CN110824433A - Electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection and method - Google Patents
Electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection and method Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/02—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S13/00
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/02—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S13/00
- G01S7/41—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S13/00 using analysis of echo signal for target characterisation; Target signature; Target cross-section
- G01S7/411—Identification of targets based on measurements of radar reflectivity
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/02—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S13/00
- G01S7/41—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S13/00 using analysis of echo signal for target characterisation; Target signature; Target cross-section
- G01S7/414—Discriminating targets with respect to background clutter
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/02—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S13/00
- G01S7/42—Diversity systems specially adapted for radar
Abstract
The invention provides an electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection system and method. The emission subsystem generates electromagnetic wave photons or microwave quanta carrying quantum state orbital angular momentum, selects electromagnetic waves with required orbital angular momentum modal numbers, and irradiates a detection target after being emitted by a quantum electromagnetic wave beam forming antenna; and the receiving subsystem receives the reflected photons by using an optical detector or receives the electric field intensity of the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave by using an antenna, calculates parameters of a target to be detected by a signal processing unit, improves the signal-to-noise ratio of signals before detection by data processing and cognitive processing, and finally completes the functions of detection, imaging, tracking and the like of radar detection by using signals with high signal-to-noise ratio. Said invention features strong echo signal power, high signal-to-noise ratio before detection and large scattering sectional area, and can radically improve detection limit of traditional radar and raise detection capability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of electromagnetic wave orbital angular momentum quantum states, in particular to a radar detection system and a method for electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum.
Background
With the development and application of electromagnetic wave absorbing structures, materials, plasma and other technologies, the capability of the modern radar for weakening electromagnetic waves of a target is remarkably improved, and the forward radar scattering cross section (RCS) is generally less than 0.01m2To 10-3m2(ii) a Some weak RCS targets may even reach 10-4m2. The capability of detecting weak and small RCS targets is an important technical index of modern radar systems, and the limit detection capability of the modern radar systems on the targets which are publicly reported only reaches 0.01m2In the severe test of the capability of the radar for detecting the weak and small RCS targets, the performance of the radar for detecting the weak and small RCS targets must be upgraded to meet the detection requirement.
Current radio frequency radar systems or optical radars (microwave, millimeter wave, laser, etc.) are based on planar electromagnetic waves and detect using signals that measure the electric field strength of the electromagnetic waves. In the traditional method, the signal-to-noise ratio before detection is mostly improved on the algorithm level, or a multi-base radar station mode with higher power and multi-frequency is adopted, and the performance improvement of radar detection of weak and small RCS targets approaches the limit. If the performance of radar for detecting weak and small RCS targets is expected to make breakthrough progress, only the introduction of novel electromagnetic waves is expected. The electromagnetic wave orbital angular momentum is an inherent physical quantity different from the electric field intensity, can form a new dimension, and is different from the traditional plane wave radar, and the electromagnetic wave orbital angular momentum radar has extremely strong weak and small RCS target detection capability.
Angular momentum is the basic state conservation of a substance and a field, and can be divided into Spin Angular Momentum (SAM) related to intrinsic properties and Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) related to space, and an electromagnetic wave with orbital angular momentum is also called a vortex electromagnetic wave because it is different from a plane wave in that it has a spiral phase plane and an energy zero trap exists in the center of a main shaft, a phase singularity and a mode number l, where the mode number represents the intensity of phase change of the spiral phase around the main shaft, and it is generally considered that an OAM electromagnetic wave with a phase change of 2 pi l around the main shaft has the mode number l, and OAM of different mode numbers of the same frequency can be simultaneously orthogonally transmitted, thereby improving spectral efficiency. From the perspective of quantum mechanics, an electromagnetic wave is composed of microwave quanta (photons), photons are media of electron transfer interaction, and a quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave is a new dimension which maps the dimension of the orbital angular momentum of the photons to the orbital angular momentum of cyclotron electrons in atomic nuclei, meets the law of quantum mechanics, and is called quantum state orbital angular momentum, so that the orbital angular momentum is different from the electric field intensity of the electromagnetic wave.
In recent years, since orbital angular momentum is an inherent dimension in electromagnetic waves but a new dimension distinguished from the electric field intensity of the electromagnetic waves, research on OAM electromagnetic waves has attracted attention of a large number of researchers in the fields of communication, radar detection, and the like of the microwave millimeter wave band and the optical band. In 2007, b.thid é et al used a circular array antenna for the first time to generate and detect OAM-carrying electromagnetic waves in the microwave frequency band. Niemiec et al analyzed 2.45GHz OAM electromagnetic waves incident on several reflecting surfaces in 2015 through simulation, and it was believed that the reflected OAM waves still could maintain a helical wavefront. In 2017, LiuKang et al used 16 horn antennas to form a loop antenna array to generate OAM electromagnetic waves, and two-dimensional imaging of a target is achieved by sending step frequency signals. Recently, research finds that the spiral wave front of OAM forms a special phase gradient, when a complex target is irradiated, the same-frequency electromagnetic waves with different OAM mode numbers have transmitting signals with different RCS, the physical characteristic is utilized to carry out radar diversity reception, gain of 5-10dB can be obtained, and the characteristic that the absorption probability of material atoms to high-order orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves is low is utilized to improve the detection echo power; in terms of OAM quantum states, the university of Colorado, USA, in 2016, completes transmission and manipulation of a single microwave quantum in a low-temperature environment (below 4K); the theory and experiment of Katoh et al of Japan molecular science research institute in 2017 prove that relativistic cyclotron electrons can radiate electromagnetic waves carrying OAM. Therefore, the dimension of OAM is used for detection, tracking and imaging in radar detection, and has high potential application value.
