CN110864817B - Non-interference quantitative phase imaging method based on single-pixel detector - Google Patents
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Abstract
A non-interference quantitative phase imaging method based on a single-pixel detector comprises two processes of light field modulation detection and calculation demodulation; the light field modulation detection uses monochromatic plane light as a detection light source, and uses a pure phase type spatial light modulator to respectively carry out phase type and amplitude type aperture coding on the incident plane light; the difference operation is carried out on the obtained intensity values in the calculation and demodulation process, a series of intensity signals are obtained, the real part or the imaginary part of the object can be recovered, and the real part or the imaginary part are combined to obtain complex optical field information so as to obtain object phase information. Independent phase and amplitude modulation is performed under monochromatic illumination, the dc component of the object in the far field is measured, its correlation is detected by modulating in phase and amplitude, respectively, the phase information of the object is obtained, and a constant phase shift is determined by the object itself. The importance of the invention is that the necessity of interferometry in quantitative phase imaging is eliminated, which means that the phase imaging method requires only spatial coherence of the illumination.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a non-interference quantitative phase imaging method based on a single-pixel detector, and belongs to the field of precision optical measurement.
Background
The phase of the optical field contains important information but is naturally lost during normal imaging because the photodetector, including the human retina, responds only to power and not to the phase of light. In order to reveal phase information to extend the viewing capabilities, various phase imaging techniques have been developed. In general, these techniques can be divided into two categories: phase contrast imaging and Quantitative Phase Imaging (QPI). Although phase contrast imaging shows texture with phase inhomogeneities, QPI produces a linear quantitative mapping of the phase distribution, thus allowing the observer to have a more accurate picture of the phase object.
In phase imaging techniques, interferometry is of crucial importance. As early as 1873, Abbe (Abbe) has realized the importance of interference in phase imaging, and he has described microscope images as interference effects of diffraction phenomena. Zernik, following his thought, has designed phase contrast imaging based on the inherent interference of the internal structures of the object. In earlier QPI techniques, interferometry was performed by forcing the introduction of a reference beam. Quantitative measurements of phase are then obtained by phase shift or digital holographic methods.
In recent years, attempts have been made to remove interferometric measurements from QPI by methods such as "intensity equation transfer", fourier spectroscopy. An advantage of these non-interferometric QPIs that the experimental setup is simplified due to the removal of the reference beam, which is useful when the interferometer is difficult to set up.
Computed Ghost Imaging (CGI) is a single beam approach to classical ghost imaging, also interpreted as a computational form of second order correlation measurement. The CGI scans the spatial information of an object by performing a series of designed structured illumination and non-pixilated detection. The image is obtained from the correlation of the paired illumination structures and the non-pixilated signal. The CGI is also called a single pixel camera. In a conventional CGI for amplitude objects, a bucket detector is employed for non-pixilated detection to collect the total intensity. Since the bucket detection signal is only sensitive to amplitude, the phase object cannot be imaged by amplitude detection.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a non-interference quantitative phase imaging method based on a single-pixel detector, which has a simple process and only needs the spatial coherence of illumination.
The invention relates to a non-interference quantitative phase imaging method based on a single-pixel detector, which comprises two processes of light field modulation detection and calculation demodulation;
the process of light field modulation detection: using monochromatic plane light as a detection light source, and respectively carrying out phase type and amplitude type aperture coding on the incident plane light by using a pure-phase spatial light modulator, wherein the coding matrixes are differential Hadamard matrixes; loading a phase type grating on a spatial light modulator, enabling planar light to deflect to meet the modulation requirement of the spatial light modulator, performing spatial filtering through a 4f system, obtaining a phase type light spot and an amplitude type light spot on a rear focal plane of the 4f system, performing aperture coding on a phase object by using the light spots, applying a Fourier lens to perform Fourier transform on the object, and obtaining zero-order frequency intensity after the structured light and the object act by using a point detector;
and calculating a demodulation process: and carrying out differential operation on the obtained zero-order frequency intensity value, wherein a differential signal is the projection of the object on a differential aperture code, when the projected aperture code is enough to form a Hilbert inner product space, a series of intensity signals are obtained to be enough to recover the real part or the imaginary part of the object, a complex amplitude real part of the phase object is obtained by using phase type aperture code modulation and demodulation, a complex amplitude imaginary part of the phase object is obtained by using amplitude type aperture code modulation and demodulation, and complex light field information is obtained by combining the real part and the imaginary part to obtain object phase information.
