CN110906989A - Portable electrical detection equipment and method for shield machine - Google Patents
Portable electrical detection equipment and method for shield machine Download PDFInfo
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- CN110906989A CN110906989A CN201911406487.2A CN201911406487A CN110906989A CN 110906989 A CN110906989 A CN 110906989A CN 201911406487 A CN201911406487 A CN 201911406487A CN 110906989 A CN110906989 A CN 110906989A
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012208 gear oil Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010720 hydraulic oil Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 abstract description 13
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
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- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of shield machine electrical detection, in particular to portable electrical detection equipment and a method for a shield machine, wherein the equipment comprises: the box body and the test panel arranged in the box body; a circuit board for electrical detection is arranged in the test panel; the circuit board is provided with a power supply module with electric quantity charging storage and conversion functions and a voltage stabilizer connected with the power supply module; the data interface, the ammeter and the voltmeter which are used for detecting the failure of the sensor of the actuating mechanism of the shield tunneling machine are all arranged on the test panel and are connected with the output power supply of the voltage stabilizer through the interface circuit; the data interface at least comprises data interfaces used for detecting sensors of mechanical, hydraulic and electric actuating mechanisms of the shield tunneling machine. The device has the advantages of simple and compact structure, novel and reasonable design, small volume, portability, high integration level and more convenient operation, is also suitable for the fault determination of the sensor in the severe shield construction environment, and has stronger applicability and popularization and application values.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of shield machine electrical detection, in particular to portable electrical detection equipment and method for a shield machine.
Background
With the acceleration of the urbanization process in China, the integrated development of infrastructure among cities and the gradual construction demand of loop lines of super-large cities increasing day by year, the use amount of shield machines and TBM tunneling machines is increased year by year. The shield machine is a large-scale high-end device integrating machinery, electrical automation, sensor sensing and data acquisition and transmission, the data acquisition of the sensor cannot be separated from the large-scale high-end device, and one conventional shield machine is probably provided with more than 150 sensors. In the shield construction process, due to the fact that the construction environment is severe and the structure of the shield construction system is huge and highly integrated, loss or detection signal drift distortion cannot occur to a sensor, detection equipment and an actuating mechanism in the long-term operation process, the frequency of faults of the equipment in the mechanical, hydraulic and electrical aspects is high, certain difficulty exists in eliminating the faults, and more than 95% of fault conditions in an electric control system of the shield construction system are related to the faults of the sensor. Therefore, the on-site fault elimination of the shield machine urgently needs to develop a portable shield machine sensor detection device so as to realize the elimination of the fault in the operation and maintenance process of the shield machine on a construction site.
Disclosure of Invention
Therefore, the portable electrical detection equipment and the method for the shield machine provided by the invention have the advantages of scientific and reasonable design, convenience in carrying and operation, high integration level and strong applicability, and are also suitable for troubleshooting of operation and maintenance in a shield construction environment.
According to the design scheme provided by the invention, the portable electric detection equipment for the shield machine comprises: the box body and the test panel arranged in the box body; a circuit board for electrical detection is arranged in the test panel; the circuit board is provided with a power supply module with electric quantity charging storage and conversion functions and a voltage stabilizer connected with the power supply module; the data interface, the ammeter and the voltmeter which are used for detecting the failure of the sensor of the actuating mechanism of the shield tunneling machine are all arranged on the test panel and are connected with the output power supply of the voltage stabilizer through the interface circuit; the data interface at least comprises data interfaces used for detecting sensors of mechanical, hydraulic and electric actuating mechanisms of the shield tunneling machine.
As the portable electric detection equipment for the shield machine, the data interface comprises a data interface for electromagnetic valve detection, a data interface for switching value detection, a data interface for air flow electromagnetic valve detection, a data interface for PNP/NPN type sensor detection, a data interface for 4-20mA current input detection, a data interface for 0-10V voltage output detection, a data interface for 0-1000mA current output detection, a data interface for square wave output detection and a data interface for 100-1000mA current input detection.
