CN110892658B - Device and method for coding a message with a target probability distribution of coded symbols - Google Patents
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- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
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- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0041—Arrangements at the transmitter end
- H04L1/0042—Encoding specially adapted to other signal generation operation, e.g. in order to reduce transmit distortions, jitter, or to improve signal shape
Abstract
The invention relates to a communication device (110) for encoding a message to be transmitted over a communication channel. Wherein the communication device (110) comprises a precoder (102) for generating a precoded message based on the message and a channel code, and a channel encoder (104) for encoding the precoded message based on the channel code into a codeword, wherein the codeword comprises a plurality of bits and/or a plurality of symbols having a probability distribution, wherein the precoder (102) is configured to generate the precoded message such that the channel encoder (104) generates the plurality of bits and/or the plurality of symbols having the probability distribution matching a target probability distribution.
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to encoding in a communication system. More particularly, the present invention relates to an apparatus and method for encoding a message using a precoder.
Background
In order to achieve the capacity of a transmission channel in a communication system, the channel input symbols should have a certain probability distribution. For example, an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel capacity may be obtained using a gaussian distribution. However, in many practical communication systems, evenly distributed channel input symbols are used, which may lead to a gap with capacity. This loss, also referred to as shaping loss, may be as high as 1.53dB over the AWGN channel if uniformly distributed Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) symbols are used.
Shaping losses are particularly significant in the case of high order modulation. One common method for transmission with higher order modulation is the so-called Bit Interleaved Coded Modulation (BICM), in which a message to be transmitted is first encoded into a codeword by a channel encoder, then interleaved, and then mapped to channel input symbols by a symbol mapper. In many systems, the way to use binary channel codes is: the codeword is a binary vector. Typically, the distribution of 1's and 0's in the codeword is uniform, which also results in the channel input symbols also having a uniform distribution.
In the prior art, different approaches are proposed to reduce the shaping loss of higher order modulation, as shown below.
In the so-called non-uniform constellation (NUC) method, a symbol mapper with a non-uniform constellation is used. In this approach, the output of the channel encoder is mapped to symbols that do not have a regular structure like QAM symbols but have an optimized structure that helps reduce shaping loss. The method has no limitation on the channel code used. This method is also called geometric shaping. However, due to the non-conventional constellation structure, the standard QAM symbol mapper and QAM demapper should be replaced by more complex symbol mapper and symbol demapper, respectively.
In so-called Probability Amplitude Shaping (PAS), a shaping encoder is used which converts a uniformly distributed input message into a non-uniformly distributed sequence before the channel encoder. The sequence is then encoded by a systematic channel encoder (i.e. the output of the channel encoder contains the input of the channel encoder as a sub-vector) and then fed to a QAM symbol mapper. At the receiver, a QAM demapper may be used. After decoding the channel code, the reshaping decoder should process the output of the channel code in order to recover the message. This approach reduces shaping losses. However, this approach requires a shaping encoder and a shaping decoder, which increases complexity on the transmitter and receiver sides. Moreover, the information is recovered after being processed by the two serial decoders, which is suboptimal compared to using a joint decoder. Furthermore, this method imposes a limitation on the channel code used, which may be disadvantageous, since the channel encoder must be a systematic encoder.
Accordingly, there is a need for an improved communication device and method for encoding messages that allows for a reduction in the capacity gap of the transmission channel.
Disclosure of Invention
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved communication device and method for encoding a message, allowing to reduce the gap with the capacity of the transmission channel.
The foregoing and other objects are achieved by the subject matter of the independent claims. Further forms of realization are apparent from the dependent claims, the description and the accompanying drawings.
According to a first aspect, the invention relates to a communication device for encoding a message to be transmitted over a communication channel. Wherein the communication device comprises a precoder for generating a precoded message based on the message and a channel code, and a channel encoder for encoding the precoded message based on the channel code into a codeword, wherein the codeword comprises a plurality of bits and/or a plurality of symbols having a probability distribution, wherein the precoder is configured to generate the precoded message such that the channel encoder generates the plurality of bits and/or the plurality of symbols having a probability distribution that matches a target probability distribution.
Matching the probability distribution to the target probability distribution may include the precoder generating bits and/or symbols based on the target probability distribution. Further, this may include: the bits and/or symbols generated by the precoder (or the channel encoder processing the output of the precoder) have a probability distribution substantially equal to the target distribution, in particular the probability distribution has the same mean and/or variance as the target distribution. For example, the distance between the probability distribution of the plurality of bits of the codeword and the target probability distribution may be given by the kulbeck-lebuler distance.