At present, the traditional radar detection system uses plane electromagnetic waves to detect weak and small RCS targets, the improvement of detection performance is limited, and the problems of weakening of structure RCS and weakening of material RCS and the like exist in radar detection.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above problems, an object of the present invention is to provide a system and a method for detecting electromagnetic wave quantum orbital angular momentum radar, so as to solve the problems that the conventional radar detection system uses planar electromagnetic waves to detect weak RCS targets, the detection performance is limited to be improved, and structural RCS and material RCS are weakened in radar detection.
The invention provides an electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection system, which comprises a transmitting subsystem and a receiving subsystem connected with the transmitting subsystem; wherein, the emission subsystem includes: the high-speed electron gun, the high-voltage pulse power supply, the electron cyclotron generation module, the orbital angular momentum quantum transmitter, the orbital angular momentum mode selector and the beam forming transmitting antenna are sequentially connected; the receiving subsystem comprises the following components connected in sequence: the system comprises a receiving antenna, a radio frequency receiving module, a signal processing unit, a data processing unit and a cognitive processing unit, wherein the data processing unit and the cognitive processing unit are simultaneously connected with the signal processing unit; the emission subsystem is used for emitting quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves; the receiving subsystem is used for receiving and processing the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves, acquiring an optimal radar transmitting signal based on the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves, and sending an OAM parameter of the optimal radar transmitting signal to the sending subsystem; the cognitive processing unit is used for carrying out signal optimization on the radar transmitting signals, acquiring echo signals with high RCS, and finishing radar imaging, automatic detection, tracking and target identification based on the echo signals.
Furthermore, it is preferable that, in the emission subsystem, a high-speed electron gun for generating free electrons; the high-voltage pulse power supply is used for providing pulse high voltage, and free electrons are accelerated to a relativistic high-speed state to form electrons moving at high speed through the pulse high voltage; the electron cyclotron generation module is used for converting electrons in high-speed motion into electrons in high-speed cyclotron motion; the orbital angular momentum quantum emitter is used for generating quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves based on electrons in high-speed cyclotron motion; the orbital angular momentum mode selector is used for screening the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves with the required modes and frequencies from the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves; and the beam forming transmitting antenna is used for radiating the screened quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves to a free space and irradiating a radar detection target.
In addition, preferably, in the receiving subsystem, a receiving antenna is used for receiving the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave in the free space and converting the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave into a guided electromagnetic wave in the transmission line; the radio frequency receiving module is used for amplifying, filtering and down-converting the guided electromagnetic waves to form corresponding intermediate frequency signals; the signal processing unit is used for sampling the intermediate frequency signal and improving the signal to noise ratio to form a corresponding synthesized signal; the data processing unit is used for detecting and combining the synthetic signals; and the cognitive processing unit is used for carrying out cognitive processing on the radar detection target and feeding back the optimal radar transmission signal to the transmission subsystem according to a cognitive processing result.
Furthermore, it is preferred that the signal conditioning includes beamforming, pulse compression, clutter filtering and doppler processing of the radar transmitted signals.
In addition, it is preferable that the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave or guided electromagnetic wave includes one or more of a light wave, a microwave, a millimeter wave, and a terahertz wave.
Further, it is preferable that the electron cyclotron generation module includes a propagation direction uniform magnetic field, an oscillation magnetic field, an electrostatic field, or a mixture of magnetic fields.
Furthermore, it is preferable that the orbital angular momentum mode selector is a resonant cavity and/or a waveguide.
In addition, it is preferable that the beamforming transmitting antenna is any one of a rectangular waveguide, a circular waveguide, a parallel plate waveguide, or a reflecting surface.
Furthermore, it is preferable that the receiving antenna is any one of a horn antenna, a parabolic antenna, a cassegrain antenna, a patch antenna, or an array antenna, and for the electromagnetic wave of optical frequency, the portion is understood as a corresponding photodetector;
according to another aspect of the invention, an electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection method is provided, wherein a radar detection target is detected by using the electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection system; the method comprises the following steps:
the emission subsystem is used for emitting quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves, which can be electromagnetic waves of a laser radar frequency band and can also be electromagnetic waves of a radio frequency radar wave band. The quantum states correspond to photon and microwave quanta respectively;
the receiving subsystem receives and processes the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves, obtains an optimal radar transmitting signal corresponding to the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves, and sends an OAM parameter of the radar transmitting signal to the transmitting subsystem;
and performing signal optimization on the radar transmitting signal through a cognitive processing unit of the receiving subsystem, acquiring an echo signal with high RCS (radar cross section), and finishing the functions of imaging, automatic detection, tracking and target identification of the radar based on the echo signal.
Utilize above-mentioned electromagnetic wave quantum state orbit angular momentum radar detection system, can satisfy the performance that radar detection required to survey weak small RCS target, because the electromagnetic wave that carries orbit angular momentum has the quantum strong reflection characteristic of the relevant phase gradient of OAM modal number and the decision of selection rule around spreading the main shaft, when carrying out weak small RCS target detection, can improve the echo signal power of surveying the target, improve the RCS of surveying the target in certain detection distance, compare with traditional detection radar, can improve the detection performance of radar from the physical layer at all, make the detection of radar detection system, formation of image and tracking precision further improve.