As the portable electric detection equipment of the shield machine, the power supply module comprises a battery for storing electric quantity, a 2A intelligent charger and a 24DC plug connector.
As the portable electric detection equipment of the shield machine, further, a data interface for electromagnetic valve detection, a data interface for switching value detection, a data interface for air flow electromagnetic valve detection and a data interface for PNP/NPN type sensor detection are arranged, and diode indicating lamps for fault reminding are arranged on interface circuits connected with an output power supply of a voltage stabilizer.
Further, the invention also provides a portable electrical detection method of the shield machine, which is realized by using the portable electrical detection equipment of the shield machine, and the realization process comprises the following contents: aiming at each sensor in the mechanical, hydraulic and electric actuating mechanisms of the shield machine, a data interface corresponding to detection equipment is utilized to provide voltage/current required by detection, and whether a fault exists in each sensor is judged by observing the action of each sensor.
As the portable electric detection method of the shield machine, further, the detection contents of each sensor are as follows:
aiming at the electromagnetic valve for controlling the hydraulic oil flow direction of the hydraulic valve block and/or the hydraulic pump station of the shield machine, a 24VDC power supply input by the electromagnetic valve is driven to be opened by using a detection equipment data interface, and the fault of the electromagnetic valve is judged by observing whether the electromagnetic valve acts or not;
aiming at the switching value of the shield machine, a 24V power supply loop is provided for a switch by using a data interface of detection equipment to judge the on-off fault of the switch;
aiming at an air flow electromagnetic valve of a foam system of the shield tunneling machine, 24V alternating current is provided for the air flow electromagnetic valve by using a data interface of detection equipment, and whether the air flow electromagnetic valve fails or not is judged by observing whether the air flow electromagnetic valve acts or not;
aiming at a PNP/NPN type sensor of the shield machine, a data interface of detection equipment is utilized to provide 24V direct current for the sensor, and whether a fault exists is judged by detecting the effective level of a signal end of the sensor;
aiming at a PLC control signal of the shield tunneling machine, a frequency converter feedback output and a pressure/flow sensor, measuring the current of an input end point by using a data interface of detection equipment, and judging whether a fault exists by the current value of the sensor under different physical signals;
aiming at the PLC0-20mA signal output of the shield machine, the voltage of the input end point of the shield machine is measured by using a data interface of the detection equipment, and whether a fault exists is judged according to the action size of analog signals with different voltage values;
aiming at a proportional valve in a hydraulic valve block of the shield tunneling machine, different currents are provided by using a data interface of detection equipment, and whether a fault exists is judged through the action of the currents;
aiming at the rotating speed of a cutter head of a shield machine and a gear oil counter, a data interface of detection equipment is utilized to provide a duty ratio and frequency adjustable square wave, and whether a fault exists is judged through duty ratio simulation measurement;
aiming at the PLC0-10V signal output of the shield machine, the current of the input end point is measured by using a data interface of the detection equipment, and whether a fault exists is judged by observing the change condition of the output current along with the control signal.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the device has the advantages of simple and compact structure, novel and reasonable design, small volume, portability, high integration level and more convenient operation, can carry portable electrical detection equipment to carry out fault determination on sensors in various mechanical, hydraulic, electrical and other execution parts in the shield machine even in a severe shield construction environment, and has stronger applicability and popularization and application values.
Description of the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a test panel of the portable electrical inspection apparatus of the embodiment;
fig. 2 is an embodiment of a portable electrical detection apparatus interface circuit.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
the present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and technical solutions, and embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail by way of preferred examples, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto.
An embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 1 and 2, provides a portable electrical detection device for a shield machine, including: the box body and the test panel arranged in the box body; a circuit board for electrical detection is arranged in the test panel; the circuit board is provided with a power supply module with electric quantity charging storage and conversion functions and a voltage stabilizer connected with the power supply module; the data interface, the ammeter and the voltmeter which are used for detecting the failure of the sensor of the actuating mechanism of the shield tunneling machine are all arranged on the test panel and are connected with the output power supply of the voltage stabilizer through the interface circuit; the data interface at least comprises data interfaces used for detecting sensors of mechanical, hydraulic and electric actuating mechanisms of the shield tunneling machine.