The light field modulation detection process specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) the He-Ne laser is used as a coherent light source, a linear polarization type laser is selected, the polarization direction of coherent light is changed by rotating the angle of the laser so as to meet the modulation requirement of a spatial light modulator, and a spatial filter is used for filtering the laser light source so as to generate a single-mode collimation plane light beam.
(2) The method comprises the steps that a phase type spatial light modulator is used for modulating a plane light beam, in order to obtain a light field mode with high modulation efficiency, a blazed grating is loaded on a light modulator (SLM) to generate diffraction, the blazed grating is designed to be four pixels and one period (2 pi), and a phase mode is added on the basis of the blazed grating to obtain pure phase modulation and pure amplitude modulation; obtaining a phase hologram by adding the spot pattern to a blazed grating function; in amplitude modulation, the hologram is generated by multiplying a light spot pattern by a blazed grating function;
(3) the spatial filtering is carried out on the spatial light modulator by using a 4f system, the plane of the light modulator (SLM 1) modulated by a light field is arranged on the front focal plane of the 4f system, a spatial filtering square hole is arranged on a first-order frequency to filter the first-order frequency, and the plane of the light modulator (SLM 2) of a phase object is arranged on the rear focal plane of the 4f system;
(4) to obtain coherent superposition information, fourier transform is performed on the object (SLM 2 plane) using a lens to obtain: and detecting the zero-order frequency intensity of the object plane by using a point detector:where N is the number of pixels, I (x, y) represents the illumination modulation, t (x, y) represents the complex field,representing complex amplitude forms of the object, A (x, y) andrespectively corresponding to the amplitude and the phase of the object;
(5) the modulation of light is divided into two parts, namely binary phase modulation and binary amplitude modulation, and the zero-order frequency intensity S of pure phase modulation is obtainedpAnd pure amplitude modulated zero-order frequency intensity Sq(ii) a A differential measurement is introduced in the modulation, each illumination pattern is displayed by combining a pair of opposing (0s, 1s) patterns and taking the difference, the pure phase and pure amplitude modulated modulation modes respectively.
The calculation demodulation process specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) differentiating the obtained signals to obtain differential signals corresponding to pure phase modulation: sp'=Sp+-Sp-And a differential signal S corresponding to a pure amplitude modulationq'=Sq+-Sq-Then, respectively obtaining a real part Re (x, y) and an imaginary part Im (x, y) of the complex amplitude of the object by using a correlation operation formula;
(2) obtaining complex field information U (x, y) Re (x, y) + i.im (x, y) by using the obtained real part and imaginary part information, and obtaining the phase distribution of the wrapped object by taking the phase part of the complex amplitudeWherein α is a fixed phase difference;
(3) and for continuous phase objects, recovering the continuous phase of the object by using a phase unwrapping algorithm.
In order to obtain phase information, the invention performs independent phase and amplitude modulation under monochromatic illumination, measures the dc component of the object in the far field, obtains phase information of the object by modulating in phase and amplitude, respectively, and detecting their correlation, and determines a constant phase shift from the object itself.
The importance of the invention is that the necessity of interferometry in quantitative phase imaging is eliminated, which fundamentally means that the phase imaging method only requires spatial coherence of the illumination, which property provides advantages for the phase imaging method when the illumination has low temporal coherence but spatial coherence.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of an experimental apparatus for light field modulation detection.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the pair phase type differential projection mode and the pair amplitude type differential projection mode. Wherein (a) and (b) are the ith pair of phase-type differential projection modes used, and (c) and (d) are the ith pair of amplitude-type differential projection modes. To obtain a 128 × 128 resolution complex amplitude image, 128 × 2 pairs of such projection patterns are required.
Fig. 3 is a diagram showing the recovery result of the phase object (convex lens). Wherein (a) is the recovery result without phase unwrapping, and (b) is the phase recovery result after unwrapping.
Detailed Description
The invention comprises two processes of light field modulation detection and calculation demodulation:
the process of light field modulation detection: monochromatic plane light is used as a detection light source, a spatial light modulator of a pure phase type is used for respectively carrying out phase type and amplitude type aperture coding on the incident plane light, and coding matrixes are differential Hadamard matrixes. In order to obtain an optical field mode with high modulation efficiency, a phase type grating is loaded on a spatial light modulator, plane light is deflected for a certain angle, spatial filtering is carried out through a 4f system, and good phase type light spots and amplitude type light spots are obtained on a back focal plane of the system. The light spot is used for carrying out aperture coding on a phase object, a Fourier lens is applied to carry out Fourier transform on the object, and a point detector is used for obtaining the zero-order frequency intensity after the structured light and the object act.