To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, one or more aspects of the invention comprise the features hereinafter fully described. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative aspects of the invention. These aspects are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of the invention may be employed. Further, the present invention is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents.
Drawings
Other objects and results of the present invention will become more apparent and more readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a logic block diagram of an electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection system according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of a data processing unit of a receive subsystem according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a transmit subsystem according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of electrons of different Landau energy levels according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph of energy carried by electrons at Landau levels versus angular momentum according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a diagram of relativistic modified transition matrix calculation and selection rules according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 7 is a graph of relativistic modified radiant power versus number of energy level transitions and different working waveguide cavity modes in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a diagram of the detection probability of different radar electromagnetic wave irradiation and the signal-to-noise ratio before detection according to the embodiment of the invention.
The same reference numbers in all figures indicate similar or corresponding features or functions.
Detailed Description
In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of one or more embodiments. It may be evident, however, that such embodiment(s) may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate describing one or more embodiments.
At present, the purpose of reducing the radar detection performance is to reduce RCS of an electromagnetic wave emission target to the minimum, the RCS is mainly divided into 'material RCS reduction' and 'structure RCS reduction', the material RCS reduction mainly utilizes a high polymer composite material wave-absorbing coating to greatly reduce the plane electromagnetic wave reflectivity, and the absorption of electromagnetic waves is realized; the RCS weakening structure is mainly realized by designing the reflecting surface, the gap, the rectangular groove and other appearance structures, utilizing the principle of coherent cancellation of electromagnetic waves at multiple scattering points to enable the reflected electromagnetic waves to be coherently cancelled, reducing the power of the electromagnetic waves in the incoming wave direction and further reducing the RCS of the radar. The quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave can enable radar RCS to have obvious increase aiming at two RCS weakening technologies of radar target material RCS weakening and structure RCS weakening, and the performance of detecting weak and small RCS targets is improved.
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides an electromagnetic wave orbital angular momentum radar detection system and method, which utilize the extra dimension of electromagnetic wave orbital angular momentum to realize the structure RCS enhancement and the material RCS enhancement of radar detection targets, thereby improving the radar detection RCS to a certain extent.
In the method, for the RCS weakening of the material, the high molecular material is mainly used for absorbing medium molecular absorption electromagnetic waves and making electrons of the high molecular transition from a ground state to a higher energy level, and finally the high molecular material is converted into the heat energy of the material so as to absorb and dissipate the electromagnetic waves. According to quantum electrodynamics, when a molecule or an atom absorbs electromagnetic waves, the selection rule of angular momentum must be met, namely the number of orbital angular quanta of the change of an angular momentum mode must be 0 or +/-1, namely, only plane electromagnetic waves can be absorbed, transition meeting the selection rule is called permissible transition, transition not meeting the selection rule is called forbidden transition, the forbidden transition cannot enable a macromolecule to completely absorb the electromagnetic waves, the absorption probability is greatly reduced, and the reflectivity of the electromagnetic waves is improved. Since the total angular momentum of the electromagnetic wave having OAM is generally equal to or greater than 2, when the OAM electromagnetic wave is irradiated onto a material, the absorption probability of the OAM electromagnetic wave is much lower than that of a plane wave according to a selection rule, the echo power of the OAM electromagnetic wave is higher, and finally the radar RCS can be greatly improved by using the strong reflection characteristic of the OAM wave.
For the structural RCS weakening, the echo power of the OAM electromagnetic wave is enhanced by using the energy level transition selection rule, and the characteristic of the spiral wave front of the OAM electromagnetic wave can be used. Because the conventional structure is mainly shaped for plane waves, the forward RCS of the conventional structure is generally smaller than the lateral RCS of the conventional structure, OAM electromagnetic waves with different modal numbers can be regarded as being incident on an object from different directions due to different spiral wave fronts, and the OAM electromagnetic waves reflected by the reflecting surface can still keep the spiral wave fronts. The electromagnetic wave with orbital angular momentum has a spiral phase surface different from that of the traditional plane electromagnetic wave on a plane vertical to a propagation direction, and has obvious spatial phase gradient, the intensity of echo electric field of OAM waves with different modal numbers from a complex scatterer is different, the spatial phase gradient of the OAM electromagnetic wave at a target and the coherence property of the electromagnetic wave, the echo amplitude of a receiving subsystem can change due to the difference of the modal numbers of the OAM electromagnetic wave, so that the echo amplitude of the target fluctuates along with the OAM modal numbers, and RCS diversity gain of a certain degree is obtained.
For the purpose of describing the electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection system in detail, specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 shows a logical structure of an electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection system according to an embodiment of the invention.
As shown in fig. 1, an electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection system 10 in the embodiment of the present invention includes a transmitting subsystem 100 and a receiving subsystem 200 connected to the transmitting subsystem 100; the emission subsystem 100 is configured to emit quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves, where the electromagnetic waves may be electromagnetic waves in a laser radar frequency band, or electromagnetic waves in a radio frequency radar band, and the quantum states correspond to photons and microwave quanta, respectively; the receiving subsystem 200 is configured to receive and process the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave, obtain an optimal radar transmission signal based on the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave, and send the radar transmission signal to the transmitting subsystem 100, so that the optimal OAM electromagnetic wave can be transmitted; the transmitting subsystem 100 performs signal optimization on the radar transmitting signal, acquires an echo signal with high RCS, and completes the functions of imaging, automatic detection, tracking and target identification of the radar based on the echo signal.