Accordingly, an improved communication device is provided that improves transmission performance due to reduced shaping gaps (puncturing gaps) in bits and/or symbols generated by a precoder.
In a possible implementation form of the communication device according to the first aspect, the precoder is a system precoder. Thus, an improved communication device is provided, which facilitates the decoding process at the receiver side, since the output of the precoder comprises the input, i.e. the message to be transmitted.
In another possible implementation form of the communication device according to the first aspect, the channel encoder is a non-systematic encoder.
In another possible implementation form of the communication device according to the first aspect, the communication device further comprises an interleaver and/or a modulator for interleaving the plurality of bits and/or the plurality of symbols of the codeword, the modulator being in particular a symbol mapper for mapping the codeword to one or more symbols transmitted over the communication channel. Thus, an improved communication device is provided, since an easily implementable modulator, such as a QAM symbol mapper, may be used.
In another possible implementation form of the communication device according to the first aspect, the channel encoder is configured to encode the precoded message into a codeword based on a polarization transformation, wherein the polarization transformation is applied to the precoded message and the frozen bit sequence, and wherein the precoder is configured to generate the precoded message based on the message and the frozen bit sequence. This provides the advantage of exploiting the polarization effect of the polarization transformation so as to approach the capacity of the transmission channel.
Here, the polarization transformation may be based on corresponding to a matrix
Arika kernel or a matrix with similar channel polarization effects.
In another possible implementation form of the communication device according to the first aspect, the message is a vector u, and wherein the precoder is configured to generate a shaping bit vector s based on the message vector u and the target probability distribution, and to generate the precoded message by concatenating the shaping bit vector s with the message vector u such that the probability distribution of the plurality of bits of the codeword matches the target probability distribution. This provides the advantage of generating codewords having substantially the desired target probability distribution and thus reduces the gap to the capacity of the transmission channel due to shaping losses.
In another possible implementation form of the communication device according to the first aspect, the precoder comprises a channel decoder based on a channel code.
In another possible implementation form of the communication device according to the first aspect, the precoder is configured to generate the auxiliary channel decoder input sequence y based on a target probability distribution.
In another possible implementation form of the communication device according to the first aspect, the precoder is configured to generate a sequence of channel decoder apriori information based on the message vector u.
In another possible implementation form of the communication device according to the first aspect, the channel decoder of the precoder is configured to generate the precoding message based on the auxiliary channel decoder input sequence y and the channel decoder a priori information sequence.
In another possible implementation form of the communication device according to the first aspect, the channel decoder of the precoder is a channel decoder using log-likelihood ratios.
In another possible implementation form of the communication device according to the first aspect, the target probability distribution is non-uniform. This provides the advantage that a plurality of bits and/or a plurality of symbols of the code word may have a desired probability distribution.
In another possible implementation form of the communication device according to the first aspect, the channel code is a polar code, a binary LDPC code, a non-binary LDPC code or a convolutional code.
According to a second aspect, the invention relates to a method for encoding a message to be transmitted over a communication channel.
The method comprises the following steps:
generating a precoded message based on the message and the channel code; and
encoding the precoded message into a codeword based on the channel code, wherein the codeword comprises a plurality of bits and/or a plurality of symbols having a probability distribution, wherein the precoded message is generated by: a plurality of bits and/or a plurality of symbols are generated using the probability distribution that matches the target probability distribution.
According to a third aspect, the invention relates to a computer program comprising program code for performing the method of the second aspect when executed on a computer or processor.
According to a fourth aspect, the present invention relates to a communication device for decoding a message received over a communication channel, wherein the communication device comprises: a channel decoder for generating a vector [ u's ' ], wherein the estimation vector u ' comprises estimates of the information bit vector u and the estimation vector s ' comprises estimates of the shaping bit vector s, wherein the communication device is configured to discard the estimation vector s '.
In a possible implementation form of the communication device according to the fourth aspect, the communication device is further configured to generate a sequence s "based on the estimated vector u 'and to output an error message in case the sequence s" is not equal to the estimated vector s'.
In another possible implementation form of the communication device according to the fourth aspect, the channel decoder comprises a list decoder for selecting a respective codeword from a list of codewords, wherein for the selected codeword the sequence s "is equal to the estimation vector s'.
The present invention may be implemented in hardware and/or software.