And calculating a demodulation process: and carrying out differential operation on the obtained intensity values, wherein differential signals are projections of the object on the differential aperture codes, and when the projected aperture codes are enough to form a Hilbert inner product space, a series of intensity signals are obtained to be enough to recover the real part or the imaginary part of the object.
Fig. 1 shows an experimental setup for light field modulation detection. Wherein a He-Ne laser and a beam expander (comprising an objective lens, a 25um pinhole and a collimator lens) are used to generate a collimated beam. Two SLMs are used to implement the light field modulation (SLM 1) and the phase object (SLM 2), respectively, which are placed in the front and back focal planes of a 4-f system made of Lens 1 and Lens 2. The filter square is placed in the fourier plane of the 4-f system for spatial filtering. Lens 3 transforms the object under structured light illumination to its far field and places a pinhole detector there. A pinhole detector consisting of a pinhole of 15um diameter and a photodiode is used to detect the zero-order intensity of the effective diffraction field.
The detailed procedure for light field modulation detection is as follows:
(1) binary phase objects and gray scale phase objects are imaged on a phase-only liquid crystal Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) and a lens. The experimental set-up is shown in figure 1. A linearly polarized He — Ne laser light with a wavelength of 633nm λ is expanded to generate a monochromatic plane wave.
(2) A liquid crystal spatial light modulator (SLM 1) with a resolution of 1920 x 1080 pixels is used for binary structured modulation of the phase and amplitude of the incident light. In the modulation, only 512 x 512 pixel regions of the SLM 1 are actually used. By merging the 4 x 4 pixel array into superpixels, the effective modulation and imaging resolution is 128 x 128 pixels.
(3) The 4-f system made of lens 1 and lens 2 images the structured pattern onto the window of the second SLM (SLM 2) used as phase object. To ensure efficient phase modulation, blazed grating holograms are employed on both SLMs to produce diffraction, and only the first order diffraction after the SLM is used. After the SLM 1, the first order diffractive illumination is selected by an aperture in the fourier plane of the 4-f system.
(4) For the SLM 2, spatial filtering is done through a fourier transform lens 3 and a pinhole in its back focal plane. A pixel detector (SPD) is placed directly behind the pinhole to record the signal. It should be emphasized that the pinhole is small enough so that it selects only the zeroth power of the effective diffraction field.
(5) In order to maximize the correlation efficiency, an orthogonal Hadamard matrix is selected as a projection matrix, and matrix elements +/-1 well meet the requirement of differential measurement in the method. As described above, each illumination pattern is displayed by combining a pair of opposing (0s, 1s) patterns and taking the difference thereof. For the present invention, 128 pixels will be used at a resolution of 128 by 128 pixels2The Hadamard matrix of order is derived for 32768 pairs of (0s, 1s) modulation modes. As shown in fig. 2. The same modulation sequence is performed independently in both phase and amplitude. In the phase modulation, the modulation amount is set to pi/2, so the actual modulation mode is (0s, pi/2 s). The phase hologram is obtained by adding the (0s, pi/2 s) mode and the blazed grating function. In amplitude modulation, the hologram is generated by multiplying a (0s, 1s) pattern by a blazed grating function.
Calculating demodulation: and differentiating the obtained signals to obtain a series of differential signals. And respectively obtaining a real part Re (x, y) and an imaginary part Im (x, y) of the complex amplitude of the object by using a correlation operation formula. Obtaining: and taking the phase part of the complex amplitude to obtain the phase distribution of the wrapped object. And then recovering the object phase by using a phase unwrapping algorithm.
The specific process of calculating the demodulation is as follows:
(1) differentiating the obtained signals to obtain differential signals corresponding to pure phase modulation: sp'=Sp+-Sp-And a differential signal S corresponding to a pure amplitude modulationq'=Sq+-Sq-. And then respectively obtaining the real part of the complex amplitude of the object by using a correlation operation formula: re (x, y) and imaginary part: im (x, y).
(2) Obtaining complex field information U (x, y) Re (x, y) + i.im (x, y) by using the obtained real part and imaginary part information, and obtaining the phase part of the complex amplitude to obtain the wrapped informationPhase distribution of living bodyWhere α is a fixed phase difference, and for a particular object, the value of α is fixed and does not affect the overall distribution of the phase.