Wherein, the transmitting subsystem 100 further comprises: the device comprises a high-speed electron gun 102, a high-voltage pulse power supply 101, an electron cyclotron generation module 103, an orbital angular momentum quantum transmitter 104, an orbital angular momentum mode selector 105 and a beamforming transmitting antenna 106. The receiving subsystem 200 further includes: the system comprises a receiving antenna 201, a radio frequency receiving module 202, a signal processing unit 203, and a data processing unit 204 and a cognitive processing unit 205 which are simultaneously connected with the signal processing unit 203.
Wherein, the high-speed electron gun 102 is used for generating free electrons; the high-voltage pulse power supply 101 is used for providing pulse high voltage, and accelerating the free electrons to a relativistic high-speed state to form high-speed linear motion electrons through the pulse high voltage; an electron cyclotron generation module 103 for converting electrons moving at a high speed into electrons moving at a high speed in cyclotron motion; an orbital angular momentum quantum emitter 104 for generating a quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave based on electrons of the high-speed cyclotron motion; an orbital angular momentum mode selector 105 for screening the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave of a desired mode and frequency from the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave; and the beam forming transmitting antenna 106 is used for radiating the screened quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves to a free space and irradiating a radar detection target, wherein if optical frequency electromagnetic waves are generated, the part can be understood as a specific reflecting surface.
In the receiving subsystem 200, a receiving antenna 201 is used for receiving the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave in the free space and converting the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave into a guided electromagnetic wave in a transmission line, and for the optical frequency electromagnetic wave, the part can also be understood as an optical detector; the radio frequency receiving module 202 is configured to amplify, filter, and downconvert the guided electromagnetic wave to form a corresponding intermediate frequency signal; the signal processing unit 203 is configured to sample the intermediate frequency signal and improve the signal-to-noise ratio to form a corresponding synthesized signal; a data processing unit 204, configured to detect and combine the synthesized signals; and the cognitive processing unit 205 is configured to perform cognitive processing on a radar detection target, and feed back an optimal radar transmission signal OAM parameter to the transmitting subsystem according to a cognitive processing result, so that the transmitting subsystem sends out an orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave in a suitable mode, the receiving subsystem is guaranteed to have an optimal signal-to-noise ratio, and the radar imaging, automatic detection, tracking, target identification and other functions are completed.
Specifically, the high-voltage pulse power supply 101 provides a high-speed electron gun, and emits a pulse high voltage required to accelerate free electrons to a relativistic high-speed state through the high-speed electron gun, so that the high-speed electrons finally radiate a quantum-state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave in a pulse form. The high-speed electron gun 102 is mainly composed of a filament and a cathode, the surface of the cathode is coated with an oxide which is easy to emit electrons, when voltage is applied to the filament, current flows through the filament to generate heat, and the cathode is baked to emit free electrons. The cyclotron electron generation module 103 provides a centripetal force required by the cyclotron motion of the free electrons, so that the electrons moving at a high speed are changed into relativistic cyclotron electrons advancing spirally, that is, electrons moving at a high speed. The orbital angular momentum quantum emitter 104, according to the theoretic cyclotron electron destruction selection rule, generates quantum state electromagnetic waves with abundant spontaneous emission frequencies and orbital angular momentum mode numbers, and the orbital angular momentum jumps from the electrons of the cyclotron motion to the electromagnetic wave photons of the electron radiation to generate the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves. The orbital angular momentum mode selector 105 is configured to select a desired frequency and mode number of the OAM electromagnetic wave by using a filter, in which the orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave radiated from the relativistic cyclotron has a rich frequency and orbital angular momentum mode number. The beam-forming transmitting antenna 106 converts guided electromagnetic waves in the waveguide into electromagnetic waves transmitted in a free space, and can form quantum-state OAM electromagnetic waves into electromagnetic waves with a helical wavefront, or into electromagnetic waves without a helical wavefront, without affecting the quantum characteristics of the dimension OAM.
Specifically, the signal processing unit 203 is configured to sample the intermediate frequency signal and perform signal-to-noise ratio improvement processing on the intermediate frequency signal to form a corresponding synthesized signal, where the signal-to-noise ratio improvement processing includes multiple modes such as FFT algorithm transformation, pulse compression, clutter suppression, and doppler processing. The data processing unit 204 detects the OAM composite signal and merges the OAM signals, the optional merging method includes selective merging, equal gain merging and maximum ratio merging, the signal-to-noise ratio of the signal before detection is improved, and finally the signal with high signal-to-noise ratio is used to complete the functions of detection, imaging, tracking and the like of radar detection; and the cognitive processing unit 205 is used for performing cognitive processing on the radar detection target and feeding back an optimal radar transmission signal to the transmitting subsystem according to a cognitive result.
Fig. 2 shows a flow of a data processing unit of a receiving subsystem according to an embodiment of the invention.
As shown in fig. 2, on the basis of using a quantum OAM transmitting signal and an OAM cognitive processing unit to improve a detection target RCS, a conventional radar receiver is used to complete the functions of detection, imaging, tracking, and the like of a quantum OAM radar detection system. Specifically including signal conditioning of signals bandpass sampled by the signal processing unit receiver in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the received signal prior to detection, parameter measurement or imaging operations, typically requiring a combination of fixed and adaptive beamforming, pulse compression, clutter filtering and doppler processing.
