0 at the same time).

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are phosphorescent nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are phosphorescent nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, examples of phosphorescent nanoparticles include, but are not limited to:

-rare earth doped garnet, e.g. Y₃Al₅O₁₂、Y₃Ga₅O₁₂、Y₃Fe₂(FeO₄)₃、Y₃Fe₅O₁₂、Y₄Al₂O₉、YAlO₃、RE_3-nAl₅O₁₂:Ce_n(RE＝Y、Gd、Tb、Lu)、Gd₃Al₅O₁₂、Gd₃Ga₅O₁₂、Lu₃Al₅O₁₂、Fe₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃、(Lu_0.90Gd_0.07Ce_0.03)₃Sr_0.34Al₅O₁₂F_0.68、Mg₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃、Mn₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃、Ca₃Fe₂(SiO₄)₃、Ca₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃、Ca₃Cr₂(SiO₄)₃、Al₅Lu₃O₁₂、GAL、GaYAG、TAG、GAL、LuAG、YAG、(Lu_(1-x-y)A_xCe_y)₃B_zAl₅O₁₂C_2z, wherein a is Sc, la, gd, tb or at least one of their mixtures, B is Mg, sr, ca, ba at least one of their mixtures, C is F, C, br, I or at least one of their mixtures, and 0.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.0.5, 0.001.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.0.2, 0.001.ltoreq.z.ltoreq.0.5;

Doped nitrides, e.g. europium-doped CaAlSiN₃、Sr(LiAl₃N₄):Eu、SrMg₃SiN₄:Eu、La₃Si₆N₁₁:Ce、La₃Si₆N₁₁:Ce、(Ca,Sr)AlSiN₃:Eu、(Ca_0.2Sr_0.8)AlSiN₃、(Ca、Sr、Ba)₂Si₅N₈:Eu;

Sulfide-based phosphors such as CaS: eu ²⁺、SrS:Eu²⁺;

-A ₂(MF₆):Mn⁴⁺, where A may comprise Na, K, rb, cs, or NH ₄ and M may comprise Si, ti and Zr or Mn, such as M ⁴⁺ doped Potassium Fluosilicate (PFS), K ₂(SiF₆):Mn⁴⁺ or K₂(TiF₆):Mn⁴⁺、Na₂SnF₆:Mn⁴⁺、Cs₂SnF₆:Mn⁴⁺、Na₂SiF₆:Mn⁴⁺、Na₂GeF₆:Mn⁴⁺;

Oxynitrides, such as europium doped (Li、Mg、Ca、Y)-α-SiAlON、SrAl₂Si₃ON₆:Eu、Eu_xSi_{6- z}Al_zO_yN_8-y(y＝z-2x)、Eu_0.018Si_5.77Al_0.23O_0.194N_7.806、SrSi₂O₂N₂:Eu²⁺、Pr³⁺ activated β -SiAlON: eu;

Silicates, e.g. a ₂Si(OD)₄: eu, where a= Sr, ba, ca, mg, zn or mixtures thereof and d= F, cl, S, N, br or mixtures thereof ,(SrBaCa)₂SiO₄:Eu、Ba₂MgSi₂O₇:Eu、Ba₂SiO₄:Eu、Sr₃SiO₅、(Ca,Ce)₃(Sc,Mg)₂Si₃O₁₂;

Carbonitrides, e.g. Y ₂Si₄N₆C、CsLnSi(CN₂)₄: eu where ln= Y, la and Gd;

-a carbonitriding oxide such as Sr ₂Si₅N_8-[(4x/3)+z]C_xO_3z/2, wherein 0-x-5.0, 0.06< z-0.1, and x-q and/2;

Europium aluminates, such as EuAl ₆O₁₀、EuAl₂O₄;

barium oxide, such as Ba _0.93Eu_0.07Al₂O₄;

blue phosphors, e.g (BaMgAl₁₀O₁₇:Eu)、Sr₅(PO₄)₃Cl:Eu、AlN:Eu:,LaSi₃N₅:Ce、SrSi₉Al₁₉ON₃₁:Eu、SrSi_6-xAl_xO_1+xN_8-x:Eu;

Halogenated garnet, for example (Lu_1-a-b-cY_aTb_bA_c)₃(Al_1-dB_d)₅(O_1-eC_e)₁₂:Ce or Eu, wherein the composition of A is selected from Mg, sr, ca, ba or mixtures thereof; b is selected from Ga, in or a mixture thereof; c is selected from F, cl, br or a mixture thereof; and a is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1; b is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1;0<c is less than or equal to 0.5; d is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1; 0<e is less than or equal to 0.2;

-((Sr_1-zM_z)_1-(x+w)A_wCe_x)₃(Al_1-ySi_y)O_4+y+3(x-w)F_1-y-3(x-w)', Wherein x is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 0.10,0, y is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 0.5, z is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to x, and A contains lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium or a mixture thereof; and M comprises calcium, barium, magnesium, zinc, tin or mixtures thereof ,(Sr_0.98Na_0.01Ce_0.01)₃(Al_0.9Si_0.1)O_4.1F_0.9、(Sr_0.595Ca_0.4Ce_0.005)₃(Al_0.6Si_0.4)O_4.415F_0.585;

-Rare earth element doped nanoparticles;

-doped nanoparticles;

Any phosphor known to the person skilled in the art;

-or a mixture of the above.

According to one embodiment, examples of phosphor nanoparticles include, but are not limited to:

Blue phosphors, e.g. BaMgAl ₁₀O₁₇:Eu²⁺ or Co²⁺、Sr₅(PO₄)₃Cl:Eu²⁺、AlN:Eu²⁺、LaSi₃N₅:Ce³⁺、SrSi₉Al₁₉ON₃₁:Eu²⁺、SrSi_6-xAl_xO_1+xN_8-x:Eu²⁺;

Red phosphors such as Mn ⁴⁺ doped Potassium Fluosilicate (PFS), carbonitrides, nitrides, sulfides (CaS)、CaAlSiN₃:Eu³⁺、(Ca、Sr)AlSiN₃:Eu³⁺、(Ca、Sr、Ba)₂Si₅N₈:Eu³⁺、SrLiAl₃N₄:Eu³⁺、SrMg₃SiN₄:Eu^{3 +}、 red light emitting silicates;

orange phosphors such as orange luminescent silicate, li, mg, ca or Y doped α -SiAlON;

Green phosphors, such as nitrogen oxides, carbonitrides, green luminescent silicates, luAG, green GAL, green YAG, green GaYAG、β-SiAlON:Eu²⁺、SrSi₂O₂N₂:Eu²⁺、SrSi₂O₂N₂:Eu²⁺; and

Yellow phosphors, e.g. yellow luminescent silicate, TAG, yellow YAG, la ₃Si₆N₁₁:Ce³⁺ (LSN), yellow GAL.

According to one embodiment, examples of phosphor nanoparticles include, but are not limited to: blue phosphor, red phosphor, orange phosphor, green phosphor, and yellow phosphor.

According to one embodiment, the average size of the phosphor nanoparticles is at least 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18 nm, 19 nm, 20 nm, 21 nm, 22 nm, 23 nm, 24 nm, 25 nm, 26 nm, 27 nm, 28 nm, 29 nm, 30 nm, 31 nm, 32 nm, 33 nm, 34 nm, 35 nm, 36 nm, 37 nm, 38 nm, 39 nm, 40 nm, 41 nm, 42 nm, 43 nm, 44 nm, 45 nm, 46 nm, 47 nm, 48 nm, 49 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, 105 nm, 110 nm, 115 nm, 120 nm, 125 nm, 130 nm, 135 nm, 140 nm, 145 nm, 150 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, and 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm, 950 nm, 1 micron, 1.5 micron, 2.5 micron, 3 micron, 3.5 micron, 4 micron, 4.5 micron, 5 micron, 5.5 micron, 6 micron, 6.5 micron, 7 micron, 7.5 micron, 8 micron, 8.5 micron, 9 micron, 9.5 micron, 10 micron, 10.5 micron, 11 micron, 11.5 micron, 12 micron, 12.5 micron, 13 micron, 13.5 micron, 14 micron, 14.5 micron, 15 microns, 15.5 microns, 16 microns, 16.5 microns, 17 microns, 17.5 microns, 18 microns, 18.5 microns, 19 microns, 19.5 microns, 20 microns, 20.5 microns, 21 microns, 21.5 microns, 22 microns, 22.5 microns, 23 microns, 23.5 microns, 24 microns, 24.5 microns, 25 microns, 25.5 microns, 26 microns, 26.5 microns, 27 microns, 27.5 microns, 28 microns, 28.5 microns, 29 microns, 29.5 microns, 30 microns, 30.5 microns, 31 microns, 31.5 microns, 32, 32.5, 33, 33.5, 34, 34.5, 35, 35.5, 36, 36.5, 37, 37.5, 38, 38.5, 39, 39.5, 40, 40.5, 41, 41.5, 42, 42.5, 43, 43.5, 44, 44.5, 45, 45.5, 46, 46.5, 47, 47.5, 48, 48.5, 49, 49.5, 50, 50.5, 51, 51.5, 52, 52.5, 53, 53.5, 54, 54.5, 55, 55.5, 56, 56.5, 57, 57.5, 58, 58.5, 59, 59.5, 60, 60.5, 61, 61.5, 62, 62.5, 63, 63.5, 64, 64.5, 65, 65.5, 66, 66.5, 67, 67.5, 68, 68.5, 69, 69.5, 70, 70.5, 71, 71.5, 72, 72.5, 73, 73.5, 74, 74.5, 75, 75.5, 76, 76.5, 77, 77.5, 78, 78.5, 79, 79.5 microns, 80 microns, 80.5 microns, 81 microns, 81.5 microns, 82 microns, 82.5 microns, 83 microns, 83.5 microns, 84 microns, 84.5 microns, 85 microns, 85.5 microns, 86 microns, 86.5 microns, 87 microns, 87.5 microns, 88 microns, 88.5 microns, 89 microns, 89.5 microns, 90 microns, 90.5 microns, 91 microns, 91.5 microns, 92 microns, 92.5 microns, 93 microns, 93.5 microns, 94 microns, a 94.5 microns, 95 microns, 95.5 microns, 96 microns, 96.5 microns, 97 microns, 97.5 microns, 98 microns, 98.5 microns, 99 microns, 99.5 microns, 100 microns, 200 microns, 250 microns, 300 microns, 350 microns, 400 microns, 450 microns, 500 microns, 550 microns, 600 microns, 650 microns, 700 microns, 750 microns, 800 microns, 850 microns, 900 microns, 950 microns or 1 millimeter.

According to one embodiment, the average size of the phosphor nanoparticles is 0.1 to 50 microns.

According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises a phosphor nanoparticle.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are nanoparticles of a scintillator.

According to one embodiment, examples of nanoparticles of the scintillator include, but are not limited to: naI (Tl) (thallium doped sodium iodide )、CsI(Tl)、CsI(Na)、CsI(pure)、CsF、KI(Tl)、LiI(Eu)、BaF₂、CaF₂(Eu)、ZnS(Ag)、CaWO₄、CdWO₄、YAG(Ce)(Y₃Al₅O₁₂(Ce))、GSO、LSO、LaCl₃(Ce)( cerium doped lanthanum chloride), laBr ₃ (Ce) (doped cerium lanthanum bromide), LYSO (Lu _1.8Y_0.2SiO₅ (Ce)) or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are metal nanoparticles (gold, silver, aluminum, magnesium or copper, alloys).

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is an inorganic semiconductor or insulator that may be coated with an organic compound.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic semiconductor or insulator may be, for example, a group IV semiconductor (e.g., carbon, silicon, germanium), a group III-V compound semiconductor (e.g., gallium nitride, indium phosphide, gallium arsenide), a group II-VI compound semiconductor (e.g., cadmium selenide, zinc selenide, cadmium sulfide, mercury telluride), an inorganic oxide (e.g., indium tin oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, silicon oxide), a chalcogenide, and the like.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are semiconductor nanocrystals.

According to one embodiment, the chemical equation of the semiconductor nanocrystal is M _xN_yE_zA_w, where M can be selected from the following materials ：Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ag、Au、Ni、Pd、Pt、Co、Fe、Ru、Os、Mn、Tc、Re、Cr、Mo、W、V、Nd、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、As、Sb、Bi、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Cs or mixtures thereof; n may be selected from the following materials ：Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ag、Au、Ni、Pd、Pt、Co、Fe、Ru、Os、Mn、Tc、Re、Cr、Mo、W、V、Nd、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、As、Sb、Bi、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Cs or mixtures thereof; e may be selected from the following materials: o, S, se, te, C, N, P, as, sb, F, cl, br, I or mixtures thereof; a may be selected from the following materials: o, S, se, te, C, N, P, as, sb, F, cl, br, I or mixtures thereof; and X, Y, Z and w are each a number from 0 to 5; x, Y, Z and W are not equal to 0 at the same time; x and y are not equal to 0 at the same time; z and W may not be equal to 0 at the same time.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a core having a chemical equation M _xN_yE_zA_w, wherein M can be selected from the following materials ：Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ag、Au、Ni、Pd、Pt、Co、Fe、Ru、Os、Mn、Tc、Re、Cr、Mo、W、V、Nd、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、As、Sb、Bi、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Cs or mixtures thereof; n may be selected from the following materials ：Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ag、Au、Ni、Pd、Pt、Co、Fe、Ru、Os、Mn、Tc、Re、Cr、Mo、W、V、Nd、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、As、Sb、Bi、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Cs or mixtures thereof; e may be selected from the following materials: o, S, se, te, C, N, P, as, sb, F, cl, br, I or mixtures thereof; a may be selected from the following materials: o, S, se, te, C, N, P, as, sb, F, cl, br, I or mixtures thereof; and X, Y, Z and w are each a number from 0 to 5; x, Y, Z and W are not equal to 0 at the same time; x and y are not equal to 0 at the same time; z and W may not be equal to 0 at the same time.

According to one embodiment, the chemical formula of the semiconductor nanocrystal is M _xN_yE_zA_w, wherein the composition of M and/or N is selected from group IB, group IIA, group IIB, group IIIA, group IIIB, group IVA, group IVB, group VA, group VB, group VIB, group VIIB, group VIII, or mixtures thereof; e and/or A are selected from group VA, group VIA, group VIIA or mixtures thereof; x, Y, Z and W are each a number from 0 to 5; x, Y, Z and W are not equal to 0 at the same time; x and Y are not simultaneously equal to 0; z and W may not be equal to 0 at the same time.

According to one embodiment, w, x, Y and Z are each a number from 0 to 5, when w is 0, x, Y and Z are not 0, when x is 0, W, Y and Z are not 0, when Y is 0, W, X and Z are not 0, and when Z is 0, W, X and Y are not 0.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a metal having a chemical formula of M _xE_y, wherein the material of M is selected from the group consisting of cadmium, zinc, mercury, germanium, tin, lead, copper, silver, iron, aluminum, titanium, magnesium, gallium, thallium, molybdenum, palladium, tungsten, cesium, lead, and mixtures thereof; x and Y are each a decimal number of 0 to 5, and X is a condition equal to 0 when X and Y are different.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a metal having a chemical formula of M _xE_y, wherein the material of E is selected from sulfur, selenium, tellurium, oxygen, phosphorus, carbon, nitrogen, arsenic, antimony, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or mixtures thereof; and X and Y are each a number from 0 to 5, and X and Y are not simultaneously equal to 0, and X and.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystals are selected from IIb-VIa、IVa-VIa、Ib-IIIa-VIa、IIb-IVa-Va、Ib-VIa、VIII-VIa、IIb-Va、IIIa-VIa、IVb-VIa、IIa-VIa、IIIa-Va、IIIa-VIa、VIb-VIa、 and Va-VIa semiconductors.

According to one embodiment, the chemical equation of the semiconductor nanocrystal is M _xN_yE_zA_w, the constituent material of which is selected from CdS、CdSe、CdTe、ZnS、ZnSe、ZnTe、HgS、HgSe、HgTe、HgO、GeS、GeSe、GeTe、SnS、SnSe、SnTe、PbS、PbSe、PbTe、GeS₂、GeSe₂、SnS₂、SnSe₂、CuInS₂、CuInSe₂、AgInS₂、AgInSe₂、CuS、Cu₂S、Ag₂S、Ag₂Se、Ag₂Te、FeS、FeS₂、InP、Cd₃P₂、Zn₃P₂、CdO、ZnO、FeO、Fe₂O₃、Fe₃O₄、Al₂O₃、TiO₂、MgO、MgS、MgSe、MgTe、AlN、AlP、AlAs、AlSb、GaN、GaP、GaAs、GaSb、InN、InP、InAs、InSb、TlN、TlP、TlAs、TlSb、MoS₂、PdS、Pd₄S、WS₂、CsPbCl₃、PbBr₃、CsPbBr₃、CH₃NH₃PbI₃、CH₃NH₃PbCl₃、CH₃NH₃PbBr₃、CsPbI₃、FAPbBr₃( wherein FA is formamidine) or a mixture thereof.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are semiconductor nanoplates, nanoribbons, nanowires, nanodisks, nanocubes, nanorings, magic-sized nanocrystals or spheres, such as quantum dots.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticle is a semiconductor nanoplate, nanoribbon, nanowire, nanodisk, nanocube, magic-sized nanocrystal, or nanoring.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticle comprises an initial nanocrystal.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles comprise initial colloidal nanocrystals.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticle comprises an initial nanoplatelet.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles comprise initial colloidal nanoplatelets.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticle is a core nanoparticle, wherein each core is not partially or completely covered by at least one shell, wherein said shell comprises at least one layer of inorganic material.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are core 33 nanoparticles, wherein each core 33 is not partially or completely covered by at least one shell 34, wherein said shell 34 comprises at least one layer of inorganic material

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticle is a core/shell nanoparticle, wherein the core is partially or fully covered by at least one shell, wherein the shell comprises at least one layer of inorganic material.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticle is a core 33/shell 34 nanoparticle, wherein said core 33 is partially or fully covered by at least one shell 34, wherein said shell 34 comprises at least one layer of inorganic material.

According to one embodiment, the core/shell semiconductor nanocrystal includes at least one shell 34 having a chemical formula M _xN_yE_zA_w, wherein: m is selected from Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ag、Au、Ni、Pd、Pt、Co、Fe、Ru、Os、Mn、Tc、Re、Cr、Mo、W、V、Nd、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、As、Sb、Bi、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Cs or a mixture thereof; n is selected from Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ag、Au、Ni、Pd、Pt、Co、Fe、Ru、Os、Mn、Tc、Re、Cr、Mo、W、V、Nd、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、As、Sb、Bi、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Cs or mixtures thereof; e is selected from O, S, se, te, C, N, P, as, sb, F, cl, br, I or a mixture thereof; a is selected from O, S, se, te, C, N, P, as, sb, F, cl, br, I or a mixture thereof; and X, Y, Z and W are each a number from 0 to 5; x, Y, Z and W are not equal to 0 at the same time; x and Y are not simultaneously equal to 0; z and W may not be equal to 0 at the same time.

According to one embodiment, the shell 34 comprises a different material than the core 33.

According to one embodiment, the shell 34 comprises the same material as the core 33.

According to one embodiment, the core/shell semiconductor nanocrystal comprises two shells (34, 35) having the chemical formula M _xN_yE_zA_w, M being selected from Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ag、Au、Ni、Pd、Pt、Co、Fe、Ru、Os、Mn、Tc、Re、Cr、Mo、W、V、Nd、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、As、Sb、Bi、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Cs or a mixture thereof; n is selected from Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ag、Au、Ni、Pd、Pt、Co、Fe、Ru、Os、Mn、Tc、Re、Cr、Mo、W、V、Nd、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、As、Sb、Bi、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Cs or mixtures thereof; e is selected from O, S, se, te, C, N, P, as, sb, F, cl, br, I or a mixture thereof; a is selected from O, S, se, te, C, N, P, as, sb, F, cl, br, I or a mixture thereof; and X, Y, Z and W are each a number from 0 to 5; x, Y, Z and W are not equal to 0 at the same time; x and Y are not simultaneously equal to 0; z and W may not be equal to 0 at the same time.

According to one embodiment, the housing (34, 35) comprises different materials.

According to one embodiment, the housings (34, 35) comprise the same material.

According to one embodiment, the core/shell semiconductor nanocrystal includes at least one shell having a chemical equation M _xN_yE_zA_w, where M, N, E and A are as described above.

Examples of core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals according to one embodiment include, but are not limited to ：CdSe/CdS、CdSe/Cd_xZn_1-xS、CdSe/CdS/ZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdS、CdSe/ZnS、CdSe/Cd_xZn_1-xS/ZnS、CdSe/ZnS/Cd_xZn_{1- x}S、CdSe/CdS/Cd_xZn_1-xS、CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSe/ZnSe/Cd_xZn_1-xS、CdSe_xS_1-x/CdS、CdSe_xS_1-x/CdZnS、CdSe_xS_1-x/CdS/ZnS、CdSe_xS_1-x/ZnS/CdS、CdSe_xS_1-x/ZnS、CdSe_xS_1-x/Cd_xZn_1-xS/ZnS、CdSe_xS_1-x/ZnS/Cd_xZn_1-xS、CdSe_xS_1-x/CdS/Cd_xZn_1-xS、CdSe_xS_1-x/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSe_xS_1-x/ZnSe/Cd_xZn_1-xS、InP/CdS、InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/Cd_xZn_1-xS、InP/CdS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdS、InP/ZnS、InP/Cd_xZn_1-xS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/Cd_xZn_1-xS、InP/CdS/Cd_xZn_1-xS、InP/ZnSe、InP/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/ZnSe/Cd_xZn_1-xS、InP/ZnSe_xS_1-x、InP/GaP/ZnS、In_xZn_1-xP/ZnS、In_xZn_1-xP/ZnS、InP/GaP/ZnSe、InP/ZnS/ZnSe、InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS, wherein x is a number from 0 to 1 decimal.

According to one embodiment, the core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals are ZnS-based, i.e., znS in a single layer at the last layer of the shell.

According to one embodiment, the core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals are CdS-based, i.e., single-layered CdS in the last layer of the shell.

According to one embodiment, the core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals are Cd _xZn_1-x S-based, i.e., single layer Cd _xZn_1-x S in the last layer of the shell, where X is a decimal number ranging from 0 to 1.

According to one embodiment, the last atomic layer of the semiconductor nanocrystal is a monolayer of cations rich in cadmium, zinc or indium.

According to one embodiment, the last atomic layer of the semiconductor nanocrystal is a monolayer anion rich in sulfur, selenium or phosphorus.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticle is a core/crown semiconductor nanocrystal.

According to one embodiment, the core/crown semiconductor nanocrystal comprises at least one crown 37 having a chemical formula of M _xN_yE_zA_w, M being selected from Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ag、Au、Ni、Pd、Pt、Co、Fe、Ru、Os、Mn、Tc、Re、Cr、Mo、W、V、Nd、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、As、Sb、Bi、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Cs or mixtures thereof; n is selected from Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ag、Au、Ni、Pd、Pt、Co、Fe、Ru、Os、Mn、Tc、Re、Cr、Mo、W、V、Nd、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、As、Sb、Bi、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Cs or mixtures thereof; e is selected from O, S, se, te, C, N, P, as, sb, F, cl, br, I or a mixture thereof; a is selected from O, S, se, te, C, N, P, as, sb, F, cl, br, I or a mixture thereof; and X, Y, Z and W are each a number from 0 to 5; x, Y, Z and W are not equal to 0 at the same time; x and Y are not simultaneously equal to 0; z and W may not be equal to 0 at the same time.

According to one embodiment, the core/crown semiconductor nanocrystal includes at least one crown having a chemical equation of M _xN_yE_zA_w, where M, N, E and A are the materials described above.

According to one embodiment, crown 37 comprises a different material than core 33.

According to one embodiment, crown 37 comprises the same material as core 33.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystals are atomically flat. In this embodiment, the characteristics of the atomically flat nanocrystals may be confirmed by transmission electron microscopy or fluorescence scanning microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS), electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS), photoluminescence, or any other method known to those skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment, a semiconductor nanocrystal includes an initial nanoplatelet.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystals include initial colloidal nanoplatelets.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 comprises at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%,65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% semiconductor nanoplatelets.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticle comprises at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%,65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% semiconductor nanoplatelets.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystals comprise at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%,65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% semiconductor nanoplatelets.

According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%,65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% semiconductor nanoplatelets.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystal includes an atomically flat core. In this embodiment, the characteristics of an atomically flat core may be confirmed by transmission electron microscopy or fluorescence scanning microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS), electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS), photoluminescence, or any other method known to those skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystals are semiconductor nanoplatelets.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelets are atomically flat. In this embodiment, the characteristics of the atomically flat nanoplatelets may be confirmed by transmission electron microscopy or fluorescence scanning microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS), electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS), photoluminescence, or any other method known to those skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelets comprise atomically flat nuclei. In this embodiment, the characteristics of an atomically flat core may be confirmed by transmission electron microscopy or fluorescence scanning microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS), electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS), photoluminescence, or any other method known to those skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelets are quasi two-dimensional.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelets are two-dimensional in shape.

According to one embodiment, the thickness of the semiconductor nanoplatelets can be tuned on an atomic scale.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelets comprise initial nanocrystals.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelets comprise initial colloidal nanocrystals.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelets comprise initial nanoplatelets.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelets comprise initial colloidal nanoplatelets.

According to one embodiment, the core 33 of the semiconductor nanoplatelets is the initial nanoplatelet.

According to one embodiment, the chemical equation for the initial nanoplatelets is M _xN_yE_zA_w, where M, N, E and A are materials as described above.

According to one embodiment, the thickness of the initial nanoplatelets comprises atomic layers of alternating M and E.

According to one embodiment, the thickness of the initial nanoplatelets comprises M, N, A and E alternating atomic layers.

According to one embodiment, a semiconductor nanoplatelet comprises an initial nanoplatelet, partially or completely covered by at least one layer of additional material.

According to one embodiment, at least one layer of additional material has the formula M _xN_yE_zA_w, wherein M, N, E and A are as described above.

According to one embodiment, a semiconductor nanoplatelet comprises an initial nanoplatelet in which at least one face is partially or completely covered by at least one layer of additional material.

In one embodiment, when several layers of material are entirely or partially covering the initial nanoplatelets, the layers may be composed of the same material or different materials.

In one embodiment, when several layers of material are entirely or partially covered with the initial nanoplatelets, the material composition of these layers may form a gradient of material.

According to one embodiment, the initial nanoplatelets are inorganic colloidal nanoplatelets.

According to one embodiment, the initial nanoplatelets contained in the nanoplatelet semiconductor retain their two-dimensional structure.

According to one embodiment, the material covering the initial nanoplatelets is inorganic.

According to one embodiment, at least a portion of the semiconductor nanoplatelets have a thickness greater than the thickness of the initial nanoplatelet.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelets comprise initial nanoplatelets completely covered by at least one layer of material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoplatelets comprise initial nanoplatelets completely covered by a first layer of material, said first layer of material being partially or completely covered by at least a second layer of material.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the initial nanoplatelets have a thickness of at least 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 0.6 nm, 0.7 nm, 0.8 nm, 0.9 nm, 1.0 nm, 1.1 nm, 1.2 nm, 1.3 nm, 1.4 nm, 1.5 nm, 2nm, 2.5 nm, 3nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 11.5 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5 nm, 17 nm, 17.5 nm, 18 nm, 18.5 nm, 19 nm, 19.5 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 90 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm or 500 nm.

According to one embodiment, the ratio (aspect ratio) between the thickness of the initial nanoplatelets and the lateral dimension (length or width) of the initial nanoplatelets, is at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, at least 7.5, at least 8, at least 8.5, at least 9, at least 9.5, at least 10, at least 10.5, at least 11, at least 11.5, at least 12, at least 12.5, at least 13, at least 13.5, at least 14, at least 14.5, at least 15, at least 15.5, at least 16, at least 16.5, at least 17, at least 17.5, at least 18, at least 18.5, at least 19, at least 19.5, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450, at least 500, at least 550, at least 600, at least 700, at least 900, or at least 900.

According to one embodiment, the initial nanoplatelets have a lateral dimension of at least 2 nanometers, 3 nanometers, 4 nanometers, 5 nanometers, 6 nanometers, 7 nanometers, 8 nanometers, 9 nanometers, 10 nanometers or less, 15 nanometers, 20 nanometers, 25 nanometers, 30 nanometers, 35 nanometers, 40 nanometers, 45 nanometers, 50 nanometers, 55 nanometers, 60 nanometers, 65 nanometers, 70 nanometers, 75 nanometers, 80 nanometers, 85 nanometers, 90 nanometers, 95 nanometers, 100 nanometers, 105 nanometers, 110 nanometers, 115 nanometers, 120 nanometers, 125 nanometers, 130 nanometers, 135 nanometers, 140 nanometers, 145 nanometers, 150 nanometers, 200 nanometers, 210 nanometers, 220 nanometers, 230 nanometers, 240 nanometers, 250 nanometers, 260 nanometers, 270 nanometers, 280 nanometers, 290 nanometers, 300 nanometers, 350 nanometers, 400 nanometers, 450 nanometers, 500 nanometers, 550 nanometers, 600 nanometers, 650 nanometers, 700 nanometers, 750 nanometers, 800 nanometers, 850 nanometers, 900 nanometers, 950 nanometers, 1.5 micrometers, 2.5 micrometers, 3 micrometers, 3.5 micrometers, 4.5 micrometers, 5 micrometers, 5.5 micrometers, 6.5 micrometers, 7.5 micrometers, 8.5 micrometers, 9 micrometers, 10 microns, 10.5 microns, 11 microns, 11.5 microns, 12 microns, 12.5 microns, 13 microns, 13.5 microns, 14 microns, 14.5 microns, 15 microns, 15.5 microns, 16 microns, 16.5 microns, 17 microns, 17.5 microns, 18 microns, 18.5 microns, 19 microns, 19.5 microns, 20 microns, 20.5 microns, 21 microns, 21.5 microns, 22 microns, 22.5 microns, 23 microns, 23.5 microns, 24 microns, 24.5 microns, 25 microns, 25.5 microns, 26 microns, 26.5 microns, 27 microns, 27.5 microns, 28 microns, 28.5 microns, 29 microns, 29.5 microns, 30 microns, 30.5 microns, 31 microns, 31.5 microns, 32, 32.5, 33, 33.5, 34, 34.5, 35, 35.5, 36, 36.5, 37, 37.5, 38, 38.5, 39, 39.5, 40, 40.5, 41, 41.5, 42, 42.5, 43, 43.5, 44, 44.5, 45, 45.5, 46, 46.5, 47, 47.5, 48, 47, 48, 48.5 microns, 49 microns, 49.5 microns, 50 microns, 50.5 microns, 51 microns, 51.5 microns, 52 microns, 52.5 microns, 53 microns, 53.5 microns, 54 microns, 54.5 microns, 55 microns, 55.5 microns, 56 microns, 56.5 microns, 57 microns, 57.5 microns, 58 microns, 58.5 microns, 59 microns, 59.5 microns, 60 microns, 60.5 microns, 61 microns, 61.5 microns, 62 microns, 62.5 microns, 63 microns, 63.5 microns, 64 microns 64.5 microns, 65 microns, 65.5 microns, 66 microns, 66.5 microns, 67 microns, 67.5 microns, 68 microns, 68.5 microns, 69 microns, 69.5 microns, 70 microns, 70.5 microns, 71 microns, 71.5 microns, 72 microns, 72.5 microns, 73 microns, 73.5 microns, 74 microns, 74.5 microns, 75 microns, 75.5 microns, 76 microns, 76.5 microns, 77 microns, 77.5 microns, 78 microns, 78.5 microns, 79 microns, 79.5 microns, 80 microns 80.5 microns, 81 microns, 81.5 microns, 82 microns, 82.5 microns, 83 microns, 83.5 microns, 84 microns, 84.5 microns, 85 microns, 85.5 microns, 86 microns, 86.5 microns, 87 microns, 87.5 microns, 88 microns, 88.5 microns, 89 microns, 89.5 microns, 90 microns, 90.5 microns, 91 microns, 91.5 microns, 92 microns, 92.5 microns, 93 microns, 93.5 microns, 94 microns, 94.5 microns, 95 microns, 95.5 microns, 96 microns, 96.5 microns, 97 microns, 97.5 microns, 98 microns, 98.5 microns, 99 microns, 99.5 microns, 100 microns, 200 microns, 250 microns, 300 microns, 350 microns, 400 microns, 450 microns, 500 microns, 550 microns, 600 microns, 650 microns, 700 microns, 750 microns, 800 microns, 850 microns, 900 microns, 950 microns, or 1 millimeter.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the thickness of the semiconductor nanoplatelets is at least 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 0.6 nm, 0.7 nm, 0.8 nm, 0.9 nm, 1.0 nm, 1.1 nm, 1.2 nm, 1.3 nm, 1.4 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 11.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5 nm, 17 nm, 17.5 nm, 18 nm, 18.5 nm, 19 nm, 19.5 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 90 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm or 500 nm.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelets have a lateral dimension of at least 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, 105 nm, 110 nm, 115 nm, 120 nm, 125 nm, 130 nm, 135 nm, 140 nm, 145 nm, 150 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm, 950 nm, 1 micron, 1.5 micron, 2.5 micron, 3 micron, 3.5 micron, 4 micron, 4.5 micron 5 microns, 5.5 microns, 6 microns, 6.5 microns, 7 microns, 7.5 microns, 8 microns, 8.5 microns, 9 microns, 9.5 microns, 10 microns, 10.5 microns, 11 microns, 11.5 microns, 12 microns, 12.5 microns, 13 microns, 13.5 microns, 14 microns, 14.5 microns, 15 microns, 15.5 microns, 16 microns, 16.5 microns, 17 microns, 17.5 microns, 18 microns, 18.5 microns 19, 19.5, 20, 20.5, 21, 21.5, 22, 22.5, 23, 23.5, 24, 24.5, 25, 25.5, 26, 26.5, 27, 27.5, 28, 28.5, 29, 29.5, 30, 30.5, 31, 31.5, 32, 32.5 microns, 33 microns, 33.5 microns, 34 microns, 34.5 microns, 35 microns, 35.5 microns, 36 microns, 36.5 microns, 37 microns, 37.5 microns, 38 microns, 38.5 microns, 39 microns, 39.5 microns, 40 microns, 40.5 microns, 41 microns, 41.5 microns, 42 microns, 42.5 microns, 43 microns, 43.5 microns, 44 microns, 44.5 microns, 45 microns, 45.5 microns, 46 microns, 46.5 microns, 47 microns, 47.5 microns, 48 microns, 48.5 microns 49, 49.5, 50, 50.5, 51, 51.5, 52, 52.5, 53, 53.5, 54, 54.5, 55, 55.5, 56, 56.5, 57, 57.5, 58, 58.5, 59, 59.5, 60, 60.5, 61, 61.5, 62, 62.5, 63, 63.5, 64, 64.5 65 microns, 65.5 microns, 66 microns, 66.5 microns, 67 microns, 67.5 microns, 68 microns, 68.5 microns, 69 microns, 69.5 microns, 70 microns, 70.5 microns, 71 microns, 71.5 microns, 72 microns, 72.5 microns, 73 microns, 73.5 microns, 74 microns, 74.5 microns, 75 microns, 75.5 microns, 76 microns, 76.5 microns, 77 microns, 77.5 microns, 78 microns, 78.5 microns, 79 microns, 79.5 microns, 80 microns, 80.5 microns 81, 81.5, 82, 82.5, 83, 83.5, 84, 84.5, 85, 85.5, 86, 86.5, 87, 87.5, 88, 88.5, 89, 89.5, 90, 90.5, 91, 91.5, 92, 92.5, 93, 93.5, 94, 94.5, 95, 95.5, 96, 96.5, 96, etc. microns, 97, 97.5, 98, 98.5, 99, 99.5, 100, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950 or 1 mm.

According to one embodiment, the ratio (aspect ratio) between the thickness of the semiconductor nanoplatelets and the lateral dimension (length or width) of the semiconductor nanoplatelets, is at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, at least 7.5, at least 8, at least 8.5, at least 9, at least 9.5, at least 10, at least 10.5, at least 11, at least 11.5, at least 12, at least 12.5, at least 13, at least 13.5, at least 14, at least 14.5, at least 15, at least 15.5, at least 16, at least 16.5, at least 17, at least 17.5, at least 18, at least 18.5, at least 19, at least 19.5, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450, at least 500, at least 550, at least 600, at least 700, at least 900, at least 1000, or at least 900.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelets are fabricated by depositing a layer or film of material on the surface of at least one face of at least one initial nanoplatelet to increase its thickness; or by depositing a layer or film of material on the surface of at least one face of at least one initial nanoplatelet to increase its lateral length/width; or by any method known to those skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelets may comprise an initial nanoplatelet and 1,2,3, 4, 5 or more outer layers covering all or a portion of the initial nanoplatelet, the outer layers may be of the same composition as the initial nanoplatelet or of a different material composition from the initial nanoplatelet or of a different material between the layers.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelets may comprise an initial nanoplatelet and at least 1,2, 3, 4, 5 or more layers, wherein a first deposited layer covers a portion of the initial nanoplatelets, all, and said at least second deposited layer covers a portion or all of the previously deposited layers. The outer layer may be of the same composition as the original nanoplatelets or of a different material composition than the original nanoplatelets or may be of a different material between layers.

According to one embodiment, the thickness of the semiconductor nanoplatelets is a multiple of M _xN_yE_zA_w monolayers, where M, N, E and a are the materials described above.

According to one embodiment, the core 33 of the semiconductor nanoplatelets has a thickness of at least 1M _xN_yE_zA_w monolayers, at least 2M _xN_yE_zA_w monolayers, at least 3M _xN_yE_zA_w monolayers, at least 4M _xN_yE_zA_w monolayers, at least 5M _xN_yE_zA_w monolayers, wherein M, N, E and a are as described above.

According to one embodiment, the thickness of the shell 34 of the semiconductor nanoplatelets is a multiple of M _xN_yE_zA_w monolayers, wherein M, N, E and a are as described above.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 further comprise at least one densified particle 9 dispersed in the inorganic material 2, said at least one densified particle 9 comprising the densified material 2 having a density superior to the density of the inorganic material in the present embodiment.

According to one embodiment, the energy gap of the dense material is greater than or equal to 3 electron volts.

According to one embodiment, examples of densified materials include, but are not limited to: oxides, for example: tin oxide, silicon oxide, germanium oxide, aluminum oxide, gallium oxide, hafnium oxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide, ytterbium oxide, zirconium oxide, yttrium oxide, thorium oxide, zinc oxide, lanthanide oxide, actinide oxide, alkaline earth oxide, mixed oxide thereof; a metal sulfide; carbide; a nitride; or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one densified particle 9 has a maximum loading of 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10% or 1%.

According to one embodiment, the at least one densified particle 9 has a density of at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10.

According to a preferred embodiment, examples of composite particles 1 include, but are not limited to: semiconductor nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material, semiconductor nanocrystals encapsulated in an inorganic material, semiconductor nanoplatelets encapsulated in an inorganic material, perovskite nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material, phosphors of nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material, semiconductor nanoplatelets coated with a grease, then coated with an inorganic material, such as alumina or mixtures thereof. In this embodiment, the lipid may refer to a lipid, for example, a non-polar long carbon chain molecule; having a charged end group phospholipid molecule; a polymer, such as a block copolymer or copolymer, wherein a portion of the backbone or side chains of the polymer have domains of long nonpolar carbon chains; or a long hydrocarbon chain containing terminal functional groups of carboxylate, sulfate, phosphonate or thiol.

According to a preferred embodiment, examples of composite particles 1 include, but are not limited to ：CdSe/CdZnS@SiO₂、CdSe/CdZnS@Si_xCd_yZn_zO_w、CdSe/CdZnS@Al₂O₃、InP/ZnS@Al₂O₃、CH₅N₂-PbBr₃@Al₂O₃、CdSe/CdZnS-Au@SiO₂、Fe₃O₄@Al₂O₃-CdSe/CdZnS@SiO₂、CdS/ZnS@Al₂O₃、CdSeS/CdZnS@Al₂O₃、CdSe/CdS/ZnS@Al₂O₃、InP/ZnSe/ZnS@Al₂O₃、CuInS₂/ZnS@Al₂O₃、CuInSe₂/ZnS@Al₂O₃、CdSe/CdS/ZnS@SiO₂、CdSeS/ZnS@Al₂O₃、CdSeS/CdZnS@SiO₂、InP/ZnS@SiO₂、CdSeS/CdZnS@SiO₂、InP/ZnSe/ZnS@SiO₂、Fe₃O₄@Al₂O₃、CdSe/CdZnS@ZnO、CdSe/CdZnS@ZnO、CdSe/CdZnS@Al₂O₃@MgO、CdSe/CdZnS-Fe₃O₄@SiO₂、 phosphorescent nanoparticles @ Al ₂O₃, phosphorescent nanoparticles @ ZnO, phosphorescent nanoparticles @ SiO ₂, phosphorescent nanoparticles @HfO₂、CdSe/CdZnS@HfO₂、CdSeS/CdZnS@HfO₂、InP/ZnS@HfO₂、CdSeS/CdZnS@HfO₂、InP/ZnSe/ZnS@HfO₂、CdSe/CdZnS-Fe₃O₄@HfO₂、CdSe/CdS/ZnS@SiO₂, or mixtures thereof; wherein the phosphorescent nanoparticles include, but are not limited to: yttrium aluminum garnet particles (YAG, Y ₃Al₅O₁₂), (Ca, Y) - α -SiAlON: eu particles, ((Y, gd) ₃(Al、Ga)₅O₁₂: ce) particles, caAlSiN ₃: eu particles, sulfide-based phosphor particles, PFS: mn ⁴⁺ particles (potassium fluosilicate).

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 do not comprise quantum dots coated in titania or semiconductor nanocrystals coated in titania.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 do not comprise a spacer layer between the nanoparticles 3 and the inorganic material 2.

According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 does not comprise a core/shell nanoparticle, wherein the core emits light and red light, and the shell is a spacer layer between the nanoparticle 3 and the inorganic material 2.