Simple structure, compactness, modern design, reasonable, small, portable, the integrated level is high, and it is more convenient to operate, even also can carry out the fault determination to sensors among each mechanical, hydraulic pressure, electrical etc. executive component in the shield structure machine through carrying portable electrical detection equipment in the more abominable environment of shield structure construction, has stronger suitability and popularization and application and worth.
As the portable electric detection equipment for the shield machine in the embodiment of the present invention, further, the data interface includes a data interface for electromagnetic valve detection, a data interface for switching value detection, a data interface for air flow electromagnetic valve detection, a data interface for PNP/NPN type sensor detection, a data interface for 4-20mA current input detection, a data interface for 0-10V voltage output detection, a data interface for 0-1000mA current output detection, a data interface for square wave output detection, and a data interface for 100-1000mA current input detection. The detection of the sensor types of each mechanical, hydraulic and electric execution component in the shield machine is integrated into one equipment box body, so that the structure is compact, the size is small, the carrying is convenient, and the detection, the positioning and the maintenance of the faults of each sensor on a construction site are convenient in time.
As the portable electric detection equipment for the shield machine in the embodiment of the invention, further, the power supply module comprises a battery for storing electric quantity, a 2A intelligent charger and a 24DC plug connector.
According to actual use requirements, the battery model can adopt 24V5AH, the size is 150X 40X 70MM, a 2A intelligent charger and a 24 DC/2.5 square high-temperature-resistant male-female plug socket set are adopted to realize functions of electric quantity storage, intelligent charging, power conversion and the like in a power module, and a standard stable detection power supply can be provided through a voltage stabilizer, for example, a numerical control direct current stabilized power supply is shown in FIG. 2 to provide a 24VDC/2-3A voltage stabilizer; milliampere ammeter 0-2000 MA; the current generator outputs 250MA-1000 MA. Detecting the breaking capacity of a proximity switch of the Hall sensor; the PLC switching value input is detected through a 50MA fuse, 2-gear (ON-OFF) of a twister switch and 1 green LED indicator lamp of 24DCV, and the circuit is simple and convenient to realize.
As the portable electric detection equipment for the shield machine in the embodiment of the invention, further, a data interface for electromagnetic valve detection, a data interface for switching value detection, a data interface for air flow electromagnetic valve detection and a data interface for PNP/NPN type sensor detection are provided, and a diode indicator lamp for fault reminding is arranged on an interface circuit connected with an output power supply of the voltage stabilizer.
Supplying 24v electricity to the electromagnetic valve, measuring the current value of a passage, comparing the current value with the current in the normal working state of the electromagnetic valve, observing whether the electromagnetic valve acts, if the current value is compared normally and the electromagnetic valve does not act, a mechanical structure fails, and if the current value is compared abnormally, a coil fails, firstly clearing the coil failure and then testing; the electromagnetic valve is mainly used for controlling the flow direction of hydraulic oil of the hydraulic valve block and the hydraulic pump station. In the switching value detection, an indicator lamp is connected in series in a 24v power supply loop, an external switch is connected at two ends of an open circuit, the indicator lamp is on when the switch is closed, and the indicator lamp is not on when the switch fails to be closed; switching values such as plc relays and inverter relays or intermediate relay outputs, as well as push-button switches and air switches. During the detection of the air flow electromagnetic valve, 24v alternating current is output to supply the air flow electromagnetic valve, and whether the air flow electromagnetic valve operates or not is observed to judge whether the air flow electromagnetic valve has a fault or not; air flow solenoid valves are used in foam systems where foam water and air are mixed in certain proportions to form a foam. In the detection of the PNP/NPN type sensor, after 24v direct current