CN110844098A - 飞行器 - Google Patents

飞行器 Download PDF

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CN110844098A
CN110844098A CN201910767663.9A CN201910767663A CN110844098A CN 110844098 A CN110844098 A CN 110844098A CN 201910767663 A CN201910767663 A CN 201910767663A CN 110844098 A CN110844098 A CN 110844098A
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aircraft
short
flight trajectory
predetermined
range radio
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CN110844098B (zh
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M·福里
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Dr Ing HCF Porsche AG
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S13/91—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for traffic control
    • G01S13/913—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for traffic control for landing purposes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
    • B64C29/00—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft
    • B64C29/0008—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded
    • B64C29/0016—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded the lift during taking-off being created by free or ducted propellers or by blowers
    • B64C29/0033—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded the lift during taking-off being created by free or ducted propellers or by blowers the propellers being tiltable relative to the fuselage
    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G08G5/00—Traffic control systems for aircraft, e.g. air-traffic control [ATC]
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    • G08G5/025—Navigation or guidance aids
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    • B64F—GROUND OR AIRCRAFT-CARRIER-DECK INSTALLATIONS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH AIRCRAFT; DESIGNING, MANUFACTURING, ASSEMBLING, CLEANING, MAINTAINING OR REPAIRING AIRCRAFT, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; HANDLING, TRANSPORTING, TESTING OR INSPECTING AIRCRAFT COMPONENTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B64F1/00—Ground or aircraft-carrier-deck installations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
    • B64C29/00—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft
    • B64C29/0008—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded
    • B64C29/0016—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded the lift during taking-off being created by free or ducted propellers or by blowers
    • B64C29/0025—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded the lift during taking-off being created by free or ducted propellers or by blowers the propellers being fixed relative to the fuselage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D27/00—Arrangement or mounting of power plants in aircraft; Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S13/93—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes
    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G08G5/00—Traffic control systems for aircraft, e.g. air-traffic control [ATC]
    • G08G5/0017—Arrangements for implementing traffic-related aircraft activities, e.g. arrangements for generating, displaying, acquiring or managing traffic information
    • G08G5/0021—Arrangements for implementing traffic-related aircraft activities, e.g. arrangements for generating, displaying, acquiring or managing traffic information located in the aircraft
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
    • G08G5/00—Traffic control systems for aircraft, e.g. air-traffic control [ATC]
    • G08G5/0017—Arrangements for implementing traffic-related aircraft activities, e.g. arrangements for generating, displaying, acquiring or managing traffic information
    • G08G5/0026—Arrangements for implementing traffic-related aircraft activities, e.g. arrangements for generating, displaying, acquiring or managing traffic information located on the ground
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
    • G08G5/00—Traffic control systems for aircraft, e.g. air-traffic control [ATC]
    • G08G5/0047—Navigation or guidance aids for a single aircraft
    • G08G5/0069—Navigation or guidance aids for a single aircraft specially adapted for an unmanned aircraft
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
    • B64C29/00—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft
    • B64C29/02—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis vertical when grounded
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
    • B64C39/00—Aircraft not otherwise provided for
    • B64C39/02—Aircraft not otherwise provided for characterised by special use
    • B64C39/024—Aircraft not otherwise provided for characterised by special use of the remote controlled vehicle type, i.e. RPV
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D27/00—Arrangement or mounting of power plants in aircraft; Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
    • B64D27/02—Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
    • B64D27/026—Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants comprising different types of power plants, e.g. combination of a piston engine and a gas-turbine
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
    • B64U10/00—Type of UAV
    • B64U10/20—Vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
    • B64U10/00—Type of UAV
    • B64U10/25—Fixed-wing aircraft
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
    • B64U30/00—Means for producing lift; Empennages; Arrangements thereof
    • B64U30/10—Wings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
    • B64U30/00—Means for producing lift; Empennages; Arrangements thereof
    • B64U30/20—Rotors; Rotor supports
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
    • B64U30/00—Means for producing lift; Empennages; Arrangements thereof
    • B64U30/20—Rotors; Rotor supports
    • B64U30/29—Constructional aspects of rotors or rotor supports; Arrangements thereof
    • B64U30/295—Rotors arranged in the wings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
    • B64U50/00—Propulsion; Power supply
    • B64U50/10—Propulsion
    • B64U50/13—Propulsion using external fans or propellers
    • B64U50/14—Propulsion using external fans or propellers ducted or shrouded
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
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    • B64U50/30—Supply or distribution of electrical power
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
    • B64U50/00—Propulsion; Power supply
    • B64U50/30—Supply or distribution of electrical power
    • B64U50/34—In-flight charging
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
    • B64U70/00—Launching, take-off or landing arrangements
    • B64U70/80—Vertical take-off or landing, e.g. using rockets
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Abstract