Drawings
Further embodiments of the invention will be described in conjunction with the following drawings, in which:
fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a communication system comprising a communication device for encoding a message according to an embodiment and a communication device for decoding a message according to an embodiment;
fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a communication system comprising a communication device for encoding a message according to an embodiment and a communication device for decoding a message according to an embodiment;
fig. 3 shows a schematic diagram of a channel encoder and a channel decoder implemented in a communication device according to an embodiment;
fig. 4 shows a schematic diagram of a precoder implemented in a communication device according to an embodiment; and
fig. 5 shows a schematic diagram of a method for encoding a message to be transmitted over a communication channel according to an embodiment.
In the various figures, the same reference numerals will be used for identical or at least functionally equivalent features.
Detailed Description
The following description is made with reference to the accompanying drawings. The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this disclosure, illustrate certain aspects that may be implemented in the present invention. It is to be understood that other aspects may be utilized and structural or logical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, as the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims.
For example, it is to be understood that the disclosure relating to the method may also apply to a corresponding device or system configured to perform the method, and vice versa. For example, if a particular method step is described, the corresponding apparatus may comprise means for performing the described method step, even if such means are not explicitly described or shown in the figures. Furthermore, it should be understood that features of the various exemplary aspects described herein may be combined with each other, unless otherwise indicated.
Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a communication system 100 according to an embodiment, the communication system 100 comprising a communication device 110 for encoding a message u and a communication device 120 for decoding the message u.
The communication device 110 comprises a precoder 102 and a channel encoder 104, the precoder 102 being configured to generate a precoded message u based on the message u and a channel code s The channel encoder 104 is configured to precode a message u based on a channel code s Coded into code words u c Wherein the codeword u c Comprising a plurality of bits and/or a plurality of symbols having a probability distribution P, wherein the precoder (102) is configured to generate a precoding message u s So that the channel encoder 104 generates a signal having a probability distribution P with the target t A plurality of bits of the matched probability distribution PAnd/or a plurality of symbols.
This provides the advantage of reducing the shaping loss for higher order modulation coding schemes, since the codeword u c May have a suitable probability density distribution that may reduce shaping losses. Thus, the transmission performance of the communication device 110 is improved.
A communication device 120 for decoding a message received over a communication channel, comprising: a channel decoder 120a for generating a vector u's ', wherein the estimate vector u ' comprises estimates of the information bit vector u and the estimate vector s ' comprises estimates of the shaping bit vector s, wherein the communication device 120 is configured to discard the estimate vector s '.
Further, the communication device 120 is configured to generate a sequence s "based on the estimated vector u 'and to output an error message in case the sequence s" is not equal to the estimated vector s'.
Fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a communication system 100, the communication system 100 comprising a communication device 110 according to an embodiment and a communication device 120 according to an embodiment.
In the embodiment shown in fig. 2, the communication system 100 comprises a communication device 110 and a communication device 120 or receiver, wherein the communication device 120 is operable to receive an encoded message, i.e. a codeword u, over a communication channel c 。
In this embodiment, communication device 110 includes precoder 102, channel encoder 104, and symbol mapper 202, precoder 102 being specifically a system precoder, and symbol mapper 202 being specifically a QAM mapper.
The channel encoder 104 may be viewed as a one-to-one mapper, i.e., generating a unique output for each input. For example, if a message or message vector u is encoded by the channel encoder 104, a codeword u may be obtained c . However, precoder 102 may be used to expand message vector u by concatenating message vector u and shaping bit vector s (e.g., 10 bits). Furthermore, the channel encoder 104 may be configured to precode the resulting message u s ＝[u s]To carry outEncoding to obtain different codewords u for each different selection of the shaped bit vector s c . The s symbols of the shaped bit vector s may be based on a target probability distribution P t And the value of the message vector u.
In the above example, the shaping bit vector s has 10 bits, thus 2 10 A number of different code words u c May be generated by the channel encoder 104 based on the selection of the shaping bit vector s. Set 2 in this example 10 The individual codewords may be considered as a subset of the codewords in the codebook. All codewords in the subset represent a message vector u, but only one of them, i.e. codeword u c Is transmitted. The selection from the subset may be based on a target probability distribution P at the output side of the channel encoder 104 t And (4) realizing.
In one embodiment, the shaping bit vector s is selected based on the message vector u, so that the resulting codeword u c With a desired characteristic in the probability distribution P. The s symbols forming the shaped bit vector s may also be referred to as shaped bits or shaped symbols.
As described above, the precoder 102 may be a system precoder in that a message u to be transmitted, which is an input to the precoder 102, is included at an output of the precoder 102, i.e., a precoded message u s ＝[u s]In (1). Further, precoder 102 may be used to generate a sequence of channel decoder apriori information based on message vector u.