is supplied to a power supply end of the sensor, a signal end of the sensor is detected, if the sensor is the PNP sensor, an effective signal is high level, an external physical signal of the sensor is supplied, if the high level signal is detected, the sensor is indicated to have action and be normal, otherwise, a fault exists. If the sensor is an NPN sensor, the effective signal is low level and gives an external physical signal to the sensor, if the low level signal is detected, the sensor is indicated to have action and is normal, otherwise, a fault exists; the two types of sensors are used in the occasions of motor rotating speed monitoring and displacement detection of some objects. In 4-20ma input detection, the current sensor can be connected with a two-wire current sensor or a three-wire current sensor, the current can be directly displayed on a display screen, and whether the corresponding current value is correct or not can be observed by giving different physical signals to the sensor; such as plc control signals, frequency converter feedback output, 4-20ma output signals of a pressure sensor and a flow sensor, can realize fault detection and positioning through a data interface of the type. In the 0-10v output detection, the voltage can simulate an analog control signal output by a PLC to control driving elements such as an amplification board, a frequency converter and the like, and the action size of the driving elements is observed by outputting different voltage values; and the Plc outputs 0-20ma signals, and executive devices such as an amplifying board, a frequency converter and the like. In the output detection of 0-1000ma, the current is used for directly driving the proportional valve, and the action change of the proportional valve is observed by outputting current values with different sizes; the proportional valve is used in the hydraulic valve block and is used for controlling the flow rate of hydraulic oil. In the square wave output detection, a square wave with adjustable duty ratio and frequency can be output, the output corresponding to the rotating speed of the cutter head is the square wave frequency, and the gear oil counting output is also the square wave frequency, so that the fault of a conversion component or the fault of square wave output can be judged by judging whether the square wave can be detected or not by replacing the two outputs; the duty ratio is the proportion of high level in a pulse period, the measurement of the rotating speed of the cutter head depends on a coder connected with the duty ratio, and the pulse speed output by the coder is proportional to the rotating speed of the cutter head; the gear oil is pumped by a sensor in the pipeline, and proportional pulse rate is output according to the flow; the sensor fault detection of the shield machine cutter head rotating speed, the gear oil counter and other execution components can be realized through the data interface. In the 100-1000ma current input detection, the proportional valve driving current output by the amplification board can be measured, and the quality of the amplification board can be judged by observing the change of the output current along with a control signal; the 0-10v signal current output by the Plc is very small, so that the solenoid valve cannot be driven, and therefore, the voltage and the current are input into an amplifying plate to be amplified proportionally, and then the solenoid valve is driven. Through the portable electrical detection equipment integrated with the various sensor data interfaces, the sensor detection in the construction process can be realized, so that the fault position is positioned, the fault maintenance is carried out rapidly in time, the labor intensity of carrying multiple tools for fault detection and positioning in the prior art is reduced, the working efficiency is improved, the normal operation of shield construction operation is effectively guaranteed, and the portable electrical detection equipment has better practicability and popularization and application values.
Further, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a portable electrical detection method for a shield machine, which is implemented by using the portable electrical detection device for a shield machine, and the implementation process includes the following contents: aiming at each sensor in the mechanical, hydraulic and electric actuating mechanisms of the shield machine, a data interface corresponding to detection equipment is utilized to provide voltage/current required by detection, and whether a fault exists in each sensor is judged by observing the action of each sensor.
