CN110818630B - Synthesis method of conjugated (E) -3-cycloalkenyl acrylate derivative - Google Patents

Synthesis method of conjugated (E) -3-cycloalkenyl acrylate derivative Download PDF

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CN110818630B
CN110818630B CN201910740950.0A CN201910740950A CN110818630B CN 110818630 B CN110818630 B CN 110818630B CN 201910740950 A CN201910740950 A CN 201910740950A CN 110818630 B CN110818630 B CN 110818630B
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蔡桂鑫
毛春丽
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Abstract

The invention relates to a synthetic method of a conjugated (E) -3-cycloalkenyl acrylate derivative, belonging to the field of compound synthesis and preparation. The 3-cycloalkenyl acrylate derivative with high selectivity is prepared by the one-pot reaction of the compound of the general formula I and the compound of the general formula II under the action of a catalyst, an additive and an oxidant, and the synthetic method is simple and easy to operate, and meanwhile, the stereoselectivity of the product is high.
Figure DDA0002163922090000011

Description

Synthesis method of conjugated (E) -3-cycloalkenyl acrylate derivative
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of compound synthesis and preparation, and particularly relates to a synthetic method of a conjugated (E) -3-cycloalkenyl acrylate derivative.
Background
The realization of C-H activation reaction of alkenyl site through guide group has been a research hotspot in the field of organic synthesis. The 1, 3-diene obtained by cross-coupling two different olefins is not only an important synthetic target in organic synthesis and natural products, but also has wider application in the synthesis of functional materials and pharmaceutically active compounds. Therefore, the construction of efficient synthetic schemes starting from the corresponding substrates is of great importance in the fields of organic and pharmaceutical chemistry.
Hitherto, there have been some references to methods for synthesizing conjugated diene derivatives, and representative methods are:
(1) from vinyl p-toluenesulfonate and a photoelectronic olefin or styrene derivative [ PdCl2(cod)]、HBF4P(tBu)3、LiCl、Cy2NMe2Reaction with DMF as solvent at 110 deg.c in yield of 51-99% (Angew. chem. int. Ed.2006,45, 3349-3353); or from aromatic, heteroaromatic or olefinic substrates and alkenyl, arylboron reagents in Fe (acac)3、dppen、ZnBr2TMEDA, DCIB, solvent THF and reaction at 70 ℃, with Z/E configuration present in yields up to 99% (j.am. chem. soc.2014,136, 14349-14352); or from acrylamide and bromo-3, 3, 3-trifluoropropene or 2-bromo-3, 3,4,4, 4-pentafluorobutene in Pd (acac)2Is used as a catalyst, AgOTf is used as an oxidant, the reaction is carried out in a solvent DMI at 140 ℃, the separation yield is 18-62% (org. Lett.2017,19,2106-2109),
Figure BDA0002163922070000011
(2) loh is prepared by reacting styrene compound, acrylic ester or chain alcohol containing olefinic bond with acrylic ester in [ Pd ]]/[Ru]Obtaining the acrylate derivative containing diene skeleton under catalysis, wherein the Z/E ratio can reach 99:1 and is mainly (chem.Commun.2012,48, 11232-containing 11234), (chem.Eur.J.2012,18, 13284-containing 13287), (J.Am.chem.Soc.2015,137,3169-3172), (Angew.chem.Int.Ed.2017,56, 5091-containing 5095); song can obtain diene derivatives with similar frameworks by using enol ether and acrylate or styrene under the catalysis of palladium acetate, takes disilane as a guide group and has higher Z/E selectivity in the reaction (chem.Commun.2015,51, 15546-15549); ishii uses acrylate and vinyl carboxylate to carry out oxidative coupling reaction under the catalysis of palladium acetate, and the yield is 45-76% (org. Lett.2004,6, 4623-4625); acrylamide or enamine and olefin substituted by Glorius in alpha/beta state in [ { RhCp Cl [ ] 2}]2The 1, 3-diene derivative can be synthesized under the catalysis, and the yield is 37-82% (chem.Eur.J.2011,17, 7167-7171); zhong uses acrylamide and an electronegative alkene in [ RhCp Cl ]2]2The diene is produced with a catalytic yield of 45-90% (org. Biomol. chem.2017,15, 1236-1244).
Figure BDA0002163922070000021
(3) With N-sulfonylallylamines and acrylates with [ RhCp Cl ]2]2Taking silver acetate as a catalyst, taking silver acetate as an oxidant, reacting in an acetone solvent at 100 ℃ to obtain the acrylate derivative containing the diene skeleton, wherein the yield is 49-75% (see Org.Biomol.chem.,2013,11, 2761-2765); or the conjugated diene is synthesized by two different olefins under the catalysis of palladium acetate or cobalt acetate, and the yield is up to 97 percent (J.Am.chem.Soc.2018,140, 5805-5813).
Figure BDA0002163922070000022
However, the above synthesis method still has defects and shortcomings, which are mainly reflected in:
1) the olefin or benzene ring of the reaction part needs to be functionalized in advance, then the coupling reaction is carried out under the catalysis of a metal reagent to obtain a target product, a stoichiometric byproduct is generated in the reaction process, a Z/E configuration mixture exists in most reactions under certain conditions, atoms and step economy are avoided, and the substrate range is very limited.
2) Some of the above-mentioned processes use relatively expensive metal reagents as catalysts and their further use is limited by the long reaction times.
Therefore, there is a need for an improved method for synthesizing conjugated diene derivatives, which is efficient, economical, simple in reaction conditions and highly stereoselective for synthesizing 1, 3-dienes.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention aims to provide a method for synthesizing a conjugated (E) -3-cycloalkenyl acrylate derivative.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
1. a synthetic method of a conjugated (E) -3-cycloalkenyl acrylate derivative has the following reaction general formula:
Figure BDA0002163922070000031
wherein
R1Is hydrogen, alkyl, or a benzo derivative;
R2is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted phenyl;
x is carbon or nitrogen;
n is 1, 2, 3 or 4;
PA is 2-pyridinecarbonyl;
FG is methoxyacyl, ethoxyacyl, butoxyacyl, hexoxyacyl, tert-butoxyacyl, cyclohexoxyacyl, trifluoromethoxyacyl, 2-hydroxyethoxyacyl, 2-methoxyethoxyacyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-methoxyacyl, benzyloxyacyl, phenoxyacyl, diethylphosphono, N-dimethylformyl or (8R,9S,13S,14S) -13-methyl-17-oxo-7, 8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16, 17-decahydro-6H-cyclopenta [ a ] phenanthryl;
the catalyst is any one of palladium acetate, palladium chloride or palladium bromide;
The additive is any one of potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, triethylamine or cesium carbonate;
the oxidant is copper acetate monohydrate or silver carbonate.
Preferably, the method comprises the following specific steps:
firstly, adding a catalyst, an additive, an oxidant and a compound of a general formula II into a reaction vessel, then dissolving the compound of the general formula I into an organic solvent, adding the dissolved compound into the reaction vessel, heating the mixture to 130 ℃ in an air bath for reaction for 2-16 h, and separating and purifying the mixture after the reaction is finished.
Preferred compounds of the formula I are N- (2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, N- (2- (cyclopent-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, N- (2- (cyclohept-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, N- (2- (cyclooct-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, N- (2- (4-methylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, N- (2- (4, 4-dimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, N- (2- (4-tert-butylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide Pyridine amides, N- (2- (1,2,3, 6-tetrahydro- [1, 1' -biphenyl ] -4-yl) ethyl) pyridine amides, N- (2- (4, 4-difluorocyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) pyridine amides, any one of N- (2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) -1- (3-methoxyphenyl) ethyl) picolinamide, N- (2- (1H-indol-3-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, or (8R,9S,13S,14S) -13-methyl-17-oxo-7, 8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16, 17-decahydro-6H-cyclopenta [ a ] phenanthrene-3-acrylate.