According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 does not comprise core/shell nanoparticles and a plurality of nanoparticles 3, wherein the core is luminescent and emits red light, and the shell is a spacer layer between the nanoparticles 3 and the inorganic material 2.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 do not comprise at least one luminescent core, a spacer layer, a cladding layer and a plurality of quantum dots, wherein the luminescent core emits red light and the spacer layer is located between the luminescent core and the inorganic material 2.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 do not comprise luminescent nuclei surrounded by spacer layers and emitting red light.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 do not comprise nanoparticles covering or surrounding the luminescent core.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 do not comprise nanoparticles covering or surrounding the red light emitting core.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 do not comprise luminescent nuclei consisting of a material selected from silicate phosphors, aluminate phosphors, phosphate phosphors, sulfide phosphors, nitride phosphors or oxynitride phosphors, or two or more thereof; wherein the luminescent core is covered by a spacer layer.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 emits secondary light of a different wavelength than the primary light.

The system a in fig. 6 represents a luminescent material 7 comprising at least one composite particle 1 surrounded by a medium 71.

According to one embodiment, the medium 71 surrounds, encapsulates and/or covers part or all of the at least one composite particle 1.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 may further comprise a plurality of composite particles 1.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises at least two media (71, 72). In this embodiment, the media may be different or the same.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises a plurality of media (71, 72).

According to one embodiment, the plurality of composite particles 1 are uniformly dispersed on the medium 71.

According to one embodiment, the loading of composite particles 1 in host material 71 is at least 0.01％、0.05％、0.1％、0.15％、0.2％、0.25％、0.3％、0.35％、0.4％、0.45％,0.5％、0.55％、0.6％、0.65％、0.7％、0.75％、0.8％、0.85％、0.9％、0.95％、1％、2％、3％、4％、5％、6％、7％、8％、9％、10％、11％、12％、13％、14％、15％、16％、17％、18％、19％、20％、21％、22％、23％、24％、25％、26％、27％、28％、29％、30％、31％、32％、33％、34％、35％、36％、37％、38％、39％、40％,41％、42％、43％、44％、45％、46％、47％、48％、49％、50％、51％、52％、53％、54％、55％、56％、57％、58％、59％、60％、61％、62％、63％、64％、65％、66％、67％、68％、69％、70％、71％、72％、73％、74％、75％、76％、77％、78％、79％、80％、81％、82％、83％、84％、85％、86％、87％、88％、89％、90％,91％、92％、93％、94％、95％、96％、97％、98％ or 99%.

According to one embodiment, the loading of composite particles 1 in the host material 71 is less than 0.01％、0.05％、0.1％、0.15％、0.2％、0.25％、0.3％、0.35％、0.4％、0.45％,0.5％、0.55％、0.6％、0.65％、0.7％、0.75％、0.8％、0.85％、0.9％、0.95％、1％、2％、3％、4％、5％、6％、7％、8％、9％、10％、11％、12％、13％、14％、15％、16％、17％、18％、19％、20％、21％、22％、23％、24％、25％、26％、27％、28％、29％、30％、31％、32％、33％、34％、35％、36％、37％、38％、39％、40％,41％、42％、43％、44％、45％、46％、47％、48％、49％、50％、51％、52％、53％、54％、55％、56％、57％、58％、59％、60％、61％、62％、63％、64％、65％、66％、67％、68％、69％、70％、71％、72％、73％、74％、75％、76％、77％、78％、79％、80％、81％、82％、83％、84％、85％、86％、87％、88％、89％、90％,91％、92％、93％、94％、95％、96％、97％、98％ or 99%.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are dispersed in the host material 71 with a filling rate of at least 0.01％、0.05％、0.1％、0.15％、0.2％、0.25％、0.3％、0.35％、0.4％、0.45％、0.5％、0.55％、0.6％、0.65％、0.7％、0.75％、0.8％、0.85％、0.9％、0.95％、1％、2％、3％、4％、5％、6％、7％、8％、9％、10％、11％、12％、13％、14％、15％、16％、17％、18％、19％、20％、21％、22％、23％、24％、25％、26％、27％、28％、29％、30％、31％、32％、33％、34％、35％、36％、37％、38％、39％、40％、41％、42％、43％、44％、45％、46％、47％、48％、49％、50％、51％、52％、53％、54％、55％、56％,57％、58％、59％、60％、61％、62％、63％、64％、65％、66％、67％、68％、69％、70％、71％、72％、73％、74％、75％、76％、77％、78％、79％、80％、81％、82％、83％、84％、85％、86％、87％、88％、89％、90％ or 95%.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are dispersed in the host material 71 with a filling rate of less than 0.01％、0.05％、0.1％、0.15％、0.2％、0.25％、0.3％、0.35％、0.4％、0.45％、0.5％、0.55％、0.6％、0.65％、0.7％、0.75％、0.8％、0.85％、0.9％、0.95％、1％、2％、3％、4％、5％、6％、7％、8％、9％、10％、11％、12％、13％、14％、15％、16％、17％、18％、19％、20％、21％、22％、23％、24％、25％、26％、27％、28％、29％、30％、31％、32％、33％、34％、35％、36％、37％、38％、39％、40％、41％、42％、43％、44％、45％、46％、47％、48％、49％、50％、51％、52％、53％、54％、55％、56％,57％、58％、59％、60％、61％、62％、63％、64％、65％、66％、67％、68％、69％、70％、71％、72％、73％、74％、75％、76％、77％、78％、79％、80％、81％、82％、83％、84％、85％、86％、87％、88％、89％、90％ or 95%.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are connected to each other in contact.

According to one embodiment, there is no contact between the composite particles 1.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are not in contact with each other, not connected, in the same host material 71.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are separated from each other by a host material 71.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 may be examined, verified solely by, for example, a conventional microscope, a transmission electron microscope, a scanning electron microscope or a fluorescence scanning microscope.

According to one embodiment, each composite particle 1 of the plurality of composite particles 1 is separated from its neighboring composite particles 1 by an average minimum distance.

According to one embodiment, the average minimum distance between two composite particles 1 may be controlled.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the average minimum distance between two composite particles 1 in the host material 71 or between a group of composite particles 1 is at least 1 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5 nm, 17 nm, 17.5 nm, 18 nm, 18.5 nm, 19 nm, 19.5 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm, 950 nm, 1 micron, 1.5 micron, 2.5 micron, 3 micron, 3.5 micron, 4 micron, 4.5 micron, 5 micron, 5.5 micron, 6 micron, 6.5 microns, 7 microns, 7.5 microns, 8 microns, 8.5 microns, 9 microns, 9.5 microns, 10 microns, 10.5 microns, 11 microns, 11.5 microns, 12 microns, 12.5 microns, 13 microns, 13.5 microns, 14 microns, 14.5 microns, 15 microns, 15.5 microns, 16 microns, 16.5 microns, 17 microns, 17.5 microns, 18 microns, 18.5 microns, 19 microns, 19.5 microns, 20 microns, 11 microns, 11.5 microns, 12 microns, 13 microns, 13.5 microns, 14.5 microns, 15 microns, 16 microns, 16.5 microns, 17 microns, 17.5 microns, 18 microns, 18.5 microns, 19 microns, 19.5 microns, 20 microns, and the like 20.5 microns, 21 microns, 21.5 microns, 22 microns, 22.5 microns, 23 microns, 23.5 microns, 24 microns, 24.5 microns, 25 microns, 25.5 microns, 26 microns, 26.5 microns, 27 microns, 27.5 microns, 28 microns, 28.5 microns, 29 microns, 29.5 microns, 30 microns, 30.5 microns, 31 microns, 31.5 microns, 32 microns, 32.5 microns, 33 microns, 33.5 microns, 34 microns, 34.5 microns, 35 microns, 35.5 microns, 36 microns, 36.5 microns, 37 microns, 37.5 microns, 38 microns, 38.5 microns, 39 microns, 39.5 microns, 40 microns, 40.5 microns, 41 microns, 41.5 microns, 42 microns, 42.5 microns, 43 microns, 43.5 microns, 44 microns, 44.5 microns, 45 microns, 45.5 microns, 46 microns, 46.5 microns, 47 microns, 47.5 microns, 48 microns, 48.5 microns, 49 microns, 49.5 microns, 50 microns, 50.5 microns, 51 microns, 51.5 microns, 52 microns, 52.5 microns 53 microns, 53.5 microns, 54 microns, 54.5 microns, 55 microns, 55.5 microns, 56 microns, 56.5 microns, 57 microns, 57.5 microns, 58 microns, 58.5 microns, 59 microns, 59.5 microns, 60 microns, 60.5 microns, 61 microns, 61.5 microns, 62 microns, 62.5 microns, 63 microns, 63.5 microns, 64 microns, 64.5 microns, 65 microns, 65.5 microns, 66 microns, 66.5 microns, 67 microns, 67.5 microns, 68 microns, 68.5 microns 69, 69.5, 70, 70.5, 71, 71.5, 72, 72.5, 73, 73.5, 74, 74.5, 75, 75.5, 76, 76.5, 77, 77.5, 78, 78.5, 79, 79.5, 80, 80.5, 81, 81.5, 82, 82.5, 83, 83.5, 84, 84.5, 85, 85.5, 86, 86.5, 87, 87.5, 88, 88.5, 89, 89.5, 90, 90.5, 91, 91.5, 92, 92.5, 93, 93.5, 94, 94.5, 95, 95.5, 96, 96.5, 97, 97.5, 98, 98.5, 99, 99.5, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 or 1 millimeter.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the average distance between two composite particles 1 in the host material 71 or between a group of composite particles 1 is at least 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5 nm, 17 nm, 17.5 nm, 18 nm, 18.5 nm, 19 nm, 19.5 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm, 950 nm, 1 micron, 1.5 micron, 2.5 micron, 3 micron, 3.5 micron, 4 micron, 4.5 micron, 5 micron, 5.5 micron, 6 micron, 6.5 microns, 7 microns, 7.5 microns, 8 microns, 8.5 microns, 9 microns, 9.5 microns, 10 microns, 10.5 microns, 11 microns, 11.5 microns, 12 microns, 12.5 microns, 13 microns, 13.5 microns, 14 microns, 14.5 microns, 15 microns, 15.5 microns, 16 microns, 16.5 microns, 17 microns, 17.5 microns, 18 microns, 18.5 microns, 19 microns, 19.5 microns, 20, 20.5, 21, 21.5, 22, 22.5, 23, 23.5, 24, 24.5, 25, 25.5, 26, 26.5, 27, 27.5, 28, 28.5, 29, 29.5, 30, 30.5, 31, 31.5, 32, 32.5, 33, 33.5, 34, 34.5, 35, 35.5, 36, 33, 36.5 microns, 37 microns, 37.5 microns, 38 microns, 38.5 microns, 39 microns, 39.5 microns, 40 microns, 40.5 microns, 41 microns, 41.5 microns, 42 microns, 42.5 microns, 43 microns, 43.5 microns, 44 microns, 44.5 microns, 45 microns, 45.5 microns, 46 microns, 46.5 microns, 47 microns, 47.5 microns, 48 microns, 48.5 microns, 49 microns, 49.5 microns, 50 microns, 50.5 microns, 51 microns, 51.5 microns, 52 microns 52.5 microns, 53 microns, 53.5 microns, 54 microns, 54.5 microns, 55 microns, 55.5 microns, 56 microns, 56.5 microns, 57 microns, 57.5 microns, 58 microns, 58.5 microns, 59 microns, 59.5 microns, 60 microns, 60.5 microns, 61 microns, 61.5 microns, 62 microns, 62.5 microns, 63 microns, 63.5 microns, 64 microns, 64.5 microns, 65 microns, 65.5 microns, 66 microns, 66.5 microns, 67 microns, 67.5 microns, 68 microns 68.5, 69, 69.5, 70, 70.5, 71, 71.5, 72, 72.5, 73, 73.5, 74, 74.5, 75, 75.5, 76, 76.5, 77, 77.5, 78, 78.5, 79, 79.5, 80, 80.5, 81, 81.5, 82, 82.5, 83, 83.5, 84, 83.5, 84.5, 85, 85.5, 86, 86.5, 87, 87.5, 88, 88.5, 89, 89.5, 90, 90.5, 91, 91.5, 92, 92.5, 93, 93.5, 94, 94.5, 95, 95.5, 96, 96.5, 97, 97.5, 98, 98.5, 99, 99.5, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 or 1 mm.

According to one embodiment, the average distance between two composite particles 1 in the host material 71 or between a group of composite particles 1 may have a variance of less than or equal to 0.01％、0.02％、0.03％、0.04％、0.05％,0.06％、0.07％、0.08％、0.09％、0.1％、0.2％、0.3％、0.4％、0.5％、0.6％、0.7％、0.8％、0.9％、1％、1.1％、1.2％、1.3％、1.4％、1.5％、1.6％、1.7％、1.8％、1.9％、2％、2.1％、2.2％、2.3％、2.4％、2.5％、2.6％、2.7％、2.8％、2.9％、3％、3.1％、3.2％、3.3％、3.4％、3.5％、3.6％、3.7％、3.8％、3.9％、4％、4.1％、4.2％、4.3％、4.4％、4.5％、4.6％,4.7％、4.8％、4.9％、5％、5.1％、5.2％、5.3％、5.4％、5.5％、5.6％、5.7％、5.8％、5.9％、6％、6.1％、6.2％、6.3％、6.4％、6.5％、6.6％、6.7％、6.8％、6.9％、7％、7.1％、7.2％、7.3％、7.4％、7.5％、7.6％、7.7％、7.8％、7.9％、8％、8.1％、8.2％、8.3％、8.4％、8.5％、8.6％、8.7％、8.8％、8.9％、9％、9.1％、9.2％、9.3％、9.4％、9.5％、9.6％,9.7％、9.8％、9.9％ or 10%

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 does not comprise optically transparent void areas.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 does not comprise void areas surrounding the at least one composite particle 1.

According to one embodiment, as shown in B in fig. 6, the luminescent material 7 further comprises at least one particle comprising an inorganic material 21 and a plurality of nano particles, wherein said inorganic material 21 is different from the inorganic material 2 in the composite particles of the present invention. In this embodiment, the at least one particle comprising inorganic material 21 is empty, i.e. does not comprise any nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 further comprises at least one particle comprising an inorganic material 21 and a plurality of nano-particles, wherein said inorganic material 21 is different from the inorganic material 2 in the composite particles of the present invention. In this embodiment, the at least one particle comprising inorganic material 21 is empty, i.e. does not comprise any nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 further comprises at least one particle comprising an inorganic material 21, wherein said inorganic material 21 is the same as the inorganic material in the composite particles of the invention. In this embodiment, the at least one particle comprising inorganic material 21 is empty, i.e. does not comprise any nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 further comprises at least one particle comprising an inorganic material 21, wherein said inorganic material 21 is different from the inorganic material 2 in the composite particles of the invention. In this embodiment, the at least one particle comprising inorganic material 21 is empty, i.e. does not comprise any nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 further comprises at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%,25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% by weight of particles comprising the inorganic material 21.

According to one embodiment, said particles comprise an inorganic material 21 of a different size than said at least one composite particle 1.

According to one embodiment, said particles comprise inorganic material 21 of the same size as said at least one composite particle 1.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 further comprises a plurality of nanoparticles. In this embodiment, the nanoparticle is different from the nanoparticle 3 contained in the at least one composite particle 1.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 further comprises a plurality of nanoparticles. In this embodiment, the nanoparticles are identical to the nanoparticles 3 contained in the at least one composite particle 1.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 further comprises at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%,25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% by weight of nanoparticles, wherein said nanoparticles are not comprised within said at least one composite particle 1.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is oxygen free.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is free of water.

In another embodiment, the luminescent material 7 may comprise at least one solvent.

In another embodiment, the luminescent material 7 does not comprise a solvent.

In another embodiment, the luminescent material 7 may comprise, but is not limited to, the following liquids: 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 2-pyrrolidone, C4 to C8, 2-alkanediols, aliphatic or alicyclic ketones, methyl ethyl ketone, C1 to C4 alkanols, for example methanol, ethanol, methanol propanol or isopropanol, ketones, esters, ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, acetals, acrylic resins, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyamide resins, polyurethane resins, glycidyl ethers of epoxy resins, alkyd esters, nitrocellulose, ethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, alkyd resins, maleic acids, cellulose derivatives, formaldehyde, rubber resins, phenolic resins, propyl acetate, glycol ethers, aliphatic hydrocarbons, acetates, esters. Acrylic acid, cellulose ester, nitrocellulose, modified resin, alkoxylated alcohol, 2-pyrrolidone, homolog of 2-pyrrolidone, ethylene glycol, water.

According to an embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises a liquid in a weight ratio of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%,25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% of the total weight of the luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 further comprises scattering particles dispersed in the host material 71. Examples of scattering particles include, but are not limited to: silica, zirconium dioxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, tin oxide, titanium dioxide, silver, gold, aluminum oxide, barium sulfate, polytetrafluoroethylene, barium titanate, and the like. The scattering particles help to increase the scattering of light inside the luminescent material 7, so as to promote the interaction between photons and the scattering particles and thus the light absorption.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises scattering particles and the at least one medium 71 does not comprise composite particles 1.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 further comprises thermally conductive particles dispersed in the medium 71. Examples of thermal conductor particles include, but are not limited to: silica, zirconium dioxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, tin oxide, titanium dioxide, calcium oxide, aluminum oxide, barium sulfate, polytetrafluoroethylene, barium titanate, and the like. In the present embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the medium 71 increases.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 may emit an emission spectrum comprising at least one emission peak, wherein the emission peak has a luminescence peak wavelength of 400 nm to 50 μm.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 may emit an emission spectrum comprising at least one emission peak, wherein the emission peak has a luminescence peak wavelength of 400 nm to 500 nm. In this embodiment, the luminescent material 7 emits blue light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 may emit an emission spectrum comprising at least one emission peak, wherein the emission peak has a luminescence peak wavelength in the range of from 500nm to 560 nm, more preferably in the range of from 515 nm to 545 nm. In this embodiment, the luminescent material 7 emits green light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 may emit an emission spectrum comprising at least one emission peak, wherein the emission peak has a luminescence peak wavelength ranging from 560 nm to 590 nm. In this embodiment, the luminescent material 7 emits yellow light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 may emit an emission spectrum comprising at least one emission peak, wherein the emission peak has a luminescence peak wavelength in the range of 590 nm to 750 nm, more preferably in the range of 610 nm to 650 nm. In this embodiment, the luminescent material 7 emits red light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 may emit an emission spectrum comprising at least one emission peak, wherein the emission peak has a luminescence peak wavelength ranging from 750 nm to 50 μm. In the present embodiment, the luminescent material 7 emits near infrared rays, mid infrared rays or infrared rays.

According to one embodiment, the emission spectrum of the luminescent material 7 comprises at least one emission peak with a half-width below 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20nm, 15 nm or 10 nm.

According to one embodiment, the emission spectrum of the luminescent material 7 comprises at least one emission peak with a quarter peak width of less than 90 nm, 80nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm or 10 nm.

According to one embodiment, the photoluminescent quantum efficiency (PLQY) of the luminescent material 7 decreases to less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after light irradiation for 300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000、6000、7000、8000、9000、10000、11000、12000、13000、14000、15000、16000、17000、18000、19000、20000、21000、22000、23000、24000、25000、26000、27000、28000、29000、30000、31000、32000、33000、34000、35000、36000、37000、38000、39000、40000、41000、42000、43000、44000、45000、46000、47000,48000、49000 or 50000 hours.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a degree of decrease in its luminescence intensity after light irradiation for 300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000、6000、7000、8000、9000、10000、11000、12000、13000、14000、15000、16000、17000、18000、19000、20000、21000、22000、23000、24000、25000、26000、27000、28000、29000、30000、31000、32000、33000、34000、35000、36000、37000、38000、39000、40000、41000、42000、43000、44000、45000、46000、47000,48000、49000 or 50000 hours of less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light illumination is provided by a blue, green, red or ultraviolet light source, such as a laser, diode, fluorescent lamp or xenon arc lamp. According to one embodiment, the luminous flux or average peak pulse power of the illumination is comprised between 1nW.cm ^-2 and 100kW.cm ^-2, more preferably between 10mW.cm ^-2 and 100W.cm ^-2, and even more preferably between 10mW.cm ^-2 and 30W.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the luminous flux or average peak luminous flux power of the light illumination is at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated after 300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000、6000、7000、8000、9000、10000、11000、12000、13000、14000、15000、16000、17000、18000、19000、20000、21000、22000、23000、24000、25000、26000、27000、28000、29000、30000、31000、32000、33000、34000、35000、36000、37000、38000、39000、40000、41000、42000、43000、44000、45000、46000、47000,48000、49000 or 50000 hours of light and the luminous flux of the light irradiation or the extent to which its photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQY) decreases is less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated after 300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000、6000、7000、8000、9000、10000、11000、12000、13000、14000、15000、16000、17000、18000、19000、20000、21000、22000、23000、24000、25000、26000、27000、28000、29000、30000、31000、32000、33000、34000、35000、36000、37000、38000、39000、40000、41000、42000、43000、44000、45000、46000、47000,48000、49000 or 50000 hours of light and the luminous flux of the light irradiation or the FCE thereof is reduced to less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at an average peak pulse power of at least 1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2,5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2,20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2 or 100kw.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the photoluminescent quantum efficiency (PLQY) of the luminescent material 7 is reduced to less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after being irradiated with pulsed light for 300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000、6000、7000、8000、9000、10000、11000、12000、13000、14000、15000、16000、17000、18000、19000、20000、21000、22000、23000、24000、25000、26000、27000、28000、29000、30000、31000、32000、33000、34000、35000、36000、37000、38000、39000、40000、41000、42000、43000、44000、45000、46000、47000,48000、49000 or 50000 hours and with an average peak pulse power of at least 1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2,5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2,20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2 or 100kw.cm ^-2.

In certain preferred embodiments, the photoluminescent quantum efficiency (PLQY) of the luminescent material 7 decreases by less than 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after exposure to 300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000、6000、7000、8000、9000、10000、11000、12000、13000、14000、15000、16000、17000、18000、19000、20000、21000、22000、23000、24000、25000、26000、27000、28000、29000、30000、31000、32000、33000、34000、35000、36000、37000、38000、39000、40000、41000、42000、43000、44000、45000、46000、47000,48000、49000 or 50000 hours of continuous or pulsed light and with an average peak pulse power or average luminous flux of at least 1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2,5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2,20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2 or 100kW.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the FCE of the luminescent material 7 is reduced to a degree of less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after being irradiated with pulsed light for 300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000、6000、7000、8000、9000、10000、11000、12000、13000、14000、15000、16000、17000、18000、19000、20000、21000、22000、23000、24000、25000、26000、27000、28000、29000、30000、31000、32000、33000、34000、35000、36000、37000、38000、39000、40000、41000、42000、43000、44000、45000、46000、47000,48000、49000 or 50000 hours and with an average peak pulse power of at least 1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2,5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2,20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2 or 100kw.cm ^-2.

In certain preferred embodiments, the FCE of luminescent material 7 decreases by less than 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after 300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000、6000、7000、8000、9000、10000、11000、12000、13000、14000、15000、16000、17000、18000、19000、20000、21000、22000、23000、24000、25000、26000、27000、28000、29000、30000、31000、32000、33000、34000、35000、36000、37000、38000、39000、40000、41000、42000、43000、44000、45000、46000、47000,48000、49000 or 50000 hours of continuous or pulsed light irradiation, and when the average peak pulse power or average luminous flux is at least 1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2,5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2,20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2 or 100kw.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated after 300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000、6000、7000、8000、9000、10000、11000、12000、13000、14000、15000、16000、17000、18000、19000、20000、21000、22000、23000、24000、25000、26000、27000、28000、29000、30000、31000、32000、33000、34000、35000、36000、37000、38000、39000、40000、41000、42000、43000、44000、45000、46000、47000,48000、49000 or 50000 hours of light and the luminous flux of the light irradiation or the degree of reduction of its luminous intensity is less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises at least one composite particle 1 comprising at least one nanoparticle 3 emitting green light. In the present embodiment, at least one green light emitting nanoparticle 3 is excited by the primary light, thereby emitting green secondary light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises at least one composite particle 1 comprising at least one nanoparticle 3 emitting blue light. In the present embodiment, at least one blue light emitting nanoparticle 3 is excited by the primary light, thereby emitting blue secondary light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises at least one composite particle 1 comprising at least one nanoparticle 3 emitting red light. In the present embodiment, at least one red light emitting nanoparticle 3 is excited by the primary light, thereby emitting red secondary light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises at least one composite particle 1 comprising at least one nanoparticle 3 emitting orange light. In this embodiment, at least one orange luminescent nanoparticle 3 is excited by primary light, thereby emitting orange secondary light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises at least one composite particle 1 comprising at least one nanoparticle 3 emitting yellow light. In this embodiment, at least one yellow luminescent nanoparticle 3 is excited by primary light, thereby emitting yellow secondary light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises at least one composite particle 1 comprising at least one nanoparticle 3 emitting violet light. In this embodiment, at least one violet light emitting nanoparticle 3 is excited by primary light, thereby emitting violet secondary light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 penetrates a part of the primary light and emits at least one secondary light. In this embodiment, the output light is a combination of the transmitted primary light and the at least one secondary light, so that a polychromatic light (e.g., white light) can be generated.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 absorbs and/or scatters all primary light and emits at least one secondary light. In this embodiment, the output light is a combination of the at least one secondary light, so that a polychromatic light (e.g., white light) can be generated.

According to one embodiment, the medium 71 is free of oxygen.

According to one embodiment, the medium 71 is free of water.

According to one embodiment, the medium 71 may limit or prevent degradation of the chemical and physical properties of the at least one composite particle 1 due to oxygen molecules, ozone, water, and/or high temperatures.

According to one embodiment, the medium 71 is optically transparent at wavelengths between 200 nm and 50 microns, between 200 nm and 10 microns, between 200 nm and 2500 nm, between 200 and 2000 nm, between 200 nm and 1500 nm, between 200 nm and 1000 nm, between 200 nm and 800 nm, between 400 and 700 nm, between 400 and 600 nm or between 400 nm and 470 nm.

According to one embodiment, the refractive index of medium 71 at 450 nanometers ranges from 1.0 to 3.0, from 1.2 to 2.6, from 1.4 to 2.0.

According to one embodiment, the medium 71 has a refractive index of at least 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6,2.7, 2.8, 2.9, or 3.0 at 450 nanometers.

According to one embodiment, the medium 71 has a refractive index that is different from the refractive index of the inorganic material 2 comprised by the at least one composite particle 1. The present embodiment can make the scattering angle wider compared to the case where the refractive index of the medium 71 is the same as that of at least one of the composite particles 1 or the inorganic material 2. The present embodiment may also provide for a light scattering capability that varies with the wavelength of the light, especially to enhance the scattering of the incident light compared to the scattering of the emitted light, where the wavelength of the incident light is smaller than the wavelength of the emitted light.

According to one embodiment, the refractive index of the medium 71 differs from the refractive index of the inorganic material 2 comprised by at least one composite particle 1 or from the refractive index of the composite particle 1 itself by at least 0.02、0.025,0.03、0.035、0.04、0.045、0.05％、0.055、0.06、0.065、0.07、0.075、0.08、0.085、0.09、0.095、0.1、0.11、0.115、0.12、0.125、0.13、0.135、0.14、0.145、0.15、0.155,0.16、0.165、0.17、0.175、0.18、0.185、0.19、0.195、0.2、0.25、0.3、0.35、0.4、0.45、0.5、0.55、0.6、0.65、0.7、0.75、0.8、0.85、0.9、0.95、1,1.1、1.15、1.2、1.25、1.3、1.35、1.4、1.45、1.5、1.55、1.6、1.65、1.7、1.75、1.8、1.85、1.9、1.95 or 2.

According to one embodiment, the refractive index of the medium 71 differs from the refractive index of the inorganic material 2 comprised by the at least one composite particle 1 by a range from 0.02 to 2, from 0.02 to 1.5, from 0.03 to 1.5, from 0.04 to 1.5, from 0.05 to 1.5, from 0.02 to 1.2, from 0.03 to 1.2, from 0.04 to 1.2, from 0.05 to 1, from 0.1 to 1, from 0.2 to 1, from 0.3 to 1, from 0.5 to 1, from 0.05 to 2, from 0.1 to 2, from 0.2 to 2, from 0.3 to 2 or from 0.5 to 2.

The difference in refractive index was measured at 450 nm.

According to one embodiment, the refractive index of the medium 71 is greater than or equal to the refractive index of the inorganic material 2.

According to one embodiment, the refractive index of the medium 71 is smaller than the refractive index of the inorganic material 2.

According to one embodiment, at least one composite particle 1 in the medium 71 may scatter light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a haze ranging from 1% to 100%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a haze of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%,40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%.

Haze is calculated as the ratio of the intensity of light transmitted within a viewing angle to the intensity of all transmitted light when one light source irradiates the material.

According to one embodiment, the field of view angle used to measure haze ranges from 0 ° to 20 °.

According to one embodiment, the view angle used to measure haze is at least 0 °,1 °,2 °,3 °,4 °,5 °, 6 °, 7 °,8 °, 9 °, 10 °, 11 °, 12 °, 13 °, 14 °, 15 °, 16 °, 17 °, 18 °,19 °, or 20 °.

According to one embodiment, at least one composite particle 1 in a medium 71 is used as a waveguide. In this embodiment, the at least one composite particle 1 has a refractive index higher than that of the medium 71.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a spherical shape. The spherical shape allows light to circulate within the composite particles 1 without leaving the composite particles 1 and thus can be used as a waveguide. The spherical shape may cause the light to have a whispering gallery mode. Furthermore, a perfect sphere can avoid non-uniformity of the intensity of light scattering at different angles.

According to one embodiment, at least one composite particle 1 in the medium 71 is configured such that light is multiply reflected within said composite particle 1.

According to one embodiment, the refractive index of the medium 71 is the same as the refractive index of the inorganic material 2 comprised by the at least one composite particle 1. In this embodiment, light can be prevented from being scattered.

According to one embodiment, medium 71 is a thermal insulator.

According to one embodiment, medium 71 is a thermal conductor.

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the medium 71 under standard conditions ranges from 0.1 to 450W/(m.K), preferably from 1 to 200W/(m.K), more preferably from 10 to 150W/(m.K).

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the medium 71 under standard conditions has a thermal conductivity of at least 0.1W/(m.K)、0.2W/(m.K)、0.3W/(m.K)、0.4W/(m.K)、0.5W/(m.K)、0.6W/(m.K)、0.7W/(m.K)、0.8W/(m.K)、0.9W/(m.K)、1W/(m.K)、1.1W/(m.K)、1.2W/(m.K)、1.3W/(m.K)、1.4W/(m.K)、1.5W/(m.K)、1.6W/(m.K)、1.7W/(m.K)、1.8W/(m.K)、1.9W/(m.K)、2W/(m.K)、2.1W/(m.K)、2.2W/(m.K)、2.3W/(m.K)、2.4W/(m.K)、2.5W/(m.K)、2.6W/(m.K)、2.7W/(m.K)、2.8W/(m.K)、2.9W/(m.K)、3W/(m.K)、3.1W/(m.K)、3.2W/(m.K)、3.3W/(m.K)、3.4W/(m.K)、3.5W/(m.K)、3.6W/(m.K)、3.7W/(m.K)、3.8W/(m.K)、3.9W/(m.K)、4W/(m.K)、4.1W/(m.K)、4.2W/(m.K)、4.3W/(m.K)、4.4W/(m.K)、4.5W/(m.K)、4.6W/(m.K)、4.7W/(m.K)、4.8W/(m.K)、4.9W/(m.K)、5W/(m.K)、5.1W/(m.K)、5.2W/(m.K)、5.3W/(m.K)、5.4W/(m.K)、5.5W/(m.K)、5.6W/(m.K)、5.7W/(m.K)、5.8W/(m.K)、5.9W/(m.K)、6W/(m.K)、6.1W/(m.K)、6.2W/(m.K)、6.3W/(m.K)、6.4W/(m.K)、6.5W/(m.K)、6.6W/(m.K)、6.7W/(m.K)、6.8W/(m.K)、6.9W/(m.K)、7W/(m.K)、7.1W/(m.K)、7.2W/(m.K)、7.3W/(m.K)、7.4W/(m.K)、7.5W/(m.K)、7.6W/(m.K)、7.7W/(m.K)、7.8W/(m.K)、7.9W/(m.K)、8W/(m.K)、8.1W/(m.K)、8.2W/(m.K)、8.3W/(m.K)、8.4W/(m.K)、8.5W/(m.K)、8.6W/(m.K)、8.7W/(m.K)、8.8W/(m.K)、8.9W/(m.K)、9W/(m.K)、9.1W/(m.K)、9.2W/(m.K)、9.3W/(m.K)、9.4W/(m.K)、9.5W/(m.K)、9.6W/(m.K)、9.7W/(m.K)、9.8W/(m.K)、9.9W/(m.K)、10W/(m.K)、10.1W/(m.K)、10.2W/(m.K)、10.3W/(m.K)、10.4W/(m.K)、10.5W/(m.K)、10.6W/(m.K)、10.7W/(m.K)、10.8W/(m.K)、10.9W/(m.K)、11W/(m.K)、11.1W/(m.K)、11.2W/(m.K)、11.3W/(m.K)、11.4W/(m.K)、11.5W/(m.K)、11.6W/(m.K)、11.7W/(m.K)、11.8W/(m.K)、11.9W/(m.K)、12W/(m.K)、12.1W/(m.K)、12.2W/(m.K)、12.3W/(m.K)、12.4W/(m.K)、12.5W/(m.K)、12.6W/(m.K)、12.7W/(m.K)、12.8W/(m.K)、12.9W/(m.K)、13W/(m.K)、13.1W/(m.K)、13.2W/(m.K)、13.3W/(m.K)、13.4W/(m.K)、13.5W/(m.K)、13.6W/(m.K)、13.7W/(m.K)、13.8W/(m.K)、13.9W/(m.K)、14W/(m.K)、14.1W/(m.K)、14.2W/(m.K)、14.3W/(m.K)、14.4W/(m.K)、14.5W/(m.K)、14.6W/(m.K)、14.7W/(m.K)、14.8W/(m.K)、14.9W/(m.K)、15W/(m.K)、15.1W/(m.K)、15.2W/(m.K)、15.3W/(m.K)、15.4W/(m.K)、15.5W/(m.K)、15.6W/(m.K)、15.7W/(m.K)、15.8W/(m.K)、15.9W/(m.K)、16W/(m.K)、16.1W/(m.K)、16.2W/(m.K)、16.3W/(m.K)、16.4W/(m.K)、16.5W/(m.K)、16.6W/(m.K)、16.7W/(m.K)、16.8W/(m.K)、16.9W/(m.K)、17W/(m.K)、17.1W/(m.K)、17.2W/(m.K)、17.3W/(m.K)、17.4W/(m.K)、17.5W/(m.K)、17.6W/(m.K)、17.7W/(m.K)、17.8W/(m.K)、17.9W/(m.K)、18W/(m.K)、18.1W/(m.K)、18.2W/(m.K)、18.3W/(m.K)、18.4W/(m.K)、18.5W/(m.K)、18.6W/(m.K)、18.7W/(m.K)、18.8W/(m.K)、18.9W/(m.K)、19W/(m.K)、19.1W/(m.K)、19.2W/(m.K)、19.3W/(m.K)、19.4W/(m.K)、19.5W/(m.K)、19.6W/(m.K)、19.7W/(m.K)、19.8W/(m.K)、19.9W/(m.K)、20W/(m.K)、20.1W/(m.K)、20.2W/(m.K)、20.3W/(m.K)、20.4W/(m.K)、20.5W/(m.K)、20.6W/(m.K)、20.7W/(m.K)、20.8W/(m.K)、20.9W/(m.K)、21W/(m.K)、21.1W/(m.K)、21.2W/(m.K)、21.3W/(m.K)、21.4W/(m.K)、21.5W/(m.K)、21.6W/(m.K)、21.7W/(m.K)、21.8W/(m.K)、21.9W/(m.K)、22W/(m.K)、22.1W/(m.K)、22.2W/(m.K)、22.3W/(m.K)、22.4W/(m.K)、22.5W/(m.K)、22.6W/(m.K)、22.7W/(m.K)、22.8W/(m.K)、22.9W/(m.K)、23W/(m.K)、23.1W/(m.K)、23.2W/(m.K)、23.3W/(m.K)、23.4W/(m.K)、23.5W/(m.K)、23.6W/(m.K)、23.7W/(m.K)、23.8W/(m.K)、23.9W/(m.K)、24W/(m.K)、24.1W/(m.K)、24.2W/(m.K)、24.3W/(m.K)、24.4W/(m.K)、24.5W/(m.K)、24.6W/(m.K)、24.7W/(m.K)、24.8W/(m.K)、24.9W/(m.K)、25W/(m.K)、30W/(m.K)、40W/(m.K)、50W/(m.K)、60W/(m.K)、70W/(m.K)、80W/(m.K)、90W/(m.K)、100W/(m.K)、110W/(m.K)、120W/(m.K)、130W/(m.K)、140W/(m.K)、150W/(m.K)、160W/(m.K)、170W/(m.K)、180W/(m.K)、190W/(m.K)、200W/(m.K)、210W/(m.K)、220W/(m.K)、230W/(m.K)、240W/(m.K)、250W/(m.K)、260W/(m.K)、270W/(m.K)、280W/(m.K)、290W/(m.K)、300W/(m.K)、310W/(m.K)、320W/(m.K)、330W/(m.K)、340W/(m.K)、350W/(m.K)、360W/(m.K)、370W/(m.K)、380W/(m.K)、390W/(m.K)、400W/(m.K)、410W/(m.K)、420W/(m.K)、430W/(m.K)、440W/(m.K) or 450W/(m.K).

According to one embodiment, medium 71 is an electrical insulator.

According to one embodiment, the medium 71 is electrically conductive.

According to one embodiment, the medium 71 has a conductivity of 1X 10 ^-20 to 10 ⁷ S/m, preferably from 1X 10 ^-15 to 5S/m, more preferably from 1X 10 ^-7 to 1S/m, under standard conditions.

According to one embodiment, the medium 71 has a conductivity of at least 1×10^-20S/m、0.5×10^-19S/m、1×10^-19S/m、0.5×10^-18S/m、1×10^-18S/m,0.5×10^-17S/m、1×10^-17S/m、0.5×10^{- 16}S/m、1×10^-16S/m、0.5×10^-15S/m、1×10^-15S/m,0.5×10^-14S/m、1×10^-14S/m、0.5×10^-13S/m、1×10^-13S/m、0.5×10^-12S/m、1×10^-12S/m,0.5×10^-11S/m、1×10^-11S/m、0.5×10^-10S/m、1×10^-10S/m、0.5×10^-9S/m、1×10^-9S/m、0.5×10^-8S/m、1×10^-8S/m、0.5×10^-7S/m、1×10^-7S/m、0.5×10^-6S/m、1×10^-6S/m、0.5×10^-5S/m、1×10^-5S/m、0.5×10^-4S/m、1×10^-4S/m、0.5×10^{- 3}S/m、1×10^-3S/m、0.5×10^-2S/m、1×10^-2S/m、0.5×10^-1S/m、1×10^-1S/m、0.5S/m、1S/m、1.5S/m、2S/m、2.5S/m、3S/m、3.5S/m、4S/m、4.5S/m、5S/m、5.5S/m、6S/m、6.5S/m、7S/m、7.5S/m、8S/m、8.5S/m、9S/m、9.5S/m、10S/m、50S/m、10²S/m、5×10²S/m、10³S/m、5×10³S/m、10⁴S/m、5×10⁴S/m、10⁵S/m、5×10⁵S/m、10⁶S/m、5×10⁶S/m、or 10⁷S/m..

According to one embodiment, the conductivity of the medium 71 may be measured, for example, with an impedance spectrometer.

According to one embodiment, the at least one medium 71 may be a fluid or a solid matrix material. In this embodiment, the fluid may be a liquid or a gas.

According to one embodiment, the at least one medium 71 is a fluid, such as a liquid or a gas.

According to one embodiment, one medium 71 is at least a gas, such as air, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, oxygen, helium, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide 、NO、NO₂、N₂O、F₂、Cl₂、H₂Se、CH₄、PH₃、NH₃、SO₂、H₂S, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one medium 71 is a liquid, such as water, an aqueous solvent, or an organic solvent.

According to one embodiment, the at least one medium 71 comprises a vapor of an aqueous or organic solvent.

According to one embodiment, the organic solvent includes, but is not limited to: hexane, heptane, pentane, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, acetone, acetic acid, N-methyl methylamine, N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, octadecene, squalene, amines, such as, for example, tri-N-octylamine, 1, 3-diaminopropane, oleylamine, hexadecylamine, octadecylamine, squalene, alcohols such as ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-decanol, propane-2-ol, ethylene glycol, 1, 2-propanediol, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the vapor of the solution or solvent is obtained by heating said solution or solvent by means of an external heating system.

According to one embodiment, the at least one medium 71 is a solid body material.

According to one embodiment, the solid body material may be cured to the shape of the film, thereby preparing at least one film.

According to one embodiment, the solid host material is polymeric.

According to one embodiment, the solid host material comprises an organic material as described below.

According to one embodiment, the solid host material comprises an organic polymer as described below.

According to one embodiment, the solid host material may be polymerized by heating it and/or by exposing it to UV light.

According to one embodiment, the polymeric solid host material includes, but is not limited to: silicone-based polymers, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyethylene terephthalate, polyesters, polyacrylates, polycarbonates, poly (vinyl alcohol), polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyridine, polysaccharides, poly (ethylene glycol), melamine resins, phenolic resins, alkyl resins, epoxy resins, polyurethane resins, maleic resins, polyamide resins, alkyl resins, maleic resins, terpene resins, acrylic resins or acrylate-based resins such as PMMA, copolymer-forming resins, copolymers, block copolymers, polymerizable monomers comprising UV initiators or thermal initiators or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the polymeric solid host material includes, but is not limited to: thermosetting resins, photosensitive resins, photoresist resins, photocurable resins or dry curable resins. The thermosetting resin and the photocurable resin are cured using heat and light, respectively. In order to use the dry-hardened resin, at least one composite particle 1 is dispersed in a solvent containing the resin, and the resin is cured by heat.

When a thermosetting resin or a photocurable resin is used, the composition of the resulting luminescent material 7 is the same as that of the raw material of the luminescent material 7. However, when a dry curing resin is used, the composition of the luminescent material 7 may be different from the raw material composition of the luminescent material 7. When the resin is cured using thermal drying, the solvent therein is partially evaporated. Therefore, the volume ratio of the raw material of the composite particles 1 in the luminescent material 7 may be larger than the volume ratio of the composite particles 1 in the luminescent material 7. After heating, the volume of the luminescent material may be reduced.