In one embodiment, communication device 110 further comprises an interleaver (not shown in fig. 2) for interleaving the codeword u c A plurality of bits and/or a plurality of symbols.
Unlike conventional PAS systems, the channel encoder 104 may not be a systematic channel encoder, making the channel encoder 104 according to the present invention more suitable for many applications that may require a non-systematic channel encoder.
In the embodiment shown in fig. 2, the representation codeword u is received c Of the noise symbolThe communication device 120 comprises a demapper 206, in particular a QAM demapper, the demapper 206, a channel decoder 120a and an error detection unit 210. The demapper 206 may be used to take into account the prior probabilities of the transmission symbols of the message vector u.
At the receiver or communication device 120, a channel decoder 120a may be used to decode the received signal including the message vector u and estimate the message vector u. In addition, the channel decoder 120a can be configured to output a vector [ u's ' ], wherein the estimate vector u ' represents an estimate of the transmitted message vector u. Channel decoder 120a may be configured to discard estimation vector s' to obtain transmitted message vector u.
It is therefore a further advantage of embodiments of the present invention to provide a receiver that is capable of decoding encoded codewords in a simple and efficient manner, i.e. by using a one-step decoder, rather than a two-step decoder as in the conventional PAS method, which requires an additional shaping decoder for the purpose of extracting the message.
Furthermore, since the precoding operation may be performed systematically, the transmission [ u's ' of the channel decoder 120a ']The estimate vector u 'already containing the message vector u, further, the estimate vector s' can be easily discarded. Further, the communication device 120 may include an error detection unit 210. In one embodiment, the precoding message u is obtained at the channel decoder 120a s ＝[us]After the estimation, the error detection unit 210 may be configured to check whether the estimated shaping bit vector s' is identical to the received one.
This additional error detection is similar to a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) check. In particular, channel decoder 120a may generate sequence s "using precoder 102 using estimation vector u ', and channel decoder 120a may report an error if sequence s" is not equal to estimation vector s'.
Fig. 3 shows a schematic diagram of the channel encoder 104 and the channel decoder 120 a.
In this embodiment, the channel encoder 104 may be configured to obtain a message sequence input d (corresponding to the precoding vector u of fig. 2) s ＝[u s]) And generates a codeword u c 。
In one embodiment, channel decoder 120a estimates transmitted message sequence input d using as input a noise observation input sequence y, which is a codeword u affected by noise due to transmission over a communication channel c 。
In another embodiment, the channel decoder 120a may also input the transmitted message sequence into bit p of d d (or channel decoder apriori information sequence) as input, i.e. the probability of the transmitted bit is 0 or 1.
In one embodiment, the channel decoder 120a uses log-likelihood ratios (LLRs).
In one embodiment, a channel coding scheme such as an LDPC code, a turbo code, a polarization code, or a convolutional code may be implemented by an LLR based channel decoder.
Fig. 4 shows a schematic diagram of a precoder 102 according to an embodiment.
As explained in the context of fig. 2, in an embodiment, the precoder 102, which in this embodiment comprises a first processing unit 400 and a second processing unit 402, is used to find the precoding message u in such a way s ＝[us]: before precoding message u s Code u generated after channel coding c Having a probability distribution P with the target t Probability distribution of matching P. To this end, a channel decoder 102a (similar or identical to channel decoder 120a of communication device 120) with a modified input as shown in fig. 4 may be used, as will be described in more detail below.
In one embodiment, the first processing unit 400 is configured to distribute P according to a target probability t A noise observation sequence or auxiliary channel decoder input sequence y is generated. For example, if the channel decoder 102a of the precoder 102 accepts an LLR-based input and the target probability distribution is 0.1 (the probability of a zero in a codeword is 0.1), the first processing unit 400 may be configured to generate an input containing the value log (0.1/(1-0.1)) at each position.
In one embodiment, if the channel of precoder 102Decoder 102a accepts LLR-based input, second processing unit 402 may be used to generate sequence p us Wherein the value + infinity/-infinity may be used at the position corresponding to the transmitted message vector u (depending on whether the elements of the transmitted message vector u are 0 or 1) and the value 0 may be used at the position corresponding to the shaping bit vector s.
This provides that the channel decoder 102a of the precoder 102 may be used to generate the precoding message u s ＝[u,s]In such a way that the generated code word u c And/or the probability distribution of the bits and/or symbols P and the desired target probability distribution P t And (4) matching.