Preferably, the compound of formula II is any one of methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, N-butyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, trifluoroethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-methoxyethyl acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate, benzyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, diethyl vinylphosphonate or N, N-dimethylacrylamide.
Preferably, the molar ratio of the compound shown in the general formula I to the compound shown in the general formula II is 1: 1.5-4.
Preferably, the molar ratio of the catalyst to the compound of the general formula I is 1: 5-10.
Preferably, the molar ratio of the additive to the compound of formula I is 5: 2.
Preferably, the molar ratio of the oxidizing agent to the compound of formula I is 1:2.
Preferably, the molar volume ratio of the compound of the general formula I to the organic solvent in the reaction is 1: 2.5-5, and the mol ratio is L, wherein the organic solvent is tert-amyl alcohol or toluene.
Preferably, the separation and purification specifically comprises: and separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein a mixed solvent of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate in a volume ratio of 0-8: 1 is selected as an eluent during the separation and purification.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. The invention discloses a method for synthesizing a conjugated (E) -3-cycloalkenyl acrylate derivative, which uses cycloalkene containing bidentate guide pyridine formamido as a raw material, has cheap and easily obtained raw materials, and does not need to functionalize the alkene in advance, thereby reducing the generation of byproducts in the reaction process, and submitting the utilization rate of the raw material and the yield of the product;
2. the synthesis method adopts a one-pot method, different reactants are reacted, the reaction condition is simple, the production cost can be reduced, the metal catalyst can be recycled through oxidation, and the method has atom and step economy;
3. the 3-cycloalkenyl acrylate derivative synthesized by the synthesis method has higher stereoselectivity, and the highest reaction yield can reach 80%.
Additional advantages, objects, and features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will become apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned from practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and claims thereof.
Drawings
For the purposes of promoting a better understanding of the objects, aspects and advantages of the invention, reference will now be made to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 shows the reaction mechanism of the synthesis method of the present invention as an example in example 1.
Detailed Description
The embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to specific embodiments, and other advantages and effects of the present invention will be easily understood by those skilled in the art from the disclosure of the present specification. The invention is capable of other and different embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways, and its several details are capable of modification in various respects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Example 1
Preparation of Ethyl (E) -3- (2- (2- (pyridylamido) ethyl) cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) acrylate (Compound III-1):
Figure BDA0002163922070000051
adding acetic acid into 25mL sealed tube5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium bicarbonate, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, 44 muL (0.40mmol) of ethyl acrylate and 0.5mL of a t-amyl alcohol solution in which 46mg (0.2mmol) of N- (2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide is dissolved, the mixture is heated to 130 ℃ under an air atmosphere and stirred for reaction for 2 hours, the mixture is cooled to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, the mixture is diluted and transferred by ethyl acetate, a little silica gel is added, the solvent is removed by a rotary evaporator, and then the mixture is separated and purified by a silica gel column, wherein the eluent is a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate, the eluent is prepared according to the volume ratio of 4:1 at the beginning of elution, the content of ethyl acetate in the eluent is slowly increased until a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate with the volume ratio of 3:1 is finally formed, to obtain compound III-153 mg; the yield is 80%; a light yellow solid; m.p.82-83 ℃; 1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.51(d,J＝4.6Hz,1H),8.17(d,J＝7.8Hz,1H),8.14(s,1H),7.83(dd,J＝7.7,1.5Hz,1H),7.80(d,J＝15.8Hz,1H),7.44–7.34(m,1H),5.77(d,J＝15.6Hz,1H),4.14(q,J＝7.1Hz,2H),3.57(q,J＝6.8Hz,2H),2.62(t,J＝7.3Hz,2H),2.30–2.25(m,2H),2.20–2.13(m,2H),1.72–1.57(m,4H),1.27(t,J＝7.1Hz,3H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝167.69,164.20,149.89,147.94,143.50,141.88,137.16,129.50,125.94,122.05,115.76,60.01,38.40,33.73,31.60,25.39,22.43,22.30,14.27；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C19H24N2O3[M+H]+,329.1865；found,329.1859。
Example 2
Preparation of methyl (E) -3- (2- (2- (pyridylamido) ethyl) cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) acrylate (Compound III-2):
Figure BDA0002163922070000061
into a 25mL sealed tube were added palladium acetate 5mg (0.02mmol), potassium bicarbonate 50mg (0.50mmol), copper (II) acetate monohydrate 20mg (0.10mmol), methyl acrylate 36. mu.L (0.40mmol) and N- (2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) -N- (2-chloro-1-enyl) 46mg (0.2mmol) dissolved therein) 0.5mL of tert-amyl alcohol solution of ethyl) picolinamide, stirring and reacting for 2 hours at 130 ℃ under an air atmosphere, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring by using ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, removing the solvent by a rotary evaporator, and separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein the used eluent is a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate with the volume ratio of 4:1, and the compound III-248 mg can be obtained; the yield is 76%; a pale yellow oil;1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.50(d,J＝3.7Hz,1H),8.18(d,J＝7.7Hz,1H),8.14(s,1H),7.85–7.81(m,1H),7.79(d,J＝15.6Hz,1H),7.42–7.38(m,1H),5.77(d,J＝15.6Hz,1H),3.68(s,3H),3.57(q,J＝6.8Hz,2H),2.62(t,J＝7.0Hz,2H),2.31–2.24(m,2H),2.18–2.13(m,2H),1.70–1.62(m,4H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝168.13,164.26,149.90,147.98,143.76,142.16,137.20,129.52,126.00,122.10,115.33,51.31,38.43,33.77,31.66,25.39,22.45,22.31；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C18H22N2O3[M+H]+,315.1709；found,315.1701。
example 3
Preparation of butyl (E) -3- (2- (2- (pyridylamido) ethyl) cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) acrylate (Compound III-3)
Figure BDA0002163922070000062
Adding 5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium acetate, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium bicarbonate, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, 57 mu L (0.40mmol) of N-butyl acrylate and 0.5mL of tert-amyl alcohol solution dissolved with 46mg (0.2mmol) of N- (2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide into a 25mL sealed tube, stirring and reacting at 130 ℃ in air atmosphere for 2 hours, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring by using ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, removing the solvent by spinning on a rotary evaporator, and separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein an eluent is a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate with the volume ratio of 4:1, so as to obtain a compound III-353 mg; the yield is 75%; a light yellow solid; m.p.83-84 ℃; 1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.50(d,J＝4.1Hz,1H),8.17(d,J＝7.8Hz,1H),8.13(s,1H),7.83(dd,J＝7.7,1.6Hz,1H),7.80(d,J＝15.7Hz,1H),7.42–7.38(m,1H),5.78(d,J＝15.6Hz,1H),4.09(t,J＝6.7Hz,2H),3.57(q,J＝6.7Hz,2H),2.62(t,J＝7.3Hz,2H),2.31–2.24(m,2H),2.21–2.14(m,2H),1.69–1.59(m,6H),1.43–1.34(m,2H),0.94(t,J＝7.4Hz,3H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝167.83,164.22,149.91,147.97,143.52,141.88,137.18,129.53,125.97,122.08,115.79,64.01,38.45,33.76,31.64,30.79,25.43,22.47,22.32,19.18,13.71；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C21H28N2O3[M+H]+,357.2178；found,357.2171。