When the resin cures, it causes volume shrinkage. According to one embodiment, the shrinkage for one is caused by a thermosetting resin or a photocurable resin is at least 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15% or 20%. According to one embodiment, the shrinkage ratio of the dry cured resin is at least 0.1％、0.2％、0.3％、0.4％、0.5％、0.6％、0.7％、0.8％、0.9％、1％、1.5％、2％、2.5％、3％、3.5％、4％、4.5％、5％、5.5％、6％、6.5％、7％、7.5％、8％、8.5％、9％、9.5％、10％、15％ or 20%. Shrinkage of the resin may result in movement of the composite particles 1, which may be in a way that reduces the dispersion of the composite particles 1 in the luminescent material 7. However, an embodiment of the present invention can maintain high dispersibility of the composite particles 1 by introducing other particles into the luminescent material 7 to prevent movement thereof.

According to one embodiment, the solid host material may be a polymerizable formulation, which may comprise monomers, oligomers, polymers or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the polymerizable formulation may further comprise a cross-linking agent, a scattering agent, a photoinitiator or a thermal initiator.

According to one embodiment, the composition of the polymerizable formulation includes, but is not limited to, the following monomers, oligomers or polymers: alkyl methacrylates or alkyl acrylates, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, acrylonitrile, acrylic acid esters and methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy substituted derivatives such as butoxy and the like, methacrylic acid esters, ethyl acrylic acid esters, propyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, norbornyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate, benzyl acrylate, phenyl acrylic acid esters, isobornyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylic acid esters, fluorinated acrylic acid monomers, chlorinated acrylic acid monomers, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, norbornyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, fluorinated methacrylic acid monomers, chlorinated methacrylic acid monomers, alkyl acrylic acid esters, allyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate and related glycidyl esters.

In another embodiment, the composition of the polymerizable formulation includes, but is not limited to, the following monomers, oligomers, or polymers: alkyl acrylamides or methacrylamides, such as acrylamide, alkyl acrylamide, N-t-butyl acrylamide, diacetone acrylamide, N-diethyl acrylamide, N-isobutoxymethyl acrylamide, N- (3-methoxypropyl) acrylamide, N-p-methoxyphenylacetic acid ethyl ester, N-ethyl acrylamide, N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide, N- (isobutoxymethyl) acrylamide, N-isopropyl acrylamide, N- (3-methoxypropyl) acrylamide, N-phenyl acrylamide, N- [ tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl ] acrylamide, N-diethyl, N' -dibenzyl acrylamide, N- [3- (dimethylamino) propyl ] methacrylamide, N- (hydroxymethyl) acrylamide, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide, N-isopropyl methacrylate, methacrylamide, N- (trityl) methacrylamide, poly (ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly (styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT/CSA), aqueous solutions of polyaniline/sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), PDES, PTT-PSS, PPDEEt, and the like.

According to one embodiment, the polymerizable formulation composition includes, but is not limited to: monomers, oligomers or polymers made from alpha-olefins, dienes, such as butadiene and chloroprene; styrene, alpha-methylstyrene and the like; heteroatom substituted alpha-olefins, such as, for example, vinyl acetate, such as, for example, vinyl alkyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, vinyl trimethylsilane, vinyl chloride, tetrafluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoro, such as, for example, cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cycloheptene, cyclooctene ring and polycycloolefin compounds, and cyclic derivatives (long carbon chains containing up to 20 carbons); polycyclic derivatives, such as, norbornene, and similar derivatives (long carbon chains containing up to 20 carbons); for example, 2 cycle vinyl ethers, 3-dihydrofuran, 3, 4-dihydropyran, and similar derivatives; such as allyl alcohol derivatives, vinyl ethylene carbonate.

According to one embodiment, examples of cross-linking agents include, but are not limited to: derivatives and analogues of diacrylates, triacrylates, tetraacrylates, dimethacrylates, trimethacrylates and tetramethacrylate monomers. Another example of a crosslinker includes, but is not limited to: from di-or trifunctional monomers such as allyl methacrylate, diallyl maleate, 1, 3-butanediol dimethacrylate, 1, 4-butanediol dimethyl, 1, 6-diol dimethyl, pentaerythritol triacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, N-methylenebis (acrylamide), N' -hexamethylenebis (methacrylamide), and monomers, oligomers or polymers of divinylbenzene.

According to one embodiment, the polymerizable formulation may further comprise scattering particles. Examples of scattering particles include, but are not limited to: silica, zirconium dioxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, tin oxide, titanium dioxide, silver, gold, aluminum oxide, barium sulfate, polytetrafluoroethylene, barium titanate, and the like.

According to one embodiment, the polymerizable formulation may further comprise a thermal conductor. Examples of thermal conductors include, but are not limited to: silica, zirconium dioxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, tin oxide, titanium dioxide, calcium oxide, aluminum oxide, barium sulfate, polytetrafluoroethylene, barium titanate, and the like. In this embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the solid host material increases.

According to one embodiment, the polymerizable formulation may further comprise a photoinitiator. Examples of photoinitiators include, but are not limited to: alpha-hydroxy ketones, phenylglyoxylic acid, benzyl dimethyl ketal, alpha amino ketones, monoacyloxidation, bisacylphosphine oxides, phosphine oxides, benzophenones, derivatives thereof, polyvinyl cinnamate, derivatives and analogues of metallocenes or iodonium salts. Another example of a photoinitiator includes Irgacure photoinitiator andPhotoinitiators, and the like.

According to one embodiment, the polymerizable formulation may further comprise a thermal initiator. Examples of thermal initiators include, but are not limited to: peroxy compounds, azo compounds such as Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and 4, 4-azobis (4-cyanovaleric acid), potassium and ammonium persulphate, t-butyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide and the like.

According to one embodiment, the polymeric solid host material may be a solid polymerized from: alkyl methacrylates or acrylates such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, acrylonitrile, acrylates substituted with methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, and similar derivatives such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, norbornyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate, benzyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, isobornyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, fluorinated acrylic monomers, chlorinated acrylic monomers, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, norbornyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, fluorinated methacrylic monomers, chlorinated methacrylic monomers, allyl methacrylate, crotonic acid, glycidyl methacrylate, and related glycidyl esters.

According to one embodiment, the polymeric solid body material may be a polymeric solid made from a polymeric solid of: alkyl acrylamides or methacrylamides, such as acrylamide, alkyl acrylamide, N-t-butyl acrylamide, diacetone acrylamide, N-diethyl acrylamide, N-isobutoxymethyl acrylamide, N- (3-methoxypropyl) acrylamide, N-p-methoxyphenylacetic acid ethyl ester, N-ethyl acrylamide, N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide, N- (isobutoxymethyl) acrylamide, N-isopropyl acrylamide, N- (3-methoxypropyl) acrylamide, N-phenyl acrylamide, N- [ tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl ] acrylamide, N-diethyl, N' -dibenzyl acrylamide, N- [3- (dimethylamino) propyl ] methacrylamide, N- (hydroxymethyl) acrylamide, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide, N-isopropyl methacrylate, methacrylamide, N- (trityl) methacrylamide, poly (ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly (styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT/CSA), aqueous solutions of polyaniline/sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), PDES, PTT-PSS, PPDEEt, and the like.

According to one embodiment, the polymeric solid body material may be a polymeric solid made of: alpha-olefins, dienes, such as butadiene and chloroprene; styrene, alpha-methylstyrene and the like; heteroatom-substituted alpha-olefins such as vinyl acetate, vinyl alkyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, vinyl trimethylsilane, vinyl chloride, tetrafluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoro, and cyclic olefin compounds such as cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cycloheptene, cyclooctene ring, and cyclic derivatives (long carbon chains containing up to 20 carbons); polycyclic derivatives, for example, norbornene, and similar derivatives (long carbon chains containing up to 20 carbons); for example, cyclic vinyl ethers such as 2, 3-dihydrofuran, 3, 4-dihydropyran, and similar derivatives; allyl alcohol derivatives, such as vinyl ethylene carbonates, e.g. maleic and fumaric acid compounds,

According to one embodiment, the polymeric solid host material may be polymethyl methacrylate, poly (lauryl methacrylate), ethylene glycol poly (ethylene terephthalate), poly (maleic anhydride-octadecene), or mixtures thereof.

In another embodiment, the luminescent material 7 may further comprise at least one solvent. According to this embodiment, the solvent is a solvent which allows the composite particles 1 and the polymer host material 71 of the present invention to be dissolved, for example, pentane, hexane, heptane, 1, 2-hexanediol, 1, 5-pentanediol, cyclohexane, petroleum ether, toluene, benzene, xylene, chlorobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, methylene chloride, 1, 2-dichloroethane, THF (tetrahydrofuran), acetonitrile, acetone, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, ethylene glycol, diglyme (diethylene glycol dimethyl ether), diethyl ether, DME (1, 2-dimethoxy-ethane, glyme), DMF (dimethylformamide), nano F (N-methylformamide), FA (formamide), DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), 1, 4-dioxane, triethylamine, alkoxyalcohol, alkyl alcohol, alkyl benzene, alkyl benzoate,

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises at least two solvents as described above. In this embodiment, the solvents are miscible together.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises a solvent of the blend as described above. In this embodiment, the solvents are miscible together.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises a plurality of solvents as described above. In this embodiment, the solvents are miscible together.

According to one embodiment, the solvent comprised in the luminescent material 7 is water-miscible.

In another embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises a blend solvent such as: mixtures of solvents, for example: a mixture of benzyl alcohol and butylbenzene, a mixture of benzyl alcohol and anisole, a mixture of benzyl alcohol and mesitylene, a mixture of butylbenzene and anisole, a mixture of butylbenzene and mesitylene, a mixture of anisole and mesitylene, a mixture of dodecylbenzene and cis decalin, a mixture of dodecylbenzene and benzyl alcohol, a mixture of dodecylbenzene and butylbenzene, a mixture of dodecylbenzene and anisole, a mixture of dodecylbenzene and mesitylene, a mixture of cis decalin and benzyl alcohol, a mixture of cis decalin and butylbenzene, a mixture of cis decalin and anisole, a mixture of cis decalin and mesitylene, a mixture of trans decalin and benzyl alcohol, a mixture of trans decalin and butylbenzene, a mixture of trans decalin and anisole, a mixture of trans decalin and mesitylene mixtures of methylpyrrolidone and anisole, mixtures of methyl benzoate and anisole, mixtures of methylpyrrolidone and methylnaphthalene, mixtures of methylpyrrolidone and methoxypropanol, mixtures of methylpyrrolidone and phenoxyethanol, mixtures of methylpyrrolidone and octylpentanoic acid, mixtures of methylpyrrolidone and trans-decalin, mixtures of methylpyrrolidone and mesitylene, mixtures of methylpyrrolidone and butylbenzene, mixtures of methylpyrrolidone and dodecylbenzene, mixtures of methylpyrrolidone and benzyl alcohol, mixtures of anisole and methylnaphthalene, mixtures of anisole and methoxypropanol, mixtures of anisole and phenoxyethanol, mixtures of anisole and octylpentanoate, mixtures of methylbenzoate and methylnaphthalene, mixtures of methyl benzoate and methoxypropanol, mixtures of methyl benzoate and phenoxyethanol, mixtures of methyl benzoate and amyl benzoate, mixtures of methyl benzoate and cis-decalin, mixtures of methyl benzoate and trans-decalin, mixtures of methyl benzoate and mesitylene, mixtures of methyl benzoate and butylbenzene, mixtures of methyl benzoate and dodecylbenzene, mixtures of methyl benzoate and benzyl chloride, mixtures of methanonaphthalene and methoxypropanol, mixtures of methylnaphthalene and phenoxyethanol, mixtures of methylnaphthalene and octylvalerate, mixtures of methylnaphthalene and cis-decalin, mixtures of methylnaphthalene and trans-decalin, mixtures of methylnaphthalene and mesitylene, mixtures of methylnaphthalene and butylbenzene, mixtures of methylnaphthalene and dodecylbenzene, mixtures of methylnaphthalene and benzyl alcohol, mixtures of methoxypropanol and phenoxyethanol a mixture of methoxypropanol and pentylphonate, methoxypropanol and cis-decalin, a mixture of methoxypropanol and trans-decalin, a mixture of methoxypropanol and mesitylene, a mixture of methoxypropanol and butylbenzene, a mixture of methoxypropanol and benzyl alcohol, a mixture of phenoxyethanol and amyl octoate, a mixture of phenoxypropanol and mesitylene, a mixture of phenoxypropanol and butylbenzene, a mixture of phenoxypropanol and decylbenzene, phenoxypropanol and benzyl alcohol, a mixture of amyl octoate and cis-decalin, a mixture of amyl octoate and trans-decalin, a mixture of amyl octoate and mesitylene, a mixture of amyl valerate and butylbenzene, a mixture of amyl octoate and dodecylbenzene, A blend of amyl valerate and benzyl alcohol, or a combination thereof.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises a mixture of pentanedione and dipropylene glycol methyl ether, a mixture of valeraldehyde and butyryl benzene, a mixture of dipropylene glycol methyl ether and 1, 3-propanediol, a mixture of butylphenol and 1, 3-propanediol, a mixture of dipropylene glycol methyl ether, 1, 3-propanediol and water, or a combination thereof.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises a blend of three, four, five or more solvents as a vehicle. Examples of vehicles may include a blend of three, four, five or more of the following solvents: pyrrolidone, N-methylpyrrolidone, anisole, alkyl benzoate, methyl benzoate, alkyl naphthalene, methyl naphthalene, alkoxy alcohols, methoxypropanol, phenoxyethanol, valeric acid, cis decalin, trans decalin, trimethylbenzene, alkylbenzenes, butylbenzene, dodecylbenzene, alkyl alcohols, aryl alcohols, benzyl alcohols, butanols, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, phenylpentanone, and or 3-propanediol. According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises three or more of the following solvents: cis decalin, trans decalin, benzyl alcohol, butylbenzene, anisole, mesitylene and dodecylbenzene.

According to some embodiments, each solvent in the above-listed blends may comprise at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, or at least 40%, respectively, by weight relative to the total weight of medium 71. In some embodiments, each solvent in the above listed blends may be present in a proportion of up to 50% by weight, relative to the total weight of luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the medium 71 comprises a film-forming material. In this embodiment, the film-forming material is a polymer or inorganic material as described above.

According to one embodiment, the medium 71 comprises at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% film-forming material by weight.

According to one embodiment, the film-forming material is polymerizable, i.e. comprises or contains the polymers and/or monomers described above.

According to one embodiment, the film-forming material is inorganic, i.e. it comprises or contains an inorganic material as described below.

In another embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises the composite particles 1 of the invention and a polymer solid host material, and does not comprise a solvent. In this embodiment, the composite particles 1 and the solid host material may be mixed by an extrusion process.

According to another embodiment, the solid host material is inorganic.

According to one embodiment, the solid host material does not comprise glass.

According to one embodiment, the solid host material does not comprise vitrified glass.

According to one embodiment, examples of inorganic solid host materials include, but are not limited to: a material or metal oxide obtained by a sol-gel process, such as silica, alumina, titania, zirconia, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, tin oxide, iridium oxide or mixtures thereof. The solid host material may act as an auxiliary barrier against oxidation and, if it is a good thermal conductor, may conduct and remove heat, and/or remove charge.

According to one embodiment, the solid host material is composed of the following metals: halides, chalcogenides, phosphides, sulfides, metalloids, metal alloys, ceramics, such as oxides, carbides or nitrides. The solid host material is prepared using techniques known to those skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment, the chalcogenide is composed of a compound of at least one chalcogen anion, for example selected from oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, polonium, and at least one or more electropositive elements.

According to one embodiment, the metallic solid host material may consist of the following elements: gold, silver, copper, vanadium, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhenium, yttrium, mercury, cadmium, osmium, chromium, tantalum, manganese, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, rhodium, tungsten, iridium, nickel, iron, or cobalt.

According to one embodiment, examples of carbide solid host materials include, but are not limited to ：SiC、WC、BC、MoC、TiC、Al₄C₃、LaC₂、FeC、CoC、HfC、Si_xC_y、W_xC_y、B_xC_y、Mo_xC_y、Ti_xC_y、Al_xC_y、La_xC_y、Fe_xC_y、Co_xC_y、Hf_xC_y or mixtures thereof; wherein X and Y are each a number of 0 to 5, and X and Y are not both a condition equal to 0, and X is a condition.

According to one embodiment, examples of oxidized solid host materials include, but are not limited to ：SiO₂、Al₂O₃、TiO₂、ZrO₂、ZnO、MgO、SnO₂、Nb₂O₅、CeO₂、BeO、IrO₂、CaO、Sc₂O₃、NiO、Na₂O、BaO、K₂O、PbO、Ag₂O、V₂O₅、TeO₂、MnO、B₂O₃、P₂O₅、P₂O₃、P₄O₇、P₄O₈、P₄O₉、P₂O₆、PO、GeO₂、As₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、Fe₃O₄、Ta₂O₅、Li₂O、SrO、Y₂O₃、HfO₂、WO₂、MoO₂、Cr₂O₃、Tc₂O₇、ReO₂、RuO₂、Co₃O₄、OsO、RhO₂、Rh₂O₃、PtO、PdO、CuO、Cu₂O、CdO、HgO、Tl₂O、Ga₂O₃、In₂O₃、Bi₂O₃、Sb₂O₃、PoO₂、SeO₂、Cs₂O、La₂O₃、Pr₆O₁₁、Nd₂O₃、La₂O₃、Sm₂O₃、Eu₂O₃、Tb₄O₇、Dy₂O₃、Ho₂O₃、Er₂O₃、Tm₂O₃、Yb₂O₃、Lu₂O₃、Gd₂O₃ or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of oxidized solid host materials include, but are not limited to: silica, alumina, titania, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, osmium oxide, rhenium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium oxide, cadmium oxide, mercury oxide, thallium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, antimony oxide, polonium oxide, selenium oxide, cesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, terbium oxide, erbium oxide, holmium oxide, thulium oxide, ytterbium oxide, lutetium oxide, gadolinium oxide, mixed oxides, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of nitride solid host materials include, but are not limited to ：TiN、Si₃N₄、MoN、VN、TaN、Zr₃N₄、HfN、FeN、NbN、GaN、CrN、AlN、InN、Ti_xN_y、Si_xN_y、Mo_xN_y、V_xN_y、Ta_xN_y、Zr_xN_y、Hf_xN_y、Fe_xN_y、Nb_xN_y、Ga_xN_y、Cr_xN_y、Al_xN_y、In_xN_y or mixtures thereof; wherein X and Y are each a number of 0 to 5, and X and Y are not both a condition equal to 0, and X is a condition.

According to one embodiment, examples of sulfide solid host materials include, but are not limited to ：Si_yS_x、Al_yS_x、Ti_yS_x、Zr_yS_x、Zn_yS_x、Mg_yS_x、Sn_yS_x、Nb_yS_x、Ce_yS_x、Be_yS_x、Ir_yS_x、Ca_yS_x、Sc_yS_x、Ni_yS_x、Na_yS_x、Ba_yS_x、K_yS_x、Pb_yS_x、Ag_yS_x、V_yS_x、Te_yS_x、Mn_yS_x、B_yS_x、P_yS_x、Ge_yS_x、As_yS_x、Fe_yS_x、Ta_yS_x、Li_yS_x、Sr_yS_x、Y_yS_x、Hf_yS_x、W_yS_x、Mo_yS_x、Cr_yS_x、Tc_yS_x、Re_yS_x、Ru_yS_x、Co_yS_x、Os_yS_x、Rh_yS_x、Pt_yS_x、Pd_yS_x、Cu_yS_x、Au_yS_x、Cd_yS_x、Hg_yS_x、Tl_yS_x、Ga_yS_x、In_yS_x、Bi_yS_x、Sb_yS_x、Po_yS_x、Se_yS_x、Cs_yS_x、 mixed sulfides, or mixtures thereof; wherein X and Y are each a number of 0 to 5, and X and Y are not both a condition equal to 0, and X is a condition.

According to one embodiment, examples of halide solid host materials include, but are not limited to ：BaF₂、LaF₃、CeF₃、YF₃、CaF₂、MgF₂、PrF₃、AgCl、MnCl₂、NiCl₂、Hg₂Cl₂、CaCl₂、CsPbCl₃、AgBr、PbBr₃、CsPbBr₃、AgI、CuI、PbI、HgI₂、BiI₃、CH₃NH₃PbI₃、CH₃NH₃PbCl₃、CH₃NH₃PbBr₃、CsPbI₃、FAPbBr₃( wherein FA is formamidine) or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of solid host materials for chalcogenides include, but are not limited to ：CdO、CdS、CdSe、CdTe、ZnO、ZnS、ZnSe、ZnTe、HgO、HgS、HgSe、HgTe、CuO、Cu₂O、CuS、Cu₂S、CuSe、CuTe、Ag₂O、Ag₂S、Ag₂Se、Ag₂Te、Au₂S、PdO、PdS、Pd₄S、PdSe、PdTe、PtO、PtS、PtS₂、PtSe、PtTe、RhO₂、Rh₂O₃、RhS₂、Rh₂S₃、RhSe₂、Rh₂Se₃、RhTe₂、IrO₂、IrS₂、Ir₂S₃、IrSe₂、IrTe₂、RuO₂、RuS₂、OsO、OsS、OsSe、OsTe、MnO、MnS、MnSe、MnTe、ReO₂、ReS₂、Cr₂O₃、Cr₂S₃、MoO₂、MoS₂、MoSe₂、MoTe₂、WO₂、WS₂、WSe₂、V₂O₅、V₂S₃、Nb₂O₅、NbS₂、NbSe₂、HfO₂、HfS₂、TiO₂、ZrO₂、ZrS₂、ZrSe₂、ZrTe₂、Sc₂O₃、Y₂O₃、Y₂S₃、SiO₂、GeO₂、GeS、GeS₂、GeSe、GeSe₂、GeTe、SnO₂、SnS、SnS₂、SnSe、SnSe₂、SnTe、PbO、PbS、PbSe、PbTe、MgO、MgS、MgSe、MgTe、CaO、CaS、SrO、Al₂O₃、Ga₂O₃、Ga₂S₃、Ga₂Se₃、In₂O₃、In₂S₃、In₂Se₃、In₂Te₃、La₂O₃、La₂S₃、CeO₂、CeS₂、Pr₆O₁₁、Nd₂O₃、NdS₂、La₂O₃、Tl₂O、Sm₂O₃、SmS₂、Eu₂O₃、EuS₂、Bi₂O₃、Sb₂O₃、PoO₂、SeO₂、Cs₂O、Tb₄O₇、TbS₂、Dy₂O₃、Ho₂O₃、Er₂O₃、ErS₂、Tm₂O₃、Yb₂O₃、Lu₂O₃、CuInS₂、CuInSe₂、AgInS₂、AgInSe₂、Fe₂O₃、Fe₃O₄、FeS、FeS₂、Co₃S₄、CoSe、Co₃O₄、NiO、NiSe₂、NiSe、Ni₃Se₄、Gd₂O₃、BeO、TeO₂、Na₂O、BaO、K₂O、Ta₂O₅、Li₂O、Tc₂O₇、As₂O₃、B₂O₃、P₂O₅、P₂O₃、P₄O₇、P₄O₈、P₄O₉、P₂O₆、PO or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of phosphide solid host materials include, but are not limited to: inP, cd ₃P₂、Zn₃P₂, alP, gaP, tlP or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of metalloid solid host materials include, but are not limited to: si, B, ge, as, sb, te or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of metal alloy solid host materials include, but are not limited to: gold-palladium, gold-silver, gold-copper, platinum-palladium, platinum-nickel, copper-silver, copper-tin, ruthenium-platinum, rhodium-platinum, copper-platinum, nickel-gold, platinum-tin, palladium-vanadium, iridium-platinum, gold-platinum, palladium-silver, copper-zinc, chromium-nickel, iron-cobalt, cobalt-nickel, iron-nickel, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the solid host material comprises garnet.

According to one embodiment, examples of garnet include, but are not limited to ：Y₃Al₅O₁₂、Y₃Fe₂(FeO₄)₃、Y₃Fe₅O₁₂、Y₄Al₂O₉、YAlO₃、Fe₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃、Mg₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃、Mn₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃、Ca₃Fe₂(SiO₄)₃、Ca₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃、Ca₃Cr₂(SiO₄)₃、Al₅Lu₃O₁₂、GAL、GaYAG or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the solid body material comprises or consists of a thermally conductive material, wherein the thermally conductive material includes, but is not limited to ：Al_yO_x、Ag_yO_x、Cu_yO_x、Fe_yO_x、Si_yO_x、Pb_yO_x、Ca_yO_x、Mg_yO_x、Zn_yO_x、Sn_yO_x、Ti_yO_x、Be_yO_x,CdS、ZnS、ZnSe、CdZnS、CdZnSe、Au、Na、Fe、Cu、Al、Ag、Mg、 mixed oxides, mixed oxides thereof, or mixtures thereof; in the case where x and y are not equal to 0 at the same time and x is equal to the same time, x and y are decimal numbers from 0 to 10, respectively.

According to one embodiment, the solid body material comprises or consists of a thermally conductive material including, but not limited to ：Al₂O₃、Ag₂O、Cu₂O、CuO、Fe₃O₄、FeO、SiO₂、PbO、CaO、MgO、ZnO,SnO₂、TiO₂、BeO、CdS、ZnS、ZnSe、CdZnS、CdZnSe、Au、Na、Fe、Cu、Al、Ag、Mg、 mixed oxides, mixed oxides thereof, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the solid body material comprises or consists of a thermally conductive material, wherein the thermally conductive material comprises, but is not limited to: aluminum oxide, silver oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silicon oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, titanium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, zinc selenide, cadmium zinc selenium, cadmium zinc sulfide, gold, sodium, iron, copper, aluminum, silver, magnesium, mixed oxides thereof, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the solid host material comprises a small amount of organic molecules relative to the main constituent elements of the solid host material, in an amount of 0mole％、1mole％、5mole％、10mole％、15mole％、20mole％、25mole％、30mole％、35mole％、40mole％、45mole％、50mole％、55mole％、60mole％、65mole％、70mole％、75mole％、80mole％.

According to one embodiment, the solid host material comprises a polymeric host material as described above, an inorganic host material as described above, or a mixture thereof.

According to another embodiment, the solid host material is a mixture of at least one inorganic material and at least one polymeric material, each as described above.

According to one embodiment, the medium 71 comprises a polymeric host material as described above, an inorganic solid host material as described above, or a mixture thereof.

In one embodiment, each of the at least two different media (71, 72) has a refractive index at 450 nm that differs from the refractive index of the inorganic material 2 contained in the at least one composite particle 1 or from the refractive index of the composite particle 1 by at least 0.02、0.025、0.03、0.035、0.04、0.045、0.05、0.055、0.06、0.065、0.07、0.075、0.08、0.085、0.09、0.095、0.1、0.11、0.115、0.12、0.125、0.13、0.135、0.14、0.145、0.15、0.155、0.16、0.165、0.17、0.175、0.18、0.185、0.19、0.195、0.2、0.25、0.3、0.35、0.4、0.45、0.5、0.55、0.6、0.65、0.7、0.75、0.8、0.85、0.9、0.95、1、1.1、1.15、1.2、1.25、1.3、1.35、1.4、1.45、1.5、1.55、1.6、1.65、1.7、1.75、1.8、1.85、1.9、1.95 or 2.

In one embodiment, at least one of the two different media (71, 72) has a refractive index at 450 nm that differs from the refractive index of the inorganic material 2 comprised in the at least one composite particle 1 or from the refractive index of the composite particle 1 by at least 0.02、0.025、0.03、0.035、0.04、0.045、0.05、0.055、0.06、0.065、0.07、0.075、0.08、0.085、0.09、0.095、0.1、0.11、0.115、0.12、0.125、0.13、0.135、0.14、0.145、0.15、0.155、0.16、0.165、0.17、0.175、0.18、0.185、0.19、0.195、0.2、0.25、0.3、0.35、0.4、0.45、0.5、0.55、0.6、0.65、0.7、0.75、0.8、0.85、0.9、0.95、1、1.1、1.15、1.2、1.25、1.3、1.35、1.4、1.45、1.5、1.55、1.6、1.65、1.7、1.75、1.8、1.85、1.9、1.95 or 2.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 of the invention comprises at least one population of composite particles 1.

In one embodiment, the light of the luminescent material 7 comprises a population of two composite particles 1, which emit light of different colors or wavelengths.

According to one embodiment, two groups of composite particles 1, which are included in the luminescent material 7 and emit light of different colors, are present in a concentration determined by the light intensities of the secondary light emitted by the two groups after excitation by the incident light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises composite particles 1 which, under excitation by a blue light source, can down-convert to emit green and red light. In the present embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is configured to deliver blue light of a predetermined intensity from the light source and emit secondary green light and secondary red light of a predetermined intensity, thereby letting it emit the resulting three-color white light.

According to one embodiment, the light of the luminescent material 7 comprises two groups of composite particles 1, wherein the first group has a luminescence peak wavelength between 500 nm and 560 nm, more preferably between 515 nm and 545 nm, and the second group has a luminescence peak wavelength between 600 nm and 2500 nm, more preferably between 610 nm and 650 nm.

According to one embodiment, the light of the luminescent material 7 comprises three groups of composite particles 1, wherein the first group of composite particles 1 has a luminescence peak wavelength between 440 and 499 nm, the second group of composite particles 1 has a luminescence peak wavelength between 500 nm and 560 nm, more preferably between 515 nm and 545 nm, and the third group of composite particles 1 has a luminescence peak wavelength between 600 nm and 2500 nm, more preferably between 610 and 650 nm.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 may be divided into several parts, each of them comprising a different group of composite particles 1 emitting a different light color or wavelength.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has the shape of a film.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is a thin film.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is processed by extrusion.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is an optical pattern. In this embodiment, the pattern may be formed on the carrier as described herein.

According to one embodiment, the carrier as described herein may be heated or cooled by an external system.

According to one embodiment, the light of the luminescent material 7 is a light collection pattern. In this embodiment, the pattern may be formed on the carrier.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is a light diffusing pattern. In this embodiment, the pattern may be formed on the carrier as described herein.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is made of a stack of two films, each of which contains a different group of composite particles 1, which emit different light colors or wavelengths.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is made up of a stack of films, each of which contains a different group of composite particles 1, which emit a different light color or wavelength.

According to one embodiment, the thickness of the luminescent material 7 is between 30 nm and 10 cm, more preferably between 100 nm, 1 cm, even more preferably between 100 nm and 1 cm.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a thickness of at least 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm, 950 nm, 1 micron, 1.5 micron, 2.5 micron, 3 micron, 3.5 micron, 4 micron, 4.1 micron, 4.2 micron, 4.3 micron, 4.4 micron, 4.5 micron, 4.6 micron, 4.7 micron, 4.8 micron, 4.9 micron, 5 micron, 5.1 micron, 5.2 micron, 5.3 micron, 5.4 micron, 5.5 micron, 5.6 micron, 5.7 micron, 5.8 micron, 5.9 micron, 6 micron, 6.5 micron, 7 micron, 7.5 micron, 8 micron, 8.5 micron, 9 micron, 9.5 micron, 10 micron, 10.5 micron, 11 micron, 12, 12.5, 13, 13.5, 14, 14.5, 15, 15.5, 16, 16.5, 17, 17.5, 18, 18.5, 19, 19.5, 20, 20.5, 21, 21.5, 22, 22.5, 23, 23.5, 24, 24.5, 25, 25.5, 26, 26.5, 27, 27.5, 28, 28.5, 29, 29.5, 30, 30.5, 31, 31.5, 32, 32.5, 33, 33.5, 34, 34.5, 32.5, 30.5, 34.5 35 microns, 35.5 microns, 36 microns, 36.5 microns, 37 microns, 37.5 microns, 38 microns, 38.5 microns, 39 microns, 39.5 microns, 40 microns, 40.5 microns, 41 microns, 41.5 microns, 42 microns, 42.5 microns, 43 microns, 43.5 microns, 44 microns, 44.5 microns, 45 microns, 45.5 microns, 46 microns, 46.5 microns, 47 microns, 47.5 microns, 48 microns, 48.5 microns, 49 microns, 49.5 microns, 50 microns, 50.5 microns, 51 microns, 51.5 microns, 52 microns, 52.5 microns, 53 microns, 53.5 microns, 54 microns, 54.5 microns, 55 microns, 55.5 microns, 56 microns, 56.5 microns, 57 microns, 57.5 microns, 58 microns, 58.5 microns, 59 microns, 59.5 microns, 60 microns, 60.5 microns, 61 microns, 61.5 microns, 62 microns, 62.5 microns, 63 microns, 63.5 microns, 64 microns, 64.5 microns, 65 microns, 65.5 microns, 66 microns, 66.5 microns, 67 microns, 67.5 microns, 68 microns, 68.5 microns, 69 microns, 69.5 microns, 70 microns, 70.5 microns, 71 microns, 71.5 microns, 72 microns, 72.5 microns, 73 microns, 73.5 microns, 74 microns, 74.5 microns, 75 microns, 75.5 microns, 76 microns, 76.5 microns, 77 microns, 77.5 microns, 78 microns, 78.5 microns, 79 microns, 79.5 microns, 80 microns, 80.5 microns, 81 microns, 81.5 microns, 82 microns, 82.5 microns, 83 microns, 83.5 microns, 84 microns, 84.5 microns, 85 microns, 85.5 microns, and 86, 86.5, 87, 87.5, 88, 88.5, 89, 89.5, 90, 90.5, 91, 91.5, 92, 92.5 microns 93 microns, 93.5 microns, 94 microns, 94.5 microns, 95 microns, 95.5 microns, 96 microns, 96.5 microns, 97 microns, 97.5 microns, 98 microns, 98.5 microns, 99 microns, 99.5 micrometers, 100 micrometers, 200 micrometers, 250 micrometers, 300 micrometers, 350 micrometers, 400 micrometers, 450 micrometers, 500 micrometers, 550 micrometers, 600 micrometers, 650 micrometers, 700 micrometers, 750 micrometers, 800 micrometers, 850 micrometers, 900 micrometers, 950 micrometers, 1 millimeter, 1.1 millimeter, 1.2 millimeter, 1.3 millimeter, 1.4 millimeter, 1.5 millimeter, 1.6 millimeter, 1.7 millimeter, 1.8 millimeter, 1.9 millimeter, 2 millimeter, 2.1 millimeter, 2.2 millimeter, 2.3 millimeter, 2.4 millimeter, 2.5 millimeter, 2.6 millimeter, 2.7 millimeter, 2.8 millimeter, 2.9 millimeter, 3 millimeter, 3.1 millimeter, 3.2 millimeter, 3.3 millimeter, 3.4 millimeter, 3.5 micrometers, 3.6 millimeter, 3.7 millimeter, 3.8 millimeter, 3.9 millimeter, 4.1 millimeter, 4.2 millimeter, 4.3 millimeter, 4.4.4 millimeter, 4.5 millimeter, 4.6 millimeter, 4.7 millimeter, 4.5 millimeter, 6 millimeter, 6.5 millimeter, 6 millimeter, 6.5 millimeter, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 8, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 9, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3 and 3, 3.1 cm, 3.2 cm, 3.3 cm, 3.4 cm, 3.5 cm, 3.6 cm, 3.7 cm, 3.8 cm, 3.9 cm, 4 cm, 4.1 cm, 4.2 cm, 4.3 cm, 4.4 cm, 4.5 cm, 4.6 cm, 4.7 cm, 4.8 cm, 4.9 cm, 5 cm, 5.1 cm, 5.2 cm, 5.3 cm, 5.4 cm, 5.5 cm, 5.6 cm, 5.7 cm, 5.8 cm, 5.9 cm, 6 cm, 6.1 cm, 6.2 cm, 6.3 cm, 6.4 cm, 6.5 cm, 6.2 cm, 5.5 cm 6.6 cm, 6.7 cm, 6.8 cm, 6.9 cm, 7 cm, 7.1 cm, 7.2 cm, 7.3 cm, 7.4 cm, 7.5 cm, 7.6 cm, 7.7 cm, 7.8 cm, 7.9 cm, 8 cm, 8.1 cm, 8.2 cm, 8.3 cm, 8.4 cm, 8.5 cm, 8.6 cm, 8.7 cm, 8.8 cm, 8.9 cm 9 cm, 9.1 cm, 9.2 cm, 9.3 cm, 9.4 cm, 9.5 cm, 9.6 cm, 9.7 cm, 9.8 cm, 9.9 cm or 10 cm.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 absorbs at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of the incident light.

According to one embodiment, the wavelength of incident light that the luminescent material 7 may absorb is less than 50 microns, 40 microns, 30 microns, 20 microns, 10 microns, 1 micron, 950 nanometers, 900 nanometers, 850 nanometers, 800 nanometers, 750 nanometers, 700 nanometers, 650 nanometers, 600 nanometers, 550 nanometers, 500 nanometers, 450 nanometers, 400 nanometers, 350 nanometers, 300 nanometers, 250 nanometers or less than 200 nanometers.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 penetrates at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of the incident light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 scatters at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of the incident light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 back scatters at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of the incident light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 transmits a part of the incident light and emits at least one secondary light. In this embodiment, the result is a combination of the incident light of the remaining transmission of light and the secondary light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a luminance of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450nm, 455 nm, 460 nm, 470 nm, 480 nm, 490 nm, 500 nm, 510 nm, 520 nm, 530 nm, 540 nm, 550 nm, 560 nm, 570 nm, 580 nm, 590 nm or 600 nm.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has an absorption brightness at 300 nm of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has an absorption brightness at 350 nm of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has an absorption brightness at 400 nm of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has an absorption brightness of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 450 nm.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has an absorption brightness at 460 nm of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has an absorption brightness at 470 nm of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has an absorption brightness at 480 nm of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has an absorption brightness at 490 nm of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has an absorption brightness of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 500 nm.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has an absorption brightness at 510 nm of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has an absorption brightness at 520 nm of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has an absorption brightness at 530 nm of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has an absorption brightness at 540 nm of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has an absorption brightness at 550 nm of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has an absorption brightness at 560 nm of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has an absorption brightness at 570 nm of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has an absorption brightness at 580 nm of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has an absorption brightness at 590 nm of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has an absorption brightness at 600 nm of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0.

According to one embodiment, the absorption efficiency of incident light by the luminescent material 7 is increased by at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%,10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% compared to the bare nanoparticle 3.

The bare nanoparticle 3 refers herein to the nanoparticle 3 not coated with the inorganic material 2.

According to one embodiment, the increase in the emission efficiency of the luminescent material 7 compared to the bare nanoparticle 3 at secondary light is less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is applied after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the photoluminescent degradation is less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a photoluminescent degradation of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a temperature below 0 ℃,10 ℃, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a photoluminescent degradation of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is at a temperature of less than 0 ℃, 10 ℃,20 ℃, 30 ℃,40 ℃, 50 ℃,60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃, the photoluminescent degradation is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1.5, 7%, 5%, 3%, 1% or 0% after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2, 3, 5, 8, 5, 9, 5 or 10 days.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is coated with a luminescent material having a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the photoluminescent degradation is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0 ℃,10 ℃,20 ℃,30 ℃,40 ℃,50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the photoluminescent degradation is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5, 5.5 years, 6, 6.5 years, 7, 7.5 years, 8, 8.5 years, 9, 9.5 years or 10 years of photoluminescence of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 1%, 2% or 0% after at least 1, 5, 10, 15%, 10%, 3.5, 4%, 4, 5%, or 0% of oxygen concentration.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300%, the photoluminescent degradation is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1.5, 7%, 5%, 3%, 1% or 0% after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2,3, 5, 8, 5, 9, 5 or 10 days.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the photoluminescent degradation is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300%, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the photoluminescent degradation is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a photoluminescent degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years under illumination with a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a photoluminescence degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% under illumination with a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 and at a temperature below 0 ℃,10 ℃, 20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃,50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a photoluminescent degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% under light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 40%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, and a photoluminescent degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300% at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, at humidity less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, the photoluminescent degradation is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1,5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, the deterioration of photoluminescence at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0 ℃,10 ℃, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300 ℃ is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% of its photoluminescence under light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2,3, 4, 5,6, 7, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2,3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5,6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 5 or 10 years after an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, the photoluminescent degradation is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, and at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, the degradation of its photoluminescence is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 5 or 10 years before the oxygen concentration is less than 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or 0%, the deterioration of photoluminescence at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0 ℃,10 ℃, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300 ℃ is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a degradation of its luminescent intensity of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years under illumination with a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a degradation of its luminescent intensity of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% under illumination with a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 and at a temperature below 0 ℃,10 ℃, 20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃,50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a degradation of its luminescent intensity of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% under light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 50%, 25%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, and the deterioration of the luminous intensity is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300% at a temperature lower than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1,5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, the deterioration of the luminous intensity is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, the deterioration of the luminous intensity is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% humidity.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2,3, 4, 5,6, 7,8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, the deterioration of the light emission intensity thereof is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the deterioration of the luminous intensity of the light at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0 ℃, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300 ℃ is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, and at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, the deterioration of its luminous intensity is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 5 or 10 years before the oxygen concentration is less than 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or 0%, the deterioration of the luminous intensity is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is applied after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃ at a temperature below 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a degradation of its quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years at least after a temperature of less than 0 ℃,10, 20, 8 months, 9 months, 10, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4%, 0% or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years at a humidity of less than 90%, 5, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 4, 3, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0 ℃, 10 ℃, 20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) thereof is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a degradation of its quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5, 3 years, 3.5, 4 years, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years at a oxygen concentration of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 4%, 3%, 1%, 0% or 3% or 4.5%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300%, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) thereof is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300%, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) thereof is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2,3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 5 or 10 years under illumination with a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) that deteriorates less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% under illumination with a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 and at a temperature below 0 ℃, 10 ℃,20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃,70 ℃, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 30%, 25%, 15%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% under illumination with a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, and a degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) thereof at a temperature below 0 ℃, 10 ℃,20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃,200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃ of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a degradation of its quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 25, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 5 or 10 years under light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2, at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0 ℃,10 ℃,20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃,90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃,175 ℃,200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃, or 300 ℃ is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 5 or 10 years before the oxygen concentration is less than 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2,1 or 0%, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is applied after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the FCE has a degradation of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a degradation of FCE of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a temperature below 0 ℃, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300 ℃.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a degradation of FCE of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is at a temperature of less than 0 ℃, 10 ℃,20 ℃,30 ℃,40 ℃, 50 ℃,60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃, at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years the FCE has less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degradation after 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is coated with a luminescent material having a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, the FCE thereof has a degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0 ℃,10 ℃,20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃,70 ℃, 80 ℃, 90 ℃,100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, the FCE thereof has a degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, and a FCE degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300%, at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years the FCE has less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% degradation after 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, the FCE thereof has a degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300%, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, the FCE thereof has a degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1,5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, the FCE has a degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a degradation of FCE of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% under illumination with a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 and at a temperature below 0 ℃,10 ℃,20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃,200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a degradation of FCE of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 20%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 25%, 1% or 0% under illumination with a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, and the FCE is degraded by less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a temperature of less than 0 ℃,10 ℃,20 ℃, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300 ℃.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a FCE degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years under light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2, at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50, 40, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 4, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the FCE has a degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 275% or 300% less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 has a FCE degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 5 or 10 years under light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2, at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the FCE is degraded by less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300% at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, and at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, the degradation of FCE thereof is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 is irradiated with a luminous flux or an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2,3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, the FCE is degraded by less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275 ℃, or 300% at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275 ℃, or 300% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 150%, 175%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to another embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprising at least one group of composite particles 1 may further comprise at least one group of light converters having phosphor properties. Examples of light converters having phosphor characteristics include, but are not limited to: garnet (LuAG, GAL, YAG, gaYAG), silicate, oxynitride/oxycarbide, nitride/carbopyrite, mn ⁴⁺ red phosphor (PFS/KFS), quantum dots.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 of the present invention are incorporated into a solid host material at a weight content of 100ppm to 500000 ppm.