Firstly, checking multi-channel data correlation by adopting beam forming, distinguishing an antenna directional diagram to obtain a high-gain antenna directional diagram main lobe and lower side lobes, and simultaneously carrying out spectrum estimation on signals by adopting FFT (fast Fourier transform); secondly, pulse compression is adopted for matched filtering to provide better distance resolution and obtain high emission energy; and thirdly, clutter filtering and Doppler processing are adopted to respectively inhibit clutter in a time domain and a frequency domain and improve the detection performance of the moving target. Finally, the echo signals with high signal-to-noise ratio are used for finishing the functions of radar such as imaging, automatic detection, tracking, target identification and the like.
In one embodiment of the invention, the emission subsystem theoretically can generate quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves of infinite frequencies and modes relative to a theory cyclotron. But as the speed of electrons gets closer to the speed of light, the voltage applied to the electrons also gets higher, which is physically costly to implement.
FIG. 3 shows a schematic structural diagram of a transmitting subsystem of an electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection system according to an embodiment of the invention.
As shown in fig. 3, in the electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection system according to the embodiment of the present invention, a high-voltage modulated pulse power supply (i.e., a high-voltage modulated power supply system) with U60 kV is used to accelerate free electrons of a high-speed electron gun (hereinafter, referred to as an electron gun), a cyclotron resonance tube device is used as a source for generating relativistic cyclotron electrons, a uniform magnetic field in accordance with a direction of a principal axis of the cyclotron (set as a z axis) is applied, and a fundamental frequency of a radiation quantum state electromagnetic wave (a microwave quantum or a photon) is adjusted by changing the applied magnetic field, so that the fundamental frequency can be adjusted to any one of a microwave band, a millimeter wave band, or a light wave band.
In the invention, a low-temperature superconducting magnet refrigerating system is adopted to provide a uniform magnetic field with the magnetic induction intensity of about B1.8T, high-speed moving electrons accelerated by a high-voltage power supply are subjected to the action of Lorentz force in the uniform magnetic field and are changed into high-speed cyclotron moving electrons, a water cooling system, a water load power measurement spectrum analysis system and a central control system are further arranged, the water cooling system can dissipate heat of the whole cyclotron system by utilizing the characteristic of large specific heat capacity of water, the water load power measurement spectrum analysis system is used for measuring the radiation power and the electromagnetic wave spectrum content of the cyclotron electrons, the central control system can complete the voltage and current setting of an electron gun, the voltage and current setting of the superconducting magnet power supply, and the output voltage of the high-voltage modulation power supply, continuous waves and pulse waves.
As a specific example, the vacuum inside the convolute tube is isolated from the free space outside the convolute tube by using ceramic, and the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves in the vacuum is set to be c 3 × 108m/s, mass of electron me＝9.109×10-31kg, reduced Planck constant of
Dielectric constant in vacuum of epsilon0＝8.854×10-12F/m, and the elementary charge of the electron is 1.6 × 10- 19C, relativistic rest energy of electrons is E0511keV, the Lorentz factor of the electrons accelerated by the high-voltage pulse power supply can be approximately calculated to be gamma ≈ 1+ U/E01.137, that is, the mass of the accelerated electrons becomes gamma times, and the velocity of the accelerated electrons is calculated as v ═ 1.34 × 10 by the definition of the lorentz factor8m/s, and a cyclotron frequency of 45.1 GHz. According to quantum mechanics, the cyclotron in a uniform magnetic field can form a Landau level, the spin of the electron only changes the zero energy of the Landau level, the spin of the electron can be ignored, and the wave function of the electron is in a cylindrical coordinate system
Can be represented by the following formula:
wherein n represents the ordinal number of the stationary wave function, i.e. the electron is in the nth stationary state (n is a positive integer), when n takes different values, the electron has different energy, B is a magnetic field, Z (z) represents the free motion of the electron along the direction of the magnetic field B, and the electron has quantized angular momentum along the direction of the z-axisEach Landaught level electron has an energy of
In quantum theory, radiation is regarded as an energy level transition process, the energy changed during the energy level transition is the energy of a photon of a radiation electromagnetic wave, and the changed angular momentum is the total angular momentum carried by the photon, for example, fig. 4 shows a schematic diagram of four different electron with landau energy levels according to the present invention, and the n values of the four different electrons with landau energy levels are 0, 4, 8 and 12, respectively.
Fig. 5 shows the energy and angular momentum relationship carried by electrons at each landau level of the present invention.
As shown in FIG. 5, adjacent Landaut level transitions may change
Energy of and
when the angular frequency of the radiated electromagnetic wave is omega, the angular momentum is
Is an electromagnetic wave that carries no orbital angular momentum but only spin angular momentum.
For electrons of non-relativistic Landau energy levels, when the electron is taken fromInitial state (f-th fixed state psi)f) At the time of transition to the final state (d-th fixed state psi)d) The transition matrix elements can be calculated as:
from equation (2), it can be seen that when f-1 ═ d, then there is UfdNot equal to 0, which means that non-relativistic electrons of the Landau state can only transit at adjacent energy levels. Furthermore, the angular frequency of the emitted photons is
Angular momentum of the emitted photon is
(SAM only and no OAM). In summary, non-relativistic electrons in a magnetic field cannot directly exchange OAM with electromagnetic wave photons because trans-energy level transitions of the landau level cannot occur, which is referred to as a selection rule of the landau level of the non-relativistic case.