Example 4
Preparation of hexyl (E) -3- (2- (2- (pyridylamido) ethyl) cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) acrylate (Compound III-4):
Figure BDA0002163922070000071
adding 5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium acetate, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium bicarbonate, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, 70 mu L (0.40mmol) of hexyl acrylate and 0.5mL of tert-amyl alcohol solution dissolved with 46mg (0.2mmol) of N- (2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide into a 25mL sealed tube, stirring and reacting at 130 ℃ under an air atmosphere for 2 hours, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring by using ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, spinning off the solvent on a rotary evaporator, and separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein an eluent is a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate in a volume ratio of 5:1, so as to obtain a compound III-455 mg; the yield is 72%; a light yellow solid; m.p.84-85 ℃;1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.50(d,J＝4.6Hz,1H),8.17(d,J＝7.7Hz,1H),8.13(s,1H),7.83(d,J＝7.3Hz,1H),7.80(d,J＝15.5Hz,1H),7.40(dd,J＝7.4,4.8Hz,1H),5.78(d,J＝15.5Hz,1H),4.08(t,J＝6.8Hz,2H),3.57(q,J＝6.8Hz,2H),2.62(t,J＝7.3Hz,2H),2.28(t,J＝5.8Hz,2H),2.17(d,J＝5.6Hz,2H),1.66–1.62(m,4H),1.40–1.24(m,8H),0.89(t,J＝6.7Hz,3H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝167.83,164.22,149.93,147.97,143.50,141.87,137.18,129.53,125.96,122.09,115.81,64.32,38.46,33.76,31.65,31.46,28.69,25.63,25.44,22.52,22.47,22.33,13.95；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C23H32N2O3[M+H]+,385.2491；found,385.2486。
example 5
Preparation of tert-butyl (E) -3- (2- (2- (pyridylamido) ethyl) cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) acrylate (Compound III-5):
Figure BDA0002163922070000081
adding 5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium acetate, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium bicarbonate, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, 58 mu L (0.40mmol) of tert-butyl acrylate and 0.5mL of tert-amyl alcohol solution dissolved with 46mg (0.2mmol) of N- (2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide into a 25mL sealed tube, stirring and reacting at 130 ℃ in air atmosphere for 2 hours, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring by using ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, spinning off the solvent on a rotary evaporator, and separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein the eluent is a mixed solvent of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate with the volume ratio of 5:1, so as to obtain a compound III-550 mg; the yield is 70%; a light yellow solid; m.p.94-95 ℃; 1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.52(d,J＝4.2Hz,1H),8.17(d,J＝7.8Hz,1H),8.14(s,1H),7.84–7.81(m,1H),7.73(d,J＝15.5Hz,1H),7.42–7.38(m,1H),5.72(d,J＝15.5Hz,1H),3.56(q,J＝6.8Hz,2H),2.61(t,J＝7.3Hz,2H),2.27(t,J＝5.0Hz,2H),2.17–2.13(m,2H),1.68–1.61(m,4H),1.46(s,9H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝167.20,164.22,149.92,148.01,142.83,140.96,137.20,129.48,125.97,122.08,117.60,79.86,38.47,33.70,31.60,28.21,25.48,22.50,22.37；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C21H28N2O3[M+H]+,357.2178；found,357.2176。
Example 6
Preparation of cyclohexyl (E) -3- (2- (2- (pyridylamido) ethyl) cyclohexyl-1-en-1-yl) acrylate (Compound III-6):
Figure BDA0002163922070000082
adding 5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium acetate, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium bicarbonate, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, 63 mu L (0.40mmol) of cyclohexyl acrylate and 0.5mL of tert-amyl alcohol solution dissolved with 46mg (0.2mmol) of N- (2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide into a 25mL sealed tube, stirring and reacting at 130 ℃ under an air atmosphere for 2 hours, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring by using ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, removing the solvent by spinning on a rotary evaporator, and separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein an eluent is a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate with the volume ratio of 5:1, so as to obtain a compound III-657 mg; the yield is 75%; a yellow solid; m.p.70-71 ℃;1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.51(d,J＝4.3Hz,1H),8.17(d,J＝7.8Hz,1H),8.13(s,1H),7.83(d,J＝7.7Hz,1H),7.80(d,J＝15.7Hz,1H),7.43–7.38(m,1H),5.78(d,J＝15.5Hz,1H),4.78(td,J＝8.8,4.2Hz,1H),3.57(q,J＝6.9Hz,2H),2.62(t,J＝7.3Hz,2H),2.29–2.26(m,2H),2.19–2.15(m,2H),1.87–1.60(m,10H),1.45–1.34(m,4H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝167.21,164.22,149.88,148.00,143.27,141.62,137.20,129.56,125.99,122.10,116.39,72.22,38.46,33.75,31.71,31.62,25.46,23.78,22.48,22.35；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C23H30N2O3[M+H]+,383.2335；found,383.2335。
example 7
Preparation of 2,2, 2-trifluoroethyl (E) -3- (2- (2-pyridylamido) ethyl) cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) acrylate (Compound III-7):
Figure BDA0002163922070000091
to a 25mL sealed tube were added 5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium acetate, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium hydrogencarbonate, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, 51. mu.L (0.40mmol) of trifluoroethyl acrylate and 46mg (0.10mmol) of the resulting mixture in solution2mmol) 0.5mL of a tert-amyl alcohol solution of N- (2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, stirring and reacting for 2 hours at 130 ℃ under an air atmosphere, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring with ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, removing the solvent by a rotary evaporator, and then separating and purifying with a silica gel column, wherein the eluent is a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate in a volume ratio of 6:1, and the compound III-749 mg is obtained; the yield is 64%; yellow oil; 1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.49(s,1H),8.17(d,J＝7.5Hz,1H),8.13(s,1H),7.90(d,J＝15.5Hz,1H),7.83(t,J＝6.8Hz,1H),7.43–7.35(m,1H),5.80(d,J＝15.5Hz,1H),4.47(q,J＝8.4Hz,2H),3.58(q,J＝6.5Hz,2H),2.63(t,J＝6.4Hz,2H),2.33–2.27(m,2H),2.19–2.13(m,2H),1.70–1.61(m,4H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝165.90,164.25,149.85,147.93,145.76,144.43,137.19,129.54,125.99,125.92,124.08,122.24,122.11,120.40,113.24,60.41,60.17,59.93,59.69,38.38,33.90,31.76,25.36,22.35,22.20；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C19H21F3N2O3[M+H]+,383.1583；found,383.1580。
Example 8
Preparation of 2-hydroxyethyl (E) -3- (2- (2- (pyridylamido) ethyl) cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) acrylate (Compound III-8):
Figure BDA0002163922070000101