According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 of the present invention are incorporated into the solid host material in a weight content of at least 100ppm、200ppm、300ppm、400ppm、500ppm、600ppm、700ppm、800ppm、900ppm、1000ppm、1100ppm、1200ppm、1300ppm、1400ppm、1500ppm、1600ppm、1700ppm、1800ppm、1900ppm、2000ppm、2100ppm、2200ppm、2300ppm、2400ppm、2500ppm、2600PPM、2700ppm、2800ppm、2900ppm、3000ppm、3100ppm、3200ppm、3300ppm、3400ppm、3500ppm、3600ppm、3700ppm、3800ppm、3900ppm、4000ppm、4100ppm、4200ppm,4300ppm、4400ppm、4500ppm、4600ppm、4700ppm、4800ppm、4900ppm、5000ppm、5100ppm、5200ppm、5300ppm、5400ppm、5500ppm、5600ppm、5700ppm、5800ppm、5900ppm、6000ppm、6100ppm、6200ppm、6300ppm、6400ppm、6500ppm、6600ppm、6700ppm、6800ppm、6900ppm、7000ppm、7100ppm、7200ppm、7300ppm、7400ppm、7500ppm、7600ppm、7700ppm、7800ppm、7900ppm、8000ppm、8100ppm、8200ppm、8300ppm、8400ppm、8500ppm、8600ppm、8700ppm、8800ppm、8900ppm、9000ppm、9100ppm、9200ppm、9300ppm、9400ppm、9500ppm、9600ppm、9700ppm、9800ppm、9900ppm、10000ppm、10500ppm、11000ppm、11500ppm、12000ppm、12500ppm、13000ppm、13500ppm、14000ppm、14500ppm、15000ppm、15500ppm、16000ppm、16500ppm、17000ppm、17500ppm、18000ppm、18500ppm、19000ppm、19500ppm、20000ppm、30000ppm、40000ppm、50000ppm,60000ppm、70000ppm、80000ppm、90000ppm、100000ppm、110000ppm、120000ppm、130000ppm、140000ppm、150000ppm、160000ppm、170000ppm、180000ppm、190000ppm、200000ppm、210000ppm、220000ppm、230000ppm、240000ppm、250000ppm、260000ppm、270000ppm、280000ppm、290000ppm、300000ppm、310000ppm、320000ppm、330000ppm、340000ppm、350000ppm、360000ppm、370000ppm、380000ppm、390000ppm、400000ppm、410000ppm、420000ppm、430000ppm、440000ppm、450000ppm、460000ppm、470000ppm、480000ppm、490000ppm or 500 ppm.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20% or preferably less than 10% by weight of the composite particles 1 of the invention.

According to one embodiment, the loading of the composite particles 1 in the luminescent material 7 is at least 0.01％、0.05％、0.1％、0.15％、0.2％、0.25％、0.3％、0.35％、0.4％、0.45％、0.5％、0.55％、0.6％、0.65％、0.7％、0.75％、0.8％、0.85％、0.9％、0.95％、1％、2％、3％、4％、5％、6％、7％、8％、9％、10％、11％、12％、13％、14％、15％、16％、17％、18％、19％、20％、21％、22％、23％,24％、25％、26％、27％、28％、29％、30％、31％、32％、33％、34％、35％、36％、37％、38％、39％、40％、41％、42％、43％、44％、45％、46％、47％、48％、49％、50％、51％、52％、53％、54％、55％、56％、57％、58％、59％、60％、61％、62％、63％、64％、65％、66％、67％、68％、69％、70％、71％、72％、73％,74％、75％、76％、77％、78％、79％、80％、81％、82％、83％、84％、85％、86％、87％、88％、89％、90％、91％、92％、93％、94％、95％、96％、97％、98％ or 99%.

According to one embodiment, the loading of the composite particles 1 at the luminescent material 7 is less than 0.01％、0.05％、0.1％、0.15％、0.2％、0.25％、0.3％、0.35％、0.4％、0.45％、0.5％、0.55％、0.6％、0.65％、0.7％、0.75％、0.8％、0.85％、0.9％、0.95％、1％、2％、3％、4％、5％、6％、7％、8％、9％、10％、11％、12％、13％、14％、15％、16％、17％、18％、19％、20％、21％、22％、23％,24％、25％、26％、27％、28％、29％、30％、31％、32％、33％、34％、35％、36％、37％、38％、39％、40％、41％、42％、43％、44％、45％、46％、47％、48％、49％、50％、51％、52％、53％、54％、55％、56％、57％、58％、59％、60％、61％、62％、63％、64％、65％、66％、67％、68％、69％、70％、71％、72％、73％,74％、75％、76％、77％、78％、79％、80％、81％、82％、83％、84％、85％、86％、87％、88％、89％、90％、91％、92％、93％、94％、95％、96％、97％、98％ or 99%.

According to one embodiment, the filling ratio of the composite particles 1 in the luminescent material 7 is at least 0.01％、0.05％、0.1％、0.15％、0.2％、0.25％、0.3％、0.35％、0.4％,0.45％、0.5％、0.55％、0.6％、0.65％、0.7％、0.75％、0.8％、0.85％、0.9％、0.95％、1％、2％、3％、4％、5％、6％、7％、8％、9％、10％、11％、12％、13％、14％、15％、16％、17％、18％、19％、20％、21％、22％、23％、24％、25％、26％、27％、28％、29％、30％、31％、32％、33％、34％、35％、36％、37％、38％、39％,40％、41％、42％、43％、44％、45％、46％、47％、48％、49％、50％、51％、52％、53％、54％、55％、56％、57％、58％、59％、60％、61％、62％、63％、64％、65％、66％、67％、68％、69％、70％、71％、72％、73％、74％、75％、76％、77％、78％、79％、80％、81％、82％、83％、84％、85％、86％、87％、88％、89％,90％ or 95%.

According to one embodiment, the filling ratio of the composite particles 1 in the luminescent material 7 is less than 0.01％、0.05％、0.1％、0.15％、0.2％、0.25％、0.3％、0.35％、0.4％,0.45％、0.5％、0.55％、0.6％、0.65％、0.7％、0.75％、0.8％、0.85％、0.9％、0.95％、1％、2％、3％、4％、5％、6％、7％、8％、9％、10％、11％、12％、13％、14％、15％、16％、17％、18％、19％、20％、21％、22％、23％、24％、25％、26％、27％、28％、29％、30％、31％、32％、33％、34％、35％、36％、37％、38％、39％,40％、41％、42％、43％、44％、45％、46％、47％、48％、49％、50％、51％、52％、53％、54％、55％、56％、57％、58％、59％、60％、61％、62％、63％、64％、65％、66％、67％、68％、69％、70％、71％、72％、73％、74％、75％、76％、77％、78％、79％、80％、81％、82％、83％、84％、85％、86％、87％、88％、89％,90％ or 95%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises at least 0.01wt％、0.02wt％、0.03wt％、0.04wt％、0.05wt％、0.06wt％、0.07wt％、0.08wt％、0.09wt％、0.1wt％、0.2wt％、0.3wt％、0.4wt％、0.5wt％、0.6wt％、0.7wt％、0.8wt％、0.9wt％、1wt％、2wt％、3wt％、4wt％、5wt％、6wt％、7wt％、8wt％、9wt％、10wt％、15wt％、20wt％、25wt％、30wt％、35wt％、40wt％、45wt％、50wt％、55wt％、60wt％、65wt％、70wt％、75wt％、80wt％、85wt％、90wt％、95wt％ or 99wt% of the composite particles 1.

According to one embodiment, the weight ratio between the medium 71 and the composite particles 1 of the invention in the luminescent material 7 is at least 0.01％、0.02％、0.03％、0.04％、0.05％、0.06％、0.07％、0.08％、0.09％、0.1％、0.2％、0.3％、0.4％、0.5％、0.6％、0.7％、0.8％、0.9％、1％、2％、3％、4％、5％,6％、7％、8％、9％、10％、11％、12％、13％、14％、15％、16％、17％、18％、19％、20％、21％、22％、23％、24％、25％、26％、27％、28％、29％、30％、31％、32％、33％、34％、35％、36％、37％、38％、39％、40％、41％、42％、43％、44％、45％、46％、47％、48％、49％ or 50%.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 complies with the RoHS specification.

According to one embodiment, the light of the luminescent material 7 comprises less than 10ppm、20ppm、30ppm、40ppm、50ppm、100ppm、150ppm、200ppm、250ppm、300ppm、350ppm、400ppm、450ppm、500ppm、550ppm、600ppm、650ppm、700ppm、750ppm、800ppm、850ppm、900ppm、950ppm、1000ppm weight of cadmium.

According to one embodiment, the light of the luminescent material 7 comprises less than 10ppm、20ppm、30ppm、40ppm、50ppm、100ppm、150ppm、200ppm、250ppm、300ppm、350ppm、400ppm、450ppm、500ppm、550ppm、600ppm、650ppm、700ppm、750ppm、800ppm、850ppm、900ppm、950ppm、1000ppm、2000ppm、3000ppm、4000ppm、5000ppm、6000ppm、7000ppm、8000ppm、9000ppm、10000ppm weight percent lead.

According to one embodiment, the light of the luminescent material 7 comprises less than 10ppm、20ppm、30ppm、40ppm、50ppm、100ppm、150ppm、200ppm、250ppm、300ppm、350ppm、400ppm、450ppm、500ppm、550ppm、600ppm、650ppm、700ppm、750ppm、800ppm、850ppm、900ppm、950ppm、1000ppm、2000ppm、3000ppm、4000ppm、5000ppm、6000ppm、7000ppm、8000ppm、9000ppm、10000ppm parts by weight of mercury.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises a chemical element or a material based on a heavier chemical element than the main chemical element present in the medium 71 and/or the inorganic material 2. In this embodiment, the heavy chemical elements in the luminescent material 7 will reduce the mass concentration of chemical elements subject to ROHS specifications, such that the luminescent material 7 is ROHS compliant.

According to one embodiment, examples of heavy elements include, but are not limited to B、C、N、F、Na、Mg、Al、Si、P、S、Cl、K、Ca、Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Ge、As、Se、Br、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Mo、Tc、Ru、Rh、Pd、Ag、Cd、In、Sn、Sb、Te、I、Cs、Ba、La、Hf、Ta、W、Re、Os、Ir、Pt、Au、Hg、Tl、Pb、Bi、Po、At、Ce、Pr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises at least one or more materials for forming a hole transporting layer, a hole injecting layer, an electron transporting layer, an electron injecting layer and a luminescent layer in one emissive device.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises a material that may be cured or otherwise processed, and may be film-formed or layered on a carrier.

According to a preferred embodiment, examples of luminescent material 7 include, but are not limited to: composite particles 1 dispersed in a sol gel material, silicone, polymer, such as for example PMMA, PS or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, at least one composite particle 1 in said at least one medium 71 is used as a waveguide. In this embodiment part of the transmitted light from the light source stays in the composite particles 1 until it encounters the nanoparticle 3, exciting it to emit light.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 absorbs at least 70% of the incident light when the thickness is less than or equal to 5 μm and when the wavelength of the incident light ranges from 370 to 470 nm.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 scatters at least 70% of the incident light when the thickness is less than or equal to 5 μm and when the wavelength of the incident light ranges from 370 to 470 nm.

According to one embodiment, the thickness of the light color conversion layer 4 is less than or equal to 1 centimeter, 900 millimeters, 800 millimeters, 700 millimeters, 600 millimeters, 500 millimeters, 400 millimeters, 300 millimeters, 200 millimeters, 100 millimeters, 50 millimeters, 1 millimeters, 950 micrometers, 900 micrometers, 850 micrometers, 800 micrometers, 750 micrometers, 700 micrometers, 650 micrometers, 600 micrometers, 550 micrometers, 500 micrometers, 450 micrometers, 400 micrometers, 350 micrometers, 300 micrometers, 250 micrometers, 200 micrometers, 100 micrometers, 90 micrometers, 80 micrometers, 70 micrometers, 60 micrometers, 50 micrometers, 40 micrometers, 30 micrometers, 20 micrometers, 10 micrometers, 5 micrometers, 4 micrometers, 3 micrometers, 2 micrometers, 1 micrometer, 950 micrometers, 900 nanometers, 850 nanometers, 800 nanometers, 750 nanometers, 700 nanometers, 650 nanometers, 600 nanometers, 550 nanometers, 500 nanometers, 450 nanometers, 400 nanometers, 350 nanometers, 300 nanometers, 250 nanometers, 200 nanometers, 150 nanometers, 100 nanometers, 50 nanometers, 40 nanometers, 30 nanometers, 20 nanometers, 10 nanometers or 5 nanometers, and the conversion layer is capable of absorbing at least 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, or 5% of incident light when the wavelength of the incident light ranges from 200 nm to 2500 nm, 200 nm to 2000 nm, 200 nm to 1500 nm, from 200 nm to 1000 nm, 200 nm to 800 nm, 400 nm to 470 nm, 400 nm to 600 nm, 400 nm to 700 nm.

According to one embodiment, the thickness of the light color conversion layer 4 is less than or equal to 1 centimeter, 900 millimeters, 800 millimeters, 700 millimeters, 600 millimeters, 500 millimeters, 400 millimeters, 300 millimeters, 200 millimeters, 100 millimeters, 50 millimeters, 1 millimeters, 950 micrometers, 900 micrometers, 850 micrometers, 800 micrometers, 750 micrometers, 700 micrometers, 650 micrometers, 600 micrometers, 550 micrometers, 500 micrometers, 450 micrometers, 400 micrometers, 350 micrometers, 300 micrometers, 250 micrometers, 200 micrometers, 100 micrometers, 90 micrometers, 80 micrometers, 70 micrometers, 60 micrometers, 50 micrometers, 40 micrometers, 30 micrometers, 20 micrometers, 10 micrometers, 5 micrometers, 4 micrometers, 3 micrometers, 2 micrometers, 1 micrometer, 950 micrometers, 900 nanometers, 850 nanometers, 800 nanometers, 750 nanometers, 700 nanometers, 650 nanometers, 600 nanometers, 550 nanometers, 500 nanometers, 450 nanometers, 400 nanometers, 350 nanometers, 300 nanometers, 250 nanometers, 200 nanometers, 150 nanometers, 100 nanometers, 50 nanometers, 40 nanometers, 30 nanometers, 20 nanometers, 10 nanometers or 5 nanometers, and the conversion layer is capable of scattering at least 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, or 5% of the incident light when the wavelength of the incident light ranges from 200 nm to 2500 nm, 200 nm to 2000 nm, 200 nm to 1500 nm, from 200 nm to 1000 nm, 200 nm to 800 nm, 400 nm to 470 nm, 400 nm to 600 nm, 400 nm to 700 nm.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is capable of transmitting at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of incident light.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is capable of absorbing at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of incident light.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is capable of scattering at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of incident light.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is capable of back scattering at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of the incident light.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is oxygen-free.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is free of water.

According to one embodiment, the thickness of the light color conversion layer 4 is between 0 nm and 10 cm, more preferably between 100 nm and 1 cm, and even more preferably between 100 nm and 1 mm.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the thickness of the light color conversion layer 4 is at least 0 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm, 950 nm, 1 micron, 1.5 micron, 2.5 micron, 3 micron, 3.5 micron, 4 micron, 4.1 micron, 4.2 micron, 4.3 micron, 4.4 micron, 4.6 micron, 4.7 micron 4.8 micrometers, 4.9 micrometers, 5 micrometers, 5.1 micrometers, 5.2 micrometers, 5.3 micrometers, 5.4 micrometers, 5.5 micrometers, 5.6 micrometers, 5.7 micrometers, 5.8 micrometers, 5.9 micrometers, 6 micrometers, 6.5 micrometers, 7 micrometers, 7.5 micrometers, 8 micrometers, 8.5 micrometers, 9 micrometers, 9.5 micrometers, 10 micrometers, 10.5 micrometers, 11 micrometers, 11.5 micrometers, 12 micrometers, 12.5 micrometers, 13 micrometers, 13.5 micrometers, 14 micrometers, 14.5 micrometers, 15 micrometers, 15.5 micrometers, 16 micrometers, 16.5 micrometers, 17 micrometers, 17.5 micrometers, 18 micrometers, 18.5 micrometers, 19 micrometers, 19.5 micrometers, 20 micrometers, 20.5 micrometers, 21 micrometers, 21.5 micrometers, 22 micrometers, 22.5 micrometers, 23 micrometers, 23.5 micrometers, 24 micrometers, 24.5 micrometers, 25 micrometers, 25.5 micrometers, 26.5 micrometers, 27 micrometers, 27.5 micrometers, 28.30 micrometers, 28.5 micrometers, 29.5 micrometers, 30.5 micrometers, 28.5 micrometers, 29.5 micrometers, 30.5 micrometers 31, 31.5, 32, 32.5, 33, 33.5, 34, 34.5, 35, 35.5, 36, 36.5, 37, 37.5, 38, 38.5, 39, 39.5, 40, 40.5, 41, 41.5, 42, 42.5, 43, 43.5, 44, 44.5, 45, 45.5, 46, 46.5, 47, 47.5 microns, 48 microns, 48.5 microns, 49 microns, 49.5 microns, 50 microns, 50.5 microns, 51 microns, 51.5 microns, 52 microns, 52.5 microns, 53 microns, 53.5 microns, 54 microns, 54.5 microns, 55 microns, 55.5 microns, 56 microns, 56.5 microns, 57 microns, 57.5 microns, 58 microns, 58.5 microns, 59 microns, 59.5 microns, 60 microns, 60.5 microns, 61 microns, 61.5 microns, 62 microns, 62.5 microns, 63 microns 63.5 microns, 64 microns, 64.5 microns, 65 microns, 65.5 microns, 66 microns, 66.5 microns, 67 microns, 67.5 microns, 68 microns, 68.5 microns, 69 microns, 69.5 microns, 70 microns, 70.5 microns, 71 microns, 71.5 microns, 72 microns, 72.5 microns, 73 microns, 73.5 microns, 74 microns, 74.5 microns, 75 microns, 75.5 microns, 76 microns, 76.5 microns, 77 microns, 77.5 microns, 78 microns, 78.5 microns, 79 microns 79.5 microns, 80 microns, 80.5 microns, 81 microns, 81.5 microns, 82 microns, 82.5 microns, 83 microns, 83.5 microns, 84 microns, 84.5 microns, 85 microns, 85.5 microns, 86 microns, 86.5 microns, 87 microns, 87.5 microns, 88 microns, 88.5 microns, 89 microns, 89.5 microns, 90 microns, 90.5 microns, 91 microns, 91.5 microns, 92 microns, 92.5 microns, 93 microns, 93.5 microns, 94 microns, 94.5 microns, 95 microns, 95.5, 96, 96.5, 97, 97.5, 98, 98.5, 99, 99.5, 100, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1, 5, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.4, 4.4, 2.4, 2.3, 2.4, 2, 2.4, 2.5, 2, 2.3, 2.5, 2, 2.3.3, 3.3, 3.6; 4.2 cm, 4.3 cm, 4.4 cm, 4.5 cm, 4.6 cm, 4.7 cm, 4.8 cm, 4.9 cm, 5 cm, 5.1 cm, 5.2 cm, 5.3 cm, 5.4 cm, 5.5 cm, 5.6 cm, 5.7 cm, 5.8 cm, 5.9 cm, 6 cm, 6.1 cm, 6.2 cm, 6.3 cm, 6.4 cm, 6.5 cm, 6.6 cm, 6.7 cm, 6.8 cm, 6.9 cm, 7 cm, 7.1 cm 7.2 cm, 7.3 cm, 7.4 cm, 7.5 cm, 7.6 cm, 7.7 cm, 7.8 cm, 7.9 cm, 8 cm, 8.1 cm, 8.2 cm, 8.3 cm, 8.4 cm, 8.5 cm, 8.6 cm, 8.7 cm, 8.8 cm, 8.9 cm, 9 cm, 9.1 cm, 9.2 cm, 9.3 cm, 9.4 cm, 9.5 cm, 9.6 cm, 9.7 cm, 9.8 cm, 9.9 cm, or 10 cm.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 has a uniform thickness. In this embodiment, the thickness of the light color conversion layer 4 is unchanged, and all the thicknesses along the light color conversion layer 4 are the same.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 has a heterogeneous thickness. In this embodiment, the thickness of the light-color conversion layer 4 can be changed, and the thickness of the light-color conversion layer 4 in different regions can be different.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 emits secondary light when it is irradiated with primary light from a light source.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 functions to emit at least one secondary light.

According to one embodiment, the at least one secondary light emitted by the light color conversion layer 4 is a combination of blue, green and red light.

According to one embodiment, the at least one secondary light emitted by the light color conversion layer 4 is a combination of green and red light.

According to one embodiment, the at least one secondary light emitted by the light-color conversion layer 4 is blue light.

According to one embodiment, the at least one secondary light emitted by the light-color conversion layer 4 is green light.

According to one embodiment, the at least one secondary light emitted by the light-color conversion layer 4 is red light.

According to one embodiment, the wavelength range of the at least one secondary light emitted by the light color conversion layer 4 is from 200 nm to 2500 nm.

According to one embodiment, the at least one secondary light emitted by the light color conversion layer 4 has a wavelength ranging from 200 nm to 800 nm, from 400 nm to 800 nm, from 800 nm to 1200 nm, from 1200 nm to 1500 nm, from 1500 nm to 1800 nm, from 1800 nm to 2200 nm, from 2200 nm to 2500 nm, from 400 nm to 470 nm, from 400 nm to 500 nm, from 400 nm to 600 nm or from 400 nm to 700 nm.

According to one embodiment, at least one secondary light emitted by the light-color conversion layer 4 is green light, with a maximum emission wavelength between 500 nm and 560 nm, more preferably between 515 nm and 545 nm.

According to one embodiment, the at least one secondary light emitted by the light-color conversion layer 4 is red light, the maximum emission wavelength of which is between 600 and 2500 nanometers, more preferably between 610 and 650 nanometers.

According to one embodiment, the at least one secondary light emitted by the light-color conversion layer 4 is blue light with a maximum emission wavelength between 400 nm and 470 nm.

In one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises only one luminescent material 7.

In one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises 1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、45、50、55,60、65、70、75、80、85、90、95、100、150、200、250、300、350、400、450、500、550、600、650、700、750、800、850、900,950 or 1000 luminescent materials 7. In this embodiment, the luminescent material 7 may form an array of luminescent materials 7. In this embodiment, the luminescent materials 7 are spaced apart from each other, i.e.: they do not touch.

In one embodiment, the light of the luminescent material 7 may be separated by at least one medium 72.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 may comprise at least one region comprising at least one luminescent material 7 and/or at least one non-luminescent material 7 and/or at least one void region and/or at least one optically transparent region.

According to one embodiment, there may be discontinuous or irregular areas along the light color conversion layer 4.

In one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises two luminescent materials 7 that emit light of different colors or wavelengths.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises two luminescent materials 7, the first luminescent material 7 having a luminescence peak wavelength between 500 nm and 560 nm, more preferably between 515 nm and 545 nm, and the second luminescent material 7 having a luminescence peak wavelength between 600 nm and 2500 nm, more preferably between 610 and 650 nm.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises three luminescent materials 7, which emit different light colors or wavelengths.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises three light emissive materials 7, the first emissive material 7 having a peak wavelength of luminescence between 440 nm and 499 nm, more preferably between 450 nm and 495 nm; the second luminescent material 7 has a luminescence peak wavelength of 500 nm and 560 nm, more preferably between 515 nm and 545 nm; and the third luminescent material 7 has a luminescence peak wavelength of 600 nm and 2500 nm, more preferably between 610 and 650 nm.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises a plurality of luminescent materials 7. In this embodiment, the luminescent material 7 may emit secondary light of the same light color or wavelength.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises a plurality of luminescent materials 7. In this embodiment, the luminescent material 7 may emit secondary light of a different light color or wavelength.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises at least one luminescent material 7 comprising only one group of luminescent particles 1.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises at least one luminescent material 7, wherein each luminescent material 7 comprises one group of luminescent particles 1. Wherein each group of luminescent particles 1 emits a different light color or wavelength, respectively.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises at least one luminescent material 7 comprising two groups of luminescent particles 1, and each group of luminescent particles 1 emits a different light color or wavelength, respectively.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises at least one luminescent material 7 comprising a group of three luminescent particles 1, each emitting a different light color or wavelength.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises a plurality of luminescent materials 7, each comprising a group of luminescent particles 1, and the groups of luminescent particles 1 in each luminescent material 7 each emit a different light color or wavelength.

According to one embodiment, the concentration of the plurality of luminescent materials 7 in the light-color conversion layer 4, each emitting a different light color or wavelength, is preset such that each luminescent material 7 of a different light color emits a predetermined secondary light intensity after the luminescent particles 1 are excited by the primary light.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises at least one luminescent material 7 comprising luminescent particles 1 which may down-convert to emit green and red light under a blue light source. In the present embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 functions to transmit primary blue light of a predetermined intensity and to emit secondary green and red light of a predetermined intensity, thereby causing it to emit white light of three colors generated.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises at least one luminescent material 7 comprising at least one luminescent particle 1 emitting green light, and at least one luminescent material 7 comprising at least one luminescent particle 1 down-converting to red light under a blue light source. In the present embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 functions to transmit primary blue light of a predetermined intensity and to emit secondary green and red light of a predetermined intensity, thereby causing it to emit white light of three colors generated.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises at least one luminescent material 7 comprising at least one luminescent particle 1 emitting green light, at least one luminescent material 7 comprising at least one luminescent particle 1 emitting red light, and at least one luminescent material 7 comprising at least one luminescent particle 1 emitting blue light down-converted by a UV light source. In the present embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 functions to transmit primary UV light of a predetermined intensity and emit secondary green, red, and blue light of a predetermined intensity, thereby causing it to emit white light of three colors generated.

According to one embodiment, the photo-color conversion layer 4 has a degree of photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQY) reduction of less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after light irradiation for 300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000、6000、7000、8000、9000、10000、11000、12000、13000、14000、15000、16000、17000、18000、19000、20000、21000、22000、23000、24000、25000、26000、27000、28000、29000、30000、31000、32000、33000、34000、35000、36000、37000、38000、39000、40000、41000、42000、43000、44000、45000、46000、47000,48000、49000 or 50000 hours.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 has a degree of decrease in its luminous intensity of less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after being irradiated with light for 300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000、6000、7000、8000、9000、10000、11000、12000、13000、14000、15000、16000、17000、18000、19000、20000、21000、22000、23000、24000、25000、26000、27000、28000、29000、30000、31000、32000、33000、34000、35000、36000、37000、38000、39000、40000、41000、42000、43000、44000、45000、46000、47000,48000、49000 or 50000 hours.

According to one embodiment, the light illumination is provided by a blue, green, red or ultraviolet light source, such as a laser, diode, fluorescent lamp or xenon arc lamp. According to one embodiment, the luminous flux or average peak pulse power of the illumination is comprised between 1nW.cm ^-2 and 100kW.cm ^-2, more preferably between 10mW.cm ^-2 and 100W.cm ^-2, and even more preferably between 10mW.cm ^-2 and 30W.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the luminous flux or average peak luminous flux power of the light illumination is at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the photo-color conversion layer 4 is irradiated after 300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000、6000、7000、8000、9000、10000、11000、12000、13000、14000、15000、16000、17000、18000、19000、20000、21000、22000、23000、24000、25000、26000、27000、28000、29000、30000、31000、32000、33000、34000、35000、36000、37000、38000、39000、40000、41000、42000、43000、44000、45000、46000、47000,48000、49000 or 50000 hours of light and the luminous flux of the light irradiation or the degree of photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQY) reduction is less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is irradiated after 300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000、6000、7000、8000、9000、10000、11000、12000、13000、14000、15000、16000、17000、18000、19000、20000、21000、22000、23000、24000、25000、26000、27000、28000、29000、30000、31000、32000、33000、34000、35000、36000、37000、38000、39000、40000、41000、42000、43000、44000、45000、46000、47000,48000、49000 or 50000 hours of light irradiation, and the luminous flux of the light irradiation or the degree of reduction in the luminous intensity at an average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 is less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is disposed on at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, the photoluminescent degradation is less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the photo-color conversion layer 4 has a photoluminescence degradation of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 10%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300 ℃ at a temperature below 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the photo-color conversion layer 4 has a photoluminescent degradation of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is formed at a temperature of less than 0 ℃,10 ℃,20 ℃, 30 ℃,40 ℃,50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃,80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃,200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃, or 300 ℃, the photoluminescent degradation is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1.5, 7%, 5%, 3%, 1% or 0% after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 5, 9, 5 or 10 days.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 has a photoluminescent degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years at least after a humidity of less than 90, 80, 60, 50, 40, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 4, 3, 2% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300%, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the photoluminescent degradation is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is formed at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, and a photoluminescent degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 3, 5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is formed at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300%, the photoluminescent degradation is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1.5, 7%, 5%, 3%, 1% or 0% after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2, 3, 5, 8, 5, 9, 5 or 10 days.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the photoluminescent degradation is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300 ℃, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the photoluminescent degradation is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the photoluminescent conversion layer 4 has a photoluminescent degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years under illumination with a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the photo-color conversion layer 4 has a photoluminescence degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% under illumination with a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 and at a temperature below 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300 ℃.

According to one embodiment, the photo-color conversion layer 4 has a photoluminescent degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% under light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is exposed to light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, and a photoluminescent degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300% at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 has a degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 60%, 40%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 5, or 10% after a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1% or 0% under light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is exposed to light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kW.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2,3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, the deterioration of photoluminescence at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0 ℃,10 ℃, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300 ℃ is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is exposed to light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, the photoluminescent degradation is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is exposed to light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kW.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, the photoluminescent degradation is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is exposed to light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, and at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, the degradation of its photoluminescence is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is exposed to light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, the deterioration of photoluminescence at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0 ℃,10 ℃, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300 ℃ is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is disposed on at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, the degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the photo-color conversion layer 4 has a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300 ℃ at a temperature below 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 has a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is formed at a temperature of less than 0 ℃, 10 ℃,20 ℃,30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃,200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃, or 300 ℃, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is formed at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300%, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) thereof is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 has a quantum yield (PLQY) that degrades by less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 3%, 3.5%, 4.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 8%, 8.5%, 9%, 9.5%, or 10 years after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5, 3 years, 3.5, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, or 10 years at least after an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 4%, 3.5%, 4%, 1%, 2% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is formed at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300%, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) thereof is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300 ℃, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) thereof is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 has a degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% of its photoluminescence yield (PLQY) after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 5 or 10 years under light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the photo-color conversion layer 4 has a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% under illumination with a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 and at a temperature below 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%,60%,70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300 ℃.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 has a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% under light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is exposed to light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, and a degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) thereof at a temperature below 0 ℃, 10 ℃,20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃,200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃ of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 has a quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 95%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 5, or 10 years under light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw. Cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is exposed to light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kW.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2,3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10,11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 has a quantum yield (qy) degradation of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 5, or 10 years under light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is exposed to light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0 ℃,10 ℃,20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃,60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃,200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃, or 300 ℃ is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is exposed to light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kW.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2,3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is exposed to light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 has a deterioration of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1.5%, or 0% in its luminous intensity after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 5, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 has a degradation of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300% of its light emission intensity at a temperature below 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 has a degradation of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% of its light emission intensity at less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% humidity.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is formed at a temperature of less than 0 ℃,10 ℃,20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃,50 ℃,60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃, 90 ℃, 100 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, 175 ℃,200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃, or 300 ℃, the deterioration of the luminous intensity after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 has a degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% of its light emission intensity after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years of light emission intensity at least 1, 5, 10, 90, 80, 60, 50, 40, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2% or 0% after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 2, 1, 3, 1 or 0% humidity.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300%, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the deterioration of the luminous intensity is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is formed at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, and a deterioration of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% in light emission intensity after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is formed at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300%, the deterioration of the luminous intensity after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the deterioration of the luminous intensity is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300 ℃, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the deterioration of the luminous intensity is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer4 has a degradation of the light emission intensity of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% after at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years under light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 has a degradation of its luminous intensity of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% under illumination with a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 and at a temperature below 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300 ℃.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 has a degradation of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% of its luminous intensity under light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is exposed to light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, and the deterioration of the luminous intensity is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300% at a temperature lower than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is exposed to light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2,3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, the deterioration of the luminous intensity is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 has a degradation of its luminous intensity of less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 60%, 40%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at least at 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 5 or 10% after a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1% or 0% under light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is exposed to light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, the deterioration of the light emission intensity thereof is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is exposed to light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, the deterioration of the luminous intensity of the light at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% and at a temperature of less than 0 ℃, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275%, or 300 ℃ is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is exposed to light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, and at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, the deterioration of its luminous intensity is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is exposed to light having a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2 for at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 9, 9.5 or 10 years, at an oxygen concentration of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%, the deterioration of the luminous intensity is less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0% at a humidity of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 225%, 250%, 275% or 300% and at a temperature of less than 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 contains the composite particles 1 at a weight concentration of 100ppm to 500000ppm.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises the composite particles 1 in a weight concentration of at least 100ppm、200ppm、300ppm、400ppm、500ppm、600ppm、700ppm、800ppm、900ppm、1000ppm、1100ppm、1200ppm、1300ppm、1400ppm、1500ppm、1600ppm、1700ppm、1800ppm、1900ppm、2000ppm、2100ppm、2200ppm、2300ppm、2400ppm、2500ppm、2600ppm、2700ppm、2800ppm、2900ppm、3000ppm、3100ppm、3200ppm、3300ppm、3400ppm、3500ppm、3600ppm、3700ppm、3800ppm、3900ppm、4000ppm、4100ppm、4200ppm,4300ppm、4400ppm、4500ppm、4600ppm、4700ppm、4800ppm、4900ppm、5000ppm、5100ppm、5200ppm、5300ppm、5400ppm、5500ppm、5600ppm、5700ppm、5800ppm、5900ppm、6000ppm、6100ppm、6200ppm、6300ppm、6400ppm、6500ppm、6600ppm、6700ppm、6800ppm、6900ppm、7000ppm、7100ppm、7200ppm、7300ppm、7400ppm、7500ppm、7600ppm、7700ppm、7800ppm、7900ppm、8000ppm、8100ppm、8200ppm、8300ppm、8400ppm、8500ppm、8600ppm、8700ppm、8800ppm、8900ppm、9000ppm、9100ppm、9200ppm、9300ppm、9400ppm、9500ppm、9600ppm、9700ppm、9800ppm、9900ppm、10000ppm、10500ppm、11000ppm、11500ppm、12000ppm、12500ppm、13000ppm、13500ppm、14000ppm、14500ppm、15000ppm、15500ppm、16000ppm、16500ppm、17000ppm、17500ppm、18000ppm、18500ppm、19000ppm、19500ppm、20000ppm、30000ppm、40000ppm、50000ppm,60000ppm、70000ppm、80000ppm、90000ppm、100000ppm、110000ppm、120000ppm、130000ppm、140000ppm、150000ppm、160000ppm、170000ppm、180000ppm、190000ppm、200000ppm、210000ppm、220000ppm、230000ppm、240000ppm、250000ppm、260000ppm、270000ppm、280000ppm、290000ppm、300000ppm、310000ppm、320000ppm、330000ppm、340000ppm、350000ppm、360000ppm、370000ppm、380000ppm、390000ppm、400000ppm、410000ppm、420000ppm、430000ppm、440000ppm、450000ppm、460000ppm、470000ppm、480000ppm、490000ppm or 500000ppm.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20% or preferably less than 10% by weight of composite particles 1.

According to one embodiment, the loading of the composite particles 1 in the light-color conversion layer 4 is at least 0.01％、0.05％、0.1％、0.15％、0.2％、0.25％、0.3％、0.35％、0.4％、0.45％、0.5％、0.55％、0.6％、0.65％、0.7％、0.75％、0.8％、0.85％、0.9％、0.95％、1％、2％、3％、4％、5％、6％、7％、8％、9％、10％、11％、12％、13％、14％、15％、16％、17％、18％、19％、20％、21％、22％、23％,24％、25％、26％、27％、28％、29％、30％、31％、32％、33％、34％、35％、36％、37％、38％、39％、40％、41％、42％、43％、44％、45％、46％、47％、48％、49％、50％、51％、52％、53％、54％、55％、56％、57％、58％、59％、60％、61％、62％、63％、64％、65％、66％、67％、68％、69％、70％、71％、72％、73％,74％、75％、76％、77％、78％、79％、80％、81％、82％、83％、84％、85％、86％、87％、88％、89％、90％、91％、92％、93％、94％、95％、96％、97％、98％ or 99%.

According to one embodiment, the loading of the composite particles 1 in the light color conversion layer 4 is less than 0.01％、0.05％、0.1％、0.15％、0.2％、0.25％、0.3％、0.35％、0.4％、0.45％、0.5％、0.55％、0.6％、0.65％、0.7％、0.75％、0.8％、0.85％、0.9％、0.95％、1％、2％、3％、4％、5％、6％、7％、8％、9％、10％、11％、12％、13％、14％、15％、16％、17％、18％、19％、20％、21％、22％、23％,24％、25％、26％、27％、28％、29％、30％、31％、32％、33％、34％、35％、36％、37％、38％、39％、40％、41％、42％、43％、44％、45％、46％、47％、48％、49％、50％、51％、52％、53％、54％、55％、56％、57％、58％、59％、60％、61％、62％、63％、64％、65％、66％、67％、68％、69％、70％、71％、72％、73％,74％、75％、76％、77％、78％、79％、80％、81％、82％、83％、84％、85％、86％、87％、88％、89％、90％、91％、92％、93％、94％、95％、96％、97％、98％ or 99%.

According to one embodiment, the filling rate of the composite particles 1 in the light-color conversion layer 4 is at least 0.01％、0.05％、0.1％、0.15％、0.2％、0.25％、0.3％、0.35％、0.4％,0.45％、0.5％、0.55％、0.6％、0.65％、0.7％、0.75％、0.8％、0.85％、0.9％、0.95％、1％、2％、3％、4％、5％、6％、7％、8％、9％、10％、11％、12％、13％、14％、15％、16％、17％、18％、19％、20％、21％、22％、23％、24％、25％、26％、27％、28％、29％、30％、31％、32％、33％、34％、35％、36％、37％、38％、39％,40％、41％、42％、43％、44％、45％、46％、47％、48％、49％、50％、51％、52％、53％、54％、55％、56％、57％、58％、59％、60％、61％、62％、63％、64％、65％、66％、67％、68％、69％、70％、71％、72％、73％、74％、75％、76％、77％、78％、79％、80％、81％、82％、83％、84％、85％、86％、87％、88％、89％,90％ or 95%.

According to one embodiment, the filling rate of the composite particles 1 in the light color conversion layer 4 is less than 0.01％、0.05％、0.1％、0.15％、0.2％、0.25％、0.3％、0.35％、0.4％,0.45％、0.5％、0.55％、0.6％、0.65％、0.7％、0.75％、0.8％、0.85％、0.9％、0.95％、1％、2％、3％、4％、5％、6％、7％、8％、9％、10％、11％、12％、13％、14％、15％、16％、17％、18％、19％、20％、21％、22％、23％、24％、25％、26％、27％、28％、29％、30％、31％、32％、33％、34％、35％、36％、37％、38％、39％,40％、41％、42％、43％、44％、45％、46％、47％、48％、49％、50％、51％、52％、53％、54％、55％、56％、57％、58％、59％、60％、61％、62％、63％、64％、65％、66％、67％、68％、69％、70％、71％、72％、73％、74％、75％、76％、77％、78％、79％、80％、81％、82％、83％、84％、85％、86％、87％、88％、89％,90％ or 95%.

According to one embodiment, the light-color conversion layer 4 may comprise at least one region that does not contain any emissive luminescent material 7, such that primary light may penetrate the light-color conversion layer 4 from this region without emitting any secondary light.

According to one embodiment, the at least one region free of luminescent material 7 has a cross-sectional area of 50nm²、100nm²、150nm²、200nm²、250nm²、300nm²、350nm²、400nm²、450nm²、500nm²、550nm²、600nm²、650nm²、700nm²、750nm²、800nm²、850nm²、900nm²、950nm²、1μm²、50μm²、100μm²、150μm²、200μm²、250μm²、300μm²、350μm²、400μm²、450μm²、500μm²、550μm²、600μm²、650μm²、700μm²、750μm²、800μm²、850μm²、900μm²、950μm²、1cm²、1.5cm²、2cm²、2.5cm²、3cm²、3.5cm²、4cm²、4.5cm²、5cm²、5.5cm²、6cm²、6.5cm²、7cm²、7.5cm²、8cm²、8.5cm²、9cm²、9.5cm²、 or 10cm ².

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises a plurality of luminescent materials 7. In this embodiment, the secondary light emitted by the light color conversion layer 4 may be polychromatic light.

According to one embodiment, one layer of luminescent material 7 may be deposited on another layer of luminescent material 7, wherein the wavelength of the secondary light emitted by the luminescent material 7 of the lower layer is smaller than the wavelength of the secondary light emitted by the luminescent material 7 of the upper layer.