However, the situation is different when the electrons are in a relativistic state and the velocity of the electrons is close to the speed of light, which can break the selection rule of the landau energy level, so that the relativistic electrons and electromagnetic wave photons exchange energy and obtain high-order OAM. Analyzing the relativistic effect as a first-order perturbation, and obtaining a correction wave function of each level of Landau level electrons as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
after obtaining the electron wave function corrected by the relativistic effect, the angular momentum of each Landau energy level along the z-axis of the electron corrected by the relativistic effect can be calculated to be still
Relativistic corrected transition momentsThe array can be written as follows:
let Δ k be f-d, it can be seen from equation (4) that the relativistic modified transition matrix element is composed of 9 terms, which can be expressed as 9 parts in a 2-dimensional planar rectangular coordinate system, including an x-axis positive half-axis, an x-axis negative half-axis, a y-axis positive half-axis, a y-axis negative half-axis, a coordinate origin, and 4 quadrants.
As shown in fig. 6, the intersection of the dotted grid and the line of different line types denoted by Δ k represents the possible transition probability. The signs represent the signs of the probability superposition (+ representing probability addition, -representing probability subtraction), and the size of the grid boundary represents the approximation order of the relativistic perturbation wave function. When the boundary is taken to be zero, indicating that the relativistic case is not taken into account, it can be directly seen from fig. 6 that the probability of Δ k > 1 is negative as well as the probability of Δ k ═ 1, indicating that a cross-level transition is unlikely to occur. Furthermore, as the grid boundaries expand, the probability of a transition across energy levels with Δ k > 1 is progressively calculated as a positive number, indicating that the relativistic effect is stronger. And when the order is infinite, the relativistic transition matrix element may be the following expression:
according to the formula (5), the probability of mutual transition between all different states of the landau energy level is not 0, the transition probability is the largest when the adjacent energy level Δ k is 1, and the transition probability of the non-adjacent energy level Δ k > 1 is gradually reduced along with the increase of the transition energy level Δ k. Accordingly, relativistic cyclotron electrons in a magnetic field can simultaneously emit various OAM electromagnetic wave photons. Therefore, for the spontaneous emission process of relativistic electron cyclotron motion in the magnetic field, it is equivalent to breaking the selection rule of non-relativistic Landau level. When the electron is in the slave state psimTransition to state psinWhen (m > n), the energy of the electrons reduced, i.e. the energy of the photons of the electromagnetic wave radiated, is
Since the total angular momentum of the z-axis is conserved throughout the irradiation process, in the case of constant electron spin, there must be
Is transferred to the photons of the radiated electromagnetic wave, the photons now carryingSum of spin angular momentum
Orbital angular momentum. In other words, with respect to the harmonic modes abundant in electromagnetic waves of the cyclotron radiation, the fundamental frequency is ω and contains only the spin angular momentum, and the nth harmonic carries n times the total angular momentum and (n ± 1) times the orbital angular momentum. If only one or some kinds of quantum state OAM electromagnetic waves are desired, filtering can be performed using an orbital angular momentum mode selector.
In one embodiment of the invention, electromagnetic waves of one OAM mode or one frequency are obtained using a cylindrically symmetric rotating waveguide, such as a circular waveguide with a rotating mode TEnmThe solution of the internal electromagnetic wave working mode contains the spatial phase factor in the OAM electromagnetic wave expression
Single mode operating frequency of omeganm＝cXnm/R0＝ω0Wherein X isnmIs the mth root, R, of a derivative function of a Bessel function of order n0Is the radius of the cylindrical waveguide of the gyrotron, and the gyrotron frequency of different gyrotron electrons is omega0＝e|B||l|/meWherein l is the orbital angular momentum mode number of the radiated electromagnetic wave, so that different gyrotrons can radiate electromagnetic waves with the same frequency and different OAM by designing different cylindrical waveguide radiuses and gyrotron angular velocities, the gyrotron direction of the electrons represents the positive and negative of the OAM mode number (the OAM electromagnetic wave mode number of the anticlockwise gyrotron radiation along the propagation direction is positive and negative), and the OAM electromagnetic wave mode number along with the mode number is positive and negativeSince the required magnetic field is smaller, electromagnetic waves of a plurality of high-order OAM modes can be generated easily by using a gyrotron. When the difference between the frequency of the radiated electromagnetic wave and the single-mode working frequency of the gyrotron is large, the electromagnetic wave is quickly restrained by the cylindrical waveguide, and each gyrotron is ensured to only radiate the electromagnetic wave with the unique angular momentum mode number. When relativity theory gyrotron radiation electromagnetic wave frequency and single mode working frequency omeganmWith a large difference, the radiation power will be attenuated by e-αIn one embodiment of the invention, let α ≈ 2.
Figure 7 shows a relativistic modified radiation power versus number of energy level transitions and different working waveguide cavity modes for one embodiment of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 7, when n is 2, 4, 6 and ω is ωnmWhen Δ k is 2, the normalized radiation power at 4, 6 is the maximum, and the radiation power gradually decreases as the mode number of the radiation quantum state OAM electromagnetic wave increases.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the operating mode of the cylindrical waveguide used is TE21The gyrotron can work in a second harmonic state, the frequency of radiation quantum state OAM electromagnetic wave is 2f which is 90.2GHz, and the number of modes carrying OAM is 1.