adding 5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium acetate, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium bicarbonate, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, 42 mu L (0.40mmol) of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate and 0.5mL of tert-amyl alcohol solution dissolved with 46mg (0.2mmol) of N- (2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide into a 25mL sealed tube, stirring and reacting at 130 ℃ under an air atmosphere for 2 hours, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring by using ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, removing the solvent by a rotary evaporator, and separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein an eluent is a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate with the volume ratio of 1:1, so as to obtain a compound III-833 mg; the ratio is 48 percent(ii) a Yellow oil;1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.52(d,J＝4.0Hz,1H),8.35(s,1H),8.23(d,J＝7.8Hz,1H),8.14(d,J＝15.6Hz,1H),7.86(t,J＝7.6Hz,1H),7.45–7.39(m,1H),5.77(d,J＝15.6Hz,1H),4.76(s,1H),4.28–4.24(m,2H),3.93(s,2H),3.48(q,J＝6.9Hz,2H),2.66–2.58(m,2H),2.28–2.22(m,2H),2.19–2.14(m,2H),1.71–1.60(m,4H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝167.68,165.28,149.51,148.05,143.21,142.56,137.54,129.93,126.27,122.26,115.58,66.58,61.01,39.42,33.85,31.96,25.00,22.49,22.28；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C19H24N2O4[M+H]+,345.1814；found,345.1812。
example 9
Preparation of 2-methoxyethyl (E) -3- (2- (2- (pyridylamido) ethyl) cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) acrylate (Compound III-9):
Figure BDA0002163922070000111
adding 5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium acetate, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium bicarbonate, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, 52 mu L (0.40mmol) of 2-methoxyethyl acrylate and 0.5mL of tert-amyl alcohol solution dissolved with 46mg (0.2mmol) of N- (2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide into a 25mL sealed tube, stirring and reacting at 130 ℃ for 2 hours, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring by using ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, removing the solvent by a rotary evaporator, and separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein an eluent is a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate with the volume ratio of 2:1, so as to obtain a compound III-950 mg; the yield is 70%; yellow oil; 1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.51(d,J＝3.7Hz,1H),8.20–8.10(m,2H),7.87–7.79(m,2H),7.40(dd,J＝7.7,4.6Hz,1H),5.84(d,J＝15.5Hz,1H),4.26(t,J＝4.8Hz,2H),3.62(t,J＝4.8Hz,2H),3.56(q,J＝7.0Hz,2H),3.40(s,3H),2.62(t,J＝7.4Hz,2H),2.30–2.25(m,2H),2.17–2.13(m,2H),1.68–1.60(m,4H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝167.67,164.23,149.90,147.98,143.94,142.45,137.18,129.53,125.98,122.08,115.32,70.61,63.17,58.95,38.47,33.77,31.66,25.41,22.43,22.30；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C20H26N2O4[M+H]+,359.1971；found,359.1968。
Example 10
Preparation of (tetrahydrofuran-2-yl) methyl (E) -3- (2- (2- (pyridylamido) ethyl) cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) acrylate (Compound III-10):
Figure BDA0002163922070000112
adding 5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium acetate, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium bicarbonate, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, 59 mu L (0.40mmol) of tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate and 0.5mL of tert-amyl alcohol solution dissolved with 46mg (0.2mmol) of N- (2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide into a 25mL sealed tube, stirring for reaction at 130 ℃ under an air atmosphere, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring by using ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, removing the solvent by a rotary evaporator, and separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein an eluent is a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate with the volume ratio of 1:1, so as to obtain a compound III-1054 mg; the yield is 70%; a yellow solid; m.p.64-65 ℃;1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.51(s,1H),8.19–8.11(m,2H),7.87–7.77(m,2H),7.43–7.37(m,1H),5.84(d,J＝15.5Hz,1H),4.20–4.12(m,2H),4.04(dd,J＝10.9,6.4Hz,1H),3.90(dd,J＝7.0,6.3Hz,1H),3.80(q,J＝7.2,Hz,1H),3.58–3.53(m,2H),2.61(t,J＝6.6Hz,2H),2.31–2.24(m,2H),2.18–2.12(m,2H),2.00(p,J＝6.4Hz,1H),1.94–1.87(m,2H),1.64(t,J＝7.0Hz,5H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝167.64,164.21,149.85,147.99,143.88,142.37,137.19,129.54,125.99,122.07,115.36,76.64,68.39,66.18,38.46,33.75,31.65,28.03,25.66,25.39,22.42,22.29；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C22H28N2O4[M+H]+,385.2127；found,385.2123。
example 11
Preparation of benzyl (E) -3- (2- (2- (pyridylamido) ethyl) cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) acrylate (Compound III-11):
Figure BDA0002163922070000121
adding 5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium acetate, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium bicarbonate, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, 60 mu L (0.40mmol) of benzyl acrylate and 0.5mL of tert-amyl alcohol solution dissolved with 46mg (0.2mmol) of N- (2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide into a 25mL sealed tube, stirring and reacting at 130 ℃ under an air atmosphere, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring by using ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, spinning off the solvent on a rotary evaporator, and separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein the eluent is a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate with a volume ratio of 4:1, namely the compound III-1157 mg is obtained; the yield was 73%; a yellow solid; m.p.92-93 ℃; 1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.46(d,J＝4.2Hz,1H),8.15(d,J＝7.8Hz,1H),8.13(s,1H),7.86(d,J＝15.6Hz,1H),7.80(td,J＝7.7,1.6Hz,1H),7.39–7.34(m,5H),7.33–7.30(m,1H),5.82(d,J＝15.5Hz,1H),5.15(s,2H),3.56(q,J＝6.7Hz,2H),2.62(t,J＝7.3Hz,2H),2.31–2.26(m,2H),2.18–2.12(m,2H),1.67–1.62(m,4H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝167.55,164.25,149.88,147.97,144.05,142.54,137.18,136.41,129.56,128.51,128.11,128.05,125.98,122.09,115.32,65.90,38.44,33.80,31.67,25.42,22.44,22.30；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C24H26N2O3[M+H]+,391.2022；found,391.2017。
Example 12
Preparation of phenyl (E) -3- (2- (2- (pyridylamido) ethyl) cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) acrylate (Compound III-12):
Figure BDA0002163922070000131
5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium acetate, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium bicarbonate and copper (II) acetate are added into a 25mL sealed tube20mg (0.10mmol) of hydrate, 55 mu L (0.40mmol) of phenyl acrylate and 0.5mL of toluene solution dissolved with 46mg (0.2mmol) of N- (2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, stirring and reacting for 2 hours at 130 ℃ under air atmosphere, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring by using ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, removing the solvent by a rotary evaporator, and separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein the eluent is a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate with a volume ratio of 4:1, and then the compound III-1247 mg is obtained; the yield is 63%; a yellow solid; m.p.90-91 ℃;1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.50(d,J＝4.4Hz,1H),8.16(d,J＝7.8Hz,2H),7.98(d,J＝15.5Hz,1H),7.80(td,J＝7.7,1.5Hz,1H),7.41–7.34(m,3H),7.21(t,J＝7.4Hz,1H),7.09–7.06(m,2H),5.95(d,J＝15.5Hz,1H),3.59(q,J＝6.8Hz,2H),2.65(t,J＝7.2Hz,2H),2.32(t,J＝5.5Hz,2H),2.26–2.20(m,2H),1.73–1.63(m,4H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝166.07,164.30,150.99,149.81,148.01,145.12,143.79,137.27,129.67,129.25,126.07,125.47,122.16,121.65,114.81,38.45,33.87,31.76,25.45,22.43,22.30；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C23H24N2O3[M+H]+,377.1865；found,377.1861。
example 13
Preparation of diethyl (E) - (2- (2- (pyridylamido) ethyl) cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) vinyl) phosphonate (Compound III-13):
Figure BDA0002163922070000132