本发明提供一种飞行器(10)，该飞行器具有以下特征：该飞行器(10)具有近程无线电探测仪(11)；并且该近程无线电探测仪(11)被适配为用于识别飞行轨迹(12)，该飞行轨迹借助于飞行器(10)的位置检测(13)由地面站(14)预先确定。

Description

飞行器
技术领域
本发明涉及一种飞行器、尤其一种全电动的、可垂直地起飞和降落(verticaltake-off and landing，VTOL)的飞行器。
背景技术
VTOL在航空航天技术中跨语言地指如下任何类型的飞机、无人机或火箭，其能够基本垂直地且无需起飞和降落跑道的情况下升起和再次着陆。这个通称术语在下文中被广义地使用，其不仅包括带有机翼的固定翼飞机，而且同样包括旋翼飞机(如直升旋翼机、自转旋翼机、螺旋桨旋翼机)和混合式飞机(如复合式直升旋翼机或组合式旋翼机)以及可垂直升降的飞机。此外，还包括能够在特别短的距离内起飞和降落(short take-off andlanding，STOL)、在短的距离内起飞但垂直地降落(short take-off and verticallanding，STOVL)、或垂直地起飞但水平地降落(vertical take-off and horizontallanding，VTHL)的飞行器。
US 5,716,032 A描述了一种自动的降落系统，其用于引导无人驾驶的飞行器沿预先确定的路径到达地面上的预先确定的点。该系统包含计算飞行器参数的运动补偿处理器中的图像处理设备。这些计算是基于元件在飞行器机载的图像传感器的视频中的移动。运动补偿处理器也测量两个灯标之间的距离，这些灯标在虚拟的着陆点的每一侧相互隔开已知的距离。地面上的恢复控制处理器计算自动驾驶仪的指令，该自动驾驶仪修正飞行器的飞行轨迹。或者可以经由数据连接将视频图像传输到地面站，或者可以在飞行器的机上进行图像处理。
根据DE 60 106 446 T2的一种精密飞行器着陆系统通过在多个预先确定的位置处测量询问信号与应答-回复信号间所经历的时间来实时地确定飞行器的位置。该系统通过测量应答-回复时间差来实现准确的飞行器定位，从而计算着陆进场角度。
发明内容
根据本发明的方案基于以下认识：在小的并且紧密地建造的降落场应按照准确地预先确定的飞行轨迹进行垂直降落，从而避免与其他的使用者、载具、行人等相撞或受其干扰。
所提出的方案还考虑到以下情况：用于实现空间上的定位和位置关系的精确性高的机载系统一般而言是笨重且昂贵的。
最后，本发明所基于的认识在于：正确的航线应是在特定降落场(例如直升机降落场)上众所周知的，并且因此不需要使每一个着陆进场的飞行器都自动地获得这一认识。取代于此，必须仅以适合的方式告知：如何遵循所设置的飞行轨迹。
在此背景下，本发明提供一种根据优选实施方式的飞行器，尤其完全电动的、如上所述可垂直地起飞和降落的飞行器。
这种基于雷达的识别系统的优点在于：能够利用简单的、预先限定的字符和标志本身在不利的视觉条件下使用。
本发明的其他有利的设计方案在可选技术方案中给出。因此，例如该飞行器可以设计有被折弯的或者甚至选择性地能够折弯的机翼。对应的变体增大了水平飞行中有效的机翼面积，而不扩展飞行器的占地面积。
此外，该飞行器能够具有可快速充电的电池系统，该电池系统提供用于垂直起降以及水平飞行的驱动能量并且可以实现能够对飞行器进行短暂的充电。
在此，为了驱动飞行器，可以使用不同尺寸的多个涵道螺旋桨(ducted fans) 来代替自由旋翼，例如这些涵道螺旋桨在航空技术以外如从气垫船或风扇船 (Sumpfbooten)中已知。在这种实施方式中，包围螺旋桨的柱形壳体由于叶片尖端处的湍流而能够明显减小推进损失。适合的涵道螺旋桨能够水平地或竖直地定向、在这两种位置之间可枢转地实施、或者出于空气动力学原因在水平飞行中由片(louvers)遮盖。此外可设想借助固定的涵道螺旋桨产生纯水平的推进。
最后，除了飞行器的优选完全自主的运行之外，在资格足够的情况下也考虑允许人类飞行员手动控制，这使得根据本发明的设备在操纵中被赋予最大可能的灵活性。
附图说明
本发明的实施例在附图中展示并且在下文中更详细地进行说明。
该附图示出所提出的解决方案，其中：
图1示出根据本发明的飞行器10的优选设计方案的结构上的特征；
图2示出相应的运动方向和速度在液体显示器15上的展示。
具体实施方式
附图1示出根据本发明的飞行器10的优选设计方案的结构上的特征。飞行器10中的系统包括指向地面的进程无线电探测仪11和简单的识别软件，该识别软件说明预先确定的标志和字符，这些标志和字符进而借助于无线电波的反射由铁电性的液体显示器15读取。
地面站14自身包括用于位置检测13的系统，该系统的由传感器形成的组合允许准确地读取飞行器10相对于地面站14的位置，该地面站包括用于引导的、地面上的液体显示器15以及适合的控制器。
地面站14的用于位置检测13的系统以高的准确性识别飞行器10相对于地面站14的相对位置。这样的定位系统可以是不同传感器(相机、雷达、光学雷达等)的组合，这些传感器可能不同地布置，以改善位置检测13的精确性。这种传感器组件不一定是轻质的或省电的，并且可以因此成本有效地生产。
地面站14的控制器存储了航线的预先限定的飞行轨迹12。通过将这个飞行轨迹12与飞行器10的实际位置进行比较，该控制器计算飞行器10所需的运动连同其速度，以遵循飞行轨迹12。图2中示出，相应的运动方向和其速度在液体显示器15上由对应的方向箭头或数字展示。近程无线电探测仪11读取上述的字符和数字并将其传输给自动驾驶仪，该自动驾驶仪作出对应的回应。

