CN110783551A - Lithium electrode material, preparation method thereof and battery containing lithium electrode material - Google Patents
Lithium electrode material, preparation method thereof and battery containing lithium electrode material Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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Abstract
The invention relates to the field of lithium batteries, in particular to a lithium electrode material, a preparation method thereof and a battery containing the material. The lithium electrode material comprises: the lithium metal, and the carbon 60 plating layer and the magnesium metal plating layer are sequentially arranged on the surface of the lithium metal from inside to outside. The material has good air stability and excellent cycling stability, and the carbon 60 and magnesium metal protective layer on the surface of the composite lithium electrode material greatly reduces the sensitivity of lithium metal to air, thereby greatly reducing the industrial production cost. In addition, the magnesium metal layer on the surface of the composite electrode also has the function of inducing lithium to be uniformly deposited, so that the cycle stability and the electrochemical performance of the composite lithium metal anode are improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of lithium batteries, in particular to a lithium electrode material, a preparation method thereof and a battery containing the material.
Background
Since 1991Since the invention of Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs) by sony corporation, lithium ion batteries have occupied a huge market and changed our way of communication and transportation to become the most attractive rechargeable batteries due to their higher energy density and cycling stability. However, the lithium ion battery is close to the theoretical energy density limit at present, and a graphite anode (the theoretical specific capacity is about 372mAh g)
-1) Almost reached its theoretical specific capacity of 350mAh g for the most advanced lithium (Li) ion batteries
-1But still cannot meet the energy density requirements of electric vehicles and sophisticated electronic equipment. Therefore, development of a new battery system beyond the conventional lithium ion battery is urgently required.
Due to the ultra-high theoretical capacity (3860mAh g
-1) Very low redox potential (-3.04V vs. standard hydrogen electrode) and ultra low mass density (0.534g cm)
-3) Lithium (Li) metal is considered to be a desirable choice for next generation high energy density battery anodes. However, uncontrolled Li dendrite growth on the surface of Li metal anodes poses serious safety concerns and leads to unstable Li/electrolyte interfaces and low coulombic efficiency, which greatly hinders the practical application of Li metal anodes. Accordingly, efforts are being made in both academic and industrial fields to suppress the growth of lithium dendrites, enabling the practical use of Lithium Metal Batteries (LMB). The strategies they adopted include designing 3D current collectors, using electrolyte additives, modifying the separator. While these strategies have made significant progress in addressing dendrite growth, most of these strategies remain inapplicable in large-scale practical production. This is because the processing requirements of lithium metal anodes are extremely demanding and the Li metal anodes will corrode immediately upon exposure to humid air, which makes the production process of LMBs a significant challenge. In view of this, it is essential to find a new material and a preparation method thereof, which can not only inhibit the dendritic growth of the Li metal anode but also adapt to the humid processing environment.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention relates to a lithium electrode material, comprising: the lithium metal, and the carbon 60 plating layer and the magnesium metal plating layer are sequentially arranged on the surface of the lithium metal from inside to outside.
The lithium electrode material (Mg @ C60@ Li) provided by the invention can stably exist in air with the humidity of 30-40% and cannot react with the air, so that the industrial production cost is greatly reduced;
the Mg layer on the surface of the Mg @ C60@ Li negative electrode can react with oxygen to generate compact MgO when contacting air, so that the air stability of the Mg @ C60@ Li negative electrode can be further improved, in addition, the Mg layer on the surface can also reduce the deposition overpotential of lithium, and the lithium is induced to be uniformly deposited on the surface of the Mg @ C60@ Li, so that the lithium dendrite is eliminated, and the safety and the electrochemical performance of the battery are greatly improved.
According to an aspect of the invention, the invention also relates to a method for preparing a lithium electrode material as described above, comprising: carbon 60 and magnesium metal are sequentially deposited on the lithium-containing metal surface to a desired thickness.
According to a further aspect of the invention, the invention also relates to a battery comprising a lithium electrode material as described above.