adding 5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium acetate, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium bicarbonate, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, 61 mu L (0.40mmol) of diethyl vinylphosphonate and 0.5mL of tert-amyl alcohol solution dissolved with 46mg (0.2mmol) of N- (2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide into a 25mL sealed tube, stirring for reaction at 130 ℃ under an air atmosphere, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring by using ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, removing the solvent by a rotary evaporator, separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein the eluent is ethyl acetate, To obtain compound III-1345 mg; the yield is 57%; yellow oil;1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.54(d,J＝4.8Hz,1H),8.18(d,J＝8.9Hz,2H),7.84(t,J＝7.8Hz,1H),7.63(dd,J＝22.8,17.3Hz,1H),7.41(t,J＝6.1Hz,1H),5.59(t,J＝18.1Hz,1H),4.12–3.95(m,4H),3.56(q,J＝7.1Hz,2H),2.62(t,J＝7.7Hz,2H),2.30–2.26(m,2H),2.17–2.13(m,2H),1.69–1.60(m,4H),1.31(t,J＝7.1Hz,6H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝164.06,149.74,147.92,145.56,145.51,142.72,137.05,129.54,129.39,125.86,121.88,111.56,110.29,61.38,61.34,38.26,33.40,31.32,24.99,22.25,22.15,16.24,16.20；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C20H29N2O4P[M+H]+,393.1943；found,393.1939。
example 14
(E) Preparation of (E) -N- (2- (2- (3- (dimethylamino) -3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl) cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide (Compound III-14):
Figure BDA0002163922070000141
adding 5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium acetate, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium bicarbonate, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, 41 muL (0.40mmol) of N, N-dimethylacrylamide and 0.5mL of tert-amyl alcohol solution in which 46mg (0.2mmol) of N- (2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide 46mg (0.2mmol) are dissolved into a 25mL sealed tube, stirring and reacting at 130 ℃ for 2 hours, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring by using ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, removing the solvent by a rotary evaporator, and separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein the eluent is a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate with the volume ratio of 1:1, so as to obtain 1421 mg of a compound III-1421 mg; the yield is 32%; yellow oil;1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.52(d,J＝4.2Hz,1H),8.21–8.15(m,2H),7.86–7.81(m,1H),7.79(d,J＝15.5Hz,1H),7.42–7.38(m,1H),6.22(d,J＝15.0Hz,1H),3.55(q,J＝7.0Hz,2H),3.06(s,3H),3.02(s,3H),2.63(t,J＝7.6Hz,2H),2.30–2.26(m,2H),2.23–2.17(m,2H),1.71–1.60(m,4H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝167.68,164.22,150.02,147.99,141.93,139.82,137.14,129.35,125.88,122.06,114.73,38.66,37.28,35.78,33.76,31.61,25.71,22.56,22.43；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C19H25N3O2[M+H]+,328.2025；found,328.2018。
example 15
Preparation of (8R,9S,13S,14S) -13-methyl-17-oxo-7, 8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16, 17-decahydro-6H-cyclopenta [ a ] phenanthren-3-yl (E) -3- (2- (2- (pyridylamido) ethyl) cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) acrylate (Compound III-15):
Figure BDA0002163922070000151
5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium acetate, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium hydrogencarbonate, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, (8R,9S,13S,14S) -13-methyl-17-oxo-7, 8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16, 17-decahydro-6H-cyclopentyl [ a ] was charged into a 25mL vial ]127mg (0.40mmol) of phenanthrene-3-propenoic acid ester and 1.0mL of a solution of 46mg (0.2mmol) of N- (2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide in t-amyl alcohol, the reaction was stirred under an air atmosphere at 130 ℃ for 2 hours, after the reaction is finished, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃), diluting and transferring by ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, removing the solvent by spinning on a rotary evaporator, then separating and purifying by a silica gel column, wherein an eluent is a mixed solution consisting of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate during purification, wherein a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate is prepared as an eluent according to the volume ratio of 8:1 when the elution is started, then slowly increasing the content of ethyl acetate in the eluent until a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate with the volume ratio of 2:1 is finally formed, and obtaining a compound III-1556 mg; the yield is 51%; a light yellow solid; m.p.198-199 deg.C;1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.51(d,J＝4.0Hz,1H),8.19–8.11(m,2H),7.96(d,J＝15.5Hz,1H),7.85–7.80(m,1H),7.40(dd,J＝6.5,4.9Hz,1H),7.27(d,J＝9.6Hz,1H),6.87–6.83(m,1H),6.80(s,1H),5.95(d,J＝15.5Hz,1H),3.59(q,J＝6.8Hz,2H),2.94–2.88(m,2H),2.65(t,J＝7.0Hz,2H),2.51(dd,J＝19.0,8.7Hz,1H),2.43–2.37(m,1H),2.32–2.28(m,2H),2.25–2.21(m,2H),2.19–1.94(m,5H),1.70–1.45(m,10H),0.92(s,3H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝220.61,166.28,164.20,149.83,148.80,147.98,144.96,143.58,137.75,137.20,136.99,129.61,126.18,126.00,122.09,121.62,118.81,114.90,50.46,47.91,44.15,38.40,38.04,35.81,33.83,31.72,31.56,29.37,26.35,25.75,25.41,22.39,22.27,21.56,13.81；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C35H40N2O4[M+Na]+,575.2886；found,575.2881。
example 16
Preparation of Ethyl (E) -3- (2- (2- (pyridylamido) ethyl) cyclopent-1-en-1-yl) acrylate (Compound III-16):
Figure BDA0002163922070000161
adding 5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium acetate, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium bicarbonate, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, 44 mu L (0.40mmol) of ethyl acrylate and 0.5mL of tert-amyl alcohol solution dissolved with 43mg (0.2mmol) of N- (2- (cyclopent-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide into a 25mL sealed tube, stirring and reacting at 130 ℃ in air atmosphere for 2 hours, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring by using ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, spinning off a solvent on a rotary evaporator, separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein the eluent is a mixed solution consisting of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate according to the volume ratio of 4:1 when the eluent is just started, then slowly increasing the content of ethyl acetate in the eluent, until a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate with the volume ratio of 3:1 is formed finally, and the compound III-1641 mg is obtained; the yield is 65%; a light yellow solid; m.p.71-72 ℃; 1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.51(d,J＝4.2Hz,1H),8.17(d,J＝7.8Hz,1H),8.09(s,1H),7.83(t,J＝7.6Hz,1H),7.58(d,J＝15.5Hz,1H),7.42–7.38(m,1H),5.71(d,J＝15.5Hz,1H),4.17(q,J＝7.1Hz,2H),3.60(q,J＝6.8Hz,2H),2.68(t,J＝7.0Hz,2H),2.59(t,J＝7.1Hz,2H),2.50(t,J＝7.1Hz,2H),1.94–1.87(m,2H),1.27(t,J＝7.1Hz,3H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝167.50,164.23,149.85,148.99,148.00,137.54,137.22,135.33,126.01,122.09,118.02,60.08,37.84,37.46,32.58,29.19,21.59,14.30；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C18H22N2O3[M+Na]+,337.1528；found,337.1522。
Example 17
Preparation of Ethyl (E) -3- (2- (2- (pyridylamido) ethyl) cyclohept-1-en-1-yl) acrylate (Compound III-17):
Figure BDA0002163922070000162
