CN110867569A - Preparation method of silicon-carbon composite material - Google Patents
Preparation method of silicon-carbon composite material Download PDFInfo
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
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- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
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Abstract
The invention provides a preparation method of a silicon-carbon composite material, which takes bamboo charcoal as a raw material, prepares hard carbon with a porous structure through heat treatment, then mixes the hard carbon with nano metal silicon and silica sol liquid phase, and obtains the silicon-carbon composite material through drying and dynamic sintering. Compared with the prior art, the porous hard carbon structure limits the pulverization problem caused by the volume expansion of the silicon monoxide in the charging and discharging processes, ensures the structural stability of the silicon monoxide in the charging and discharging processes, and improves the cycle attenuation problem caused by the structural pulverization problem of the silicon monoxide material, thereby ensuring the excellent cycle performance of the material.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of composite materials, in particular to a preparation method of a silicon-carbon composite material.
Background
In 2018, the sales income of the lithium battery reaches about 1882 million yuan, the income crosses 2000 million yuan of great customs in 2019, and exceeds 3000 million yuan in 2021. GGII data shows that the total shipment of Chinese lithium batteries in 2018 is 102GWH, which is 27% of the total shipment, wherein the shipment of power batteries accounts for 63.7%, and is mainly 46% of the total shipment of power batteries. Calculating that the graphite negative electrode is 10 million tons, and the market scale of the negative electrode material of the power battery is about 40 million yuan; in 2016, the productivity of Chinese power batteries reaches 101GWH, in 2020, nearly 250GWH is reached, and in 2025, the demand of the power batteries reaches 310GWH, and the demand of corresponding negative electrode materials reaches 31 ten thousand tons. The batch production of the high-quality silicon-carbon graphite cathode can promote the comprehensive promotion of the lithium battery technology, really and greatly improve the endurance mileage, accelerate the charging speed, reduce the use cost of customers, and finally make the market scale of the lithium battery strong and large, if the silicon-carbon cathode is adopted, the market scale can reach more than 400 million yuan.
Through the development of five years, the new energy industry in China has been transited from the cultivation period to the rapid growth period, and the motorization of automobiles becomes the mainstream technology for the development of the automobile industry in the future. However, the performance of the electric vehicle is still limited by the power technology, and the performance of the battery still cannot meet the requirements of long endurance and quick charging of the electric vehicle in the current technical level. Based on the above, in order to meet the requirement of 300 to 400 km of electric automobile on endurance mileage, the national ministry of industry and communications has produced a lithium ion battery development roadmap in 2016, and the energy density of the power battery in China is required to reach 350Wh/kg by 2025. To achieve this goal, the specific capacity of the negative electrode material must reach 600mAh/g to 800mAh/g, while the actual specific capacity of the current general graphite negative electrode material is close to its theoretical value (372mAh/g), and there is no further room for improvement. Therefore, the development of a novel high-specific-capacity long-cycle-life anode material system has become a core task in the research field of lithium ion batteries.
Among a plurality of novel negative electrode materials, the silicon material has extremely high theoretical specific capacity (4200 mAh/g), ideal working potential (<0.5V vs Li/Li +) and abundant earth crust storage capacity, and is an ideal negative electrode material for the next generation of lithium ion batteries. In a lithium ion battery, the working mechanism of a silicon cathode is electrochemical alloying reaction between silicon and lithium, the silicon and lithium form alloy during charging, and the volume of the silicon expands (the expansion rate reaches 310 percent) at the moment, and an SEI film is formed on a contact interface of an electrode and electrolyte; during discharging, the alloy is delithiated, the silicon cathode shrinks, however, the SEI film is lack of elasticity and low in strength, and cannot bear the volume change of silicon, so that cracks are generated, a gap is formed between the silicon surface and the SEI film, and when the silicon cathode is charged again, the exposed silicon surface is contacted with the electrolyte again, and a new SEI film is generated. The breathing process is repeated in charge-discharge cycles, so that an SEI film is continuously thickened, electrolyte and lithium are consumed, the coulombic efficiency of the material is reduced, the capacity is attenuated, and even silicon particles are crushed and stripped from a current collector in severe cases. Therefore, solving the problem of interface instability during cycling is the key to realizing industrial application of the silicon cathode.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a preparation method of a silicon-carbon composite material, which has high capacity, long service life and good high and low temperature performance.
In view of the above, the present invention provides a method for preparing a silicon-carbon composite material, comprising the following steps: carrying out heat treatment on bamboo charcoal to obtain hard charcoal with a porous structure; and carrying out liquid phase mixing on the hard carbon, the nano metal silicon and the silica sol, drying and dynamically sintering to obtain the silicon-carbon composite material.