(3) For continuous phase objects, a phase unwrapping algorithm may be used to recover the continuous phase of the object, as shown in fig. 3.
Claims (3)
1. A non-interference quantitative phase imaging method based on a single-pixel detector is characterized in that: the method comprises two processes of light field modulation detection and calculation demodulation;
the process of light field modulation detection: using monochromatic plane light as a detection light source, and respectively carrying out phase type and amplitude type aperture coding on the incident plane light by using a pure-phase spatial light modulator, wherein the coding matrixes are differential Hadamard matrixes; loading a phase type grating on a spatial light modulator, deflecting plane light to meet the modulation requirement of the spatial light modulator, performing spatial filtering on the spatial light modulator by using a 4f system, placing the light modulator plane modulated by a light field on a front focal plane of the 4f system, placing a spatial filtering square hole on a primary frequency to filter the primary frequency, and placing the light modulator plane of a phase object on a rear focal plane of the 4f system; obtaining a phase type light spot and an amplitude type light spot on a back focal plane of a 4f system, carrying out aperture coding on a phase object by using the light spots, applying a Fourier lens to carry out Fourier transform on the object, and obtaining zero-order frequency intensity after the structured light and the object act by using a point detector;
and calculating a demodulation process: and carrying out differential operation on the obtained zero-order frequency intensity value, wherein a differential signal is the projection of the object on a differential aperture code, when the projected aperture code is enough to form a Hilbert inner product space, a series of intensity signals are obtained to be enough to recover the real part or the imaginary part of the object, a complex amplitude real part of the phase object is obtained by using phase type aperture code modulation and demodulation, a complex amplitude imaginary part of the phase object is obtained by using amplitude type aperture code modulation and demodulation, and complex light field information is obtained by combining the real part and the imaginary part to obtain object phase information.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises: the light field modulation detection process specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) using He-Ne laser as coherent light source, selecting linear polarization laser, changing the polarization direction of coherent light by rotating the angle of laser to meet the modulation requirement of spatial light modulator, filtering the laser light source by using spatial filter to generate single-mode collimation plane light beam;
(2) the method comprises the steps that a phase type spatial light modulator is used for modulating a plane light beam, in order to obtain a light field mode with high modulation efficiency, a blazed grating is loaded on the light modulator to generate diffraction, the blazed grating is designed into four pixels and one period, and then the phase mode is added on the basis of the blazed grating to obtain pure phase modulation and pure amplitude modulation; obtaining a phase hologram by adding the spot pattern to a blazed grating function; in amplitude modulation, the hologram is generated by multiplying a light spot pattern by a blazed grating function;
(3) the spatial filtering is carried out on the spatial light modulator by using a 4f system, the light modulator plane modulated by a light field is arranged on the front focal plane of the 4f system, a spatial filtering square hole is arranged on a first-order frequency to filter the first-order frequency, and the light modulator plane of a phase object is arranged on the rear focal plane of the 4f system;
(4) in order to obtain coherent superposition information, a lens is used for carrying out Fourier transform on an object to obtain: and detecting the zero-order frequency intensity of the object plane by using a point detector:where N is the number of pixels, I (x, y) represents the illumination modulation, t (x, y) represents the complex field,representing complex amplitude forms of the object, A (x, y) andare respectively provided withAmplitude and phase of the corresponding object;
(5) the modulation of light is divided into two parts, namely binary phase modulation and binary amplitude modulation, and the zero-order frequency intensity S of pure phase modulation is obtainedpAnd pure amplitude modulated zero-order frequency intensity Sq(ii) a A differential measurement is introduced in the modulation, each illumination pattern is displayed by combining a pair of opposing (0s, 1s) patterns and taking the difference, the pure phase and pure amplitude modulated modulation modes respectively.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises: the calculation demodulation process specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) differentiating the obtained signals to obtain differential signals corresponding to pure phase modulation: sp'=Sp+-Sp-And a differential signal S corresponding to a pure amplitude modulationq'=Sq+-Sq-Then, respectively obtaining a real part Re (x, y) and an imaginary part Im (x, y) of the complex amplitude of the object by using a correlation operation formula;
(2) obtaining complex field information U (x, y) Re (x, y) + i.im (x, y) by using the obtained real part and imaginary part information, and obtaining the phase distribution of the wrapped object by taking the phase part of the complex amplitudeWherein α is a fixed phase difference;
(3) and for continuous phase objects, recovering the continuous phase of the object by using a phase unwrapping algorithm.
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