adding 5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium acetate, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium bicarbonate, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, 44 mu L (0.40mmol) of ethyl acrylate and 0.5mL of tert-amyl alcohol solution dissolved with 49mg (0.2mmol) of N- (2- (cyclohept-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide into a 25mL sealed tube, stirring and reacting at 130 ℃ in air atmosphere for 2 hours, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring by using ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, spinning off a solvent on a rotary evaporator, separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein the eluent is a mixed solution consisting of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate according to the volume ratio of 4:1 when the eluent is just started, preparing a mixed solution of the petroleum ether and the ethyl acetate, and slowly increasing the content of the ethyl acetate in the eluent, until a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate with the volume ratio of 3:1 is formed finally, and the compound III-1737 mg is obtained; the yield was 54%; a pale yellow solid; m.p.76-77 ℃;1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.50(d,J＝4.1Hz,1H),8.17(d,J＝7.8Hz,1H),8.12(s,1H),7.82(t,J＝7.7Hz,1H),7.75(d,J＝15.5Hz,1H),7.43–7.36(m,1H),5.83(d,J＝15.5Hz,1H),4.15(q,J＝7.1Hz,2H),3.57(q,J＝6.9Hz,2H),2.67(t,J＝7.2Hz,2H),2.47–2.44(m,2H),2.41–2.36(m,2H),1.80–1.76(m,2H),1.56–1.51(m,2H),1.49–1.42(m,2H),1.27(t,J＝7.1Hz,3H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝167.81,164.22,149.91,148.94,147.99,142.27,137.17,136.65,125.97,122.04,116.11,60.05,37.86,35.56,35.05,32.04,28.47,26.14,25.88,14.31；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C20H26O2N3[M+H]+,343.2022；found,343.2018。
example 18
Preparation of ethyl (E) -3- ((Z) -2- (2- (pyridylamido) ethyl) cyclooct-1-en-1-yl) acrylate (Compound III-18):
Figure BDA0002163922070000171
Adding 5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium acetate, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium bicarbonate, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, 44 mu L (0.40mmol) of ethyl acrylate and 0.5mL of tert-amyl alcohol solution dissolved with 52mg (0.2mmol) of N- (2- (cyclooct-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide into a 25mL sealed tube, stirring and reacting at 130 ℃ in air atmosphere for 2 hours, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring by using ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, spinning off a solvent on a rotary evaporator, separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein the eluent is a mixed solution consisting of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate according to the volume ratio of 4:1 when the eluent is just started, then slowly increasing the content of ethyl acetate in the eluent, until a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate with the volume ratio of 3:1 is formed finally, and the compound III-1846 mg is obtained; the yield is 65%; a pale yellow solid; m.p.86-87 ℃;1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.51(d,J＝4.1Hz,1H),8.18(d,J＝7.8Hz,2H),7.83(t,J＝7.7Hz,1H),7.74(d,J＝15.6Hz,1H),7.42–7.38(m,1H),5.86(d,J＝15.6Hz,1H),4.15(q,J＝7.1Hz,2H),3.58(q,J＝6.9Hz,2H),2.67(t,J＝7.4Hz,2H),2.49–2.45(m,2H),2.45–2.40(m,2H),1.68–1.62(m,2H),1.58–1.52(m,2H),1.49–1.38(m,4H),1.27(t,J＝7.1Hz,3H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝167.84,164.25,149.92,147.98,146.66,141.41,137.18,133.07,125.98,122.09,116.60,60.09,38.51,33.50,33.05,29.72,28.95,26.95,26.45,26.31,14.30；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C21H28N2O3[M+H]+,357.2178；found,357.2174。
example 19
Preparation of Ethyl (E) -3- (5-methyl-2- (2-pyridylamido) ethyl) cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) acrylate (Compound III-19):
Figure BDA0002163922070000181
adding 5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium acetate, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium bicarbonate, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, 49mg (0.2mmol) of N- (2- (4-methylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, 44 mu L (0.40mmol) of ethyl acrylate and 0.5mL of tert-amyl alcohol solution into a 25mL sealed tube, stirring and reacting at 130 ℃ under an air atmosphere for 2 hours, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring by using ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, spinning off a solvent on a rotary evaporator, separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein the eluent is a mixed solution consisting of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate according to a volume ratio of 4:1 at the beginning of elution, then slowly increasing the content of ethyl acetate in the eluent, until a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate with the volume ratio of 3:1 is formed finally, and the compound III-1938 mg is obtained; the yield is 56%; a light yellow solid; m.p.70-71 ℃; 1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.50(d,J＝4.2Hz,1H),8.17(d,J＝7.8Hz,1H),8.13(s,1H),7.83(td,J＝7.7,1.4Hz,1H),7.79(d,J＝15.6Hz,1H),7.43–7.38(m,1H),5.79(d,J＝15.5Hz,1H),4.14(q,J＝7.0Hz,2H),3.63–3.50(m,2H),2.70–2.54(m,2H),2.35–2.25(m,3H),1.81–1.58(m,4H),1.26(t,J＝7.1Hz,3H),1.00(d,J＝6.3Hz,3H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝167.67,164.19,149.88,147.94,143.06,141.79,137.15,129.12,125.94,122.05,115.82,59.99,38.40,34.02,33.45,31.71,30.53,28.30,21.67,14.27；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C20H26N2O3[M+H]+,343.2022；found,343.2027。
Example 20
Preparation of Ethyl (E) -3- (5, 5-dimethyl-2- (2-pyridylamido) ethyl) cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) acrylate (Compound III-20):
Figure BDA0002163922070000191
adding 5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium acetate, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium bicarbonate, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, 52mg (0.2mmol) of N- (2- (4, 4-dimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, 44 muL (0.40mmol) of ethyl acrylate and 0.5mL of tert-amyl alcohol solution into a 25mL sealed tube, stirring and reacting at 130 ℃ under an air atmosphere for 2 hours, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring by using ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, spinning off a solvent on a rotary evaporator, separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein the eluent is a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate according to the volume ratio of 5:1 at the beginning of elution, then slowly increasing the content of ethyl acetate in the eluent, until a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate with the volume ratio of 4:1 is formed finally, and the compound III-2050 mg is obtained; the yield is 70%; a pale yellow solid; m.p.79-80 ℃;1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.50(d,J＝4.0Hz,1H),8.17(d,J＝7.8Hz,1H),8.13(s,1H),7.82(td,J＝9.2,4.7Hz,2H),7.42–7.36(m,1H),5.79(d,J＝15.6Hz,1H),4.15(q,J＝7.1Hz,2H),3.58(q,J＝6.8Hz,,2H),2.64(t,J＝7.1Hz,2H),2.31(t,J＝6.5Hz,2H),1.94(s,2H),1.41(t,J＝6.4Hz,2H),1.27(t,J＝7.1Hz,3H),0.92(s,6H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝167.62,164.14,149.83,147.91,142.02,141.97,137.12,128.45,125.92,122.01,115.79,59.97,39.26,38.41,34.92,33.22,29.37,28.55,28.10,14.25；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C21H28N2O3[M+H]+,357.2178；found,357.2172。
example 21
Preparation of Ethyl (E) -3- (5- (tert-butyl) -2- (2- (pyridylamido) ethyl) cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) acrylate (Compound III-21):
Figure BDA0002163922070000201