According to one embodiment, one layer of luminescent material 7 may be deposited on another layer of luminescent material 7, wherein the wavelength of the secondary light emitted by the luminescent material 7 of the lower layer is larger than the wavelength of the secondary light emitted by the luminescent material 7 of the upper layer.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises a stack of layers of luminescent material 7. In this embodiment, each layer of luminescent material 7 may emit secondary light having the same wavelength or different wavelengths. According to one embodiment, the light-color conversion layer 4 is divided into several areas, each containing a different luminescent material 7 and emitting light of a different color or wavelength.

In one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 has the shape of a film.

In one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 has a tube shape.

In one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is a film.

In one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is a tube.

In one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is by extrusion processing.

In one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is an optical pattern. In this embodiment, the pattern may be formed on the carrier as described herein.

According to one embodiment, the light of the light color conversion layer 4 is a light collection pattern. In this embodiment, the pattern may be formed on the carrier.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is a light diffusing pattern. In this embodiment, the pattern may be formed on the carrier as described herein.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is made of a stack of two films, each of which contains a different group of composite particles 1 that emit different light colors or wavelengths.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is made up of a stack of films, each of which contains a different group of composite particles 1 that emit a different light color or wavelength.

In one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of luminescent materials 7. In this embodiment, the luminescent material 7 may emit secondary light of the same color or wavelength.

In one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of luminescent materials 7. In this embodiment, the luminescent material 7 may emit different colors of wavelength or secondary light.

In one embodiment, shown as a-B in fig. 14, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of luminescent material 7 surrounded and/or covered in part or in whole by a medium 72.

According to one embodiment, the conversion layer 4 does not comprise pixels.

According to one embodiment, the conversion layer 4 does not comprise sub-pixels.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 includes an array of pixels (fig. 14).

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 includes an array of pixels separated by a distance D.

According to one embodiment, the pixel pitch D is at least 0.1 micron, 0.2 micron, 0.3 micron, 0.4 micron, 0.5 micron, 0.6 micron, 0.7 micron, 0.8 micron, 0.9 micron, 1 micron, 2 micron, 3 micron, 4 micron, 5 micron, 6 micron, 7 micron, 8 micron, 9 micron, 10 micron, 11 micron, 12 micron, 13 micron, 14 micron, 15 micron, 16 micron, 17 micron, 18 micron, 19 micron, 20 micron, 21 micron, 22 micron, 23 micron, 24 micron, 25 micron, 26 micron, 27 micron, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1 mm, 1.1 mm, 1.2 mm, 1.3 mm, 1.4 mm, 1.5 mm, 1.6 mm, 1.7 mm, 1.8 mm, 1.9 mm, 2 mm, 2.1 mm, 2.2 mm, 2.3 mm, 2.4 mm, 2.5 mm, 2.6 mm, 2.7 mm, 2.8 mm, 2.9 mm, 3 mm, 3.1 mm, 3.2 mm, 3.3 mm, 3.4 mm, 3.5 mm, 3.6 mm, 3.7 mm, 3.8 mm, 3.9 mm, 4 mm, 4.1 mm, 4.2 mm 4.3 mm, 4.4 mm, 4.5 mm, 4.6 mm, 4.7 mm, 4.8 mm, 4.9 mm, 5 mm, 5.1 mm, 5.2 mm, 5.3 mm, 5.4 mm, 5.5 mm, 5.6 mm, 5.7 mm, 5.8 mm, 5.9 mm, 6 mm, 6.1 mm, 6.2 mm, 6.3 mm, 6.4 mm, 6.5 mm, 6.6 mm, 6.7 mm, 6.8 mm, 6.9 mm, 7 mm, 7.1 mm, 7.2 mm, 7.3 mm, 7.4 mm 7.5 mm, 7.6 mm, 7.7 mm, 7.8 mm, 7.9 mm, 8 mm, 8.1 mm, 8.2 mm, 8.3 mm, 8.4 mm, 8.5 mm, 8.6 mm, 8.7 mm, 8.8 mm, 8.9 mm, 9 mm, 9.1 mm, 9.2 mm, 9.3 mm, 9.4 mm, 9.5 mm, 9.6 mm, 9.7 mm, 9.8 mm, 9.9 mm, 1 cm, 1.1 cm, 1.2 cm, 1.3 cm, 1.4 cm, 1.5 cm, 1.6 cm 1.7 cm, 1.8 cm, 1.9 cm, 2 cm, 2.1 cm, 2.2 cm, 2.3 cm, 2.4 cm, 2.5 cm, 2.6 cm, 2.7 cm, 2.8 cm, 2.9 cm, 3 cm, 3.1 cm, 3.2 cm, 3.3 cm, 3.4 cm, 3.5 cm, 3.6 cm, 3.7 cm, 3.8 cm, 3.9 cm, 4 cm, 4.1 cm, 4.2 cm, 4.3 cm, 4.4 cm, 4.5 cm, 4.6 cm, 4.7 cm, 4.8 cm, 4.9 cm, 5 cm, 5.1 cm, 5.2 cm, 5.3 cm, 5.4 cm, 5.5 cm, 5.6 cm, 5.7 cm, 5.8 cm, 5.9 cm, 6 cm, 6.1 cm, 6.2 cm, 6.3 cm, 6.4 cm, 6.5 cm, 6.6 cm, 6.7 cm, 6.8 cm, 6.9 cm, 7 cm, 7.1 cm, 7.2 cm, 7.3 cm, 7.4 cm, 7.5 cm, 7.6 cm, 7.7 cm, 7.8 cm, 7.9 cm, 8 cm, 8.1 cm, 8.2 cm, 8.3 cm, 8.4 cm, 8.5 cm, 8.6 cm, 8.7 cm, 8.8 cm, 8.9 cm, 9.1 cm, 9.2 cm, 9.3 cm, 9.4 cm, 9.5 cm, 9.6 cm, 9.7, 9.9 cm or 10.10 cm.

According to one embodiment, the pixel size is at least 1 micron, 2 microns, 3 microns, 4 microns, 5 microns, 6 microns, 7 microns, 8 microns, 9 microns, 10 microns, 11 microns, 12 microns, 13 microns, 14 microns, 15 microns, 16 microns, 17 microns, 18 microns, 19 microns, 20 microns, 21 microns, 22 microns, 23 microns, 24 microns, 25 microns, 26 microns, 27 microns, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 33, and the like 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9 mm, 2mm, 2.1 mm, 2.2 mm, 2.3 mm, 2.4 mm, 2.5 mm, 2.6 mm, 2.7 mm, 2.8 mm, 2.9 mm, 3mm, 3.1 mm, 3.2 mm, 3.3 mm, 3.4 mm, 3.5 mm, 3.6 mm, 3.7 mm, 3.8 mm, 3.9 mm, 4mm, 4.1 mm, 4.2 mm, 4.3 mm, 4.4 mm, 4.5 mm, 4.6 mm, 4.7 mm, 4.8 mm, 4.9 mm, 5mm, 5.1 mm, 4.5 mm 5.2 mm, 5.3 mm, 5.4 mm, 5.5 mm, 5.6 mm, 5.7 mm, 5.8 mm, 5.9 mm, 6mm, 6.1 mm, 6.2 mm, 6.3 mm, 6.4 mm, 6.5 mm, 6.6 mm, 6.7 mm, 6.8 mm, 6.9 mm, 7 mm, 7.1 mm, 7.2 mm, 7.3 mm, 7.4 mm, 7.5 mm, 7.6 mm, 7.7 mm, 7.8 mm, 7.9 mm, 8mm, 8.1 mm, 8.2 mm, 8.3 mm 8.4 mm, 8.5 mm, 8.6 mm, 8.7 mm, 8.8 mm, 8.9 mm, 9 mm, 9.1 mm, 9.2 mm, 9.3 mm, 9.4 mm, 9.5 mm, 9.6 mm, 9.7 mm, 9.8 mm, 9.9 mm, 1cm, 1.1 cm, 1.2 cm, 1.3 cm, 1.4 cm, 1.5 cm, 1.6 cm, 1.7 cm, 1.8 cm, 1.9 cm, 2cm, 2.1 cm, 2.2 cm, 2.3 cm, 2.4 cm, 2.5 cm 2.6 cm, 2.7 cm, 2.8 cm, 2.9 cm, 3 cm, 3.1 cm, 3.2 cm, 3.3 cm, 3.4 cm, 3.5 cm, 3.6 cm, 3.7 cm, 3.8 cm, 3.9 cm, 4 cm, 4.1 cm, 4.2 cm, 4.3 cm, 4.4 cm, 4.5 cm, 4.6 cm, 4.7 cm, 4.8 cm, 4.9 cm, 5cm, 5.1 cm, 5.2 cm, 5.3 cm, 5.4 cm, 5.5 cm, 5.6 cm, 5.7 cm, 5.8 cm, 5.9 cm, 6 cm, 6.1 cm, 6.2 cm, 6.3 cm, 6.4 cm, 6.5 cm, 6.6 cm, 6.7 cm, 6.8 cm, 6.9 cm, 7 cm, 7.1 cm, 7.2 cm, 7.3 cm, 7.4 cm, 7.5 cm, 7.6 cm, 7.7 cm, 7.8 cm, 7.9 cm, 8 cm, 8.1 cm, 8.2 cm, 8.3 cm, 8.4 cm, 8.5 cm, 8.6 cm, 8.7 cm, 8.8 cm, 8.9 cm, 9.1 cm, 9.2 cm, 9.3 cm, 9.4 cm, 9.5 cm, 9.6 cm, 9.7 cm, 9.8 cm, 9.9 cm or 10 cm.

According to one embodiment, the pixels are not in contact with each other.

According to one embodiment, the pixels do not overlap each other.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of pixels, each pixel comprising at least one luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of pixels, each pixel comprising an array of luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 includes a pixel array, and each pixel includes at least one sub-pixel.

According to one embodiment, the at least one sub-pixel comprises at least one luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the at least one sub-pixel is devoid of luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the at least one sub-pixel is devoid of luminescent material 7. In this embodiment, the at least one sub-pixel may comprise scattering particles.

According to one embodiment, the at least one sub-pixel comprises scattering particles.

According to one embodiment, at least one sub-pixel comprises luminescent material 7, wherein said luminescent material 7 comprises scattering particles and does not comprise composite particles 1; and/or at least one sub-pixel comprises luminescent material 7, wherein said luminescent material 7 comprises scattering particles and composite particles 1.

According to one embodiment, the sub-pixels are separated by a sub-pixel pitch d.

According to one embodiment, the sub-pixel pitch d is at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 microns, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950 micrometers, 1 millimeter, 1.1 millimeter, 1.2 millimeter, 1.3 millimeter, 1.4 millimeter, 1.5 millimeter, 1.6 millimeter, 1.7 millimeter, 1.8 millimeter, 1.9 millimeter, 2 millimeter, 2.1 millimeter, 2.2 millimeter, 2.3 millimeter, 2.4 millimeter, 2.5 millimeter, 2.6 millimeter, 2.7 millimeter, 2.8 millimeter, 2.9 millimeter, 3 millimeter, 3.1 millimeter, 3.2 millimeter, 3.3 millimeter, 3.4 millimeter, 3.5 millimeter, 3.6 millimeter, 3.7 millimeter, 3.8 millimeter, 3.9 millimeter, 4 millimeter, 4.1 millimeter, 3.5 millimeter, 3.1 millimeter, 3.8 millimeter, 3.9 millimeter, 4 millimeter 4.2 mm, 4.3 mm, 4.4 mm, 4.5 mm, 4.6 mm, 4.7 mm, 4.8 mm, 4.9 mm, 5 mm, 5.1 mm, 5.2 mm, 5.3 mm, 5.4 mm, 5.5 mm, 5.6 mm, 5.7 mm, 5.8 mm, 5.9 mm, 6 mm, 6.1 mm, 6.2 mm, 6.3 mm, 6.4 mm, 6.5 mm, 6.6 mm, 6.7 mm, 6.8 mm, 6.9 mm, 7 mm, 7.1 mm, 7.2 mm, 7.3 mm, 6.2 mm 7.4 mm, 7.5 mm, 7.6 mm, 7.7 mm, 7.8 mm, 7.9 mm, 8 mm, 8.1 mm, 8.2 mm, 8.3 mm, 8.4 mm, 8.5 mm, 8.6 mm, 8.7 mm, 8.8 mm, 8.9 mm, 9 mm, 9.1 mm, 9.2 mm, 9.3 mm, 9.4 mm, 9.5 mm, 9.6 mm, 9.7 mm, 9.8 mm, 9.9 mm, 1 cm, 1.1 cm, 1.2 cm, 1.3 cm, 1.4 cm, 1.5 cm 1.6 cm, 1.7 cm, 1.8 cm, 1.9 cm, 2 cm, 2.1 cm, 2.2 cm, 2.3 cm, 2.4 cm, 2.5 cm, 2.6 cm, 2.7 cm, 2.8 cm, 2.9 cm, 3 cm, 3.1 cm, 3.2 cm, 3.3 cm, 3.4 cm, 3.5 cm, 3.6 cm, 3.7 cm, 3.8 cm, 3.9 cm, 4 cm, 4.1 cm, 4.2 cm, 4.3 cm, 4.4 cm, 4.5 cm, 4.6 cm, 4.7 cm, 4.8 cm, 4.9 cm, 5 cm, 5.1 cm, 5.2 cm, 5.3 cm, 5.4 cm, 5.5 cm, 5.6 cm, 5.7 cm, 5.8 cm, 5.9 cm, 6 cm, 6.1 cm, 6.2 cm, 6.3 cm, 6.4 cm, 6.5 cm, 6.6 cm, 6.7 cm, 6.8 cm, 6.9 cm, 7 cm, 7.1 cm, 7.2 cm, 7.3 cm, 7.4 cm, 7.5 cm, 7.6 cm, 7.7 cm, 7.8 cm, 7.9 cm, 8.1 cm, 8.2 cm, 8.3 cm, 8.4 cm, 8.5 cm, 8.6 cm, 8.7 cm, 8.8 cm, 8.9 cm, 9.1 cm, 9.2 cm, 9.3 cm, 9.4 cm, 9.5 cm, 9.9 cm, 9.10.10 cm.

According to one embodiment, the subpixel size is at least 1 micron, 2 microns, 3 microns, 4 microns, 5 microns, 6 microns, 7 microns, 8 microns, 9 microns, 10 microns, 11 microns, 12 microns, 13 microns, 14 microns, 15 microns, 16 microns, 17 microns, 18 microns, 19 microns, 20 microns, 21 microns, 22 microns, 23 microns, 24 microns, 25 microns, 26 microns, 27 microns, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 33, and the like 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9 mm, 2mm, 2.1 mm, 2.2 mm, 2.3 mm, 2.4 mm, 2.5 mm, 2.6 mm, 2.7 mm, 2.8 mm, 2.9 mm, 3mm, 3.1 mm, 3.2 mm, 3.3 mm, 3.4 mm, 3.5 mm, 3.6 mm, 3.7 mm, 3.8 mm, 3.9 mm, 4mm, 4.1 mm, 4.2 mm, 4.3 mm, 4.4 mm, 4.5 mm, 4.6 mm, 4.7 mm, 4.8 mm, 4.9 mm, 5mm, 5.1 mm, 4.5 mm 5.2 mm, 5.3 mm, 5.4 mm, 5.5 mm, 5.6 mm, 5.7 mm, 5.8 mm, 5.9 mm, 6mm, 6.1 mm, 6.2 mm, 6.3 mm, 6.4 mm, 6.5 mm, 6.6 mm, 6.7 mm, 6.8 mm, 6.9 mm, 7 mm, 7.1 mm, 7.2 mm, 7.3 mm, 7.4 mm, 7.5 mm, 7.6 mm, 7.7 mm, 7.8 mm, 7.9 mm, 8mm, 8.1 mm, 8.2 mm, 8.3 mm 8.4 mm, 8.5 mm, 8.6 mm, 8.7 mm, 8.8 mm, 8.9 mm, 9 mm, 9.1 mm, 9.2 mm, 9.3 mm, 9.4 mm, 9.5 mm, 9.6 mm, 9.7 mm, 9.8 mm, 9.9 mm, 1cm, 1.1 cm, 1.2 cm, 1.3 cm, 1.4 cm, 1.5 cm, 1.6 cm, 1.7 cm, 1.8 cm, 1.9 cm, 2cm, 2.1 cm, 2.2 cm, 2.3 cm, 2.4 cm, 2.5 cm 2.6 cm, 2.7 cm, 2.8 cm, 2.9 cm, 3 cm, 3.1 cm, 3.2 cm, 3.3 cm, 3.4 cm, 3.5 cm, 3.6 cm, 3.7 cm, 3.8 cm, 3.9 cm, 4 cm, 4.1 cm, 4.2 cm, 4.3 cm, 4.4 cm, 4.5 cm, 4.6 cm, 4.7 cm, 4.8 cm, 4.9 cm, 5cm, 5.1 cm, 5.2 cm, 5.3 cm, 5.4 cm, 5.5 cm, 5.6 cm, 5.7 cm, 5.8 cm, 5.9 cm, 6 cm, 6.1 cm, 6.2 cm, 6.3 cm, 6.4 cm, 6.5 cm, 6.6 cm, 6.7 cm, 6.8 cm, 6.9 cm, 7 cm, 7.1 cm, 7.2 cm, 7.3 cm, 7.4 cm, 7.5 cm, 7.6 cm, 7.7 cm, 7.8 cm, 7.9 cm, 8 cm, 8.1 cm, 8.2 cm, 8.3 cm, 8.4 cm, 8.5 cm, 8.6 cm, 8.7 cm, 8.8 cm, 8.9 cm, 9.1 cm, 9.2 cm, 9.3 cm, 9.4 cm, 9.5 cm, 9.6 cm, 9.7 cm, 9.8 cm, 9.9 cm or 10 cm.

According to one embodiment, the subpixels are not in contact with each other.

According to one embodiment, the subpixels do not overlap each other.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 further comprises a grid having openings, wherein each opening corresponds to a pixel or sub-pixel to avoid overlapping of two pixels or sub-pixels with each other.

According to one embodiment, the at least one sub-pixel is devoid of luminescent material 7. In this embodiment, at least one sub-pixel is capable of allowing the primary light of the light source to penetrate said at least one sub-pixel without emitting any secondary light.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of pixels, and each pixel comprises three sub-pixels of respective primary colors (red, blue and green). In this embodiment each three sub-pixels contains a different luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of pixels, and each pixel comprises three or more sub-pixels of respective primary colors (red, blue and green). In this embodiment, each subpixel comprises a different luminescent material

According to one embodiment, the first sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 emitting red secondary light, the second sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 emitting blue secondary light, and the third sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 emitting green secondary light.

According to one embodiment, the first sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 emitting a red secondary light, the second sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 emitting a blue secondary light, and the third sub-pixel is free of luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the first sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 emitting red secondary light, the second sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 emitting green secondary light, and the third sub-pixel is free of luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the first sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 emitting green secondary light, the second sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 emitting blue secondary light, and the third sub-pixel is free of luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the first sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 emitting green secondary light, and the second and third sub-pixels are devoid of luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the first sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 emitting red secondary light, and the second and third sub-pixels are devoid of luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the first sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 emitting blue secondary light, and the second and third sub-pixels are devoid of luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of pixels, and each pixel comprises three sub-pixels of respective primary colors (red, blue and green). In this embodiment each three sub-pixels contains a different luminescent material 7 or inorganic phosphor.

According to one embodiment, the first sub-pixel comprises an inorganic phosphor emitting red secondary light, the second sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 emitting blue secondary light, and the third sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 emitting green secondary light.

According to one embodiment, the first sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 emitting red secondary light, the second sub-pixel comprises an inorganic phosphor emitting blue secondary light, and the third sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 emitting green secondary light.

According to one embodiment, the first sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 emitting red secondary light, the second sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 emitting blue secondary light, and the third sub-pixel comprises an inorganic phosphor emitting green secondary light.

According to one embodiment, the first sub-pixel comprises an inorganic phosphor emitting red secondary light, the second sub-pixel comprises an inorganic phosphor emitting blue secondary light, and the third sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 emitting green secondary light.

According to one embodiment, the first sub-pixel comprises an inorganic phosphor emitting red secondary light, the second sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 emitting blue secondary light, and the third sub-pixel comprises an inorganic phosphor emitting green secondary light.

According to one embodiment, the first sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 emitting red secondary light, the second sub-pixel comprises an inorganic phosphor emitting blue secondary light, and the third sub-pixel comprises an inorganic phosphor emitting green secondary light.

According to one embodiment, the first sub-pixel emits green secondary light, the second sub-pixel emits blue secondary light, and the third sub-pixel is free of luminescent material 7 or inorganic phosphor.

According to one embodiment, the first sub-pixel emits red secondary light, the second sub-pixel emits blue secondary light, and the third sub-pixel is free of luminescent material 7 or inorganic phosphor.

According to one embodiment, the first sub-pixel emits green secondary light, the second sub-pixel emits red secondary light, and the third sub-pixel is free of luminescent material 7 or inorganic phosphor.

According to one embodiment, the first sub-pixel emits green secondary light and the second and third sub-pixels are free of luminescent material 7 or inorganic phosphor.

According to one embodiment, the first sub-pixel emits red secondary light and the second and third sub-pixels are free of luminescent material 7 or inorganic phosphor.

According to one embodiment, the first sub-pixel emits blue secondary light and the second and third sub-pixels are free of luminescent material 7 or inorganic phosphor.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 may be used as a color filter.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 may be used in a color filter.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 may be used in addition to the color filter.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 may be used with a color filter.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 may be covered by a color filter. In this embodiment, covering the light-color conversion layer 4 with a color filter can block any primary light not converted by the light-color conversion layer 4 to emit a desired wavelength or color.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 is a color filter.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4, the luminescent material 7 and/or the composite particles 1 comply with the 2002/95/EC instruction concerning restricting the use of certain harmful substances in electrical and electronic devices, i.e. RoHS.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4, the luminescent material 7 and/or the composite particles 1 do not comprise polybrominated biphenyls in an amount of more than 1000ppm by weight, polybrominated diphenyl ethers in an amount of more than 1000ppm by weight, hexavalent chromium in an amount of more than 1000ppm by weight, mercury in an amount of more than 1000ppm by weight, lead in an amount of more than 1000ppm by weight, and cadmium in an amount of more than 100ppm by weight.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4, the luminescent material 7 and/or the composite particles 1 comprise less than 10ppm, less than 20ppm, less than 30ppm, less than 40ppm, less than 50ppm, less than 100ppm, less than 150ppm, less than 200ppm, less than 250ppm, less than 300ppm, less than 350ppm, less than 400ppm, less than 450ppm, less than 500ppm, less than 550ppm, less than 600ppm, less than 650ppm, less than 700ppm, less than 750ppm, less than 800ppm, less than 850ppm, less than 900ppm, less than 950ppm, less than 1000ppm by weight of cadmium.

According to one embodiment, the light-emitting material 7 and/or the composite particles 1 of the light-color conversion layer 4 comprise less than 10ppm, less than 20ppm, less than 30ppm, less than 40ppm, less than 50ppm, less than 100ppm, less than 150ppm, less than 200ppm, less than 250ppm, less than 300ppm, less than 350ppm, less than 400ppm, less than 450ppm, less than 500ppm, less than 550ppm, less than 600ppm, less than 650ppm, less than 700ppm, less than 750ppm, less than 800ppm, less than 850ppm, less than 900ppm, less than 950ppm, less than 1000ppm, less than 2000ppm, less than 3000ppm, less than 4000ppm, less than 5000ppm, less than 6000ppm, less than 7000ppm, less than 8000ppm, less than 9000ppm, less than 10000ppm by weight of lead.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4, the luminescent material 7 and/or the composite particles 1 comprise less than 10ppm, less than 20ppm, less than 30ppm, less than 40ppm, less than 50ppm, less than 100ppm, less than 150ppm, less than 200ppm, less than 250ppm, less than 300ppm, less than 350ppm, less than 400ppm, less than 450ppm, less than 500ppm, less than 550ppm, less than 600ppm, less than 650ppm, less than 700ppm, less than 750ppm, less than 800ppm, less than 850ppm, less than 900ppm, less than 950ppm, less than 1000ppm, less than 2000ppm, less than 3000ppm, less than 4000ppm, less than 5000ppm, less than 6000ppm, less than 7000ppm, less than 8000ppm, less than 9000ppm, less than 10000ppm by weight of mercury.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4, the luminescent material 7 and/or the composite particles 1 comprise hexavalent chromium in an amount of less than 10ppm, less than 20ppm, less than 30ppm, less than 40ppm, less than 50ppm, less than 100ppm, less than 150ppm, less than 200ppm, less than 250ppm, less than 300ppm, less than 350ppm, less than 400ppm, less than 450ppm, less than 500ppm, less than 550ppm, less than 600ppm, less than 650ppm, less than 700ppm, less than 750ppm, less than 800ppm, less than 850ppm, less than 900ppm, less than 950ppm, less than 1000ppm, less than 2000ppm, less than 3000ppm, less than 4000ppm, less than 5000ppm, less than 6000ppm, less than 7000ppm, less than 8000ppm, less than 9000ppm, less than 10000ppm by weight.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4, the luminescent material 7 and/or the composite particles 1 comprise a weight of polybrominated biphenyls of less than 10ppm, less than 20ppm, less than 30ppm, less than 40ppm, less than 50ppm, less than 100ppm, less than 150ppm, less than 200ppm, less than 250ppm, less than 300ppm, less than 350ppm, less than 400ppm, less than 450ppm, less than 500ppm, less than 550ppm, less than 600ppm, less than 650ppm, less than 700ppm, less than 750ppm, less than 800ppm, less than 850ppm, less than 900ppm, less than 950ppm, less than 1000ppm, less than 2000ppm, less than 3000ppm, less than 4000ppm, less than 5000ppm, less than 6000ppm, less than 7000ppm, less than 8000ppm, less than 9000ppm, less than 10000 ppm.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4, the luminescent material 7 and/or the composite particles 1 comprise a weight of polybrominated diphenyl ethers of less than 10ppm, less than 20ppm, less than 30ppm, less than 40ppm, less than 50ppm, less than 100ppm, less than 150ppm, less than 200ppm, less than 250ppm, less than 300ppm, less than 350ppm, less than 400ppm, less than 450ppm, less than 500ppm, less than 550ppm, less than 600ppm, less than 650ppm, less than 700ppm, less than 750ppm, less than 800ppm, less than 850ppm, less than 900ppm, less than 950ppm, less than 1000ppm, less than 2000ppm, less than 3000ppm, less than 4000ppm, less than 5000ppm, less than 6000ppm, less than 7000ppm, less than 8000ppm, less than 9000ppm, less than 10000 ppm.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 and/or the luminescent material 7 comprises a chemical element that is heavier than the main chemical element of the at least one medium 71 and/or the inorganic material 2. In this embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 and/or the luminescent material 7 contains relatively heavy chemical elements, so that the mass concentration of the chemical elements limited by ROHS standard can be reduced, and the light color conversion layer 4 and/or the luminescent material 7 meets ROHS standard.

Examples of heavy chemical elements include, but are not limited to, the following chemical elements ：B、C、N、F、Na、Mg、Al、Si、P、S、Cl、K、Ca、Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Ge、As、Se、Br、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Mo、Tc、Ru、Rh、Pd、Ag、Cd、In、Sn、Sb、Te、I、Cs、Ba、La、Hf、Ta、W、Re、Os、Ir、Pt、Au、Hg、Tl、Pb、Bi、Po、At、Ce、Pr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu or mixtures thereof, according to one embodiment.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 includes at least one or more materials selected from the group consisting of a hole transport layer, a hole injection layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, and a light emitting layer for forming an emission device.

According to one embodiment, the light of the light color conversion layer 4 comprises a material that is cured or otherwise treated to form a layer on the carrier.

According to a preferred embodiment, examples of light color conversion layer 4 include, but are not limited to: the composite particles 1 are dispersed in a sol gel material, a silicone, a polymer such as for example PMMA, PS or a mixture thereof.

If light is to be scattered, the refractive index between the at least one composite particle 1 and the at least one medium 71 must be different or the refractive index between the inorganic material 2 and the at least one medium 71 must be different. The difference in refractive index, as described above, must be at least 0.02 at 450 nm. When the difference in refractive index is less than 0.02, the difference in refractive index is too small to scatter the primary light or the secondary light.

According to one embodiment, the light scattering caused by the at least one composite particle 1 and the at least one medium 71 may comprise Mie scattering and/or Rayleigh scattering, as is well known from the person skilled in the art, and depends on the composite particle 1 used.

According to one embodiment, the degree of Mie and/or Rayleigh scattering of the light scattering caused by the at least one composite particle 1 in the at least one medium 71 is adjustable.

According to one embodiment, mie scattering may be controlled by adjusting the density, size and shape of the composite particles 1.

According to one embodiment, rayleigh scattering may be used to obtain different degrees of light scattering at different wavelengths, in particular to increase the scattering of primary light relative to secondary light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises at least one mie-composite particle 1, i.e. at least one composite particle 1 surrounded by said at least one medium 71, which generates mie-scattering.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises at least one rayleigh composite particle 1, i.e. at least one composite particle 1 surrounded by said at least one medium 71, which generates rayleigh scattering.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent material 7 comprises at least one rayleigh composite particle 1 and at least one milch composite particle 1 surrounded by said at least one medium 71. In the present embodiment, the luminescent material 7 can improve its efficiency compared to the case of using only the mie composite particles.

In a second aspect, the invention relates to a carrier carrying at least one luminescent material 7 and/or at least one light color conversion layer 4 as described above.

According to one embodiment, the carrier may be a substrate, an LED, an array of LEDs, a container, a tube, a solar panel, a panel or a container. Preferably, the support is optically transparent at wavelengths between 200 nm and 50 microns, between 200 nm and 10 microns, between 200 nm and 2500nm, between 200 nm and 2000 nm, between 200 nm and 1500 nm, between 200 nm and 1000 nm, between 200 nm and 800 nm, between 400 nm and 700 nm, between 400 and 600 nm, or between 400 nm and 470 nm.

The LEDs described herein include LEDs, LED chips 5, and micro LEDs 6.

According to one embodiment, the carrier is reflective.

In one embodiment, the carrier comprises a light reflective material, such as a metallic material (e.g., aluminum, silver), glass, polymer, or plastic.

According to one embodiment, the carrier is thermally conductive.

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the carrier under standard conditions ranges from 0.1 to 450W/(m.k), preferably from 1 to 200W/(m.k), more preferably from 10 to 150W/(m.k).

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the carrier under standard conditions is at least 0.1W/(m.K)、0.2W/(m.K)、0.3W/(m.K)、0.4W/(m.K)、0.5W/(m.K)、0.6W/(m.K)、0.7W/(m.K)、0.8W/(m.K)、0.9W/(m.K)、1W/(m.K)、1.1W/(m.K)、1.2W/(m.K)、1.3W/(m.K)、1.4W/(m.K)、1.5W/(m.K)、1.6W/(m.K)、1.7W/(m.K)、1.8W/(m.K)、1.9W/(m.K)、2W/(m.K)、2.1W/(m.K)、2.2W/(m.K)、2.3W/(m.K)、2.4W/(m.K)、2.5W/(m.K)、2.6W/(m.K)、2.7W/(m.K)、2.8W/(m.K)、2.9W/(m.K)、3W/(m.K)、3.1W/(m.K)、3.2W/(m.K)、3.3W/(m.K)、3.4W/(m.K)、3.5W/(m.K)、3.6W/(m.K)、3.7W/(m.K)、3.8W/(m.K)、3.9W/(m.K)、4W/(m.K)、4.1W/(m.K)、4.2W/(m.K)、4.3W/(m.K)、4.4W/(m.K)、4.5W/(m.K)、4.6W/(m.K)、4.7W/(m.K)、4.8W/(m.K)、4.9W/(m.K)、5W/(m.K)、5.1W/(m.K)、5.2W/(m.K)、5.3W/(m.K)、5.4W/(m.K)、5.5W/(m.K)、5.6W/(m.K)、5.7W/(m.K)、5.8W/(m.K)、5.9W/(m.K)、6W/(m.K)、6.1W/(m.K)、6.2W/(m.K)、6.3W/(m.K)、6.4W/(m.K)、6.5W/(m.K)、6.6W/(m.K)、6.7W/(m.K)、6.8W/(m.K)、6.9W/(m.K)、7W/(m.K)、7.1W/(m.K)、7.2W/(m.K)、7.3W/(m.K)、7.4W/(m.K)、7.5W/(m.K)、7.6W/(m.K)、7.7W/(m.K)、7.8W/(m.K)、7.9W/(m.K)、8W/(m.K)、8.1W/(m.K)、8.2W/(m.K)、8.3W/(m.K)、8.4W/(m.K)、8.5W/(m.K)、8.6W/(m.K)、8.7W/(m.K)、8.8W/(m.K)、8.9W/(m.K)、9W/(m.K)、9.1W/(m.K)、9.2W/(m.K)、9.3W/(m.K)、9.4W/(m.K)、9.5W/(m.K)、9.6W/(m.K)、9.7W/(m.K)、9.8W/(m.K)、9.9W/(m.K)、10W/(m.K)、10.1W/(m.K)、10.2W/(m.K)、10.3W/(m.K)、10.4W/(m.K)、10.5W/(m.K)、10.6W/(m.K)、10.7W/(m.K)、10.8W/(m.K)、10.9W/(m.K)、11W/(m.K)、11.1W/(m.K)、11.2W/(m.K)、11.3W/(m.K)、11.4W/(m.K)、11.5W/(m.K)、11.6W/(m.K)、11.7W/(m.K)、11.8W/(m.K)、11.9W/(m.K)、12W/(m.K)、12.1W/(m.K)、12.2W/(m.K)、12.3W/(m.K)、12.4W/(m.K)、12.5W/(m.K)、12.6W/(m.K)、12.7W/(m.K)、12.8W/(m.K)、12.9W/(m.K)、13W/(m.K)、13.1W/(m.K)、13.2W/(m.K)、13.3W/(m.K)、13.4W/(m.K)、13.5W/(m.K)、13.6W/(m.K)、13.7W/(m.K)、13.8W/(m.K)、13.9W/(m.K)、14W/(m.K)、14.1W/(m.K)、14.2W/(m.K)、14.3W/(m.K)、14.4W/(m.K)、14.5W/(m.K)、14.6W/(m.K)、14.7W/(m.K)、14.8W/(m.K)、14.9W/(m.K)、15W/(m.K)、15.1W/(m.K)、15.2W/(m.K)、15.3W/(m.K)、15.4W/(m.K)、15.5W/(m.K)、15.6W/(m.K)、15.7W/(m.K)、15.8W/(m.K)、15.9W/(m.K)、16W/(m.K)、16.1W/(m.K)、16.2W/(m.K)、16.3W/(m.K)、16.4W/(m.K)、16.5W/(m.K)、16.6W/(m.K)、16.7W/(m.K)、16.8W/(m.K)、16.9W/(m.K)、17W/(m.K)、17.1W/(m.K)、17.2W/(m.K)、17.3W/(m.K)、17.4W/(m.K)、17.5W/(m.K)、17.6W/(m.K)、17.7W/(m.K)、17.8W/(m.K)、17.9W/(m.K)、18W/(m.K)、18.1W/(m.K)、18.2W/(m.K)、18.3W/(m.K)、18.4W/(m.K)、18.5W/(m.K)、18.6W/(m.K)、18.7W/(m.K)、18.8W/(m.K)、18.9W/(m.K)、19W/(m.K)、19.1W/(m.K)、19.2W/(m.K)、19.3W/(m.K)、19.4W/(m.K)、19.5W/(m.K)、19.6W/(m.K)、19.7W/(m.K)、19.8W/(m.K)、19.9W/(m.K)、20W/(m.K)、20.1W/(m.K)、20.2W/(m.K)、20.3W/(m.K)、20.4W/(m.K)、20.5W/(m.K)、20.6W/(m.K)、20.7W/(m.K)、20.8W/(m.K)、20.9W/(m.K)、21W/(m.K)、21.1W/(m.K)、21.2W/(m.K)、21.3W/(m.K)、21.4W/(m.K)、21.5W/(m.K)、21.6W/(m.K)、21.7W/(m.K)、21.8W/(m.K)、21.9W/(m.K)、22W/(m.K)、22.1W/(m.K)、22.2W/(m.K)、22.3W/(m.K)、22.4W/(m.K)、22.5W/(m.K)、22.6W/(m.K)、22.7W/(m.K)、22.8W/(m.K)、22.9W/(m.K)、23W/(m.K)、23.1W/(m.K)、23.2W/(m.K)、23.3W/(m.K)、23.4W/(m.K)、23.5W/(m.K)、23.6W/(m.K)、23.7W/(m.K)、23.8W/(m.K)、23.9W/(m.K)、24W/(m.K)、24.1W/(m.K)、24.2W/(m.K)、24.3W/(m.K)、24.4W/(m.K)、24.5W/(m.K)、24.6W/(m.K)、24.7W/(m.K)、24.8W/(m.K)、24.9W/(m.K)、25W/(m.K)、30W/(m.K)、40W/(m.K)、50W/(m.K)、60W/(m.K)、70W/(m.K)、80W/(m.K)、90W/(m.K)、100W/(m.K)、110W/(m.K)、120W/(m.K)、130W/(m.K)、140W/(m.K)、150W/(m.K)、160W/(m.K)、170W/(m.K)、180W/(m.K)、190W/(m.K)、200W/(m.K)、210W/(m.K)、220W/(m.K)、230W/(m.K)、240W/(m.K)、250W/(m.K)、260W/(m.K)、270W/(m.K)、280W/(m.K)、290W/(m.K)、300W/(m.K)、310W/(m.K)、320W/(m.K)、330W/(m.K)、340W/(m.K)、350W/(m.K)、360W/(m.K)、370W/(m.K)、380W/(m.K)、390W/(m.K)、400W/(m.K)、410W/(m.K)、420W/(m.K)、430W/(m.K)、440W/(m.K) or 450W/(m.K).

According to one embodiment, the carrier may comprise GaN、GaSb、GaAs、GaAsP、GaP、InP、SiGe、InGaN、GaAlN、GaAlPN、AlN、AlGaAs、AlGaP、AlGaInP、AlGaN、AlGaInN、ZnSe、Si、SiC, diamond or boron nitride.

According to one embodiment, the carrier may comprise gold, silver, platinum, ruthenium, nickel, cobalt, chromium, copper, tin, rhodium, palladium, manganese, titanium, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the support comprises silica, alumina, titania, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, osmium oxide, rhenium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium oxide, cadmium oxide, mercury oxide, thallium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, antimony oxide, polonium oxide, selenium oxide, cesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, terbium oxide, dysprosium oxide, erbium oxide, holmium oxide, thulium oxide, ytterbium oxide, lutetium oxide, gadolinium oxide, mixed oxides, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one light color conversion layer 4 and/or the at least one luminescent material 7 is deposited on the carrier by drop casting, spin coating, dip coating, ink jet printing, lithographic printing, spray coating, electroplating or by any other method known to a person skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment, the at least one luminescent material 7 and/or the at least one light color conversion layer 4 carried by the carrier comprises at least one population of composite particles 1. In the present patent application, the population of composite particles 1 is defined by the wavelength of their emission peak.

According to one embodiment, the at least one luminescent material 7 and/or the at least one light color conversion layer 4 carried by the carrier comprises at least two populations of composite particles 1 emitting different wavelengths. According to one embodiment, the carrier carries two luminescent materials 7 and/or two light color conversion layers 4, each comprising a population of composite particles 1, the population comprised in each luminescent material 7 and/or each light color conversion layer 4, emitting light of a different color.

According to one embodiment, the at least one luminescent material 7 and/or the at least one light color conversion layer 4 carried by the carrier comprises a population of at least two composite particles 1 which emit green and red light in the down-conversion of the blue light source. In this embodiment, the at least one luminescent material 7 and/or the at least one light color conversion layer 4 functions to transmit blue primary light of a predetermined intensity and emit green and red secondary light of a predetermined intensity, thereby emitting white light of three colors generated.

According to one embodiment, the carrier carries at least one luminescent material 7 and/or at least one light color conversion layer 4 comprising at least one population of composite particles 1 emitting green light at the down-conversion of the blue light source, and carries at least one luminescent material 7 and/or at least one light color conversion layer 4 comprising at least one population of composite particles 1 emitting red light at the down-conversion of the blue light source. In this embodiment, the at least one luminescent material 7 and/or the at least one light color conversion layer 4 functions to transmit blue primary light of a predetermined intensity and emit green and red secondary light of a predetermined intensity, thereby emitting white light of three colors generated.

According to one embodiment, the carrier carries at least one luminescent material 7 and/or at least one light color conversion layer 4 comprising a population of at least two composite particles 1, wherein the first population has a luminescence peak wavelength between 500 nm and 560 nm, more preferably between 515 nm and 545 nm, and the second population has a luminescence peak wavelength between 600 nm and 2500 nm, more preferably between 610 nm and 650 nm.

According to one embodiment, the carrier carries at least two luminescent materials 7 and/or at least two light-color converting layers 4, each comprising at least one population of composite particles 1, wherein the first luminescent material 7 and/or light-color converting layer 4 comprises a group having a luminescence peak wavelength between 500 nm and 560 nm, more preferably between 515 nm and 545 nm, and the second luminescent material 7 and/or light-color converting layer 4 comprises a group having a luminescence peak wavelength between 600 nm and 2500 nm, more preferably between 610 nm and 650 nm.

According to one embodiment, the support carries at least one luminescent material 7 and/or at least one light color conversion layer 4 comprising a population of at least two composite particles 1, wherein the half-width of the emission peak of the first group is below 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm or 10 nm, and the half-width of the emission peak of the second group is below 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm or 10 nm.

According to one embodiment, the carrier carries at least two luminescent materials 7 and/or at least two light-color converting layers 4, each comprising at least one population of composite particles 1, wherein the first luminescent material 7 and/or light-color converting layer 4 comprises a group having an emission peak with a half-width below 90nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40nm, 30nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm or 10 nm, and the second luminescent material 7 and/or light-color converting layer 4 comprises a group having an emission peak with a half-width below 90nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40nm, 30nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm or 10 nm.

According to one embodiment, the support carries at least one luminescent material 7 and/or at least one light color conversion layer 4 comprising a population of at least two composite particles 1, wherein the first group has an emission peak with a quarter of the height and width below 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm or 10 nm and the second group has an emission peak with a quarter of the height and width below 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm or 10 nm.

According to one embodiment, the carrier carries at least two luminescent materials 7 and/or at least two light color conversion layers 4, each comprising at least one population of composite particles 1, wherein the first luminescent material 7 and/or light color conversion layer 4 comprises a group having an emission peak with a quarter-width lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm or 10 nm, and the second luminescent material 7 and/or light color conversion layer 4 comprises a group having an emission peak with a quarter-width lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm or 10 nm.