When a quantum state OAM electromagnetic wave is irradiated to a detection target, the irradiated target may be regarded as being composed of a large number of atoms, the kinds of atoms of different materials are different, and all the atoms are composed of atomic nuclei and electrons. Electrons irradiated to a target can be divided into bound electrons and free electrons, and the bound electrons are mainly attracted by coulomb attraction of their atomic nuclei. Depending on the solid physics, the minority electrons become more free because of the weaker binding forces. The force acting on it is no longer just a single "parent" atom, but becomes a potential field for the entire lattice. When quantum state electromagnetic waves irradiate a target, bound electrons and free electrons interact with the target, the action of the free electrons on the quantum state electromagnetic waves is mainly a scattering process, and a small part of energy in the electromagnetic waves is transferred to kinetic energy of the free electrons; the effect of bound electrons on quantum state electromagnetic waves is mainly to absorb a transition process, the transition occurs between different energy levels of atoms, but the transition process needs to meet a selection rule, the transition between any two quantum states can not occur, the transition meeting the selection rule is called an allowed transition, and the transition not meeting the selection rule is called a forbidden transition. Assuming that bound electrons are initially in state | nlm >, and then transition to state | n ' l'm ' > where m denotes the number of magnetic quanta, l denotes the number of orbital angular quanta, and n denotes the number of dominant quanta, the selection rules Δ m ± 1, 0 and Δ l ± 1 need to be met, i.e. the transition needs to meet the orbital angular quantum number l changed by ± 1 and the magnetic quantum number m changed by 0 or ± 1, i.e. the total angular momentum of absorbed photons meets Δ J ≦ 1, otherwise the transition cannot occur. Therefore, quantum OAM electromagnetic wave photons cannot cause bound electron transition in the irradiated material compared to the conventional electromagnetic wave because their total angular momentum is greater than or equal to 2, thus improving the echo power, i.e. the OAM quantum strong reflection property.
In the above formulas, the same letters have the same meaning, and therefore, the expressions are not listed one by one, and the letter meanings can be referred to expressions in other formulas.
In an embodiment of the present invention, in addition to using the OAM quantum strong reflection characteristic to improve the echo power, according to the disclosure of patent CN201710437440.7, the RCS of the detected target can be further improved by using a beam forming antenna to emit OAM electromagnetic waves and regulate and control the spatial phase gradient.
Fig. 8 shows a graph of detection probability of different radar electromagnetic wave irradiation and signal-to-noise ratio before detection. In one embodiment of the invention, the radar detection false alarm rate is selected to be 10-6The radar irradiation target is a simple target of a single scatterer, the frequency of electromagnetic waves is 28GHz, the distance between the simple target and an antenna for radiating electromagnetic waves is 10000m, the signal-to-noise ratio before detection is 8dB only when plane waves are adopted for irradiation, the effect is better when quantum-state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves are adopted and an electromagnetic wave OAM mode is preferably transmitted, the signal-to-noise ratio before detection is improved by about 15dB, the detection probability is improved to 99.3% from 0.6%, and the detection probability is obviously better than the signal-to-noise ratio before detection and the detection probability before detection only when the radar plane waves are adopted for irradiation.
Corresponding to the electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection system, the invention also provides an electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection method, which is used for detecting a radar detection target by using the electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection system.
The electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection method provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following processes:
the first step is as follows: the transmitting subsystem transmits the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave to the receiving subsystem;
the second step is that: the receiving subsystem receives and processes the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves, obtains an optimal radar transmitting signal corresponding to the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves, and sends an optimal radar transmitting signal OAM parameter to the transmitting subsystem;
the third step: and a cognitive processing unit in the receiving subsystem performs signal optimization on the radar transmitting signal, acquires an echo signal with high RCS, and completes the functions of imaging, automatic detection, tracking and target identification of the radar based on the echo signal.
Specifically, a high-voltage pulse power supply in an emission subsystem provides free electrons generated by a high-speed electron gun to accelerate to a pulse voltage required by the light velocity close to the relativistic state, the high-speed electrons in the relativistic state are converted into high-speed moving cyclotron electrons under the action of centripetal force through an electron cyclotron generation module, the relativistic cyclotron electrons pass through an orbital angular momentum quantum emitter to generate quantum-state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves with abundant modes and frequencies, the quantum-state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves with the required frequencies and the modes are obtained after passing through an orbital angular momentum mode selector, and finally the quantum-state electromagnetic waves are radiated to a free space through a quantum-state electromagnetic wave beam forming emission antenna and irradiate a detection target.
In the receiving subsystem, a receiving antenna receives quantum state electromagnetic waves reflected by a detection target in a free space, converts the quantum state electromagnetic waves into guided electromagnetic waves in a transmission line, amplifies and filters signals through a radio frequency receiving module, and down-converts radio frequency signals to intermediate frequency; then, the signal processing unit samples the signal and performs Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), pulse compression, clutter suppression, Doppler processing and other modes on the signal to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the signal; the data processing unit is mainly responsible for detecting the composite signals and carrying out merging operation on the OAM signals, and the optional merging method comprises selective merging, equal gain merging and maximum ratio merging; and the cognitive processing unit is used for carrying out cognitive processing on the radar detection target and feeding back the optimal radar emission signal OAM parameter to the emission subsystem according to a cognitive result so as to further improve the RCS of the detection target. Due to the quantum of orbital angular momentum and the characteristics of the spiral phase plane, the obtained RCS result is larger than that of the traditional plane electromagnetic wave irradiation target.