Preferably, the heating rate of the bamboo charcoal heat treatment is 100-.
Preferably, the liquid phase mixing step specifically comprises: mixing a solvent and silica sol with the solid content of 30%, adding nano metal silicon, stirring uniformly, adding porous hard carbon, stirring uniformly, and then adding the hard carbon.
Preferably, the mass ratio of the nano metal silicon to the silica sol is 14-15: 100.
Preferably, the mass ratio of the total amount of the nano metal silicon and the silica sol to the porous hard carbon is 5-300: 100.
Preferably, the maximum grain size of the nano metal silicon is less than 200 nm.
Preferably, the sintering step is: and (3) in an oxygen-free environment, sintering the dried material in a rotary furnace, heating the material from room temperature to 1100-1300 ℃, preserving the heat for 5-100 hours, cooling the material to 800-1000 ℃, preserving the heat for 5-100 hours, and cooling.
Preferably, the dynamic sintering is a sintering mode in which the material is in a motion state in the furnace body.
Preferably, the method further comprises the following steps: and (3) scattering the cooled material, wherein the maximum particle size of the material is less than 45 μm, and the average particle size is 10-25 μm.
Preferably, the silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material is used as a negative electrode material of a lithium ion battery, the capacity is 380-800mAh/g, and the cycle life is less than 3% of the cycle decay per 100 cycles.
The invention provides a preparation method of a silicon-carbon composite material, which takes bamboo charcoal as a raw material, prepares hard carbon with a porous structure through heat treatment, then mixes the hard carbon with nano metal silicon and silica sol liquid phase, and finally obtains the silicon-carbon composite material through drying and dynamic sintering. Compared with the prior art, the porous hard carbon structure limits the pulverization problem caused by the volume expansion of the silicon monoxide in the charging and discharging processes, ensures the structural stability of the silicon monoxide in the charging and discharging processes, and improves the cycle attenuation problem caused by the structural pulverization problem of the silicon monoxide material, thereby ensuring the excellent cycle performance of the material. Experimental results show that the silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material prepared by the invention is used as a negative electrode material of a lithium ion battery, the capacity is 380-800mAh/g, the first efficiency is more than 91%, and the cycle life is less than 3% of the cycle attenuation of every 100 cycles.
Detailed Description
For a further understanding of the invention, reference will now be made to the preferred embodiments of the invention by way of example, and it is to be understood that the description is intended to further illustrate features and advantages of the invention, and not to limit the scope of the claims.
The embodiment of the invention discloses a preparation method of a silicon-carbon composite material, which comprises the following steps: carrying out heat treatment on bamboo charcoal to obtain hard charcoal with a porous structure; and carrying out liquid phase mixing on the hard carbon, the nano metal silicon and the silica sol, drying and dynamically sintering to obtain the silicon-carbon composite material.
Preferably, the heating rate of the bamboo charcoal heat treatment is 100-200 ℃/h, and preferably, the heating rate is 100 ℃/h; the heat treatment temperature is more than 2000 ℃, preferably 2200 ℃; the heat preservation time is more than 10 hours.
The invention takes bamboo charcoal as raw material, the hard charcoal with porous structure is prepared by heat treatment, the porous structure of the bamboo charcoal is utilized to limit the expansion of silicon, and the bamboo charcoal raw material is easy to obtain, thus being easy to realize industrialized production. The heating rate adopted by the invention is beneficial to the formation of a hard carbon structure by carbon instead of a graphite structure, so that the high-temperature and low-temperature performance of the material is ensured.
The liquid phase mixing is to uniformly mix the three materials in a liquid solvent, namely, after the liquid phase solvent is uniformly mixed with silica sol with the solid content of 30%, nano metal silicon is added and uniformly stirred, and then hard carbon is added and uniformly stirred to obtain a uniform liquid phase mixture. The solvent is preferably one or more of volatile and pollution-free liquid phase solvents such as alcohol, water and the like.
The volume of the silicon carbon is determined by the adding amount of the nano metal silicon and the silica sol. The mass ratio of the nano metal silicon to the silica sol is preferably 14-15: 100; the mass ratio of the total amount of the nano metal silicon and the silica sol to the porous hard carbon is preferably 5-300:100, more preferably 10-200: 100; the maximum grain size of the nano metal silicon is less than 200 nm. The silica sol in the invention is small-particle-size nano silicon, and can be acidic, alkaline or neutral.
In the present invention, the mixture is preferably dried by spray drying, freeze drying, paddle drying, air drying, or the like.