Adding 5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium acetate, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium bicarbonate, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, 57mg (0.2mmol) of N- (2- (4-tert-butylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, 44 muL (0.40mmol) of ethyl acrylate and 0.5mL of tert-amyl alcohol solution into a 25mL sealed tube, stirring and reacting at 130 ℃ under an air atmosphere for 2 hours, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring by using ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, spinning off a solvent on a rotary evaporator, separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein the eluent is a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate at the beginning of elution, a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate is prepared according to a volume ratio of 5:1, then slowly increasing the content of ethyl acetate in the eluent, until a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate with the volume ratio of 4:1 is formed finally, and the compound III-2144 mg is obtained; the yield was 57%; a pale yellow oil;1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.51(d,J＝4.1Hz,1H),8.18(d,J＝7.8Hz,1H),8.13(s,1H),7.84(dd,J＝7.7,1.5Hz,1H),7.80(d,J＝15.8Hz,1H),7.43–7.38(m,1H),5.82(d,J＝15.5Hz,1H),4.15(qd,J＝7.1,2.8Hz,2H),3.64–3.49(m,2H),2.71–2.56(m,2H),2.42–2.18(m,4H),1.87(dd,J＝23.9,11.2Hz,3H),1.28(t,J＝7.1Hz,3H),0.90(s,9H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝167.71,164.21,149.88,147.96,143.51,142.13,137.19,129.57,125.98,122.08,115.64,60.07,43.85,38.43,33.37,33.05,32.30,27.16,27.09,23.75,14.30；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C23H32N2O3[M+H]+,385.2491；found,385.2485。
example 22
Preparation of Ethyl (E) -3- (4- (2- (pyridylamido) ethyl) -1,2,5, 6-tetrahydro- [1, 1' -biphenyl ] -3-yl) acrylate (Compound III-22):
Figure BDA0002163922070000202
adding into a 25mL sealed tube5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium acetate, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium hydrogencarbonate, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, and N- (2- (1,2,3, 6-tetrahydro- [1, 1' -biphenyl) ]-4-yl) ethyl) picolinamide 61mg (0.2mmol), ethyl acrylate 44 μ L (0.40mmol) and tert-amyl alcohol solution 0.5mL, stirring and reacting at 130 ℃ under air atmosphere for 2 hours, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring with ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, removing the solvent by a rotary evaporator, separating and purifying with a silica gel column, wherein the eluent is a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate, the mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate is prepared as the eluent according to the volume ratio of 5:1 when the elution is started, then the content of ethyl acetate in the eluent is slowly increased until a mixed solution of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate with the volume ratio of 4:1 is formed finally, and then the compound III-2238 mg is obtained; the yield is 47%; a light yellow solid; m.p.100-101 ℃;1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.51(d,J＝4.0Hz,1H),8.19(d,J＝7.8Hz,2H),7.82(dd,J＝11.7,3.7Hz,2H),7.42–7.38(m,1H),7.31(t,J＝7.5Hz,2H),7.22(dd,J＝13.5,7.1Hz,3H),5.77(d,J＝15.6Hz,1H),4.13(q,J＝7.0Hz,2H),3.61(ddq,J＝34.0,13.6,6.8Hz,2H),2.83(d,J＝10.2Hz,1H),2.77–2.70(m,1H),2.67–2.59(m,1H),2.55–2.44(m,3H),2.32–2.19(m,1H),2.00(d,J＝12.1Hz,1H),1.79(qd,J＝12.1,5.7Hz,1H),1.25(t,J＝7.1Hz,3H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝167.55,164.24,149.85,147.95,146.14,143.04,141.39,137.18,129.25,128.44,126.76,126.24,125.98,122.07,116.21,60.03,39.69,38.37,33.70,33.48,32.04,29.25,14.24；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C25H28N2O3[M+H]+,405.2178；found,405.2172。
example 23
Preparation of Ethyl (E) -3- (5, 5-difluoro-2- (2- (pyridylamino) ethyl) cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) acrylate (Compound III-23):
Figure BDA0002163922070000211
palladium acetate 5mg (0.02mmol) and carbonic acid were added to a 25mL sealed tube50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium hydride, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, 53mg (0.2mmol) of N- (2- (4, 4-difluorocyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, 44 microliter (0.40mmol) of ethyl acrylate and 0.5mL of tertiary amyl alcohol solution, stirring and reacting for 2 hours at 130 ℃ under air atmosphere, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring by using ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, spinning off the solvent on a rotary evaporator, separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein the eluent is a mixed solution consisting of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate, a mixed solution of the petroleum ether and the ethyl acetate is prepared as an eluent according to the volume ratio of 8:1 at the beginning of elution, then the content of the ethyl acetate in the eluent is slowly increased until the mixed solvent of the petroleum ether and the ethyl acetate with the volume ratio of 6:1 is finally formed, to obtain compound III-2336 mg; the yield is 49%; a pale yellow oil; 1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.50(d,J＝4.3Hz,1H),8.16(d,J＝7.8Hz,2H),7.86–7.80(m,1H),7.73(d,J＝15.6Hz,1H),7.41(dd,J＝6.9,5.3Hz,1H),5.70(d,J＝15.6Hz,1H),4.16(q,J＝7.1Hz,2H),3.59(q,J＝6.8Hz,2H),2.68–2.61(m,4H),2.57(t,J＝6.0Hz,2H),2.13–2.04(m,2H),1.28(t,J＝7.1Hz,3H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝167.02,164.37,149.68,148.00,141.62,140.25,137.26,126.10,125.36,125.33,125.29,124.10,122.52,122.08,120.93,117.12,60.33,38.14,35.04,34.85,34.67,33.11,30.20,30.04,29.88,29.60,29.56,29.53,14.26；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C19H22F2N2O3[M+H]+,365.1677；found,365.1671。
Example 24
Preparation of Ethyl (E) -3- (2- (2- (3-methoxyphenyl) -2- (pyridylamido) ethyl) cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) acrylate (Compound III-24):
Figure BDA0002163922070000221
5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium acetate, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium bicarbonate, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, and N- (2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) -1- (3-methoxyphenyl) ethyl acetate were added to a 25mL sealed tube67mg (0.2mmol) of picolinamide, 44 mu L (0.40mmol) of ethyl acrylate and 0.5mL of tertiary amyl alcohol solution, stirring and reacting for 2 hours at 130 ℃ under an air atmosphere, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring by using ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, spinning off the solvent on a rotary evaporator, and then separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein an eluent is a mixed solution consisting of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate, a mixed solution of the petroleum ether and the ethyl acetate is prepared as the eluent according to a volume ratio of 5:1 when the elution is started, then the content of the ethyl acetate in the eluent is slowly increased until a mixed solvent of the petroleum ether and the ethyl acetate with a volume ratio of 4:1 is finally formed, and the compound III-2445 mg can be obtained; the yield is 52%; a light yellow solid; m.p.99-100 ℃;1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.50(d,J＝3.7Hz,1H),8.45(d,J＝7.8Hz,1H),8.14(d,J＝7.6Hz,1H),7.86–7.74(m,2H),7.39(dd,J＝7.6,4.7Hz 1H),7.29–7.20(m,1H),6.97(d,J＝7.3Hz,1H),6.90(s,1H),6.78(dd,J＝8.2,2.6Hz,1H),5.67(d,J＝15.5Hz,1H),5.28(q,J＝7.8Hz,1H),4.23–4.16(m,2H),3.80(s,3H),3.02(dd,J＝13.5,8.1Hz,1H),2.75(dd,J＝13.6,6.9Hz,1H),2.19(t,J＝5.2Hz,2H),2.07(s,2H),1.60–1.54(m,4H),1.31(t,J＝7.1Hz,3H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝167.69,163.53,159.89,149.77,147.99,143.11,142.41,141.97,137.20,130.25,129.71,126.04,122.11,118.79,115.66,112.89,112.38,60.02,55.24,52.92,40.92,31.86,25.51,22.43,22.24,14.35；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C26H30N2O4[M+H]+,435.2284；found,435.2281。
example 25
Preparation of ethyl (E) -3- (3- (2- (pyridylamido) ethyl) -1H-indol-2-yl) acrylate (Compound III-25):
Figure BDA0002163922070000231