According to one embodiment, the at least one luminescent material 7 and/or the at least one light-color conversion layer 4 are coated on the carrier as a multilayer structure. According to one embodiment, the multi-layer junction comprises at least two or at least three layers.

According to one embodiment, the multi-layer system may further comprise at least one auxiliary layer.

According to one embodiment, the auxiliary layer is optically transparent at wavelengths between 200 nm and 50 microns, between 200 nm and 10 microns, between 200 nm and 2500 nm, between 200 and 2000 nm, between 200 nm and 1500 nm, between 200 nm and 1000 nm, between 200 nm and 800 nm, between 400 and 700 nm, between 400 and 600 nm or between 400 nm and 470 nm. In this embodiment, the auxiliary layer does not absorb any light, but allows the luminescent particles 1 and/or the luminescent material 7 to absorb all incident light.

According to one embodiment, the auxiliary layer limits or prevents degradation of the chemical and physical properties of the at least one luminescent particle 1 at oxygen molecules, ozone, water and/or high temperatures. According to one embodiment, the auxiliary layer protects the at least one luminescent material 7 from oxygen, ozone, water and/or high temperatures.

According to one embodiment, the auxiliary layer is thermally conductive.

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the auxiliary layer under standard conditions ranges from 0.1 to 450W/(m.k), preferably from 1 to 200W/(m.k), more preferably from 10 to 150W/(m.k).

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the auxiliary layer under standard conditions is at least 0.1W/(m.K)、0.2W/(m.K)、0.3W/(m.K)、0.4W/(m.K)、0.5W/(m.K)、0.6W/(m.K)、0.7W/(m.K)、0.8W/(m.K)、0.9W/(m.K)、1W/(m.K)、1.1W/(m.K)、1.2W/(m.K)、1.3W/(m.K)、1.4W/(m.K)、1.5W/(m.K)、1.6W/(m.K)、1.7W/(m.K)、1.8W/(m.K)、1.9W/(m.K)、2W/(m.K)、2.1W/(m.K)、2.2W/(m.K)、2.3W/(m.K)、2.4W/(m.K)、2.5W/(m.K)、2.6W/(m.K)、2.7W/(m.K)、2.8W/(m.K)、2.9W/(m.K)、3W/(m.K)、3.1W/(m.K)、3.2W/(m.K)、3.3W/(m.K)、3.4 W/(m.K)、3.5 W/(m.K)、3.6 W/(m.K)、3.7 W/(m.K)、3.8 W/(m.K)、3.9 W/(m.K)、4 W/(m.K)、4.1 W/(m.K)、4.2 W/(m.K)、4.3 W/(m.K)、4.4 W/(m.K)、4.5 W/(m.K)、4.6 W/(m.K)、4.7 W/(m.K)、4.8W/(m.K)、4.9 W/(m.K)、5 W/(m.K)、5.1 W/(m.K)、5.2 W/(m.K)、5.3 W/(m.K)、5.4 W/(m.K)、5.5 W/(m.K)、5.6 W/(m.K)、5.7 W/(m.K)、5.8 W/(m.K)、5.9 W/(m.K)、6 W/(m.K)、6.1 W/(m.K)、6.2 W/(m.K)、6.3W/(m.K)、6.4 W/(m.K)、6.5 W/(m.K)、6.6 W/(m.K)、6.7 W/(m.K)、6.8 W/(m.K)、6.9 W/(m.K)、7 W/(m.K)、7.1 W/(m.K)、7.2 W/(m.K)、7.3 W/(m.K)、7.4 W/(m.K)、7.5 W/(m.K)、7.6 W/(m.K)、7.7 W/(m.K)、7.8W/(m.K)、7.9 W/(m.K)、8 W/(m.K)、8.1 W/(m.K)、8.2 W/(m.K)、8.3 W/(m.K)、8.4 W/(m.K)、8.5 W/(m.K)、8.6 W/(m.K)、8.7 W/(m.K)、8.8 W/(m.K)、8.9 W/(m.K)、9 W/(m.K)、9.1 W/(m.K)、9.2 W/(m.K)、9.3W/(m.K)、9.4 W/(m.K)、9.5 W/(m.K)、9.6 W/(m.K)、9.7 W/(m.K)、9.8 W/(m.K)、9.9 W/(m.K)、10 W/(m.K)、10.1 W/(m.K)、10.2 W/(m.K)、10.3 W/(m.K)、10.4 W/(m.K)、10.5 W/(m.K)、10.6 W/(m.K)、10.7 W/(m.K)、10.8 W/(m.K)、10.9 W/(m.K)、11 W/(m.K)、11.1 W/(m.K)、11.2 W/(m.K)、11.3 W/(m.K)、11.4 W/(m.K)、11.5 W/(m.K)、11.6 W/(m.K)、11.7 W/(m.K)、11.8 W/(m.K)、11.9 W/(m.K)、12 W/(m.K)、12.1 W/(m.K)、12.2 W/(m.K)、12.3 W/(m.K)、12.4 W/(m.K)、12.5 W/(m.K)、12.6 W/(m.K)、12.7 W/(m.K)、12.8 W/(m.K)、12.9 W/(m.K)、13 W/(m.K)、13.1 W/(m.K)、13.2 W/(m.K)、13.3 W/(m.K)、13.4 W/(m.K)、13.5 W/(m.K)、13.6 W/(m.K)、13.7 W/(m.K)、13.8 W/(m.K)、13.9 W/(m.K)、14 W/(m.K)、14.1 W/(m.K)、14.2 W/(m.K)、14.3 W/(m.K)、14.4 W/(m.K)、14.5 W/(m.K)、14.6 W/(m.K)、14.7 W/(m.K)、14.8 W/(m.K)、14.9 W/(m.K)、15 W/(m.K)、15.1 W/(m.K)、15.2 W/(m.K)、15.3 W/(m.K)、15.4 W/(m.K)、15.5 W/(m.K)、15.6 W/(m.K)、15.7 W/(m.K)、15.8 W/(m.K)、15.9 W/(m.K)、16 W/(m.K)、16.1 W/(m.K)、16.2 W/(m.K)、16.3 W/(m.K)、16.4 W/(m.K)、16.5 W/(m.K)、16.6 W/(m.K)、16.7 W/(m.K)、16.8 W/(m.K)、16.9 W/(m.K)、17 W/(m.K)、17.1 W/(m.K)、17.2 W/(m.K)、17.3 W/(m.K)、17.4 W/(m.K)、17.5 W/(m.K)、17.6 W/(m.K)、17.7 W/(m.K)、17.8 W/(m.K)、17.9 W/(m.K)、18 W/(m.K)、18.1 W/(m.K)、18.2 W/(m.K)、18.3 W/(m.K)、18.4 W/(m.K)、18.5 W/(m.K)、18.6 W/(m.K)、18.7 W/(m.K)、18.8 W/(m.K)、18.9 W/(m.K)、19 W/(m.K)、19.1 W/(m.K)、19.2 W/(m.K)、19.3 W/(m.K)、19.4 W/(m.K)、19.5 W/(m.K)、19.6 W/(m.K)、19.7 W/(m.K)、19.8 W/(m.K)、19.9 W/(m.K)、20 W/(m.K)、20.1 W/(m.K)、20.2 W/(m.K)、20.3 W/(m.K)、20.4 W/(m.K)、20.5 W/(m.K)、20.6 W/(m.K)、20.7 W/(m.K)、20.8 W/(m.K)、20.9 W/(m.K)、21 W/(m.K)、21.1 W/(m.K)、21.2 W/(m.K)、21.3 W/(m.K)、21.4 W/(m.K)、21.5 W/(m.K)、21.6 W/(m.K)、21.7 W/(m.K)、21.8 W/(m.K)、21.9 W/(m.K)、22 W/(m.K)、22.1 W/(m.K)、22.2 W/(m.K)、22.3 W/(m.K)、22.4 W/(m.K)、22.5 W/(m.K)、22.6 W/(m.K)、22.7 W/(m.K)、22.8 W/(m.K)、22.9 W/(m.K)、23 W/(m.K)、23.1 W/(m.K)、23.2 W/(m.K)、23.3 W/(m.K)、23.4 W/(m.K)、23.5 W/(m.K)、23.6 W/(m.K)、23.7 W/(m.K)、23.8 W/(m.K)、23.9 W/(m.K)、24 W/(m.K)、24.1 W/(m.K)、24.2 W/(m.K)、24.3 W/(m.K)、24.4 W/(m.K)、24.5 W/(m.K)、24.6 W/(m.K)、24.7 W/(m.K)、24.8 W/(m.K)、24.9 W/(m.K)、25 W/(m.K)、30 W/(m.K)、40 W/(m.K)、50 W/(m.K)、60 W/(m.K)、70W/(m.K)、80 W/(m.K)、90 W/(m.K)、100 W/(m.K)、110 W/(m.K)、120 W/(m.K)、130 W/(m.K)、140W/(m.K)、150W/(m.K)、160W/(m.K)、170W/(m.K)、180W/(m.K)、190W/(m.K)、200W/(m.K)、210W/(m.K)、220W/(m.K)、230W/(m.K)、240W/(m.K)、250W/(m.K)、260W/(m.K)、270W/(m.K)、280W/(m.K)、290W/(m.K)、300W/(m.K)、310W/(m.K)、320W/(m.K)、330W/(m.K)、340W/(m.K)、350W/(m.K)、360W/(m.K)、370W/(m.K)、380W/(m.K)、390W/(m.K)、400W/(m.K)、410W/(m.K)、420W/(m.K)、430W/(m.K)、440W/(m.K) or 450W/(m.k).

According to one embodiment, the auxiliary layer is a polymeric auxiliary layer.

According to one embodiment, one or more parts of the auxiliary layer may comprise a polymerizable component, a cross-linking agent, a scattering agent, a rheology modifier, a filler, a photoinitiator or a thermal initiator as described below.

According to one embodiment, the auxiliary layer comprises scattering particles. Examples of scattering particles include, but are not limited to: silica, zirconium dioxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, tin oxide, titanium dioxide, silver, gold, aluminum oxide, barium sulfate, polytetrafluoroethylene, barium titanate, and the like.

According to one embodiment, the auxiliary layer further comprises heat conductor particles. Examples of thermal conductor particles include, but are not limited to: silica, zirconium dioxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, tin oxide, titanium dioxide, calcium oxide, aluminum oxide, barium sulfate, polytetrafluoroethylene, barium titanate, and the like. In this embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the auxiliary layer increases.

According to one embodiment, the auxiliary layer comprises a polymeric host material 71 as described above.

According to one embodiment, the auxiliary layer comprises an inorganic host material 71 as described above.

According to one embodiment, the thickness of the auxiliary layer is between 30 nm and 1 cm, between 100nm and 1 cm, preferably between 100nm and 500 μm.

According to one embodiment, the auxiliary layer has a thickness of at least 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm, 950 nm, 1 micron, 1.5 micron, 2.5 microns, 3 microns, 3.5 microns, 4 microns, 4.1 microns, 4.2 microns, 4.3 microns, 4.4 microns, 4.5 microns, 4.6 microns, 4.7 microns, 4.8 microns, 4.9 microns, 5 microns, 5.1 microns, 5.2 microns, 5.3 microns, 5.4 microns, 5.5.5 microns, 5.5 microns, 5.6 microns, 5.7 microns, 5.8 microns, 5.9 microns, 6 microns, 6.5 microns, 7 microns, 7.5 microns, 8 microns, 8.5 microns, 9 microns, 9.5 microns, 10 microns, 10.5 microns, 11 microns, 11.5 microns, 12 microns, 12.5 microns, 13 microns, 13.5 microns, 14 microns, 14.5 microns, 15 microns, 15.5 microns, 16 microns, 16.5 microns, 17 microns, 17.5 microns, 18 microns, 18.5 microns, 19 microns, 19.5 microns 20, 20.5, 21, 21.5, 22, 22.5, 23, 23.5, 24, 24.5, 25, 25.5, 26, 26.5, 27, 27.5, 28, 28.5, 29, 29.5, 30, 30.5, 31, 31.5, 32, 32.5, 33, 33.5, 34, 34.5, and, 35 microns, 35.5 microns, 36 microns, 36.5 microns, 37 microns, 37.5 microns, 38 microns, 38.5 microns, 39 microns, 39.5 microns, 40 microns, 40.5 microns, 41 microns, 41.5 microns, 42 microns, 42.5 microns, 43 microns, 43.5 microns, 44 microns, 44.5 microns, 45 microns, 45.5 microns, 46 microns, 46.5 microns, 47 microns, 47.5 microns, 48 microns, 48.5 microns, 49 microns, 49.5 microns, 50 microns, 50.5 microns, 51 microns, 51.5 microns, 52 microns, 52.5 microns, 53 microns, 53.5 microns, 54 microns, 54.5 microns, 55 microns, 55.5 microns, 56 microns, 56.5 microns, 57 microns, 57.5 microns, 58 microns, 58.5 microns, 59 microns, 59.5 microns, 60 microns, 60.5 microns, 61 microns, 61.5 microns, 62 microns, 62.5 microns, 63 microns, 63.5 microns, 64 microns, 64.5 microns, 65 microns, 65.5 microns, 66 microns, 66.5 microns, 67 microns, 67.5 microns, 68 microns, 68.5 microns, 69 microns, 69.5 microns, 70 microns, 70.5 microns, 71 microns, 71.5 microns, 72 microns, 72.5 microns, 73 microns, 73.5 microns, 74 microns, 74.5 microns, 75 microns, 75.5 microns, 76 microns, 76.5 microns, 77 microns, 77.5 microns, 78 microns, 78.5 microns, 79 microns, 79.5 microns, 80 microns, 80.5 microns, 81 microns, 81.5 microns, 82 microns, 82.5 microns, 83 microns, 83.5 microns, 84 microns, 84.5 microns, 85 microns, 85.5 microns, 86 microns 86.5 microns, 87 microns, 87.5 microns, 88 microns, 88.5 microns, 89 microns, 89.5 microns, 90 microns, 90.5 microns, 91 microns, 91.5 microns, 92 microns, 92.5 microns, 93 microns, 93.5 microns, 94 microns, 94.5 microns, 95 microns, 95.5 microns, 96 microns, 96.5 microns, 97 microns, 97.5 microns, 98 microns, 98.5 microns, 99 microns, 99.5 microns, 100 microns, 200 microns, 250 microns, 300 microns, 350 microns, 400 microns, 450 microns, 500 microns, 550 microns, 600 microns, 650 microns, 700 microns, 750 microns, 800 microns, 850 microns, 900 microns, 950 microns, or 1 cm.

According to one embodiment, the at least one luminescent material 7 and/or the at least one light color conversion layer 4 or the multilayer structure is covered by at least one protective layer.

According to one embodiment, the at least one luminescent material 7 and/or the at least one light color conversion layer 4 or the multilayer structure is surrounded by at least one protective layer.

According to one embodiment, the at least one luminescent material 7 and/or the at least one light color conversion layer 4 or the multilayer structure is covered by at least one auxiliary layer, and both are surrounded by at least one protective layer.

According to one embodiment, the at least one luminescent material 7 and/or the at least one light color conversion layer 4 or the multilayer structure is covered by at least one auxiliary layer and/or at least one protective layer.

According to one embodiment, the protective layer is a planarizing layer.

According to one embodiment, the protective layer is an impermeable layer of oxygen, ozone and/or water. In this embodiment, the protective layer is an oxidation-resistant barrier and limits or prevents degradation of the physical and chemical properties of the at least one composite particle 1 and/or the at least one luminescent material due to molecular oxygen, ozone, water and/or high temperature.

According to one embodiment, the protective layer is an impermeable layer of oxygen, ozone and/or water. In the present embodiment, the protective layer is an oxidation-resistant barrier and limits or prevents deterioration of the physical and chemical properties of the at least one composite particle 1 and/or the at least one luminescent material due to molecular oxygen, ozone, water and/or high temperature

According to one embodiment, the protective layer is thermally conductive.

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the protective layer under standard conditions ranges from 0.1 to 450W/(m.k), preferably from 1 to 200W/(m.k), more preferably from 10 to 150W/(m.k).

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the protective layer under standard conditions is at least 0.1W/(m.K)、0.2W/(m.K)、0.3W/(m.K)、0.4 W/(m.K)、0.5 W/(m.K)、0.6 W/(m.K)、0.7 W/(m.K)、0.8 W/(m.K)、0.9 W/(m.K)、1 W/(m.K)、1.1 W/(m.K)、1.2 W/(m.K)、1.3 W/(m.K)、1.4 W/(m.K)、1.5 W/(m.K)、1.6 W/(m.K)、1.7 W/(m.K)、1.8W/(m.K)、1.9 W/(m.K)、2 W/(m.K)、2.1 W/(m.K)、2.2 W/(m.K)、2.3 W/(m.K)、2.4 W/(m.K)、2.5 W/(m.K)、2.6 W/(m.K)、2.7 W/(m.K)、2.8 W/(m.K)、2.9 W/(m.K)、3 W/(m.K)、3.1 W/(m.K)、3.2 W/(m.K)、3.3W/(m.K)、3.4 W/(m.K)、3.5 W/(m.K)、3.6 W/(m.K)、3.7 W/(m.K)、3.8 W/(m.K)、3.9 W/(m.K)、4 W/(m.K)、4.1 W/(m.K)、4.2 W/(m.K)、4.3 W/(m.K)、4.4 W/(m.K)、4.5 W/(m.K)、4.6 W/(m.K)、4.7 W/(m.K)、4.8W/(m.K)、4.9 W/(m.K)、5 W/(m.K)、5.1 W/(m.K)、5.2 W/(m.K)、5.3 W/(m.K)、5.4 W/(m.K)、5.5 W/(m.K)、5.6 W/(m.K)、5.7 W/(m.K)、5.8 W/(m.K)、5.9 W/(m.K)、6 W/(m.K)、6.1 W/(m.K)、6.2 W/(m.K)、6.3W/(m.K)、6.4 W/(m.K)、6.5 W/(m.K)、6.6 W/(m.K)、6.7 W/(m.K)、6.8 W/(m.K)、6.9 W/(m.K)、7 W/(m.K)、7.1 W/(m.K)、7.2 W/(m.K)、7.3 W/(m.K)、7.4 W/(m.K)、7.5 W/(m.K)、7.6 W/(m.K)、7.7 W/(m.K)、7.8W/(m.K)、7.9 W/(m.K)、8 W/(m.K)、8.1 W/(m.K)、8.2 W/(m.K)、8.3 W/(m.K)、8.4 W/(m.K)、8.5 W/(m.K)、8.6 W/(m.K)、8.7 W/(m.K)、8.8 W/(m.K)、8.9 W/(m.K)、9 W/(m.K)、9.1 W/(m.K)、9.2 W/(m.K)、9.3W/(m.K)、9.4 W/(m.K)、9.5 W/(m.K)、9.6 W/(m.K)、9.7 W/(m.K)、9.8 W/(m.K)、9.9 W/(m.K)、10 W/(m.K)、10.1 W/(m.K)、10.2 W/(m.K)、10.3 W/(m.K)、10.4 W/(m.K)、10.5 W/(m.K)、10.6 W/(m.K)、10.7 W/(m.K)、10.8 W/(m.K)、10.9 W/(m.K)、11 W/(m.K)、11.1 W/(m.K)、11.2 W/(m.K)、11.3 W/(m.K)、11.4 W/(m.K)、11.5 W/(m.K)、11.6 W/(m.K)、11.7 W/(m.K)、11.8 W/(m.K)、11.9 W/(m.K)、12 W/(m.K)、12.1 W/(m.K)、12.2 W/(m.K)、12.3 W/(m.K)、12.4 W/(m.K)、12.5 W/(m.K)、12.6 W/(m.K)、12.7 W/(m.K)、12.8 W/(m.K)、12.9 W/(m.K)、13 W/(m.K)、13.1 W/(m.K)、13.2 W/(m.K)、13.3 W/(m.K)、13.4 W/(m.K)、13.5 W/(m.K)、13.6 W/(m.K)、13.7 W/(m.K)、13.8 W/(m.K)、13.9 W/(m.K)、14 W/(m.K)、14.1 W/(m.K)、14.2 W/(m.K)、14.3 W/(m.K)、14.4 W/(m.K)、14.5 W/(m.K)、14.6 W/(m.K)、14.7 W/(m.K)、14.8 W/(m.K)、14.9 W/(m.K)、15 W/(m.K)、15.1 W/(m.K)、15.2 W/(m.K)、15.3 W/(m.K)、15.4 W/(m.K)、15.5 W/(m.K)、15.6 W/(m.K)、15.7 W/(m.K)、15.8 W/(m.K)、15.9 W/(m.K)、16 W/(m.K)、16.1 W/(m.K)、16.2 W/(m.K)、16.3 W/(m.K)、16.4 W/(m.K)、16.5 W/(m.K)、16.6 W/(m.K)、16.7 W/(m.K)、16.8 W/(m.K)、16.9 W/(m.K)、17 W/(m.K)、17.1 W/(m.K)、17.2 W/(m.K)、17.3 W/(m.K)、17.4 W/(m.K)、17.5 W/(m.K)、17.6 W/(m.K)、17.7 W/(m.K)、17.8 W/(m.K)、17.9 W/(m.K)、18 W/(m.K)、18.1 W/(m.K)、18.2 W/(m.K)、18.3 W/(m.K)、18.4 W/(m.K)、18.5 W/(m.K)、18.6 W/(m.K)、18.7 W/(m.K)、18.8 W/(m.K)、18.9 W/(m.K)、19 W/(m.K)、19.1 W/(m.K)、19.2 W/(m.K)、19.3 W/(m.K)、19.4 W/(m.K)、19.5 W/(m.K)、19.6 W/(m.K)、19.7 W/(m.K)、19.8 W/(m.K)、19.9 W/(m.K)、20 W/(m.K)、20.1 W/(m.K)、20.2 W/(m.K)、20.3 W/(m.K)、20.4 W/(m.K)、20.5 W/(m.K)、20.6 W/(m.K)、20.7 W/(m.K)、20.8 W/(m.K)、20.9 W/(m.K)、21 W/(m.K)、21.1 W/(m.K)、21.2 W/(m.K)、21.3 W/(m.K)、21.4 W/(m.K)、21.5 W/(m.K)、21.6 W/(m.K)、21.7 W/(m.K)、21.8 W/(m.K)、21.9 W/(m.K)、22 W/(m.K)、22.1 W/(m.K)、22.2 W/(m.K)、22.3 W/(m.K)、22.4 W/(m.K)、22.5 W/(m.K)、22.6 W/(m.K)、22.7 W/(m.K)、22.8 W/(m.K)、22.9 W/(m.K)、23 W/(m.K)、23.1 W/(m.K)、23.2 W/(m.K)、23.3 W/(m.K)、23.4W/(m.K)、23.5W/(m.K)、23.6W/(m.K)、23.7W/(m.K)、23.8W/(m.K)、23.9W/(m.K)、24W/(m.K)、24.1W/(m.K)、24.2W/(m.K)、24.3W/(m.K)、24.4W/(m.K)、24.5W/(m.K)、24.6W/(m.K)、24.7W/(m.K)、24.8W/(m.K)、24.9W/(m.K)、25W/(m.K)、30W/(m.K)、40W/(m.K)、50W/(m.K)、60W/(m.K)、70W/(m.K)、80W/(m.K)、90W/(m.K)、100W/(m.K)、110W/(m.K)、120W/(m.K)、130W/(m.K)、140W/(m.K)、150W/(m.K)、160W/(m.K)、170W/(m.K)、180W/(m.K)、190W/(m.K)、200W/(m.K)、210W/(m.K)、220W/(m.K)、230W/(m.K)、240W/(m.K)、250W/(m.K)、260W/(m.K)、270W/(m.K)、280W/(m.K)、290W/(m.K)、300W/(m.K)、310W/(m.K)、320W/(m.K)、330W/(m.K)、340W/(m.K)、350W/(m.K)、360W/(m.K)、370W/(m.K)、380W/(m.K)、390W/(m.K)、400W/(m.K)、410W/(m.K)、420W/(m.K)、430W/(m.K)、440W/(m.K) or 450W/(m.k).

According to one embodiment, the protective layer may be made of glass, PET (polyethylene terephthalate), PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane), PES (polyethersulfone), PEN (polynaphthalene dicarboxylic acid), PC (polycarbonate), PI (polyimide), PNB (polynorbornene), PAR (polyarylate), PEEK (polyetheretherketone), PCO (polycycloolefin), PVDC (polyvinylidene chloride), nylon, ITO (indium tin oxide), FTO (fluorine doped tin oxide), cellulose 、Al₂O₃、AlO_xN_y、SiO_xC_y、SiO₂、SiO_x、SiN_x、SiC_x、ZrO₂、TiO₂、MgO、ZnO、SnO₂、 ceramic, organically modified ceramic, or a mixture thereof.

According to one embodiment, the protective layer may be deposited by PECVD (plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition), ALD (atomic layer deposition), CVD (chemical vapor deposition), iCVD (initiating chemical vapor deposition), cat-CVD (catalytic chemical vapor deposition), and the like.

According to one embodiment, the protective layer may comprise scattering particles. Examples of scattering particles include, but are not limited to: siO ₂、ZrO₂、ZnO、MgO、SnO₂、TiO₂, ag, au, al, alumina, barium sulfate, PTFE, barium titanate, and the like.

According to one embodiment, the protective layer further comprises thermal conductor particles. Examples of thermal conductor particles include, but are not limited to: siO ₂、ZrO₂、ZnO、MgO、SnO₂、TiO₂, caO, alumina, barium sulfate, PTFE, barium titanate, and the like. In the present embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the protective layer increases.

According to one embodiment, the carrier may be a substrate, a light emitting diode, an array of light emitting diodes, a container, a tube, a cartridge, a solar panel, a panel or a container. Preferably, the support is optically transparent between wavelengths 200nm and 50 microns, 200nm and 10 microns, 200nm and 2500 nm, 200nm and 2000 nm, 200nm and 1500 nm, 200nm and 1000 nm, 200nm and 800 nm, 400nm and 700 nm, 400 and 600 nm or 400nm and 470 nm.

LEDs as used herein include LEDs, LED chips, and micro-scale LEDs (micro-LEDs).

According to one embodiment, the carrier may be a fabric, a piece of clothing, wood, plastic, ceramic, glass, steel, metal or any active surface.

According to one embodiment, the active surface is an interactive surface.

According to one embodiment, the active surface is a surface comprised in an optoelectronic component or a display device.

According to one embodiment, the optoelectronic component may be a display device, a diode, a Light Emitting Diode (LED), a laser component, a photo-sensing component, a transistor, a supercapacitor, a bar code, an LED, a micro LED, an array of LEDs, an array of micro LEDs, or an IR sensing component.

According to one embodiment, the carrier is reflective.

According to one embodiment, the carrier is thermally conductive.

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the carrier under standard conditions ranges from 0.5 to 450W/(m.k), preferably from 1 to 200W/(m.k), more preferably from 10 to 150W/(m.k).

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the carrier under standard conditions is at least 0.1W/(m.K)、0.2W/(m.K)、0.3W/(m.K)、0.4W/(m.K)、0.5W/(m.K)、0.6W/(m.K)、0.7W/(m.K)、0.8W/(m.K)、0.9W/(m.K)、1W/(m.K)、1.1W/(m.K)、1.2W/(m.K)、1.3W/(m.K)、1.4W/(m.K)、1.5W/(m.K)、1.6W/(m.K)、1.7W/(m.K)、1.8W/(m.K)、1.9W/(m.K)、2W/(m.K)、2.1W/(m.K)、2.2W/(m.K)、2.3W/(m.K)、2.4W/(m.K)、2.5W/(m.K)、2.6W/(m.K)、2.7W/(m.K)、2.8W/(m.K)、2.9W/(m.K)、3W/(m.K)、3.1W/(m.K)、3.2W/(m.K)、3.3W/(m.K)、3.4W/(m.K)、3.5W/(m.K)、3.6W/(m.K)、3.7W/(m.K)、3.8W/(m.K)、3.9W/(m.K)、4W/(m.K)、4.1W/(m.K)、4.2W/(m.K)、4.3W/(m.K)、4.4W/(m.K)、4.5W/(m.K)、4.6W/(m.K)、4.7W/(m.K)、4.8W/(m.K)、4.9W/(m.K)、5W/(m.K)、5.1W/(m.K)、5.2W/(m.K)、5.3W/(m.K)、5.4W/(m.K)、5.5W/(m.K)、5.6W/(m.K)、5.7W/(m.K)、5.8W/(m.K)、5.9W/(m.K)、6W/(m.K)、6.1W/(m.K)、6.2W/(m.K)、6.3W/(m.K)、6.4W/(m.K)、6.5W/(m.K)、6.6W/(m.K)、6.7W/(m.K)、6.8W/(m.K)、6.9W/(m.K)、7W/(m.K)、7.1W/(m.K)、7.2W/(m.K)、7.3W/(m.K)、7.4W/(m.K)、7.5W/(m.K)、7.6W/(m.K)、7.7W/(m.K)、7.8W/(m.K)、7.9W/(m.K)、8W/(m.K)、8.1W/(m.K)、8.2W/(m.K)、8.3W/(m.K)、8.4W/(m.K)、8.5W/(m.K)、8.6W/(m.K)、8.7W/(m.K)、8.8W/(m.K)、8.9W/(m.K)、9W/(m.K)、9.1W/(m.K)、9.2W/(m.K)、9.3W/(m.K)、9.4W/(m.K)、9.5W/(m.K)、9.6W/(m.K)、9.7W/(m.K)、9.8W/(m.K)、9.9W/(m.K)、10W/(m.K)、10.1W/(m.K)、10.2W/(m.K)、10.3W/(m.K)、10.4W/(m.K)、10.5W/(m.K)、10.6W/(m.K)、10.7W/(m.K)、10.8W/(m.K)、10.9W/(m.K)、11W/(m.K)、11.1W/(m.K)、11.2W/(m.K)、11.3W/(m.K)、11.4W/(m.K)、11.5W/(m.K)、11.6W/(m.K)、11.7W/(m.K)、11.8W/(m.K)、11.9W/(m.K)、12W/(m.K)、12.1W/(m.K)、12.2W/(m.K)、12.3W/(m.K)、12.4W/(m.K)、12.5W/(m.K)、12.6W/(m.K)、12.7W/(m.K)、12.8W/(m.K)、12.9W/(m.K)、13W/(m.K)、13.1W/(m.K)、13.2W/(m.K)、13.3W/(m.K)、13.4W/(m.K)、13.5W/(m.K)、13.6W/(m.K)、13.7W/(m.K)、13.8W/(m.K)、13.9W/(m.K)、14W/(m.K)、14.1W/(m.K)、14.2W/(m.K)、14.3W/(m.K)、14.4W/(m.K)、14.5W/(m.K)、14.6W/(m.K)、14.7W/(m.K)、14.8W/(m.K)、14.9W/(m.K)、15W/(m.K)、15.1W/(m.K)、15.2W/(m.K)、15.3W/(m.K)、15.4W/(m.K)、15.5W/(m.K)、15.6W/(m.K)、15.7W/(m.K)、15.8W/(m.K)、15.9W/(m.K)、16W/(m.K)、16.1W/(m.K)、16.2W/(m.K)、16.3W/(m.K)、16.4W/(m.K)、16.5W/(m.K)、16.6W/(m.K)、16.7W/(m.K)、16.8W/(m.K)、16.9W/(m.K)、17W/(m.K)、17.1W/(m.K)、17.2W/(m.K)、17.3W/(m.K)、17.4W/(m.K)、17.5W/(m.K)、17.6W/(m.K)、17.7W/(m.K)、17.8W/(m.K)、17.9W/(m.K)、18W/(m.K)、18.1W/(m.K)、18.2W/(m.K)、18.3W/(m.K)、18.4W/(m.K)、18.5W/(m.K)、18.6W/(m.K)、18.7W/(m.K)、18.8W/(m.K)、18.9W/(m.K)、19W/(m.K)、19.1W/(m.K)、19.2W/(m.K)、19.3W/(m.K)、19.4W/(m.K)、19.5W/(m.K)、19.6W/(m.K)、19.7W/(m.K)、19.8W/(m.K)、19.9W/(m.K)、20W/(m.K)、20.1W/(m.K)、20.2W/(m.K)、20.3W/(m.K)、20.4W/(m.K)、20.5W/(m.K)、20.6W/(m.K)、20.7W/(m.K)、20.8W/(m.K)、20.9W/(m.K)、21W/(m.K)、21.1W/(m.K)、21.2W/(m.K)、21.3W/(m.K)、21.4W/(m.K)、21.5W/(m.K)、21.6W/(m.K)、21.7W/(m.K)、21.8W/(m.K)、21.9W/(m.K)、22W/(m.K)、22.1W/(m.K)、22.2W/(m.K)、22.3W/(m.K)、22.4W/(m.K)、22.5W/(m.K)、22.6W/(m.K)、22.7W/(m.K)、22.8W/(m.K)、22.9W/(m.K)、23W/(m.K)、23.1W/(m.K)、23.2W/(m.K)、23.3W/(m.K)、23.4W/(m.K)、23.5W/(m.K)、23.6W/(m.K)、23.7W/(m.K)、23.8W/(m.K)、23.9W/(m.K)、24W/(m.K)、24.1W/(m.K)、24.2W/(m.K)、24.3W/(m.K)、24.4W/(m.K)、24.5W/(m.K)、24.6W/(m.K)、24.7W/(m.K)、24.8W/(m.K)、24.9W/(m.K)、25W/(m.K)、30W/(m.K)、40W/(m.K)、50W/(m.K)、60W/(m.K)、70W/(m.K)、80W/(m.K)、90W/(m.K)、100W/(m.K)、110W/(m.K)、120W/(m.K)、130W/(m.K)、140W/(m.K)、150W/(m.K)、160W/(m.K)、170W/(m.K)、180W/(m.K)、190W/(m.K)、200W/(m.K)、210W/(m.K)、220W/(m.K)、230W/(m.K)、240W/(m.K)、250W/(m.K)、260W/(m.K)、270W/(m.K)、280W/(m.K)、290W/(m.K)、300W/(m.K)、310W/(m.K)、320W/(m.K)、330W/(m.K)、340W/(m.K)、350W/(m.K)、360W/(m.K)、370W/(m.K)、380W/(m.K)、390W/(m.K)、400W/(m.K)、410W/(m.K)、420W/(m.K)、430W/(m.K)、440W/(m.K) or 450W/(m.k).

According to one embodiment, the substrate may comprise GaN、GaSb、GaAs、GaAsP、GaP、InP、SiGe、InGaN、GaAlN、GaAlPN、AlN、AlGaAs、AlGaP、AlGaInP、AlGaN、AlGaInN、ZnSe、Si、SiC, diamond or boron nitride.

In a third aspect, the invention also relates to a display device 8 comprising a backlight unit and at least one light color conversion layer 4 according to the invention. The backlight unit comprises a light source 5 and a light guide configured to provide excitation' light to at least one luminescent material 7, and is well known to a person skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment, the light source 5 functions to provide at least one primary light.

According to one embodiment, the at least one primary light is monochromatic light.

According to one embodiment, the at least one primary light is polychromatic light.

According to one embodiment, the at least one primary light emitted by the light source 5 has a wavelength in the range from 200nm to 5 microns, from 200nm to 800 nm, from 400 nm to 470 nm, from 400 nm to 500 nm, from 400 nm to 600 nm, from 400 nm to 700 nm, from 400 nm to 800 nm, from 800 nm to 1200 nm, from 1200 nm to 1500 nm, from 1500 nm to 1800 nm, from 1800 nm to 2200 nm, from 2200 nm to 2500 nm or from 2500 nm to 50 microns.

According to one embodiment, the light source 5 comprises at least one Light Emitting Diode (LED).

According to one embodiment, the light source 5 is a Light Emitting Diode (LED), an LED chip or an LED package comprising at least one LED chip.

According to one embodiment, the light source 5 comprises an array of light source pixels or an array of light source sub-pixels.

According to one embodiment, each light source pixel comprises at least one light source, which may comprise a luminescent material 7, and has an emission wavelength in the range from 200 nm to 5 microns, from 200 nm to 800 nm, from 400 nm to 470 nm, from 400 nm to 500 nm, from 400 nm to 600 nm, from 400 nm to 700nm, from 400 nm to 800 nm, from 800 nm to 1200 nm, from 1200 nm to 1500 nm, from 1500 nm to 1800 nm, from 1800 nm to 2200 nm, from 2200 nm to 2500 nm or from 2500 nm to 50 microns.

According to one embodiment, the light source pixel pitch is at least 1 micron, 2 microns, 3 microns, 4 microns, 5 microns, 6 microns, 7 microns, 8 microns, 9 microns, 10 microns, 11 microns, 12 microns, 13 microns, 14 microns, 15 microns, 16 microns, 17 microns, 18 microns, 19 microns, 20 microns, 21 microns, 22 microns, 23 microns, 24 microns, 25 microns, 26 microns, 27 microns, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76 microns 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1 mm, 1.1 mm, 1.2, 1.3 mm, 1.4 mm, 1.5 mm, 1.6 mm, 1.7 mm, 1.8 mm, 1.9 mm, 2mm, 2.1 mm, 2.2 mm, 2.3 mm, 2.4 mm, 2.5 mm, 2.6 mm, 2.7 mm, 2.8 mm, 2.9 mm, 3mm, 3.1 mm, 3.2 mm, 3.3 mm, 3.4 mm, 3.5 mm, 3.6 mm, 3.7 mm, 3.8 mm, 3.9 mm, 4mm, 4.1 mm, 4.2 mm, 4.3 mm, 4.4 mm, 4.5 mm, 4.6 mm, 4.7 mm, 4.8 mm 4.9 mm, 5mm, 5.1 mm, 5.2 mm, 5.3 mm, 5.4 mm, 5.5 mm, 5.6 mm, 5.7 mm, 5.8 mm, 5.9 mm, 6mm, 6.1 mm, 6.2 mm, 6.3 mm, 6.4 mm, 6.5 mm, 6.6 mm, 6.7 mm, 6.8 mm, 6.9 mm, 7 mm, 7.1 mm, 7.2 mm, 7.3 mm, 7.4 mm, 7.5 mm, 7.6 mm, 7.7 mm, 7.8 mm, 7.9 mm, 8mm 8.1 mm, 8.2 mm, 8.3 mm, 8.4 mm, 8.5 mm, 8.6 mm, 8.7 mm, 8.8 mm, 8.9 mm, 9 mm, 9.1 mm, 9.2 mm, 9.3 mm, 9.4 mm, 9.5 mm, 9.6 mm, 9.7 mm, 9.8 mm, 9.9 mm, 1cm, 1.1 cm, 1.2 cm, 1.3 cm, 1.4 cm, 1.5 cm, 1.6 cm, 1.7 cm, 1.8 cm, 1.9 cm, 2cm, 2.1 cm, 2.2 cm 2.3 cm, 2.4 cm, 2.5 cm, 2.6 cm, 2.7 cm, 2.8 cm, 2.9 cm, 3 cm, 3.1 cm, 3.2 cm, 3.3 cm, 3.4 cm, 3.5 cm, 3.6 cm, 3.7 cm, 3.8 cm, 3.9 cm, 4 cm, 4.1 cm, 4.2 cm, 4.3 cm, 4.4 cm, 4.5 cm, 4.6 cm, 4.7 cm, 4.8 cm, 4.9 cm, 5cm, 5.1 cm, 5.2 cm, 5.3 cm, 5.4 cm, 5.5 cm, 5.6 cm, 5.7 cm, 5.8 cm, 5.9 cm, 6 cm, 6.1 cm, 6.2 cm, 6.3 cm, 6.4 cm, 6.5 cm, 6.6 cm, 6.7 cm, 6.8 cm, 6.9 cm, 7 cm, 7.1 cm, 7.2 cm, 7.3 cm, 7.4 cm, 7.5 cm, 7.6 cm, 7.7 cm, 7.8 cm, 7.9 cm, 8 cm, 8.1 cm, 8.2 cm, 8.3 cm, 8.4 cm, 8.5 cm, 8.6 cm, 8.7 cm, 8.8 cm, 8.9 cm, 9 cm, 9.1 cm, 9.2 cm, 9.3 cm, 9.4 cm, 9.5 cm, 9.6 cm, 9.7 cm, 9.8 cm, 9.9 cm or 10 cm.

According to one embodiment, the light source has a pixel size of at least 1 micron, 2 microns, 3 microns, 4 microns, 5 microns, 6 microns, 7 microns, 8 microns, 9 microns, 10 microns, 11 microns, 12 microns, 13 microns, 14 microns, 15 microns, 16 microns, 17 microns, 18 microns, 19 microns, 20 microns, 21 microns, 22 microns, 23 microns, 24 microns, 25 microns, 26 microns, 27 microns, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76 microns 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1 mm, 1.1 mm, 1.2, 1.3 mm, 1.4 mm, 1.5 mm, 1.6 mm, 1.7 mm, 1.8 mm, 1.9 mm, 2mm, 2.1 mm, 2.2 mm, 2.3 mm, 2.4 mm, 2.5 mm, 2.6 mm, 2.7 mm, 2.8 mm, 2.9 mm, 3mm, 3.1 mm, 3.2 mm, 3.3 mm, 3.4 mm, 3.5 mm, 3.6 mm, 3.7 mm, 3.8 mm, 3.9 mm, 4mm, 4.1 mm, 4.2 mm, 4.3 mm, 4.4 mm, 4.5 mm, 4.6 mm, 4.7 mm, 4.8 mm 4.9 mm, 5mm, 5.1 mm, 5.2 mm, 5.3 mm, 5.4 mm, 5.5 mm, 5.6 mm, 5.7 mm, 5.8 mm, 5.9 mm, 6mm, 6.1 mm, 6.2 mm, 6.3 mm, 6.4 mm, 6.5 mm, 6.6 mm, 6.7 mm, 6.8 mm, 6.9 mm, 7 mm, 7.1 mm, 7.2 mm, 7.3 mm, 7.4 mm, 7.5 mm, 7.6 mm, 7.7 mm, 7.8 mm, 7.9 mm, 8mm 8.1 mm, 8.2 mm, 8.3 mm, 8.4 mm, 8.5 mm, 8.6 mm, 8.7 mm, 8.8 mm, 8.9 mm, 9 mm, 9.1 mm, 9.2 mm, 9.3 mm, 9.4 mm, 9.5 mm, 9.6 mm, 9.7 mm, 9.8 mm, 9.9 mm, 1cm, 1.1 cm, 1.2 cm, 1.3 cm, 1.4 cm, 1.5 cm, 1.6 cm, 1.7 cm, 1.8 cm, 1.9 cm, 2cm, 2.1 cm, 2.2 cm 2.3 cm, 2.4 cm, 2.5 cm, 2.6 cm, 2.7 cm, 2.8 cm, 2.9 cm, 3 cm, 3.1 cm, 3.2 cm, 3.3 cm, 3.4 cm, 3.5 cm, 3.6 cm, 3.7 cm, 3.8 cm, 3.9 cm, 4 cm, 4.1 cm, 4.2 cm, 4.3 cm, 4.4 cm, 4.5 cm, 4.6 cm, 4.7 cm, 4.8 cm, 4.9 cm, 5cm, 5.1 cm, 5.2 cm, 5.3 cm, 5.4 cm, 5.5 cm, 5.6 cm, 5.7 cm, 5.8 cm, 5.9 cm, 6 cm, 6.1 cm, 6.2 cm, 6.3 cm, 6.4 cm, 6.5 cm, 6.6 cm, 6.7 cm, 6.8 cm, 6.9 cm, 7 cm, 7.1 cm, 7.2 cm, 7.3 cm, 7.4 cm, 7.5 cm, 7.6 cm, 7.7 cm, 7.8 cm, 7.9 cm, 8 cm, 8.1 cm, 8.2 cm, 8.3 cm, 8.4 cm, 8.5 cm, 8.6 cm, 8.7 cm, 8.8 cm, 8.9 cm, 9 cm, 9.1 cm, 9.2 cm, 9.3 cm, 9.4 cm, 9.5 cm, 9.6 cm, 9.7 cm, 9.8 cm, 9.9 cm or 10 cm.