The cognitive processing unit carries out signal optimization on a radar transmitting signal, obtains an echo signal of high RCS, and completes the functions of imaging, automatic detection, tracking and target identification of the radar based on the echo signal. In particular, signal conditioning of signals bandpass sampled by a signal processing unit receiver, in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the received signal prior to detection, parameter measurement or imaging operations, usually requires a combination of fixed and adaptive beamforming, pulse compression, clutter filtering and doppler processing. Finally, the echo signals with high signal-to-noise ratio are used for finishing the functions of radar such as imaging, automatic detection, tracking, target identification and the like.
The specific embodiment of the radar detection method for electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum can be described with reference to the embodiment of the radar detection system for electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum, which is not repeated herein.
In summary, the radar detection system and method for electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum can improve the radar detection precision by using the new dimensional characteristics of electromagnetic wave orbital angular momentum, and can perform more effective detection on a detection target, particularly a weak RCS target, to obtain a larger echo detection RCS.
The electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection system and method according to the present invention are described above by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made to the electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection system and method provided by the present invention without departing from the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the scope of the present invention should be determined by the contents of the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. An electromagnetic wave quantum state Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) radar detection system is characterized by comprising a transmitting subsystem and a receiving subsystem connected with the transmitting subsystem; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the transmitting subsystem comprises: the high-speed electron gun, the high-voltage pulse power supply, the electron cyclotron generation module, the orbital angular momentum quantum transmitter, the orbital angular momentum mode selector and the beam forming transmitting antenna are sequentially connected;
the receiving subsystem comprises the following components which are connected in sequence: the system comprises a receiving antenna, a radio frequency receiving module, a signal processing unit, and a data processing unit and a cognitive processing unit which are simultaneously connected with the signal processing unit;
the emission subsystem is used for emitting quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves;
the receiving subsystem is used for receiving and processing the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave, acquiring an optimal radar transmitting signal based on the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave, and sending the radar transmitting signal OAM parameter to the transmitting subsystem;
the cognitive processing unit is used for carrying out signal optimization on the radar transmitting signals, acquiring echo signals with high signal-to-noise ratio, and finishing the functions of imaging, automatic detection, tracking and target identification of the radar based on the echo signals.
2. The electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection system of claim 1, wherein, in the transmit subsystem,
the high-speed electron gun is used for generating free electrons;
the high-voltage pulse power supply is used for providing pulse high voltage, and the free electrons are accelerated to a relativistic high-speed state to form electrons moving at high speed through the pulse high voltage;
the electron cyclotron generation module is used for converting the electrons in high-speed motion into electrons in high-speed cyclotron motion;
the orbital angular momentum quantum emitter is used for generating quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves based on the electrons in the high-speed cyclotron motion;
the orbital angular momentum mode selector is used for screening the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves with the required modes and frequencies from the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves;
and the beam forming transmitting antenna is used for radiating the screened quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves to a free space and irradiating a radar detection target.
3. The electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection system of claim 1, wherein in the receiving subsystem,
the receiving antenna is used for receiving the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves in the free space and converting the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic waves into guided electromagnetic waves in a transmission line;
the radio frequency receiving module is used for amplifying, filtering and down-converting the guided electromagnetic wave to form a corresponding intermediate frequency signal;
the signal processing unit is used for sampling the intermediate frequency signal and improving the signal to noise ratio to form a corresponding synthesized signal;
the data processing unit is used for detecting and combining the synthesized signals;
and the cognitive processing unit is used for carrying out cognitive processing on the radar detection target and feeding back the optimal radar transmission signal OAM parameter to the transmitting subsystem according to the cognitive processing result.
4. The electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection system of claim 1, wherein the signal conditioning comprises beamforming, pulse compression, clutter filtering, and doppler processing of the radar transmission signals.
5. The electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection system of claim 1, wherein the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave or the guided electromagnetic wave comprises one or more of an optical wave, a microwave, a millimeter wave, and a terahertz wave.
6. The electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection system of claim 1, wherein the electron cyclotron generation module comprises a direction of propagation uniform magnetic field, an oscillating magnetic field, an electrostatic field, or a mixture of magnetic fields.
7. The electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection system of claim 1, wherein the orbital angular momentum mode selector is a resonant cavity and/or a waveguide.
8. The electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection system of claim 1, wherein the beam-forming transmitting antenna is any one of a rectangular waveguide, a circular waveguide, a parallel plate waveguide or a reflecting surface.
9. The electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection system of claim 1, wherein the receiving antenna is any one of a horn antenna, a parabolic antenna, a Cassegrain antenna, a patch antenna or an array antenna, and for electromagnetic waves at optical frequencies, the portion is understood to be a corresponding photodetector.
10. An electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection method, wherein a radar detection target is detected by using the electromagnetic wave quantum state orbital angular momentum radar detection system as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9; wherein the method comprises the following steps:
the transmitting subsystem transmits the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave to the receiving subsystem;
the receiving subsystem receives and processes the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave, obtains an optimal radar transmitting signal corresponding to the quantum state orbital angular momentum electromagnetic wave, and sends the radar transmitting signal OAM parameter to the transmitting subsystem;
and performing signal optimization on the radar emission signal through the cognitive processing unit, acquiring an echo signal with a high signal-to-noise ratio, and finishing the functions of imaging, automatic detection, tracking and target identification of the radar based on the echo signal.
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