5mg (0.02mmol) of palladium acetate, 50mg (0.50mmol) of potassium hydrogencarbonate, 20mg (0.10mmol) of copper (II) acetate monohydrate, 53mg (0.2mmol) of N- (2- (1H-indol-3-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, and propylene were added to a 25mL vialStirring 44 mu L (0.40mmol) of ethyl acetate and 0.5mL of tertiary amyl alcohol solution for reaction for 16 hours at 130 ℃ under an air atmosphere, cooling to room temperature (18-25 ℃) after the reaction is finished, diluting and transferring the ethyl acetate, adding a little silica gel, removing the solvent on a rotary evaporator, separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein the eluent is a mixed solution consisting of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate, the mixed solution of the petroleum ether and the ethyl acetate is prepared as the eluent according to the volume ratio of 4:1 at the beginning of elution, then slowly increasing the content of the ethyl acetate in the eluent until the mixed solvent of the petroleum ether and the ethyl acetate with the volume ratio of 3:1 is finally formed, and then obtaining the compound III-2518 mg; the yield is 25%; a yellow solid; m.p.151-152 ℃;1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ＝8.46(d,J＝4.8Hz,1H),8.42(s,1H),8.21(d,J＝7.8Hz,2H),7.83(td,J＝7.6,1.7Hz,1H),7.74(d,J＝15.9Hz,1H),7.70(d,J＝7.9Hz,1H),7.38(dd,J＝7.6,4.8Hz,1H),7.34(d,J＝8.2Hz,1H),7.27(d,J＝7.5Hz,1H),7.10(t,J＝7.5Hz,1H),6.15(d,J＝15.9Hz,1H),4.19(q,J＝7.1Hz,2H),3.75(q,J＝6.8Hz,2H),3.23(t,J＝7.1Hz,2H),1.29(t,J＝7.2Hz,3H)；13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ＝166.95,164.45,149.84,147.97,137.55,137.23,131.78,130.72,128.32,126.03,125.08,122.14,120.21,119.93,119.44,114.89,111.18,60.48,40.35,24.64,14.32；HRMS(ESI/TOF-Q):m/z calcd.for C21H21N3O3[M+Na]+,386.1481；found,386.1475。
from the synthesis results in the above examples and the test surfaces of hydrogen spectra, carbon spectra and mass spectra of the corresponding compounds, the compounds of formula I and formula II can be reacted by the synthesis method of the present invention by a "one-pot method" to obtain conjugated (E) -3-cycloalkenyl acrylate derivatives having high stereoselectivity and high yield.
Taking the reaction of N- (2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide and ethyl acrylate in example 1 as an example to study the reaction mechanism, as shown in fig. 1, substrate N- (2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide 1a coordinates with metal Pd in the catalyst to obtain pi-olefin palladium complex a; followed by δ C (alkenyl) -H activation to yield six-membered metallocycle B; then, exchanging the electron-deficient olefin (ethyl acrylate) with a ligand of a six-membered metal ring B to generate an intermediate product C, and then carrying out migration insertion and coordination to obtain an intermediate D; finally syn beta-H is eliminated to release the product III-1; meanwhile, the palladium catalyst is firstly subjected to beta-H elimination and then is oxidized, so that the Pd (0)/Pd (II) circulation is realized.
Finally, the above embodiments are only intended to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and not to limit the present invention, and although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications or equivalent substitutions may be made on the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions, and all of them should be covered by the claims of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A method for synthesizing a conjugated (E) -3-cycloalkenyl acrylate derivative is characterized in that the reaction general formula is as follows:
Figure FDA0003629386940000011
Wherein
R1Hydrogen, alkyl;
R2is hydrogen or 3-methoxyphenyl;
x is carbon;
n is 1, 2, 3 or 4;
PA is 2-pyridinecarbonyl;
FG is methoxyacyl, ethoxyacyl, butoxyacyl, hexanoloxoyl, tert-butoxyacyl, cyclohexaneoxyacyl, trifluoromethoxyacyl, 2-hydroxyethoxyacyl, 2-methoxyethoxyacyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-methoxyacyl, benzyloxyacyl, phenoxyacyl, diethylphosphono, N-dimethylformyl or (8R,9S,13S,14S) -13-methyl-17-oxo-7, 8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16, 17-decahydro-6H-cyclopenta [ a ] phenanthryl;
the catalyst is any one of palladium acetate, palladium chloride or palladium bromide;
the additive is any one of potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, triethylamine or cesium carbonate;
the oxidant is copper acetate monohydrate or silver carbonate.
2. The method for synthesizing the conjugated (E) -3-cycloalkenyl acrylate derivative according to claim 1, comprising the following specific steps:
firstly, adding a catalyst, an additive, an oxidant and a compound of a general formula II into a reaction vessel, then dissolving the compound of the general formula I into an organic solvent, adding the dissolved compound into the reaction vessel, heating the mixture to 130 ℃ in an air bath for reaction for 2-16 h, and separating and purifying the mixture after the reaction is finished.
3. The process for the synthesis of conjugated (E) -3-cycloalkenyl acrylate derivatives according to claim 2, characterized in that the compounds of the general formula I are N- (2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, N- (2- (cyclopent-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, N- (2- (cyclohept-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, N- (2- (cyclooct-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, N- (2- (4-methylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, N- (2- (4, 4-dimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide N- (2- (4-tert-butylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, N- (2- (1,2,3, 6-tetrahydro- [1, 1' -biphenyl ] -4-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, N- (2- (4, 4-difluorocyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, N- (2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) -1- (3-methoxyphenyl) ethyl) picolinamide, N- (2- (1H-indol-3-yl) ethyl) picolinamide, or (8R,9S,13S,14S) -13-methyl-17-oxo-7, any one of 8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16, 17-decahydro-6H-cyclopentyl [ a ] phenanthrene-3-acrylate.
4. The method for synthesizing the conjugated (E) -3-cycloalkenyl acrylate derivative according to claim 2, wherein the compound of the general formula II is any one of methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, N-butyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, trifluoroethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-methoxyethyl acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate, benzyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, diethyl vinylphosphonate, or N, N-dimethylacrylamide.
5. The method for synthesizing a conjugated (E) -3-cycloalkenyl acrylate derivative according to claim 2, wherein the molar ratio of the compound of formula I to the compound of formula II is 1:1.5 to 4.
6. The method for synthesizing the conjugated (E) -3-cycloalkenyl acrylate derivative according to claim 2, wherein the molar ratio of the catalyst to the compound of the general formula I is 1:5 to 10.
7. The method of synthesizing the conjugated (E) -3-cycloalkenyl acrylate derivative according to claim 2, wherein the molar ratio of the additive to the compound of formula I is 5: 2.
8. The method for synthesizing a conjugated (E) -3-cycloalkenyl acrylate derivative according to claim 2, wherein the molar ratio of the oxidizing agent to the compound of formula I is 1:2.
9. The method for synthesizing the conjugated (E) -3-cycloalkenyl acrylate derivative according to claim 2, wherein the molar volume ratio of the compound of the general formula I to the organic solvent is 1: 2.5-5, mol: L, and the organic solvent is t-amyl alcohol or toluene.
10. The method for synthesizing a conjugated (E) -3-cycloalkenyl acrylate derivative according to claim 2, wherein the separation and purification specifically comprises: and separating and purifying by using a silica gel column, wherein a mixed solvent of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate in a volume ratio of 0-8: 1 is selected as an eluent during the separation and purification.
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