Preferably, the dynamic sintering is a sintering mode in which the material is in a motion state in the furnace body, and the sintering step is preferably: and (3) sintering the dried material in a rotary furnace in an oxygen-free environment, heating the material from room temperature to 1100-1300 ℃, preserving the heat for 5-100 hours, cooling the material to 800-1000 ℃, preserving the heat for 5-100 hours, and cooling the material along with the temperature of the furnace. More preferably, the dried material is placed in a rotary furnace to be sintered in an oxygen-free environment, the temperature is raised to 1100 from room temperature, the temperature is raised for 6 hours, the temperature is maintained at 1100 ℃ for 10 to 30 hours, the temperature is lowered to 800, the temperature is maintained for 8 to 20 hours, and the material is cooled to the room temperature along with the furnace temperature. The sintering process is carried out in an oxygen-free environment, and can be vacuum or protective gas atmosphere. The protective gas is one or more of argon, helium and neon. The sintering adopted by the invention is dynamic sintering.
Preferably, the present invention further comprises: and (3) scattering the cooled material, wherein the maximum particle size of the material is less than 45 μm, and the average particle size is 10-25 μm.
The silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material is used as a negative electrode material of a lithium ion battery, the capacity is 380-800mAh/g, the first efficiency is more than 91%, and the cycle life is less than 3% per 100 cycles of attenuation.
According to the scheme, the bamboo charcoal is used as a main material, the hard charcoal rich in porous materials is formed through special heat treatment, and the high-performance silicon charcoal composite material is finally formed through the dynamic sintering process after the hard charcoal is mixed with the nano silicon and the silica sol. The porous structure of the hard carbon limits the pulverization problem caused by the expansion of the silicon monoxide in the charging and discharging processes, ensures the structural stability of the silicon monoxide in the charging and discharging processes, and improves the cycle attenuation problem caused by the structural pulverization problem of the silicon monoxide material, thereby ensuring the excellent cycle performance of the material. And the bamboo charcoal is in a hard charcoal structure after special heat treatment, has good rapid charging and high and low temperature performances, comprehensively improves the performances of the silicon-carbon composite material, greatly improves the capacity and the comprehensive performances of the lithium ion battery, and has wide application space.
The invention has the advantages that:
(1) high and controllable capacity
According to the silicon-carbon composite material, the porous hard carbon structure formed by the silicon monoxide and the bamboo charcoal after the chemical reaction with the silicon and the silicon dioxide is compounded according to different compounding amounts, the capacity can be 380-800mAh/g, which is obviously higher than that of the conventional graphite cathode material on the market at present, and the capacity can be regulated and controlled by the adding amount of the silicon monoxide after the chemical reaction with the silicon and the silicon dioxide.
(2) High performance
The main body material of the porous hard carbon structure ensures the stability of the silicon material and simultaneously improves the comprehensive properties of the whole material, such as high temperature, low temperature, circulation and the like. The nano-silicon oxide chemically generated in the sintering process is deposited in the hard carbon with a porous structure, so that the circulation problem caused by pulverization due to expansion of the silicon oxide material is fundamentally relieved, and meanwhile, the excellent high-low temperature and other comprehensive properties of the material are ensured due to the porous hard carbon structure.
(3) No pollution
The main material is pollution-free biological charcoal-bamboo charcoal, so that the problem of shortage of petroleum coke and other materials for the current negative electrode material is solved, the pollution to the environment is reduced, and the national policy of energy conservation and emission reduction is compounded.
For further understanding of the present invention, the following embodiments are provided to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention in detail, and the scope of the present invention is not limited by the following embodiments.
The raw materials adopted in the embodiment of the invention are all commercially available.
Example 1
Placing the bamboo charcoal in a graphitization furnace for graphitization treatment, wherein the heating rate is 100 ℃/h, heating to 2200 ℃, preserving the heat for 10 h, and cooling along with the furnace temperature;
weighing 400kg of alcohol, mixing with 90kg of silica sol with solid content of 30%, adding 13kg of nano metal silicon after mixing, and continuing stirring;
uniformly mixing, and adding 200kg of graphitized bamboo charcoal;
spray drying the mixed material;
sintering the spray-dried material in a rotary furnace, wherein the sintering process adopts argon atmosphere protection to prevent oxidation;
the sintering curve is as follows:
room temperature-1100 deg.c for 6 hr;
1100 ℃ for 20 hours;
10 hours at 800-800 ℃;
namely, the temperature is raised from room temperature to 1100 ℃ in 6 hours, the temperature is kept at 1100 ℃ for 20 hours, the temperature is cooled to 800 ℃ along with the furnace temperature, the temperature is kept for 10 hours, the temperature is cooled to room temperature along with the furnace temperature,
cooling along with the furnace after sintering;
cooling and discharging, and then scattering, wherein the maximum particle size of the material is controlled to be less than 45 μm, and the average particle size is 10-25 μm.