As the portable electrical detection method for the shield machine in the embodiment of the invention, further, the detection contents of each sensor are as follows:
aiming at the electromagnetic valve for controlling the hydraulic oil flow direction of the hydraulic valve block and/or the hydraulic pump station of the shield machine, a 24VDC power supply input by the electromagnetic valve is driven to be opened by using a detection equipment data interface, and the fault of the electromagnetic valve is judged by observing whether the electromagnetic valve acts or not;
aiming at the switching value of the shield machine, a 24V power supply loop is provided for a switch by using a data interface of detection equipment to judge the on-off fault of the switch;
aiming at an air flow electromagnetic valve of a foam system of the shield tunneling machine, 24V alternating current is provided for the air flow electromagnetic valve by using a data interface of detection equipment, and whether the air flow electromagnetic valve fails or not is judged by observing whether the air flow electromagnetic valve acts or not;
aiming at a PNP/NPN type sensor of the shield machine, a data interface of detection equipment is utilized to provide 24V direct current for the sensor, and whether a fault exists is judged by detecting the effective level of a signal end of the sensor;
aiming at a PLC control signal of the shield tunneling machine, a frequency converter feedback output and a pressure/flow sensor, measuring the current of an input end point by using a data interface of detection equipment, and judging whether a fault exists by the current value of the sensor under different physical signals;
aiming at the PLC0-20mA signal output of the shield machine, the voltage of the input end point of the shield machine is measured by using a data interface of the detection equipment, and whether a fault exists is judged according to the action size of analog signals with different voltage values;
aiming at a proportional valve in a hydraulic valve block of the shield tunneling machine, different currents are provided by using a data interface of detection equipment, and whether a fault exists is judged through the action of the currents;
aiming at the rotating speed of a cutter head of a shield machine and a gear oil counter, a data interface of detection equipment is utilized to provide a duty ratio and frequency adjustable square wave, and whether a fault exists is judged through duty ratio simulation measurement;
aiming at the PLC0-10V signal output of the shield machine, the current of the input end point is measured by using a data interface of the detection equipment, and whether a fault exists is judged by observing the change condition of the output current along with the control signal.
The term "and/or" herein means that three relationships may exist. For example, a and/or B may represent: a exists alone, A and B exist simultaneously, and B exists alone. In addition, the character "/" herein generally indicates that the former and latter associated objects are in an "or" relationship.
Unless defined otherwise, technical or scientific terms used herein shall have the ordinary meaning as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The use of "first," "second," and similar terms in the description and claims of this application do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather the terms are used to distinguish one element from another. Also, the use of the terms "a" or "an" and the like do not necessarily denote a limitation of quantity. The word "comprising" or "comprises", and the like, means that the element or item listed before the word covers the element or item listed after the word and its equivalents, but does not exclude other elements or items. The terms "connected" or "coupled" and the like are not restricted to physical or mechanical connections, but may include electrical connections, whether direct or indirect. "upper", "lower", "left", "right", and the like are used merely to indicate relative positional relationships, and when the absolute position of the object being described is changed, the relative positional relationships may also be changed accordingly.
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, however, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made to the specific embodiments described above and various combinations of the technical features and structures proposed by the present invention may be made without departing from the concept of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims. The foregoing description of specific exemplary embodiments of the invention is not intended to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain certain principles of the invention and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to make and use various exemplary embodiments of the invention and various alternatives and modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims and their equivalents.
Claims (6)
1. The utility model provides a portable electric check out test set of shield constructs machine which characterized in that contains:
the box body and the test panel arranged in the box body; a circuit board for electrical detection is arranged in the test panel;
the circuit board is provided with a power supply module with electric quantity charging storage and conversion functions and a voltage stabilizer connected with the power supply module; the data interface, the ammeter and the voltmeter which are used for detecting the failure of the sensor of the actuating mechanism of the shield tunneling machine are all arranged on the test panel and are connected with the output power supply of the voltage stabilizer through the interface circuit;
the data interface at least comprises data interfaces used for detecting sensors of mechanical, hydraulic and electric actuating mechanisms of the shield tunneling machine.
2. The portable electric detection equipment for the shield machine according to claim 1, wherein the data interface comprises a data interface for electromagnetic valve detection, a data interface for switching value detection, a data interface for air flow electromagnetic valve detection, a data interface for PNP/NPN type sensor detection, a data interface for 4-20mA current input detection, a data interface for 0-10V voltage output detection, a data interface for 0-1000mA current output detection, a data interface for square wave output detection, and a data interface for 100-1000mA current input detection.