According to one embodiment, the light source 5 may further comprise an inorganic phosphor.

According to one embodiment, the light source 5 comprises at least one LED and a luminescent inorganic phosphor, which is well known to a person skilled in the art. Thus, the light source 5 is capable of emitting a combination of light having different wavelengths, i.e. a polychromatic light as primary light.

LEDs as used herein include LEDs, LED chips, and micro LEDs.

According to one embodiment, the primary light is blue light and has an emission wavelength in the range of 400 nm to 470 nm, preferably about 450 nm.

According to one embodiment, the primary light is UV light and has an emission wavelength in the range of 200 nm to 400 nm, preferably about 390 nm.

According to one embodiment, the light source 5 is blue light having a wavelength ranging from 400 nm to 470 nm, such as a gallium nitride based diode LED.

According to one embodiment, the light source 5 is a blue LED with a wavelength ranging from 400 nm to 470 nm. According to one embodiment, the light source 5 has an emission peak at about 405 nanometers. According to one embodiment, the light source 5 has an emission peak at about 447 nanometers. According to one embodiment, the light source 5 has an emission peak at about 455 nanometers.

According to one embodiment, the light source 5 is a UV light LED with a wavelength ranging from 200nm to 400 nm. According to one embodiment, the light source 5 has an emission peak at about 253 nanometers. According to one embodiment, the light source 5 has an emission peak at about 365 nm. According to one embodiment, the light source 5 has an emission peak at about 395 nm.

According to one embodiment, the light source 5 is a green LED with a wavelength ranging from 500 nm to 560 nm. According to one embodiment, the light source 5 has an emission peak at about 515 nanometers. According to one embodiment, the light source 5 has an emission peak at about 525 nanometers. According to one embodiment, the light source 5 has an emission peak at about 540 nanometers.

According to one embodiment, the light source 5 is a red LED with a wavelength ranging from 750 nm to 850 nm. According to one embodiment, the light source 5 has an emission peak at about 755 nanometers. According to one embodiment, the light source 5 has an emission peak at about 800 nanometers. According to one embodiment, the light source 5 has an emission peak at about 850 nanometers.

According to one embodiment, the luminous flux or average peak pulse power of the light source 5 is between 1nW.cm ^-2 and 100kW.cm ^-2, more preferably between 10mW.cm ^-2 and 100W.cm ^-2, and even more preferably between 10mW.cm ^-2 and 30W.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the luminous flux or average peak luminous flux power of the light source 5 is at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the incident light exciting the luminescent material 7 has a luminous flux of at least 1nW.cm^-2、50nW.cm^-2、100nW.cm^-2、200nW.cm^-2、300nW.cm^-2、400nW.cm^-2、500nW.cm^-2、600nW.cm^-2、700nW.cm^-2、800nW.cm^-2、900nW.cm^-2、1μW.cm^-2、10μW.cm^-2、100μW.cm^-2、500μW.cm^-2、1mW.cm^-2、50mW.cm^-2、100mW.cm^-2、500mW.cm^-2、1W.cm^-2、5W.cm^-2、10W.cm^-2、20W.cm^-2、30W.cm^-2、40W.cm^-2、50W.cm^-2、60W.cm^-2、70W.cm^-2、80W.cm^-2、90W.cm^-2、100W.cm^-2、110W.cm^-2、120W.cm^-2、130W.cm^-2、140W.cm^-2、150W.cm^-2、160W.cm^-2、170W.cm^-2、180W.cm^-2、190W.cm^-2、200W.cm^-2、300W.cm^-2、400W.cm^-2、500W.cm^-2、600W.cm^-2、700W.cm^-2、800W.cm^-2、900W.cm^-2、1kW.cm^-2、50kW.cm^-2、 or 100kw.cm ^-2.

According to one embodiment, the light source 5 is GaN、GaSb、GaAs、GaAsP、GaP、InP、SiGe、InGaN、GaAlN、GaAlPN、AlN、AlGaAs、AlGaP、AlGaInP、AlGaN、AlGaInN、ZnSe、Si、SiC、 diamond, boron nitride diode.

According to one embodiment, the LEDs may be located on one surface of a printed circuit board. The reflector may be disposed on one surface of the printed circuit board, and the LEDs may be located on the reflector. The reflector reflects light that fails to emit towards the luminescent material 7, causing it to be reflected back towards the luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the reflector directs wasted light from the light source 5 back to the luminescent material 7. Wasted light refers to light that is emitted from the light source 5 but is not directed to the luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the at least one light color conversion layer 4 is an array of light color conversion layers 4.

According to one embodiment, the at least one light color conversion layer 4 is a superposition of light color conversion layers 4.

According to one embodiment, the light guide may distribute primary light towards the at least one light color conversion layer 4.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 comprised in the composite particles 1 are excited by said at least one primary light provided by the light source 5, thereby emitting secondary light having a different wavelength with respect to said primary light. For example, the nanoparticles 3 are excited by the blue primary light or UV primary light provided by the at least one light source 5 so as to emit blue, green or red secondary light.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of pixels.

According to one embodiment, the pixels in the array of pixels comprised in the light color conversion layer 4 are separated by a pixel pitch D.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of pixels, each pixel comprising at least one luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of pixels, and each pixel comprises an array of luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the pixel pitch D is as described above.

According to one embodiment, the pixel size is as described above.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 includes a pixel array, and each pixel includes at least one sub-pixel.

According to one embodiment, the at least one sub-pixel comprises at least one luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the at least one sub-pixel is devoid of luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of pixels, wherein at least one sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 having a luminescence peak ranging from 400nm to 470 nm, preferably at about 450 nm; at least one subpixel comprises a luminescent material 7 having a luminescent peak ranging from 500 nm to 560 nm, preferably at about 540 nm; at least one subpixel comprises a luminescent material 7 having a luminescent peak ranging from 750 nm to 850 nm, preferably at about 750 nm. In this embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 may be excited by primary light having an emission peak at 390 nm.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of pixels, wherein at least one sub-pixel comprises a luminescent material 7 having a luminescence peak ranging from 400 nm to 470 nm, preferably at about 450 nm; at least one subpixel comprises a luminescent material 7 having a luminescent peak ranging from 500 nm to 560 nm, preferably at about 540 nm; at least one subpixel comprises a luminescent material 7 having a luminescent peak ranging from 750 nm to 850 nm, preferably at about 750 nm. In this embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 may be excited by primary light having an emission peak at 390 nm and/or at 450 nm.

According to one embodiment, the sub-pixel pitch d is as described above.

According to one embodiment, the sub-pixel size is as described above.

According to one embodiment, the conversion layer 4 does not comprise pixels.

According to one embodiment, the conversion layer 4 does not comprise sub-pixels.

According to one embodiment, the pixels function to emit a single color light or a plurality of colors of light generated. For example, a pixel may emit a mixture of blue, green, and/or red light.

According to one embodiment, the sub-pixel functions to emit a single color light or a plurality of colors of light generated. For example, the sub-pixels may emit blue, green, and/or red light.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of pixels, each pixel comprising 3 sub-pixels. The 3 sub-pixels are: i) A subpixel without luminescent material 7, and both the red subpixel and the green subpixel comprise at least one luminescent material 7, and the excitation light source emits blue light; or ii) a blue subpixel, a red subpixel, and a green subpixel, each comprising at least one luminescent material, and an excitation light source emitting UV light.

According to one embodiment, the display device 8 comprises at least one light-transmitting filter layer. In this embodiment, the filter layer is a globally transparent filter layer, a locally transparent filter layer, or a mixture thereof. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for the described light-transmitting filter layer preventing particles of the invention comprised in the display device from being excited by ambient light. The locally transparent filter layer shields only certain parts of the optical spectrum. The combination of a globally transparent filter layer with a locally cut filter that only shields a specific portion of the spectrum eliminates (or significantly reduces) the excitation of particles of the present invention by ambient light.

According to one embodiment, the light-transmitting filter layer is a resin that can filter blue light.

According to one embodiment, the light-transmitting filter layer comprises at least one organic material, such as at least one organic polymer as described herein, preferably the light-transmitting filter layer functions to filter blue light.

According to an embodiment, the display device 8 may further comprise at least one polarizer 10 or polarizing filter to avoid unwanted light from passing from the light guide to the luminescent material 7 by repeatedly reflecting or blocking any unpolarized light, thus improving the efficiency.

In an embodiment, the display device 8 may further comprise at least one layer of liquid crystal material 9 capable of controlling the passage and intensity of light from the light source 5 to the luminescent material 7.

In an embodiment, the display device 8 may further comprise an active matrix 12 and a layer of liquid crystal material 9 to control the illumination of each luminescent material 7. According to the embodiment, the display device 8 further comprises a polarizer 10, which is located between the light color conversion layer 4 and the light source 5.

According to one embodiment shown in fig. 8, the display device 8 comprises a light color conversion layer 4, the light color conversion layer 4 comprising an array of pixels, wherein each pixel comprises at least one sub-pixel, wherein each sub-pixel comprises at least one luminescent material 7 or is free of luminescent material. The display device 8 comprises a light source 5, the light source 5 being configured to excite the luminescent material 7 comprised in the light color conversion layer 4. When the primary light excites the at least one luminescent material 7, the sub-pixels emit at least one secondary light. When the sub-pixels are free of luminescent material 7 and are illuminated by the primary light, the primary light is transmitted through the sub-pixels without emitting secondary light. The display device 8 further comprises an active matrix 12 and a layer of liquid crystal material 9 to control the illumination of the or each luminescent material 7. According to the embodiment, the display device 8 further comprises at least one polarizer 10, which is located between the light color conversion layer 4 and the light source 5.

In a fourth aspect, the invention relates to a display device 8 comprising an array of light sources 5 and at least one light color conversion layer 4 according to the invention. The light source 5 is configured to provide excitation light to at least one luminescent material 7.

In one embodiment, each light source of the array of light sources is a light source 5 as described above.

According to one embodiment, the light source 5 comprises an array of light source pixels or an array of light source sub-pixels.

According to one embodiment, the array of individual light sources 5 forms an array of light source pixels or an array of light source sub-pixels.

According to one embodiment, the light source pixels and the light source sub-pixels are as described above.

According to one embodiment, the light sources 5 may be turned on simultaneously.

According to one embodiment, the light sources 5 may be turned on independently of each other.

According to one embodiment, the intensities of all light sources 5 may be controlled in common.

According to one embodiment, the intensities of the light sources 5 may be controlled independently of each other.

In one embodiment, the array of light sources 5 is an array of LEDs.

According to one embodiment, the array of light sources 5 is an LED array or a micro LED array comprising GaN diodes, gaSb diodes, gaAs diodes, gaAsP diodes, gaP diodes, inP diodes, siGe diodes, inGaN diodes, gaAlN diodes, gaAlPN diodes, alN diodes, alGaAs diodes, alGaP diodes, alGaInP diodes, alGaN diodes, alGaInN diodes, znSe diodes, si diodes, siC diodes, diamond diodes, boron nitride diodes, organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED), quantum dot diodes (QLED), or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of pixels.

According to one embodiment, the pixels are as described above.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of pixels, and each pixel comprises at least one sub-pixel.

According to one embodiment, at least one sub-pixel is as described above.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 does not comprise pixels.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 does not comprise sub-pixels.

In an embodiment, each light source 5 of the array of light sources 5 is configured to illuminate and/or excite at least one luminescent material 7 comprised in the at least one light color conversion layer 4.

In an embodiment, each light source 5 of the array of light sources 5 is configured to illuminate and/or excite only a single luminescent material 7 comprised in the at least one light color conversion layer 4.

In one embodiment, each light source 5 of the array of light sources 5 is configured to illuminate and/or excite at least one pixel of the array of pixels.

In one embodiment, each light source 5 of the array of light sources 5 is configured to illuminate and/or excite only a single pixel in the array of pixels. In this embodiment, each light source 5 of the array of light sources 5 is associated with only one pixel of the array of pixels.

In one embodiment, each pixel of the array of pixels is configured to be illuminated and/or excited by only one light source 5 of the array of light sources 5. In this embodiment, each pixel is associated with only one light source 5 of the array of light sources 5.

The light sources 5 of the array of light sources 5 are configured to illuminate and/or excite only one pixel of the array of pixels. In this embodiment, each light source 5 of the array of light sources 5 is associated with only one pixel of the array of pixels.

In one embodiment, each light source 5 of the array of light sources 5 is configured to illuminate and/or excite at least one sub-pixel.

In one embodiment, each light source 5 of the array of light sources 5 is configured to illuminate and/or excite only one sub-pixel. In this embodiment, each light source 5 of the array of light sources 5 is associated with a sub-pixel of the array of pixels.

In one embodiment, each sub-pixel is configured to be illuminated and/or excited by only one light source 5 of the array of light sources 5. In this embodiment, each sub-pixel is associated with only one light source 5 of the array of light sources 5.

According to one embodiment, the pixels are configured to emit resulting monochromatic or polychromatic light. For example, a pixel may emit a mixture of blue, green, and/or red light.

According to one embodiment, the sub-pixels are configured to emit resulting monochromatic or polychromatic light. For example, the sub-pixels may emit blue, green and/or red light.

In one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of pixels, each pixel comprising 3 sub-pixels. The three sub-pixels may be: i) When the laser source emits blue light, one sub-pixel does not contain the luminescent material 7, whereas the red sub-pixel and the green sub-pixel each comprise at least one luminescent material 7; and ii) when the laser source emits UV light, the blue sub-pixel, the red sub-pixel and the green sub-pixel each comprise at least one luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the active matrix 12 is an active TFT (thin film transistor) matrix or a CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) matrix. Active TFT matrices and CMOS matrices are well known to those skilled in the art.

Fig. 11 shows a display device 8 using such a conversion layer 4. The display device 8 comprises a base substrate 14, a glass substrate 6, a light color conversion layer 4 comprising an array of pixels, each pixel comprising at least one sub-pixel. Wherein each sub-pixel comprises at least one luminescent material 7 or is free of luminescent material. The display device 8 comprises an array of light sources 5, wherein each light source 5 is associated with each sub-pixel in pairs and is configured to illuminate and/or excite said one sub-pixel when the light source is turned on. When primary light from the associated light source 5 irradiates and/or excites at least one luminescent material 7 comprised in the sub-pixel, at least one secondary light is emitted through the sub-pixel. When the sub-pixels are free of luminescent material 7 and are illuminated by the primary light from the associated light source 5, the primary light is transmitted through the sub-pixels without emitting secondary light. In this embodiment, the display device 8 comprises an active matrix 12 (preferably an active TFT matrix 12) to activate each light source sub-pixel. Each subpixel of the active matrix 12 includes at least one transistor and at least one capacitor.

In a fifth aspect, the invention relates to a display device 8 comprising at least one laser source 121 and at least one light color conversion layer 4 according to the invention comprising an array of luminescent materials 7, wherein the at least one laser source 121 is configured to provide excitation light for the at least one luminescent material 7, thereby allowing the luminescent material 7 to emit at least one secondary light.

According to one embodiment, the at least one Laser source 121 is a Laser diode (Laser diode) or other type of Laser device (LASER DEVICE) well known to the skilled person.

In one embodiment, at least one laser source 121 is a blue laser source having a wavelength in the range of 400nm to 470 nm. In one embodiment, the laser source 121 has an emission peak at about 405 nm. In one embodiment, the laser source 121 has an emission peak at about 447 nm. In one embodiment, the laser source 121 has an emission peak at about 455 nm.

In one embodiment, at least one laser source 121 is a UV laser source having a wavelength in the range of 200nm to 400 nm. In one embodiment, the laser source 121 has an emission peak at about 253 nm. In one embodiment, the laser source 121 has an emission peak at about 365 nm. In one embodiment, the laser source 121 has an emission peak at about 395 nm.

In one embodiment, at least one of the laser sources 121 is a green laser source having a wavelength in the range of 500nm to 560nm. In one embodiment, the laser source 121 has an emission peak at about 515 nm. In one embodiment, the laser source 121 has an emission peak at about 525 nm. In one embodiment, the laser source 121 has an emission peak at about 540 nm.

In one embodiment, at least one laser source 121 is a red laser source having a wavelength in the range of 600 to 850 nm. In one embodiment, the laser source 121 has an emission peak at about 620 nm. In one embodiment, the laser source 121 has an emission peak at about 800 nm. In one embodiment, the laser source 121 has an emission peak at about 850 nm.

According to one embodiment, the intensity of the primary light that excites the light-color converting layer 4 may be controlled by the intensity of at least one laser source 121, or by a color filter, which may be located between the laser source and the directing optical system 122, or between the directing optical system 122 and the light-color converting layer 4, or outside the light-color converting layer 4.

According to one embodiment, the intensity of the primary light that excites the light-color converting layer 4 may be controlled by the intensity of the at least one laser source 121, by the pulsing frequency of the at least one laser source 121 or by the presence of at least one optical attenuator.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of pixels.

According to one embodiment, the pixels are as described above.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of pixels, and each pixel comprises at least one sub-pixel.

According to one embodiment, the sub-pixels are as described above.

According to one embodiment, the conversion layer 4 does not comprise pixels.

According to one embodiment, the conversion layer 4 does not comprise sub-pixels.

According to one embodiment shown in fig. 12, the display device 8 comprises a light color conversion layer 4, the light color conversion layer 4 comprising an array of pixels, wherein each pixel comprises at least one sub-pixel, wherein each sub-pixel comprises at least one luminescent material 7. Or no luminescent material. The display device 8 further comprises a glass substrate 6. The display device 8 further includes a laser light source 121, and the laser light source 121 generates laser light as primary light, which is emitted toward a pointing optical system 122. The system 122 redirects the laser light in a direction towards a pixel or sub-pixel. The directing optical system 122 is configured to allow primary light to be directed or scanned toward a pixel or sub-pixel and provide illumination and/or excitation for the pixel or sub-pixel. When the primary light irradiates and/or excites at least one luminescent material 7 comprised in said sub-pixel, at least one secondary light is emitted through the sub-pixel. When the sub-pixels are free of luminescent material 7 and are illuminated by the primary light, the primary light is transmitted through the sub-pixels without emitting secondary light. A possible laser path 123 is shown in fig. 12.

According to one embodiment, the directing optical system 122 is configured to allow the primary light to be directed or scanned onto the device: all pixels or sub-pixels, or selected pixels or sub-pixels, or none. When the generated light is projected onto the screen, different images may be generated. In this embodiment, some pixels or sub-pixels may be illuminated and some pixels or sub-pixels may not be illuminated, thereby creating and displaying an image.

According to one embodiment, the primary light scans the pixels or sub-pixels with a sufficiently fast speed that when the obtained light is projected onto a screen, a picture visible to the human eye can be produced.

According to one embodiment, the resulting light projected onto the screen may form at least one image and/or a series of images and/or video on the screen.

According to one embodiment, when the selection of pixels or sub-pixels of the primary light guide or scan is changed fast enough to produce a series of images and the resulting light is projected onto a screen, these images appear to the human eye as dynamic video. Typically, the frequency of change of the selection of pixels or sub-pixels of the primary light guide or scan is at least 24Hz times the number of pixels or sub-pixels.

The invention also relates to a display device 8, as shown in fig. 13, comprising at least one light-color conversion layer 4, which light-color conversion layer 4 is deposited on a solid support 124 to produce an image by reflection or back-scattering when excited by a laser source 121.

In an embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 and/or the luminescent material 7 is deposited on the solid support by drop casting, spin coating, dip coating, ink jet printing, photolithography, spray coating, electroplating or any other means known to a person skilled in the art.

In an embodiment, the display device 8 further comprises at least one laser source 121 as described above.

In one embodiment, at least one laser source 121 is a blue laser source or a UV laser source as described above.

In an embodiment, the at least one laser source 121 is configured to illuminate and/or excite the luminescent material 7 to allow said luminescent material 7 to emit at least one secondary light.

In one embodiment, solid support 124 comprises at least one void region or at least one optically transparent region, at least one region comprising at least one luminescent material 7 configured to emit secondary red light, and at least one comprising at least one luminescent region. One light color conversion layer 4 is configured to emit secondary green light.

In one embodiment, the laser source 121 emits primary blue light and the solid support 124 comprises at least one region free of luminescent material, at least one region comprising at least one luminescent material 7 configured to emit secondary red light, and at least one region comprising at least one luminescent material 7 configured to emit secondary green light.

In one embodiment, the laser source 121 emits primary UV light and the solid support 124 comprises at least one region comprising at least one luminescent material 7 configured to emit secondary blue light, at least one region comprising at least one luminescent material 7 configured to emit second secondary green light, and at least one region comprising at least one luminescent material 7 configured to emit secondary red light.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of pixels.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of pixels, and each pixel comprises at least one luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of pixels, and each pixel comprises an array of luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the pixel pitch D is as described above.

According to one embodiment, the pixel size is as described above.

According to one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of pixels, and each pixel comprises at least one sub-pixel.

According to one embodiment, at least one subpixel comprises at least one luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, at least one sub-pixel is free of luminescent material 7.

According to one embodiment, the sub-pixel pitch d is as described above.

According to one embodiment, the subpixel size is as described above.

According to one embodiment, the pixels are configured to emit resulting monochromatic or polychromatic light. For example, a pixel may emit a mixture of blue, green and red light.

According to one embodiment, the sub-pixels are configured to emit resulting monochromatic or polychromatic light. For example, the sub-pixel may emit blue, green or red light.

In one embodiment, the light color conversion layer 4 comprises an array of pixels, each pixel comprising 3 sub-pixels. The three sub-pixels are: i) When the laser source emits blue light, one sub-pixel does not contain the luminescent material 7, whereas the red sub-pixel and the green sub-pixel each comprise at least one luminescent material 7; and ii) when the laser source emits UV light, each of the blue, red and green sub-pixels comprises at least one luminescent material.

According to one embodiment, the conversion layer 4 does not comprise pixels.

According to one embodiment, the conversion layer 4 does not comprise sub-pixels.

According to one embodiment, the display device 8 further comprises a pointing optical system 122 as described above.

In one embodiment, as described above, light from at least one laser source 121 is directed to the optical system 122.

In an embodiment, the display device 8 further comprises a reflective screen.

In one embodiment, the display device 8 further comprises an optically transparent screen.

In one embodiment, the solid support 124 is a reflective solid support. The preferred solid support 124 is a reflective screen.

In one embodiment, solid support 124 is an optically transparent material.

In one embodiment, solid support 124 comprises a material configured to reflect light emitted from laser source 121 and/or light emitted from light color conversion layer 4 and/or luminescent material 7. In this embodiment, the resulting light is partially or totally reflected by the material.

In one embodiment, solid support 124 comprises a material configured to back scatter light emitted from laser source 121 and/or light emitted from light color conversion layer 4 and/or luminescent material 7. The generated light may be transmitted and a portion of the generated light is reflected, scattered or backscattered by the material. Preferably, the amount of transmitted light is less than the amount of reflected, scattered or backscattered light.

In one embodiment, examples of materials configured to back scatter light include, but are not limited to ：Al₂O₃、SiO₂、MgO、ZnO、ZrO₂、IrO₂、SnO₂、TiO₂、BaO、BaSO₄、BeO、CaO、CeO₂、CuO、Cu₂O、DyO₃、Fe₂O₃、Fe₃O₄、GeO₂、HfO₂、Lu₂O₃、Nb₂O₅、Sc₂O₃、TaO₅、TeO₂、Y₂O₃ nanoparticles or mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment, at least one laser source 121 is configured to scan the color conversion layer 4 and/or the solid support 124 while selecting the sub-pixels to be illuminated and/or excited, thereby producing an image.

Thus, in one embodiment, as shown by a-B in fig. 13, the display device 8 comprises a light color conversion layer 4, which light color conversion layer 4 is deposited on a solid support 124 and comprises an array of pixels, wherein each pixel comprises at least one sub-pixel, wherein each sub-pixel comprises at least one luminescent material 7 or is free of luminescent material. The display device 8 further comprises a laser source 121, which laser source 121 is configured to allow primary light to be directed or scanned towards a pixel or sub-pixel and to provide illumination and/or excitation for said pixel or sub-pixel. When the primary light irradiates and/or excites at least one luminescent material 7 comprised in said sub-pixel, at least one secondary light is emitted through the sub-pixel. When the sub-pixels are free of luminescent material 7 and are illuminated by the primary light, the primary light is transmitted through the sub-pixels without emitting secondary light. The generated light is reflected or backscattered by the solid support 124 and may be either independent or projected onto a screen to produce an image that is clearly visible to the human eye. Possible laser paths 232 and 234 are shown in a-B in fig. 13.

According to one embodiment, the resulting light projected onto the screen may form at least one image, or a series of images or videos, on the screen.

According to one embodiment, when the selection of pixels or sub-pixels of the primary light guide or scan is changed fast enough to produce a series of images and the resulting light is projected onto a screen, these images appear to the human eye as dynamic video. Typically, the frequency of change of the selection of pixels or sub-pixels of the primary light guide or scan is at least 24Hz times the number of pixels or sub-pixels.

According to one embodiment, each display device described in the present specification may further include an optical enhancement film 13 as shown in fig. 9, added over the luminescent material 7; and/or a glass substrate 6 (as shown in fig. 10) on top of or below the at least one light color conversion layer 4 to protect the luminescent material 7; and/or include a screen positioned so that the image produced by the device is clearly visible to the average human eye.

In one embodiment, the optical enhancement film 13 is a reflector, a scattering component, a light guide, a polarizer, or a color filter.

In one embodiment, the color filter is a color filter well known to the skilled artisan.

In one embodiment, the color filter comprises at least one light color conversion layer 4 of the present invention.

While various embodiments have been described and illustrated, the detailed description is not to be construed as limiting. Various modifications to the embodiments may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the claims and the true spirit thereof.

Drawings

Fig. 1 shows a composite particle comprising a plurality of nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material.

A in fig. 2 shows a composite particle comprising a plurality of spherical nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material.

B in fig. 2 shows one composite particle comprising a plurality of 2D nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material.

Fig. 3 shows a composite particle comprising a plurality of spherical nanoparticles and a plurality of 2D nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material.

Fig. 4 shows a composite particle comprising: a core comprising a plurality of 2D nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material; and a shell comprising a plurality of spherical nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material.

Fig. 5 shows different types of nanoparticles 3.

A in fig. 5 shows the core nanoparticle 33 without a shell.

B in fig. 5 shows a core 33/shell 34 nanoparticle 3 with one shell 34.

C in fig. 5 shows the nanoparticle 3 of the core 33/shell (34, 35) and two different shells (34, 35).

D in fig. 5 shows the nanoparticle 3 of the core 33/shell (34, 35, 36) and two different shells (34, 35) and is covered by an oxide insulator shell 36.

E in fig. 5 shows core 33/corona 37 nanoparticle 32.

F in fig. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of a core 33/shell 34 nanoparticle 32 having one shell 34.

G in fig. 5 shows that the nanoparticle 32 of core cross-section 33/shell (34, 35) has two different shells (34, 35).

H in fig. 5 shows that the nanoparticle 32 of the core in cross-section 33/shell (34, 35, 36) has two distinct shells (34, 35) and is surrounded by an oxide insulator shell 36.

Fig. 6 shows a luminescent material 7.

A in fig. 6 shows a luminescent material 7 comprising a surrounding medium 71 and at least one inventive composite particle 1, wherein said composite particle 1 comprises a plurality of 2D nanoparticles 32 encapsulated in an inorganic material 2.

B in fig. 6 shows that the luminescent material 7 comprises a surrounding medium 71; at least one composite particle 1 of the present invention comprising a plurality of 2D nanoparticles 32 encapsulated in an inorganic material 2; a plurality of particles comprising an inorganic material 21; and a plurality of 2D nanoparticles 32.

A in fig. 7 shows a light color conversion layer described in the present invention.

B in fig. 7 shows a light color conversion layer described in the present invention.

C in fig. 7 shows a luminescent material comprising at least two surrounding media.

D in fig. 7 shows a luminescent material comprising at least two surrounding media.

E in fig. 7 shows a light color conversion layer comprising three sub-pixels, of which a first sub-pixel emits green secondary light (G), a second sub-pixel emits red secondary light (R), and a third sub-pixel is free of luminescent material 7 or inorganic phosphor.

Fig. 8 shows a structure of a display device according to the invention comprising an active matrix for controlling the intensity of light passing through a liquid crystal layer before said light excites a light color converting layer comprising an array of luminescent materials.

Fig. 9 shows a structure of a display device according to the invention comprising an optical enhancement film over a light color conversion layer.

Fig. 10 shows a structure of a display device according to the present invention, which includes a glass substrate.

Fig. 11 shows a display device comprising separate light sources for exciting each luminescent material in an array of luminescent materials.

Fig. 12 shows a display device comprising at least one laser source and an array of luminescent material.

A in fig. 13 and B in fig. 13 show a display device comprising at least one light color conversion layer deposited on a solid support.

A in fig. 14 and B in fig. 14 show a light color conversion layer comprising an array of luminescent materials surrounded by a surrounding medium.

Fig. 15 is a TEM image showing nanoparticles (dark contrast) uniformly dispersed in an inorganic material (bright contrast).

A in fig. 15 is a TEM image showing CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets (dark contrast) uniformly dispersed in SiO ₂ (bright contrast—sio ₂).

B in fig. 15 is a TEM image showing CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets (dark contrast) uniformly dispersed in SiO ₂ (bright contrast—sio ₂).

C in fig. 15 is a TEM image showing CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets (dark contrast) uniformly dispersed in Al ₂O₃ (bright contrast— Al ₂O₃).

Fig. 16 shows the N ₂ adsorption-desorption curve of the composite particle 1.

A in fig. 16 shows the N ₂ adsorption-desorption curve of composite particles 1CdSe/cdzns@sio ₂ prepared from an alkaline aqueous solution and an acidic solution.

B in fig. 16 shows N ₂ adsorption-desorption curves of composite particles 1CdSe/cdzns@al ₂O₃ obtained by heating the droplets at 150 ℃,300 ℃ and 550 ℃.

Detailed Description

Example 1: preparation of inorganic nanoparticles

Nanoparticles used in the examples herein were prepared according to methods in the art (Lhuillier E.et al.,Acc.Chem.Res.,2015,48(1),pp 22-30;Pedetti S.et al.,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2014,136(46),pp 16430-16438;Ithurria S.et al.,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2008,130,16504-16505;Nasilowski M.et al.,Chem.Rev.2016,116,10934-10982).

The nanoparticles used in the examples herein are selected from ：CdSe/CdZnS、CdSe、CdS、CdTe、CdSe/CdS、CdSe/ZnS、CdSe/CdZnS、CdS/ZnS、CdS/CdZnS、CdTe/ZnS、CdTe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS、CdSeS/CdZnS、CuInS₂/ZnS、CuInSe₂/ZnS、InP/CdS、InP/ZnS、InZnP/ZnS、InP/ZnSeS、InP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS、CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/CdS/ZnS、CdSe/CdS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS、CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdS、CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdS、InP/GaP/ZnS、InP/GaP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdZnS、InP/CdS/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnS/ZnSe、InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS、 nanoplatelets or quantum dots.

Example 2: exchange ligands for phase transfer in aqueous alkaline solutions

100. Mu.L of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets suspended in heptane were mixed with 3-mercaptopropionic acid and heated at 60℃for several hours. The nanoparticles were then precipitated by centrifugation and redispersed in dimethylformamide. Potassium t-butoxide was added to the solution, followed by ethanol and centrifugation. The final colloidal nanoparticles were redispersed in water.

Example 3: exchange ligands for phase transfer in acidic aqueous solutions

100. Mu.L of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets suspended in an aqueous alkaline solution were mixed with ethanol and centrifuged. The PEG-based polymer was dissolved in water and then added to the precipitated nanoplatelets. Acetic acid is dissolved in the colloidal suspension to control the acidic pH.

Example 4: preparation of composite particles from alkaline aqueous solution-CdSe/CdZnS@SiO ₂

100. Mu.L of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets suspended in an alkaline aqueous solution were mixed with 0.13M TEOS alkaline aqueous solution, hydrolyzed in advance for 24 hours, and then charged into a spray drying apparatus. The mixture was sprayed into a tube furnace heated under a nitrogen stream to a temperature from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000 ℃. The composite particles are collected on the surface of the filter.

A-B in fig. 15 is a TEM image of the resulting particles.

A in fig. 16 is an N ₂ adsorption curve of the obtained particles. The particles obtained are porous.

The same preparation procedure was also performed using CdSe、CdS、CdTe、CdSe/CdS、CdSe/ZnS、CdSe/CdZnS、CdS/ZnS、CdS/CdZnS、CdTe/ZnS、CdTe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS、CdSeS/CdZnS、CuInS₂/ZnS、CuInSe₂/ZnS、InP/CdS、InP/ZnS、InZnP/ZnS、InP/ZnSeS、InP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS、CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/CdS/ZnS、CdSe/CdS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS、CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdS、CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdS、InP/GaP/ZnS、InP/GaP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdZnS、InP/CdS/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnS/ZnSe、InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanoplatelets or quantum dots or mixtures thereof instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same procedure is also performed using organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metal nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles, fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles, or mixtures thereof, instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

Example 5: preparation of composite particles from acidic aqueous solution-CdSe/CdZnS@SiO ₂

CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets suspended in 100 μl of acidic aqueous solution were mixed with 0.13M TEOS acidic aqueous solution pre-hydrolyzed for 24 hours, and then loaded on a spray drying apparatus. The liquid mixture is sprayed by means of a nitrogen stream into a heated tube furnace, the temperature of which is maintained from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000 ℃. The resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

A in fig. 16 is an N ₂ adsorption-desorption curve of the obtained particles. The resulting particles are not porous.

The same preparation procedure was also performed using CdSe、CdS、CdTe、CdSe/CdS、CdSe/ZnS、CdSe/CdZnS、CdS/ZnS、CdS/CdZnS、CdTe/ZnS、CdTe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS、CdSeS/CdZnS、CuInS₂/ZnS、CuInSe₂/ZnS、InP/CdS、InP/ZnS、InZnP/ZnS、InP/ZnSeS、InP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS、CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/CdS/ZnS、CdSe/CdS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS、CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdS、CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdS、InP/GaP/ZnS、InP/GaP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdZnS、InP/CdS/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnS/ZnSe、InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanoplatelets or quantum dots or mixtures thereof instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same procedure is also performed using organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metal nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles, fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles, or mixtures thereof, instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

Example 6: preparation of composite particles-CdSe/CdZnS@Si from acidic aqueous solutions containing hetero elements _xCd_yZn_zO_w

CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets suspended in 100 μl of acidic aqueous solution were mixed with a 0.13M TEOS acidic aqueous solution containing 0.01M cadmium acetate, 0.01M zinc oxide, and pre-hydrolyzed for 24 hours, and then loaded on a spray drying apparatus. The liquid mixture is sprayed by means of a nitrogen stream into a heated tube furnace, the temperature of which is maintained from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000 ℃. The resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The same preparation procedure was also performed using CdSe、CdS、CdTe、CdSe/CdS、CdSe/ZnS、CdSe/CdZnS、CdS/ZnS、CdS/CdZnS、CdTe/ZnS、CdTe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS、CdSeS/CdZnS、CuInS₂/ZnS、CuInSe₂/ZnS、InP/CdS、InP/ZnS、InZnP/ZnS、InP/ZnSeS、InP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS、CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/CdS/ZnS、CdSe/CdS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS、CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdS、CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdS、InP/GaP/ZnS、InP/GaP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdZnS、InP/CdS/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnS/ZnSe、InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanoplatelets or quantum dots or mixtures thereof instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same procedure is also performed using organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metal nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles, fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles, or mixtures thereof, instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

Example 7: preparation of composite particles from organic and aqueous solutions-CdSe/CdZnS@Al2O3

CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets suspended in 100. Mu.L of heptane, mixed with aluminum tri-sec-butoxide and 5mL of pentane, and then loaded into a spray drying apparatus. At the same time, an aqueous alkaline solution was prepared and fed into the same spray drying apparatus, but at a different location than the heptane solution. Both liquids are simultaneously sprayed with a stream of nitrogen gas towards a heated tube furnace at a temperature of from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000 ℃. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

C in fig. 15 is a TEM image of the obtained particles.

The B line in FIG. 16 shows the adsorption/desorption curve of N ₂ of the obtained particles after heating the droplets at 150, 300 and 550℃in this example. Increasing the heating temperature results in a decrease in porosity. Thus, the particles obtained by heating at 150℃are porous, whereas the particles obtained by heating at 300℃and 550℃are not porous.

The same preparation procedure was also performed using CdSe、CdS、CdTe、CdSe/CdS、CdSe/ZnS、CdSe/CdZnS、CdS/ZnS、CdS/CdZnS、CdTe/ZnS、CdTe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS、CdSeS/CdZnS、CuInS₂/ZnS、CuInSe₂/ZnS、InP/CdS、InP/ZnS、InZnP/ZnS、InP/ZnSeS、InP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS、CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/CdS/ZnS、CdSe/CdS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS、CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdS、CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdS、InP/GaP/ZnS、InP/GaP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdZnS、InP/CdS/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnS/ZnSe、InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanoplatelets or quantum dots or mixtures thereof instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same procedure is also performed using organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metal nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles, fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles, or mixtures thereof, instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same procedure was also performed using ZnTe, siO ₂、TiO₂、HfO₂, znSe, znO, znS, or MgO or mixtures thereof instead of Al ₂O₃. The reaction temperature in the preparation procedure is adjusted according to the inorganic material selected.

The same preparation procedure is also carried out using instead of Al ₂O₃ a metal material, a halide material, a chalcogenide material, a phosphide material, a sulfide material, a metal alloy, a ceramic material, for example an oxide, carbide, nitride, glass, enamel, ceramic, stone, precious stone, pigment, cement and/or an inorganic polymer or a mixture thereof. The reaction temperature in the preparation procedure is adjusted according to the inorganic material selected.

Example 8: preparation of composite particles-InP/ZnS@Al from organic and aqueous solutions ₂O₃

InP/ZnS nanoparticles suspended in 4mL of heptane were mixed with aluminum tri-sec-butoxide, and 400mL of pentane, and then spray-dried. At the same time, an acidic aqueous solution was prepared and fed into the same spray drying apparatus, but at a different location than the heptane solution. Both liquids were simultaneously sprayed with a stream of nitrogen but using different droplet generators towards a heated tube furnace at a temperature of between the boiling point of the solvent and 1000 ℃. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The same preparation procedure was also performed using CdSe、CdS、CdTe、CdSe/CdS、CdSe/ZnS、CdSe/CdZnS、CdS/ZnS、CdS/CdZnS、CdTe/ZnS、CdTe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS、CdSeS/CdZnS、CuInS₂/ZnS、CuInSe₂/ZnS、InP/CdS、InP/ZnS、InZnP/ZnS、InP/ZnSeS、InP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS、CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/CdS/ZnS、CdSe/CdS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS、CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdS、CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdS、InP/GaP/ZnS、InP/GaP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdZnS、InP/CdS/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnS/ZnSe、InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanoplatelets or quantum dots or mixtures thereof instead of InP/ZnS nanoplatelets.

The same preparation procedure is also performed using organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metal nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles, fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles, or mixtures thereof, instead of InP/ZnS nanoplatelets.

The same procedure was also performed using ZnTe, siO ₂、TiO₂、HfO₂, znSe, znO, znS, or MgO or mixtures thereof instead of Al ₂O₃. The reaction temperature in the preparation procedure is adjusted according to the inorganic material selected.

The same preparation procedure is also carried out using instead of Al ₂O₃ a metal material, a halide material, a chalcogenide material, a phosphide material, a sulfide material, a metal alloy, a ceramic material, for example an oxide, carbide, nitride, glass, enamel, ceramic, stone, precious stone, pigment, cement and/or an inorganic polymer or a mixture thereof. The reaction temperature in the preparation procedure is adjusted according to the inorganic material selected.

Example 9: preparation of composite particles-CH from organic and aqueous solutions ₅N₂-PbBr₃@Al₂O₃

CH ₅N₂-PbBr₃ nanoparticles suspended in 100. Mu.L hexane were mixed with aluminum tri-sec-butoxide and 5mL hexane and then sprayed onto the drying apparatus. Meanwhile, an alkaline aqueous solution was prepared and fed into the same spray drying apparatus, but at a different location from that of the hexane solution. Both liquids were simultaneously sprayed with a stream of nitrogen but using different droplet generators towards a heated tube furnace at a temperature of between the boiling point of the solvent and 1000 ℃. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The same procedure was also performed using ZnTe, siO ₂、TiO₂、HfO₂, znSe, znO, znS, or MgO or mixtures thereof instead of Al ₂O₃. The reaction temperature in the preparation procedure is adjusted according to the inorganic material selected.

The same preparation procedure is also carried out using instead of Al ₂O₃ a metal material, a halide material, a chalcogenide material, a phosphide material, a sulfide material, a metal alloy, a ceramic material, for example an oxide, carbide, nitride, glass, enamel, ceramic, stone, precious stone, pigment, cement and/or an inorganic polymer or a mixture thereof. The reaction temperature in the preparation procedure is adjusted according to the inorganic material selected.