And (3) testing:
the product prepared in this example was tested according to the test method of the conventional lithium button cell, and the properties are shown in table 1.
Table 1 performance of lithium button cell formed using silicon-carbon composite material prepared in example 1 of the present invention
Detecting items | The result of the detection | Remarks for note |
0.1C capacity | 506mAh/g | Annex G method test in GB/2433 |
First time efficiency | 91% | Annex G method test in GB/2433 |
100 0.1C cycles | Attenuation is less than 3% | Annex G method test in GB/2433 |
High temperature 55 ℃ cycle | No flatulence, fire, explosion and the like in 100-week circulation | |
0.1C capacity at-20 deg.C | Capacity at normal temperature50% of the 0.1C capacity |
Example 2
Placing the bamboo charcoal in a medium-frequency induction furnace for heat treatment, heating to 2500 ℃ at the heating rate of 150 ℃/h, preserving the heat for 10 hours, and cooling along with the furnace temperature;
weighing 400kg of water, mixing with 138kg of silica sol with solid content of 30%, adding 20kg of nano-metal silicon after mixing, and continuing stirring;
after being mixed evenly, 200kg of porous hard carbon after heat treatment is added;
freeze-drying the mixed materials;
sintering the freeze-dried material in a rotary furnace, wherein the sintering process adopts argon atmosphere protection to prevent oxidation;
the sintering curve is as follows:
room temperature-1100 deg.c for 6 hr;
1100 ℃ for 20 hours;
10 hours at 800-800 ℃;
namely, the temperature is raised from room temperature to 1100 ℃ in 6 hours, the temperature is kept at 1100 ℃ for 20 hours, the temperature is cooled to 800 ℃ along with the furnace temperature, the temperature is kept for 10 hours, the temperature is cooled to room temperature along with the furnace temperature,
cooling along with the furnace after sintering;
cooling and discharging, and then scattering, wherein the maximum particle size of the material is controlled to be less than 45 μm, and the average particle size is 10-25 μm.
And (3) testing:
the product prepared in this example was tested according to the test method of the conventional lithium button cell, and the properties are shown in table 2.
Table 2 performance of lithium button cell formed using silicon carbon composite material prepared in example 2 of the present invention
Detecting items | The result of the detection | Remarks for note |
0.1C capacity | 612mAh/g | Annex G method test in GB/2433 |
First time efficiency | 90% | Annex G method test in GB/2433 |
100 0.1C cycles | Attenuation is less than 3% | Annex G method test in GB/2433 |
High temperature 55 ℃ cycle | No flatulence, fire, explosion and the like in 100-week circulation | |
0.1C capacity at-20 deg.C | The capacity is 40 percent of the 0.1C capacity at normal temperature |
The above description of the embodiments is only intended to facilitate the understanding of the method of the invention and its core idea. It should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, it is possible to make various improvements and modifications to the present invention without departing from the principle of the present invention, and those improvements and modifications also fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (10)
1. The preparation method of the silicon-carbon composite material is characterized by comprising the following steps:
carrying out heat treatment on bamboo charcoal to obtain hard charcoal with a porous structure;
and carrying out liquid phase mixing on the hard carbon, the nano metal silicon and the silica sol, drying and dynamically sintering to obtain the silicon-carbon composite material.
2. The preparation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the heating rate of the bamboo charcoal heat treatment is 100-.
3. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the liquid phase mixing step is specifically:
mixing a solvent and silica sol with the solid content of 30%, adding nano metal silicon, stirring uniformly, adding porous hard carbon, stirring uniformly, and then adding the hard carbon.
4. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the nano metallic silicon to the silica sol is 14-15: 100.
5. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the total amount of the nano metallic silicon and the silica sol to the porous hard carbon is 5-300: 100.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the nano-sized metallic silicon has a maximum particle size of < 200 nm.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the sintering step is:
and (3) in an oxygen-free environment, sintering the dried material in a rotary furnace, heating the material from room temperature to 1100-1300 ℃, preserving the heat for 5-100 hours, cooling the material to 800-1000 ℃, preserving the heat for 5-100 hours, and cooling.
8. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the dynamic sintering is a sintering mode in which the material is in a moving state in the furnace body.
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
and (3) scattering the cooled material, wherein the maximum particle size of the material is less than 45 μm, and the average particle size is 10-25 μm.
10. The preparation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material is used as a negative electrode material of a lithium ion battery, the capacity is 380-800mAh/g, and the cycle life is less than 3% of the cycle decay per 100 cycles.
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CN118039884A (en) * | 2024-04-11 | 2024-05-14 | 鑫享电港科技有限公司 | Sodium ion battery bamboo charcoal composite negative electrode and preparation method thereof |
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