Claims (10)

1.一种飞行器(10)，
其特征在于：
-该飞行器(10)具有近程无线电探测仪(11)，并且
-该近程无线电探测仪(11)被适配为用于识别飞行轨迹(12)，该飞行轨迹借助于飞行器(10)的位置检测(13)由地面站(14)预先确定。
2.根据权利要求1所述的飞行器(10)，
其特征在于：
-该飞行器(10)还包括用于显示确定示意图的识别软件，并且
-该飞行轨迹(12)由这些示意图预先确定。
3.根据权利要求2所述的飞行器(10)，
其特征在于：
-该近程无线电探测仪被适配为用于由铁电性的液体显示器(15)来读取这些示意图，并且
-该飞行轨迹(12)借助于液体显示器(15)预先确定。
4.根据权利要求1至3之一所述的飞行器(10)，
其特征在于：
-该飞行器(10)具有全电动的驱动器。
5.根据权利要求1至4之一所述的飞行器(10)，
其特征在于：
-该飞行器(10)包括折弯的或能够折弯的机翼。
6.根据权利要求1至5之一所述的飞行器(10)，
其特征在于：
-该飞行器(10)包括能够快速充电的电池系统。
7.根据权利要求1至6之一所述的飞行器(10)，
其特征在于：
-该飞行器(10)包括用于起飞和降落的水平固定的涵道螺旋桨。
8.根据权利要求7所述的飞行器(10)，
其特征在于：
-该飞行器(10)具有多个片，并且
-这些水平的涵道螺旋桨能够借助这些片选择性地被覆盖。
9.根据权利要求1至8之一所述的飞行器(10)，
其特征在于：
-该飞行器(10)包括用于产生推进的垂直固定的涵道螺旋桨。
10.根据权利要求1至9之一所述的飞行器(10)，
其特征在于：
-该飞行器(10)是能够选择性地全自主地控制的。
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