Example 10: preparation of composite particles from acidic aqueous solution-CdSe/CdZnS-Au@SiO ₂

CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets suspended in 100 μl of an acidic aqueous solution, 100 μl of gold nanoparticle solution, and 0.13M TEOS acidic aqueous solution hydrolyzed for 24 hours before mixing, and then, again, a spray drying apparatus was mounted. The liquid mixture is sprayed by means of a nitrogen stream into a heated tube furnace, the temperature of which is maintained from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000 ℃. The resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter. The composite particles are collected on the surface of the GaN substrate. Next, the GaN substrate on which the composite particles were deposited was cut into units of 1mm by 1mm, and connected to a circuit to obtain an LED emitting a luminescent color that mixes blue light with fluorescent nanoparticles.

The same preparation procedure was also performed using CdSe、CdS、CdTe、CdSe/CdS、CdSe/ZnS、CdSe/CdZnS、CdS/ZnS、CdS/CdZnS、CdTe/ZnS、CdTe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS、CdSeS/CdZnS、CuInS₂/ZnS、CuInSe₂/ZnS、InP/CdS、InP/ZnS、InZnP/ZnS、InP/ZnSeS、InP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS、CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/CdS/ZnS、CdSe/CdS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS、CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdS、CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdS、InP/GaP/ZnS、InP/GaP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdZnS、InP/CdS/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnS/ZnSe、InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanoplatelets or quantum dots or mixtures thereof instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same procedure is also performed using organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metal nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles, fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles, or mixtures thereof, instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same procedure was also performed using ZnTe, al ₂O₃、TiO2、HfO₂, znSe, znO, znS, or MgO or mixtures thereof instead of SiO ₂. The reaction temperature in the preparation procedure is adjusted according to the inorganic material selected.

The same preparation procedure is also carried out using instead of SiO ₂ metallic materials, halide materials, chalcogenide materials, phosphide materials, sulfide materials, metallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, for example oxides, carbides, nitrides, glasses, enamels, ceramics, stone, precious stones, pigments, cements and/or inorganic polymers or mixtures thereof. The reaction temperature in the preparation procedure is adjusted according to the inorganic material selected.

Example 11: preparation of composite particles from organic and aqueous solution-Fe ₃O₄@SiO₂-CdSe/CdZnS@Al₂O₃ on one side, fe ₃O₄ nanoparticles suspended in 100 μl of acidic aqueous solution were mixed with 0.13M TEOS acidic aqueous solution pre-hydrolyzed for 24 hours, and then mounted in a spray drying apparatus. On the other hand, cdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets suspended in 100. Mu.L of heptane, mixed with aluminum tri-sec-butoxide and 5mL of heptane, and loaded into the same spray-drying apparatus, but at a different place than the place of the aqueous solution. Both liquids are simultaneously sprayed with a stream of nitrogen gas towards a heated tube furnace at a temperature of from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000 ℃. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter. The composite particles comprise a SiO ₂ core comprising Fe ₃O₄ particles, and an alumina shell comprising CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same preparation procedure was also performed using CdSe、CdS、CdTe、CdSe/CdS、CdSe/ZnS、CdSe/CdZnS、CdS/ZnS、CdS/CdZnS、CdTe/ZnS、CdTe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS、CdSeS/CdZnS、CuInS₂/ZnS、CuInSe₂/ZnS、InP/CdS、InP/ZnS、InZnP/ZnS、InP/ZnSeS、InP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS、CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/CdS/ZnS、CdSe/CdS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS、CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdS、CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdS、InP/GaP/ZnS、InP/GaP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdZnS、InP/CdS/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnS/ZnSe、InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanoplatelets or quantum dots or mixtures thereof instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same procedure is also performed using organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metal nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles, fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles, or mixtures thereof, instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same procedure was also performed using ZnTe, siO ₂、TiO₂、HfO₂, znSe, znO, znS, or MgO or mixtures thereof instead of Al ₂O₃. The reaction temperature in the preparation procedure is adjusted according to the inorganic material selected.

The same preparation procedure is also carried out using instead of Al ₂O₃ a metal material, a halide material, a chalcogenide material, a phosphide material, a sulfide material, a metal alloy, a ceramic material, for example an oxide, carbide, nitride, glass, enamel, ceramic, stone, precious stone, pigment, cement and/or an inorganic polymer or a mixture thereof. The reaction temperature in the preparation procedure is adjusted according to the inorganic material selected.

Example 12: preparation of composite particles-CdS/ZnS nanoplatelets @ Al from organic and aqueous solutions ₂O₃

The CdS/ZnS nanoplatelets suspended in 4mL of heptane were mixed with aluminum tri-sec-butoxide and then loaded onto a spray drying apparatus. On the other hand, an acidic aqueous solution was prepared and fed into the same spray drying apparatus, but at a different location than the heptane solution. Both liquids are simultaneously sprayed with a stream of nitrogen gas towards a heated tube furnace at a temperature of from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000 ℃. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The same preparation procedure also uses CdSe、CdS、CdTe、CdSe/CdS、CdSe/ZnS、CdSe/CdZnS、CdS/ZnS、CdS/CdZnS、CdTe/ZnS、CdTe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS、CdSeS/CdZnS、CuInS₂/ZnS、CuInSe₂/ZnS、InP/CdS、InP/ZnS、InZnP/ZnS、InP/ZnSeS、InP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS、CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/CdS/ZnS、CdSe/CdS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS、CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdS、CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdS、InP/GaP/ZnS、InP/GaP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdZnS、InP/CdS/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnS/ZnSe、InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanoplatelets or quantum dots or mixtures thereof instead of (wherein CdSe/ZnS nanoplatelets are performed).

The same procedure is also used for organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metal nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles, fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles or mixtures thereof.

The same procedure was also performed using ZnTe, siO ₂、TiO₂、HfO₂, znSe, znO, znS, or MgO or mixtures thereof instead of Al ₂O₃. The reaction temperature in the preparation procedure is adjusted according to the inorganic material selected.

The same preparation procedure is also carried out using instead of Al ₂O₃ a metal material, a halide material, a chalcogenide material, a phosphide material, a sulfide material, a metal alloy, a ceramic material, for example an oxide, carbide, nitride, glass, enamel, ceramic, stone, precious stone, pigment, cement and/or an inorganic polymer or a mixture thereof. The reaction temperature in the preparation procedure is adjusted according to the inorganic material selected.

Example 13: preparation of composite particles from acidic aqueous solution-InP/ZnS@SiO ₂

InP/ZnS nanoparticles suspended in 100mL of an acidic aqueous solution were mixed with a 0.13M acidic aqueous solution of TEOS which was hydrolyzed for 24 hours before being loaded on a spray drying apparatus. The liquid mixture is sprayed by means of a nitrogen stream into a heated tube furnace, the temperature of which is maintained within a range from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000 ℃. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The same preparation procedure was also performed using CdSe、CdS、CdTe、CdSe/CdS、CdSe/ZnS、CdSe/CdZnS、CdS/ZnS、CdS/CdZnS、CdTe/ZnS、CdTe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS、CdSeS/CdZnS、CuInS₂/ZnS、CuInSe₂/ZnS、InP/CdS、InP/ZnS、InZnP/ZnS、InP/ZnSeS、InP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS、CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/CdS/ZnS、CdSe/CdS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS、CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdS、CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdS、InP/GaP/ZnS、InP/GaP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdZnS、InP/CdS/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnS/ZnSe、InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanoplatelets or quantum dots or mixtures thereof instead of InP/ZnS nanoparticles.

The same preparation procedure is also performed using organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metal nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles, fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles, or mixtures thereof, instead of InP/ZnS nanoparticles.

The same procedure was also performed using ZnTe, al ₂O₃、TiO2、HfO₂, znSe, znO, znS, or MgO or mixtures thereof instead of SiO ₂. The reaction temperature in the preparation procedure is adjusted according to the inorganic material selected.

The same preparation procedure is also carried out using instead of SiO ₂ metallic materials, halide materials, chalcogenide materials, phosphide materials, sulfide materials, metallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, for example oxides, carbides, nitrides, glasses, enamels, ceramics, stone, precious stones, pigments, cements and/or inorganic polymers or mixtures thereof. The reaction temperature in the preparation procedure is adjusted according to the inorganic material selected.

Example 14: preparation of composite particles from organic and aqueous solutions, followed by treatment with ammonia vapors-CdSe/cdzns@zno

CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets suspended in 100 μl heptane were mixed with zinc methoxide and 5mL pentane and then loaded onto the spray drying apparatus described in the present invention. On the other side, an aqueous alkaline solution was prepared and loaded on the same spray-drying setup, but at a different location than the pentane solution. On the other side, the ammonium hydroxide solution was loaded onto the same spray drying system with its loading location between the tube furnace and the filter. The first two liquids are sprayed toward the heated tube furnace as previously described, while the third is heated by an external heating system at 35 ℃ to produce ammonia vapor, wherein the heated tube furnace temperature ranges from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000 ℃. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The same preparation procedure was also performed using CdSe、CdS、CdTe、CdSe/CdS、CdSe/ZnS、CdSe/CdZnS、CdS/ZnS、CdS/CdZnS、CdTe/ZnS、CdTe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS、CdSeS/CdZnS、CuInS₂/ZnS、CuInSe₂/ZnS、InP/CdS、InP/ZnS、InZnP/ZnS、InP/ZnSeS、InP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS、CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/CdS/ZnS、CdSe/CdS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS、CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdS、CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdS、InP/GaP/ZnS、InP/GaP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdZnS、InP/CdS/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnS/ZnSe、InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanoplatelets or quantum dots or mixtures thereof instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same procedure is also performed using organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metal nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles, fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles, or mixtures thereof, instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same procedure was also carried out using ZnTe, siO ₂、TiO2、HfO₂、ZnSe、Al₂O₃, znS or MgO or mixtures thereof instead of ZnO. The reaction temperature in the preparation procedure is adjusted according to the inorganic material selected.

The same preparation procedure is also carried out using instead of ZnO metallic materials, halide materials, chalcogenide materials, phosphide materials, sulphide materials, metallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, for example oxides, carbides, nitrides, glasses, enamels, ceramics, stones, precious stones, pigments, cements and/or inorganic polymers or mixtures thereof. The reaction temperature in the preparation procedure is adjusted according to the inorganic material selected.

Example 15: composite particles are prepared from organic and aqueous solutions and are added with an additional shell coating-CdSe/cdzns@al ₂O₃ @mgo

CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets suspended in 100. Mu.L of heptane, mixed with aluminum tri-sec-butoxide and 5mL of pentane, and then loaded into a spray drying apparatus. At the same time, an aqueous alkaline solution was prepared and fed into the same spray drying apparatus, but at a different location than the pentane solution. Both liquids are simultaneously sprayed with a stream of nitrogen gas towards a heated tube furnace at a temperature of from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000 ℃. The resulting composite particles are then collected from the surface of the filter. The particles are then directed toward another tube, such that the particles coat an additional MgO shell on the surface of the particles by an ALD process, and the particles are suspended in a gas. Finally, the particles are collected from the inner wall of the ALD tube.

The same preparation procedure was also performed using CdSe、CdS、CdTe、CdSe/CdS、CdSe/ZnS、CdSe/CdZnS、CdS/ZnS、CdS/CdZnS、CdTe/ZnS、CdTe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS、CdSeS/CdZnS、CuInS₂/ZnS、CuInSe₂/ZnS、InP/CdS、InP/ZnS、InZnP/ZnS、InP/ZnSeS、InP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS、CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/CdS/ZnS、CdSe/CdS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS、CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdS、CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdS、InP/GaP/ZnS、InP/GaP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdZnS、InP/CdS/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnS/ZnSe、InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanoplatelets or quantum dots or mixtures thereof instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same procedure is also performed using organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metal nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles, fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles, or mixtures thereof, instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

Example 16: preparation of composite particles-CdSe/CdZnS-Fe from organic and aqueous solutions ₃O₄@SiO₂

On one side, cdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets and 100. Mu.L Fe ₃O₄ nanoparticles suspended in 100. Mu.L acidic aqueous solution were mixed with 0.13M TEOS acidic aqueous solution pre-hydrolyzed for 24 hours, and then again spray-dried. Meanwhile, an alkaline aqueous solution is prepared and is loaded into the same spray drying apparatus, but the installation position is different from that of the acidic aqueous solution. Both liquids were simultaneously sprayed with a stream of nitrogen gas toward the heated tube furnace, the temperature of which was maintained from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000 ℃. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The same preparation procedure was also performed using CdSe、CdS、CdTe、CdSe/CdS、CdSe/ZnS、CdSe/CdZnS、CdS/ZnS、CdS/CdZnS、CdTe/ZnS、CdTe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS、CdSeS/CdZnS、CuInS₂/ZnS、CuInSe₂/ZnS、InP/CdS、InP/ZnS、InZnP/ZnS、InP/ZnSeS、InP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS、CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/CdS/ZnS、CdSe/CdS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS、CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdS、CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdS、InP/GaP/ZnS、InP/GaP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdZnS、InP/CdS/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnS/ZnSe、InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanoplatelets or quantum dots or mixtures thereof instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same procedure is also performed using organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metal nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles, fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles, or mixtures thereof, instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

Example 17: preparation of core/Shell particles from organic and aqueous solutions-Au@Al ₂O₃ as core, cdSe/CdZnS@SiO ₂ as shell

On one side, cdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets suspended in 100. Mu.L of acidic aqueous solution were mixed with 0.13M TEOS acidic aqueous solution pre-hydrolyzed for 24 hours, and then re-loaded on a spray drying apparatus. On the other side, au nanoparticles suspended in 100. Mu.L of heptane were mixed with aluminum tri-sec-butoxide and 5mL of pentane and charged into the same spray drying apparatus, but at a different location than the acidic aqueous solution. Both liquids were simultaneously sprayed with a stream of nitrogen gas toward the heated tube furnace, the temperature of which was maintained from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000 ℃. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter. The particles comprise a core of alumina containing gold nanoparticles and a shell of silica containing CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same preparation procedure was also performed using CdSe、CdS、CdTe、CdSe/CdS、CdSe/ZnS、CdSe/CdZnS、CdS/ZnS、CdS/CdZnS、CdTe/ZnS、CdTe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS、CdSeS/CdZnS、CuInS₂/ZnS、CuInSe₂/ZnS、InP/CdS、InP/ZnS、InZnP/ZnS、InP/ZnSeS、InP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS、CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/CdS/ZnS、CdSe/CdS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS、CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdS、CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdS、InP/GaP/ZnS、InP/GaP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdZnS、InP/CdS/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnS/ZnSe、InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanoplatelets or quantum dots or mixtures thereof instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same procedure is also performed using organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metal nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles, fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles, or mixtures thereof, instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

Example 18: preparation of composite particles-phosphorescent nanoparticles @ SiO ₂

Phosphorescent nanoparticles suspended in an aqueous alkaline solution were mixed with 0.13M aqueous alkaline TEOS solution which was hydrolyzed for 24 hours prior to the previous hydrolysis, and then again loaded into a spray drying apparatus. The liquid mixture is sprayed by means of a nitrogen stream into a heated tube furnace, the temperature of which is maintained from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000 ℃. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The phosphorescent nanoparticles used in this example were: nanoparticles of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG, Y ₃Al₅O₁₂), (Ca, Y) -alpha-SiAlON: eu nanoparticles, ((Y, gd) ₃(Al、Ga)₅O₁₂: ce) nanoparticles, caAlSiN ₃: eu nanoparticles, sulfide-based phosphor nanoparticles, PFS: mn ⁴⁺ nanoparticles (potassium fluosilicate).

Example 19: preparation of composite particles-phosphorescent nanoparticles @ Al ₂O₃

Phosphorescent nanoparticles suspended in heptane were mixed with aluminum tri-sec-butoxide and 400mL of heptane, and then loaded onto a spray drying apparatus. At the same time, an aqueous alkaline solution was prepared and fed into the same spray drying apparatus, but at a different location than the heptane solution. Both liquids are simultaneously sprayed with a stream of nitrogen gas towards a heated tube furnace at a temperature of from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000 ℃. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The phosphorescent nanoparticles used in this example were: nanoparticles of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG, Y ₃Al₅O₁₂), (Ca, Y) -alpha-SiAlON: eu nanoparticles, ((Y, gd) ₃(Al、Ga)₅O₁₂: ce) nanoparticles, caAlSiN ₃: eu nanoparticles, sulfide-based phosphor nanoparticles, PFS: mn ⁴⁺ nanoparticles (potassium fluosilicate).

Example 20: preparation of composite particles-CdSe/CdZnS@HfO ₂

CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets suspended in 100. Mu.L of heptane were mixed with hafnium n-butoxide and 5mL of pentane and then loaded into a spray drying apparatus. At the same time, an aqueous alkaline solution was prepared and fed into the same spray drying apparatus, but at a different location than the pentane solution. Both liquids are simultaneously sprayed with a stream of nitrogen gas towards a heated tube furnace at a temperature of from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000 ℃. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The same preparation procedure was also performed using CdSe、CdS、CdTe、CdSe/CdS、CdSe/ZnS、CdSe/CdZnS、CdS/ZnS、CdS/CdZnS、CdTe/ZnS、CdTe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS、CdSeS/CdZnS、CuInS₂/ZnS、CuInSe₂/ZnS、InP/CdS、InP/ZnS、InZnP/ZnS、InP/ZnSeS、InP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS、CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/CdS/ZnS、CdSe/CdS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS、CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdS、CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdS、InP/GaP/ZnS、InP/GaP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdZnS、InP/CdS/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnS/ZnSe、InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanoplatelets or quantum dots or mixtures thereof instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same procedure is also performed using organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metal nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles, fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles, or mixtures thereof, instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

Example 21: preparation of composite particles-phosphorescent nanoparticle @ HfO ₂

Phosphorescent nanoparticles suspended in 1 μl of heptane (10 mg/mL) (see list below) were mixed with hafnium n-butoxide and 5mL of pentane and then loaded into a spray drying apparatus. At the same time, an aqueous solution was prepared and fed into the same spray drying apparatus, but at a different location than the pentane solution. Both liquids are simultaneously sprayed with a stream of nitrogen gas towards a heated tube furnace at a temperature of from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000 ℃. Finally, the resulting phosphor particles @ HfO ₂ particles were collected from the surface of the filter.

The phosphorescent nanoparticles used in this example were: nanoparticles of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG, Y ₃Al₅O₁₂), (Ca, Y) -alpha-SiAlON: eu nanoparticles, ((Y, gd) ₃(Al、Ga)₅O₁₂: ce) nanoparticles, caAlSiN ₃: eu nanoparticles, sulfide-based phosphor nanoparticles, PFS: mn ⁴⁺ nanoparticles (potassium fluosilicate).

Example 22: preparation of composite particles from organometallic precursors

CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets suspended in 100 μl of heptane were mixed with the following organometallic precursors and 5mL of pentane under a specific ambient atmosphere and then loaded onto a spray drying apparatus. At the same time, an aqueous alkaline solution was prepared and fed into the same spray drying apparatus, but at a different location than the pentane solution. Both liquids are simultaneously sprayed with a stream of nitrogen gas towards a heated tube furnace at a temperature of from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000 ℃. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

This example is performed using an organometallic precursor selected from the group consisting of: al [ N (SiMe ₃)₂]₃, trimethylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, trioctylaluminum, triphenylaluminum, dimethylaluminum, trimethylzinc, dimethylzinc, diethylzinc 、Zn[(N(TMS)₂]₂、Zn[(CF₃SO₂)₂N]₂、Zn(Ph)₂、Zn(C₆F₅)₂、Zn(TMHD)₂(β-diketonate)、Hf[C₅H₄(CH₃)]₂(CH₃)₂、HfCH₃(OCH₃)[C₅H₄(CH₃)]₂、[[(CH₃)₃Si]₂N]₂HfCl₂、(C₅H₅)₂Hf(CH₃)₂、[(CH₂CH₃)₂N]₄Hf、[(CH₃)₂N]₄Hf、[(CH₃)₂N]₄Hf、[(CH₃)(C₂H₅)N]₄Hf、[(CH₃)(C₂H₅)N]₄Hf、2,2',6,6'-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione zirconium(Zr(THD)₄)、C₁₀H₁₂Zr、Zr(CH₃C₅H₄)₂CH₃OCH₃、C₂₂H₃₆Zr、[(C₂H₅)₂N]₄Zr、[(CH₃)₂N]₄Zr、[(CH₃)₂N]₄Zr、Zr(NCH₃C₂H₅)₄、Zr(NCH₃C₂H₅)₄、C₁₈H₃₂O₆Zr、Zr(C₈H₁₅O₂)₄、Zr(OCC(CH₃)₃CHCOC(CH₃)₃)₄、Mg(C₅H₅)₂、 or C ₂₀H₃₀ Mg or mixtures thereof ] the reaction temperature in the foregoing preparation procedure is adjusted according to the organometallic precursor selected.

The same preparation procedure was also performed using CdSe、CdS、CdTe、CdSe/CdS、CdSe/ZnS、CdSe/CdZnS、CdS/ZnS、CdS/CdZnS、CdTe/ZnS、CdTe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS、CdSeS/CdZnS、CuInS₂/ZnS、CuInSe₂/ZnS、InP/CdS、InP/ZnS、InZnP/ZnS、InP/ZnSeS、InP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS、CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/CdS/ZnS、CdSe/CdS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS、CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdS、CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdS、InP/GaP/ZnS、InP/GaP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdZnS、InP/CdS/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnS/ZnSe、InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanoplatelets or quantum dots or mixtures thereof instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same procedure is also performed using organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metal nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles, fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles, or mixtures thereof, instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same procedure was also carried out using ZnO, tiO ₂、MgO、HfO₂ or ZrO ₂ or mixtures thereof instead of Al ₂O₃.

The same preparation procedure is also carried out using instead of Al ₂O₃ a metal material, a halide material, a chalcogenide material, a phosphide material, a sulfide material, a metal alloy, a ceramic material, for example an oxide, carbide, nitride, glass, enamel, ceramic, stone, precious stone, pigment, cement and/or an inorganic polymer or a mixture thereof.

The same procedure also uses another liquid or vapor as the oxidizing source instead of the aqueous solution.

Example 23: preparation of composite particles from organometallic precursor-CdSe/CdZnS@ZnTe

CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets suspended in 100 μl of heptane were mixed under an inert atmosphere with the following two organometallic precursors dissolved in pentane, and then loaded onto a spray drying apparatus. The suspension was sprayed by means of a nitrogen stream into a tube furnace which was warmed from room temperature to 300 ℃. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The first organometallic precursor used in the present preparation procedure is selected from the group consisting of: dimethyl telluride, diethyl telluride, diisopropyl telluride, di-tert-butyl telluride, diallyl telluride, methallyl telluride, dimethyl selenide or dimethyl sulfide. The reaction temperature in the foregoing preparation procedure is adjusted according to the organometallic precursor selected.

The second organometallic precursor used in the present preparation procedure is selected from the group consisting of: dimethyl zinc, trimethyl zinc, diethyl zinc 、Zn[(N(TMS)₂]₂、Zn[(CF₃SO₂)₂N]₂、Zn(Ph)₂、Zn(C₆F₅)₂ or Zn (TMHD) ₂ (β -diketonate). The reaction temperature in the foregoing preparation procedure is adjusted according to the organometallic precursor selected.

The same preparation procedure was also performed using CdSe、CdS、CdTe、CdSe/CdS、CdSe/ZnS、CdSe/CdZnS、CdS/ZnS、CdS/CdZnS、CdTe/ZnS、CdTe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS、CdSeS/CdZnS、CuInS₂/ZnS、CuInSe₂/ZnS、InP/CdS、InP/ZnS、InZnP/ZnS、InP/ZnSeS、InP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS、CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/CdS/ZnS、CdSe/CdS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS、CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdS、CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdS、InP/GaP/ZnS、InP/GaP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdZnS、InP/CdS/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnS/ZnSe、InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanoplatelets or quantum dots or mixtures thereof instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same procedure is also performed using organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metal nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles, fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles, or mixtures thereof, instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same preparation procedure is also carried out using ZnS or ZnSe or mixtures thereof instead of ZnTe.

The same preparation procedure is also carried out using instead of ZnTe metallic materials, halide materials, chalcogenide materials, phosphide materials, sulphide materials, metallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, for example oxides, carbides, nitrides, glasses, enamels, ceramics, stones, precious stones, pigments, cements and/or inorganic polymers or mixtures thereof.

Example 24: preparation of composite particles from organometallic precursor-CdSe/CdZnS@ZnS

CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets suspended in 100 μl of heptane were mixed with an organometallic precursor dissolved in pentane under an inert atmosphere and then recharged to a spray drying apparatus. The suspension was sprayed by means of a nitrogen stream into a tube furnace which was warmed from room temperature to 300 ℃. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter. At the same time, a source of H ₂ S vapor was provided in the same spray drying apparatus. The suspension was sprayed by means of a nitrogen stream into a tube furnace which was warmed from room temperature to 300 ℃. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The organometallic precursor used in the present preparation procedure is selected from the group consisting of: dimethyl zinc, trimethyl zinc, diethyl zinc 、Zn[(N(TMS)₂]₂、Zn[(CF₃SO₂)₂N]₂、Zn(Ph)₂、Zn(C₆F₅)₂ or Zn (TMHD) ₂ (β -diketonate). The reaction temperature in the foregoing preparation procedure is adjusted according to the organometallic precursor selected.

The same preparation procedure was also performed using CdSe、CdS、CdTe、CdSe/CdS、CdSe/ZnS、CdSe/CdZnS、CdS/ZnS、CdS/CdZnS、CdTe/ZnS、CdTe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS、CdSeS/CdZnS、CuInS₂/ZnS、CuInSe₂/ZnS、InP/CdS、InP/ZnS、InZnP/ZnS、InP/ZnSeS、InP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS、CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/CdS/ZnS、CdSe/CdS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/ZnS、CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS、CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS、CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdZnS、CdSe/ZnS/CdS、CdSeS/ZnS/CdS、CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS、InP/CdS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdS、InP/GaP/ZnS、InP/GaP/ZnSe、InP/CdZnS/ZnS、InP/ZnS/CdZnS、InP/CdS/CdZnS、InP/ZnSe/CdZnS、InP/ZnS/ZnSe、InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanoplatelets or quantum dots or mixtures thereof instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same procedure is also performed using organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metal nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles, fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles, or mixtures thereof, instead of CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same preparation procedure is also carried out using ZnTe or ZnSe or mixtures thereof instead of ZnS.

The same preparation procedure is also carried out using instead of ZnS metallic materials, halide materials, chalcogenide materials, phosphide materials, sulphide materials, metallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, for example oxides, carbides, nitrides, glasses, enamels, ceramics, stone, precious stones, pigments, cements and/or inorganic polymers or mixtures thereof.

The same procedure was also performed using H ₂Se、H₂ Te or other gases instead of H ₂ S.

Example 25: preparation of light color conversion layer

Blue light emitting composite particles comprising CdS/ZnS core-shell nanoplatelets encapsulated in Al ₂O₃, green light emitting composite particles comprising CdSeS/CdZnS core-shell nanoplatelets encapsulated in Al ₂O₃, and red light emitting composite particles comprising CdSe/CdZnS core-shell nanoplatelets encapsulated in Al ₂O₃ are dispersed in a silicone resin, respectively, and deposited on a support such that the film thickness of each composite particle is about 1-10 μm. The support was annealed at 180 ℃ for 2 hours and then introduced into the display device according to the present invention. The composite particles are irradiated with a light source emitting UV light, the light generated being blue, green and red.

The same procedure is performed by replacing the silicone resin with resin, znO, mgO, PMMA, polystyrene, al ₂O₃,TiO₂,HfO₂ or ZrO ₂ or mixtures thereof.

The same procedure was carried out in this example using the composite particles prepared in the previous example.

The same steps are performed using inkjet printing techniques or conventional photolithography.

Using conventional photolithography: the entire surface is coated with blue-emitting composite particles, and then subjected to a subtractive lithographic manufacturing process. The process is then repeated for the red light emitting composite particles and the green light emitting composite particles.

Example 26: preparation of light color conversion layer

The green luminescent core-shell CdSeS/CdZnS nanoplatelets and the red luminescent core-shell CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets are respectively dispersed in a silicone resin and deposited on a carrier such that the thickness of each film of the composite particles is about 1-10 μm. The support was annealed at 180 ℃ for 2 hours and then introduced into the display device according to the present invention. The composite particles are illuminated with a blue light-emitting light source, the light produced being green and red.

The same procedure is performed by replacing the silicone resin with resin, znO, mgO, PMMA, polystyrene, al ₂O₃,TiO₂,HfO₂ or ZrO ₂ or mixtures thereof.

The same procedure was carried out in this example using the composite particles prepared in the previous example.

The same steps are performed using inkjet printing techniques or conventional photolithography.

Using conventional photolithography: the entire surface is coated with green-emitting composite particles, and then subjected to a subtractive lithographic manufacturing process. The process is then repeated for the red luminescent composite particles.

Example 27: preparation of light color conversion layer

The green luminescent composite particles comprising core-shell CdSeS/CdZnS nanoplatelets encapsulated in Al ₂O₃ and the red luminescent composite particles comprising core-shell CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets encapsulated in Al ₂O₃ are dispersed in a zinc oxide host and deposited on a support, respectively, such that each film of the composite particles has a thickness of about 1-10 μm. The support was annealed at 180 ℃ for 2 hours and then introduced into the display device according to the present invention. The composite particles are illuminated with a blue light-emitting light source, the light produced being green and red.

The same procedure was performed by replacing ZnO with resin, silicone, mgO, PMMA, polystyrene, al ₂O₃,TiO₂,HfO₂ or ZrO ₂ or mixtures thereof.

The same procedure was carried out in this example using the composite particles prepared in the previous example.

The same steps are performed using inkjet printing techniques or conventional photolithography.

Using conventional photolithography: the entire surface is coated with green-emitting composite particles, and then subjected to a subtractive lithographic manufacturing process. The process is then repeated for the red luminescent composite particles.

Example 28: preparation of light color conversion layer

Green luminescent composite particles comprising a core of gold nanoparticles encapsulated in SiO ₂ and a shell of CdSeS/CdZnS core-shell nanoplatelets encapsulated in Al ₂O₃, respectively, and red emitting composite particles comprising CdSe/CdZnS core-shell nanoplatelets encapsulated in Al ₂O₃, respectively, are dispersed in a silicone resin and deposited on a support such that the thickness of each film of the composite particles is about 1-10 μm. The support was annealed at 180 ℃ for 2 hours and then introduced into the display device according to the present invention. The composite particles are illuminated with a blue light-emitting light source, the light produced being green and red.

The same procedure is performed by replacing the silicone resin with resin, znO, PMMA, mgO, polystyrene, al ₂O₃,TiO₂,HfO₂ or ZrO ₂ or mixtures thereof.

The same procedure was carried out in this example using the composite particles prepared in the previous example.

The same steps are performed using inkjet printing techniques or conventional photolithography.

Using conventional photolithography: the entire surface is coated with green-emitting composite particles, and then subjected to a subtractive lithographic manufacturing process. The process is then repeated for the red luminescent composite particles.

Example 29: preparation of light color conversion layer

Green luminescent composite particles comprising core-shell InP/ZnS quantum dots encapsulated in SiO ₂ and red luminescent composite particles comprising core-shell InP/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots encapsulated in SiO ₂ are dispersed in a silicone resin and deposited on a carrier, respectively, such that the film thickness of the composite particles is about 1-10 μm. The support was annealed at 180 ℃ for 2 hours and then introduced into the display device according to the present invention. The composite particles are illuminated with a blue light-emitting light source, the light produced being green and red.

The same procedure is performed by replacing the silicone resin with resin, znO, PMMA, mgO, polystyrene, al ₂O₃,TiO₂,HfO₂ or ZrO ₂ or mixtures thereof.

The same procedure was carried out in this example using the composite particles prepared in the previous example.

The same steps are performed using inkjet printing techniques or conventional photolithography.

Using conventional photolithography: the entire surface is coated with green-emitting composite particles, and then subjected to a subtractive lithographic manufacturing process. The process is then repeated for the red luminescent composite particles.

Example 30: preparation of light color conversion layer

Green light emitting composite particles comprising core-shell InP/ZnS nanoplatelets encapsulated in SiO ₂ and red light emitting composite particles comprising core-shell InP/ZnSe/ZnS nanoplatelets encapsulated in SiO ₂ are dispersed in a resin matrix and deposited on a support, respectively, such that the film thickness of each composite particle is about 1-10 μm. The support was annealed at 180 ℃ for 3 hours and then introduced into the display device according to the present invention. The composite particles are illuminated with a blue light-emitting light source, the light produced being green and red.

The same procedure is performed by replacing the resin with a silicone, znO, mgO, PMMA, polystyrene, al ₂O₃,TiO₂,HfO₂ or ZrO ₂ or mixtures thereof.

The same procedure was carried out in this example using the composite particles prepared in the previous example.

The same steps are performed using inkjet printing techniques or conventional photolithography.

Using conventional photolithography: the entire surface is coated with green-emitting composite particles, and then subjected to a subtractive lithographic manufacturing process. The process is then repeated for the red luminescent composite particles.

Example 31: light color conversion layer preparation

Green luminescent composite particles comprising core-shell CdSeS/ZnS nanoplatelets encapsulated in Al ₂O₃ and red luminescent composite particles comprising core-shell InP/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots encapsulated in Al ₂O₃ are dispersed in a silicone resin and deposited on a support, respectively, such that the thickness of the thin film of the composite particles is about 1-10 μm. The support was annealed at 180 ℃ for 2 hours and then introduced into the display device according to the present invention. The composite particles are illuminated with a blue light-emitting light source, the light produced being green and red.

The same procedure is performed by replacing the silicone resin with resin, znO, mgO, PMMA, polystyrene, al ₂O₃,TiO₂,HfO₂ or ZrO ₂ or mixtures thereof.

The same procedure was carried out in this example using the composite particles prepared in the previous example.

The same steps are performed using inkjet printing techniques or conventional photolithography.

Using conventional photolithography: the entire surface is coated with green-emitting composite particles, and then subjected to a subtractive lithographic manufacturing process. The process is then repeated for the red luminescent composite particles.

Example 32: preparation of light color conversion layer

Green luminescent composite particles comprising core-shell CdSeS/CdZnS nanoplatelets encapsulated in Al ₂O₃ and red luminescent composite particles comprising core-shell CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets encapsulated in Al ₂O₃ are separately dispersed in a MgO host and deposited on a support such that the film thickness of each composite particle is about 1-10 μm. The support was annealed at 180 ℃ for 2 hours and then introduced into the display device according to the present invention. The composite particles are illuminated with a blue light-emitting light source, the light produced being green and red.

The same procedure is performed by replacing MgO with resin, znO, silicone, PMMA, polystyrene, al ₂O₃,TiO₂,HfO₂ or ZrO ₂ or mixtures thereof.

The same procedure was carried out in this example using the composite particles prepared in the previous example.

The same procedure was performed using inkjet printing; or using conventional photolithography: the entire surface is coated with blue-emitting composite particles, and then subjected to a subtractive lithographic manufacturing process. The process is then repeated for the red light emitting composite particles and the green light emitting composite particles.

The same procedure was performed using inkjet printing techniques.

Symbol description

1-Composite particles

Core of 11-composite particles

12-Composite particle shell

2-Inorganic material

21-Inorganic material

3-Nanoparticles

31-Spherical nanoparticles

32-2D nanoparticles

Core of 33-nanoparticle

34-Nanoparticle shells

35-Nanoparticle shell

Insulator shell of 36-nanoparticle

Crown of 37-nanoparticles

4-Photochromic conversion layer

5-Light source

6-Glass substrate

7-Luminescent material

71-Medium

72-Medium

8-Display device

9-Layer of liquid crystal material

10-Polaroid

12-Active matrix

13-Optical enhancement film

14-Bottom substrate

121-Laser source

122-Pointing optical system

123-Laser path

124-Solid support

232-Possible laser paths

234-Possible color light path

D-pixel pitch

D-sub-pixel pitch

G-Green secondary light

R-Red secondary light

Claims (16)

1. A display device comprising a backlight unit and at least one light color conversion layer comprising at least one luminescent material comprising at least one composite particle partially or fully surrounded by at least one surrounding medium; wherein the at least one luminescent material is operative to be excited to emit secondary light and the at least one composite particle comprises a plurality of nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material, wherein the inorganic material has a difference in refractive index at 450nm of greater than or equal to 0.02 as compared to at least one surrounding medium, wherein the nanoparticles comprise at least 1% semiconductor nanoplatelets, and wherein the backlight unit comprises a light source configured to provide excitation to the at least one luminescent material.

2. The display device of claim 1, wherein the inorganic material limits or prevents diffusion of extrinsic molecular species or fluids into the inorganic material.

3. The display device of claim 1, wherein the at least one composite particle in the at least one surrounding medium is configured to scatter light.

4. The display device of claim 1, wherein the light color conversion layer absorbs at least 70% of incident light at a thickness of less than or equal to 5 μιη, wherein the wavelength of the incident light ranges from 370 to 470nm.

5. The display device of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles contained in the at least one composite particle are semiconductor nanocrystals comprising a material having the formula M _xN_yE_zA_w, wherein: m is selected from Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ag、Au、Ni、Pd、Pt、Co、Fe、Ru、Os、Mn、Tc、Re、Cr、Mo、W、V、Nd、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、As、Sb、Bi、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Cs or a mixture thereof; n is selected from Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ag、Au、Ni、Pd、Pt、Co、Fe、Ru、Os、Mn、Tc、Re、Cr、Mo、W、V、Nd、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、As、Sb、Bi、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Cs or a mixture thereof; e is selected from O, S, se, te, C, N, P, as, sb, F, cl, br, I or a mixture thereof; a is selected from O, S, se, te, C, N, P, as, sb, F, cl, br, I or a mixture thereof; and x, y, z and w are decimal numbers independently from 0 to 5; x, y, z and w are not equal to 0 at the same time; x and y are not equal to 0 at the same time; z and w are not equal to 0 at the same time.

6. The display device of claim 5, wherein the semiconductor nanocrystal comprises at least one shell comprising a material having the formula M _xN_yE_zA_w, wherein: m is selected from Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ag、Au、Ni、Pd、Pt、Co、Fe、Ru、Os、Mn、Tc、Re、Cr、Mo、W、V、Nd、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、As、Sb、Bi、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Cs or a mixture thereof; n is selected from Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ag、Au、Ni、Pd、Pt、Co、Fe、Ru、Os、Mn、Tc、Re、Cr、Mo、W、V、Nd、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、As、Sb、Bi、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Cs or a mixture thereof; e is selected from O, S, se, te, C, N, P, as, sb, F, cl, br, I or a mixture thereof; a is selected from O, S, se, te, C, N, P, as, sb, F, cl, br, I or a mixture thereof; and x, y, z and w are decimal numbers independently from 0 to 5; x, y, z and w are not equal to 0 at the same time; x and y are not equal to 0 at the same time; z and w are not equal to 0 at the same time.

7. The display device of claim 5, wherein the semiconductor nanocrystal comprises at least one crown comprising a material having the formula M _xN_yE_zA_w, wherein: m is selected from Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ag、Au、Ni、Pd、Pt、Co、Fe、Ru、Os、Mn、Tc、Re、Cr、Mo、W、V、Nd、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、As、Sb、Bi、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Cs or a mixture thereof; n is selected from Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ag、Au、Ni、Pd、Pt、Co、Fe、Ru、Os、Mn、Tc、Re、Cr、Mo、W、V、Nd、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、As、Sb、Bi、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Cs or a mixture thereof; e is selected from O, S, se, te, C, N, P, as, sb, F, cl, br, I or a mixture thereof; a is selected from O, S, se, te, C, N, P, as, sb, F, cl, br, I or a mixture thereof; and x, y, z and w are decimal numbers independently from 0 to 5; x, y, z and w are not equal to 0 at the same time; x and y are not equal to 0 at the same time; z and w are not equal to 0 at the same time.

8. The display device of claim 5, wherein the semiconductor nanocrystals are semiconductor nanoplatelets.

9. The display device of claim 1, wherein the at least one surrounding medium is optically transparent.

10. The display device of claim 1, wherein the at least one surrounding medium has a thermal conductivity of at least 0.1W/(m.k) at 273.15K and 10 ⁵ pa.

11. The display device of claim 1, wherein the at least one light color conversion layer comprises an array of luminescent materials forming an array of pixels.

12. The display device of claim 2, wherein the fluid is a liquid or a gas.

13. A display device comprising an array of light sources and at least one light color conversion layer comprising at least one luminescent material comprising at least one composite particle surrounded in part or in whole by at least one surrounding medium; wherein the at least one luminescent material is operative to be excited to emit secondary light and the at least one composite particle comprises a plurality of nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material, wherein the inorganic material has a difference in refractive index at 450nm of greater than or equal to 0.02 as compared to at least one surrounding medium, wherein the nanoparticles comprise at least 1% semiconductor nanoplatelets, and wherein the light source is operative to excite the at least one luminescent material.

14. The display device of claim 13, wherein each light source of the array of light sources functions to illuminate and/or excite at least one luminescent material.

15. A display device comprising at least one laser source and at least one light-color conversion layer comprising at least one luminescent material comprising at least one composite particle surrounded in part or in whole by at least one surrounding medium; wherein the at least one luminescent material is operative to be excited to emit secondary light and the at least one composite particle comprises a plurality of nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material, wherein the inorganic material has a difference in refractive index at 450nm of greater than or equal to 0.02 as compared to at least one surrounding medium, wherein the nanoparticles comprise at least 1% semiconductor nanoplatelets, and the display device comprises an array of luminescent materials, wherein the laser source is operative to excite the at least one luminescent material.

16. A display device comprising at least one laser source and at least one light-color converting layer, wherein the at least one light-color converting layer is deposited on a solid support to produce an image by reflection or back-scattering when excited by the at least one laser source, wherein the at least one light-color converting layer comprises at least one luminescent material comprising at least one composite particle surrounded in part or in whole by at least one surrounding medium, wherein the at least one luminescent material acts to emit secondary light upon excitation, and the at least one composite particle comprises a plurality of nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material, wherein the inorganic material has a refractive index difference at 450nm of greater than or equal to 0.02 as compared to the at least one surrounding medium, wherein the nanoparticles comprise at least 1% semiconductor nanoplatelets.