Fig. 5 shows a schematic diagram of a corresponding method 500 for encoding a message to be transmitted over a communication channel, according to an embodiment.
The method 500 includes: generating 502 a precoded message based on the message and the channel code; and encoding 504 the precoded message into a codeword based on the channel code, wherein the codeword comprises a plurality of bits and/or a plurality of symbols having a probability distribution, wherein the precoded message is generated by: generating the plurality of bits and/or the plurality of symbols using a probability distribution that matches a target probability distribution.
While a particular feature or aspect of the disclosure may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations or embodiments, such feature or aspect may be combined with one or more other features or aspects of the other implementations or embodiments as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms "includes," has, "or other variants thereof are used in either the detailed description or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term" comprising. Also, the terms "exemplary," "e.g.," and "like" are merely exemplary, and are not optimal or optimal. The terms "coupled" and "connected," along with their derivatives, are used. It should be understood that these terms may have been used to indicate that two elements co-operate or interact with each other regardless of whether they are in direct physical or electrical contact, or whether they are not in direct contact with each other.
Although specific aspects have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a variety of alternate and/or equivalent implementations may be substituted for the specific aspects shown and described without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the specific aspects discussed herein.
Although the elements of the following claims are recited in a particular sequence with corresponding labeling, unless a reference in the claims implies a particular sequence for implementing some or all of the elements, the elements are not necessarily limited to being implemented in that particular sequence.
Many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. Of course, those skilled in the art will readily recognize that many applications of the present invention are beyond the scope of what is described herein. While the invention has been described with reference to one or more specific embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that many changes may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.
Claims (11)
1. A communication device (110) for encoding a message to be transmitted over a communication channel, wherein the communication device (110) comprises:
a precoder (102) for generating a precoded message (u) based on said message (u) and a channel code s ) (ii) a And
a channel encoder (104) for precoding the message (u) based on the channel code s ) Encoding into code words (u) c ) Wherein the codeword comprises a plurality of bits and/or a plurality of symbols having a probability distribution (P);
wherein the precoder (102) is configured to generate the precoding message (u) s ) To cause the channel encoder (104) to generate a signal having a probability distribution (P) corresponding to a target t ) The probability of a matchDistributing (P) the plurality of bits and/or the plurality of symbols;
wherein the message is a vector (u), and wherein the precoder (102) is configured to generate a shaped bit vector(s) based on the message vector (u) and the target probability distribution, and to generate the precoded message by concatenating the shaped bit vector(s) with the message vector (u) such that the probability distribution of the plurality of bits of the codeword matches the target probability distribution, the precoder (102) comprising a channel decoder (102a) based on the channel code.
2. The communication device (110) of claim 1, wherein the precoder (102) is a system precoder.
3. The communication device according to claim 1, wherein the channel encoder (104) is a non-systematic encoder.
4. The communication device (110) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the communication device (110) further comprises an interleaver for interleaving the plurality of bits and/or the plurality of symbols of the codeword and/or a modulator, in particular a symbol mapper (202), for mapping the codeword to one or more symbols for transmission on the communication channel.
5. The communication device (110) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the channel encoder (104) is configured to encode the precoded message into the codeword based on a polarization transformation, wherein the polarization transformation is applied to the precoded message and to a frozen bit sequence, and wherein the precoder (102) is configured to generate the precoded message based on the message and the frozen bit sequence.
6. The communication device (110) according to claim 1, wherein the precoder is configured to generate a secondary channel decoder input sequence (y) based on the target probability distribution.
7. The communication device (110) according to claim 6, wherein the precoder (102) is configured to generate a sequence of channel decoder apriori information based on the message vector (u).
8. The communication device (110) according to claim 7, wherein the channel decoder (102a) of the precoder (102) is configured to generate the precoded message based on the auxiliary channel decoder input sequence (y) and the channel decoder a priori information sequence.
9. The communication device (110) of claim 8, wherein the channel decoder (102a) of the precoder (102) is a channel decoder using log-likelihood ratios.
10. The communication device (110) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the target probability distribution is non-uniform.
11. The communication device (110) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the channel code is a polar code, a binary LDPC code, a non-binary LDPC code or a convolutional code.
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| CN113300722B (en) * | 2021-05-18 | 2023-04-28 | 华侨大学 | Probability shaping 4-PAM modulation system based on Polar code coding and modulation method thereof |
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| EP2362658A1 (en) * | 2010-02-26 | 2011-08-31 | Research In Motion Limited | Encoding and decoding methods and devices employing dual codesets |
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