3. The portable electrical detection apparatus for a shield tunneling machine according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the power module comprises a battery for storing electric power, a 2A smart charger and a 24DC plug.
4. The portable electric detection equipment of the shield tunneling machine according to claim 2, characterized in that a data interface for electromagnetic valve detection, a data interface for switching value detection, a data interface for air flow electromagnetic valve detection and a data interface for PNP/NPN type sensor detection are provided, and a diode indicator lamp for fault reminding is provided on an interface circuit connected with the output power of the voltage stabilizer.
5. A shield machine portable electrical detection method is realized based on the shield machine portable electrical detection equipment of any one of claims 1-4, and the realization process comprises the following steps:
aiming at each sensor in the mechanical, hydraulic and electric actuating mechanisms of the shield machine, a data interface corresponding to detection equipment is utilized to provide voltage/current required by detection, and whether a fault exists in each sensor is judged by observing the action of each sensor.
6. The portable electrical detection method of the shield tunneling machine according to claim 5, wherein the detection contents of the sensors are specifically:
aiming at the electromagnetic valve for controlling the hydraulic oil flow direction of the hydraulic valve block and/or the hydraulic pump station of the shield machine, a 24VDC power supply input by the electromagnetic valve is driven to be opened by using a detection equipment data interface, and the fault of the electromagnetic valve is judged by observing whether the electromagnetic valve acts or not;
aiming at the switching value of the shield machine, a 24V power supply loop is provided for a switch by using a data interface of detection equipment to judge the on-off fault of the switch;
aiming at an air flow electromagnetic valve of a foam system of the shield tunneling machine, 24V alternating current is provided for the air flow electromagnetic valve by using a data interface of detection equipment, and whether the air flow electromagnetic valve fails or not is judged by observing whether the air flow electromagnetic valve acts or not;
aiming at a PNP/NPN type sensor of the shield machine, a data interface of detection equipment is utilized to provide 24V direct current for the sensor, and whether a fault exists is judged by detecting the effective level of a signal end of the sensor;
aiming at a PLC control signal of the shield tunneling machine, a frequency converter feedback output and a pressure/flow sensor, measuring the current of an input end point by using a data interface of detection equipment, and judging whether a fault exists by the current value of the sensor under different physical signals;
aiming at the PLC0-20mA signal output of the shield machine, the voltage of the input end point of the shield machine is measured by using a data interface of the detection equipment, and whether a fault exists is judged according to the action size of analog signals with different voltage values;
aiming at a proportional valve in a hydraulic valve block of the shield tunneling machine, different currents are provided by using a data interface of detection equipment, and whether a fault exists is judged through the action of the currents;
aiming at the rotating speed of a cutter head of a shield machine and a gear oil counter, a data interface of detection equipment is utilized to provide a duty ratio and frequency adjustable square wave, and whether a fault exists is judged through duty ratio simulation measurement;
aiming at the PLC0-10V signal output of the shield machine, the current of the input end point is measured by using a data interface of the detection equipment, and whether a fault exists is judged by observing the change condition of the output current along with the control signal.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN114755445A (en) * | 2022-04-06 | 2022-07-15 | 中交天和机械设备制造有限公司 | Integrated monitoring system and method for rotation state of shield tunneling machine cutter |
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| CN107515024A (en) * | 2017-09-15 | 2017-12-26 | 中铁工程装备集团盾构制造有限公司 | Shield machine sensor function measurement apparatus and its method |
| CN211042322U (en) * | 2019-12-31 | 2020-07-17 | 中铁工程装备集团盾构制造有限公司 | Portable electrical detection equipment of shield machine |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN114755445A (en) * | 2022-04-06 | 2022-07-15 | 中交天和机械设备制造有限公司 | Integrated monitoring system and method for rotation state of shield tunneling machine cutter |
| CN114755445B (en) * | 2022-04-06 | 2024-05-28 | 中交天和机械设备制造有限公司 | Integrated monitoring system and method for rotation state of shield tunneling machine cutterhead |
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