The lithium electrode material provided by the invention has good air stability and excellent cycle stability, and the carbon 60 and magnesium metal protective layer on the surface of the composite lithium electrode material greatly reduces the sensitivity of lithium metal to air, thereby greatly reducing the industrial production cost. In addition, the magnesium metal layer on the surface of the composite electrode also has the function of inducing lithium to be uniformly deposited, so that the cycle stability and the electrochemical performance of the composite lithium metal anode are improved.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without creative efforts.
In fig. 1, a is an optical digital photograph of a commercially available cathode of a general lithium sheet; b is an optical digital photograph of C60@ Li of the dendrite-free lithium metal anode material intermediate having air stability of example 1; c is an optical digital photo of the dendrite-free lithium metal negative electrode material Mg @ C60@ Li with air stability in example 1;
in fig. 2, a is an XRD diffractogram of a commercially available normal pure lithium plate negative electrode after 12 hours of exposure in air with humidity of 35%; b is the XRD diffraction pattern of the dendrite-free lithium metal negative electrode with air stability prepared in example 1 after 12 hours of exposure in air with 35% of humidity;
in FIG. 3, a is 0.5mAcm of the negative electrode of a commercial ordinary pure lithium plate of a comparative example
-2Current density of 4mAh cm
-2Scanning SEM of the surface of the negative electrode; b is a dendrite-free lithium metal negative electrode with air stability of 0.5mAcm obtained in example 1
-2Current density of 4mAh cm
-2SEM scan of the surface of the negative electrode after lithium (g);
fig. 4 is a graph comparing the performance of a full cell at 200 cycles after exposure of a dendrite-free lithium metal negative electrode having air stability obtained in example 1 to a comparative commercial lithium sheet for 12 hours in air having a humidity of 35%.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the invention, one or more examples of which are described below. Each example is provided by way of explanation, not limitation, of the invention. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. For instance, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment, can be used on another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment.
It is therefore intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. Other objects, features and aspects of the present invention are disclosed in or are apparent from the following detailed description. It is to be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the present discussion is a description of exemplary embodiments only, and is not intended as limiting the broader aspects of the present invention.
The invention relates to a lithium electrode material, comprising: the lithium metal, and the carbon 60 plating layer and the magnesium metal plating layer are sequentially arranged on the surface of the lithium metal from inside to outside.
In the present invention, the purity of the raw materials of the carbon 60 plating layer and the magnesium metal plating layer is preferably as high as possible, for example, a purity of 99% or more, 99.9% or more, or 99.99% or more.
In some embodiments, the lithium metal is foil.
In some embodiments, the foil has a thickness of 300 μm to 400 μm, alternatively 310 μm, 320 μm, 330 μm, 340 μm, 350 μm, 360 μm, 370 μm, 380 μm or 390 μm.
In some embodiments, the thickness of the carbon 60 plating layer is 100nm to 120nm, and may be selected from 102nm, 104nm, 106nm, 108nm, 110nm, 112nm, 114nm, 116nm, or 118 nm.
In some embodiments, the thickness of the magnesium metal plating layer is 200nm to 220nm, and may be 202nm, 204nm, 206nm, 208nm, 210nm, 212nm, 214nm, 216nm or 218 nm.
According to an aspect of the invention, the invention also relates to a method for preparing a lithium electrode material as described above, comprising: carbon 60 and magnesium metal are sequentially deposited on the lithium-containing metal surface to a desired thickness.
In some embodiments, the method of deposition is vacuum thermal evaporation deposition.
The vacuum thermal evaporation deposition technology is relatively mature, the method is simple to operate, and the practical production of the lithium metal electrode can be promoted by large-scale production and application.
In some embodiments, the degree of vacuum in the evaporative deposition of carbon 60 and magnesium metal is independently selected to be 5 x 10
-4Pa~2×10
-3Pa, e.g. 6X 10
-4Pa、7×10
-4Pa、8×10
-4Pa、9×10
-4Pa、1×10
-3Pa、2×10
-3Pa、3×10
-3Pa、4×10
-3Pa、5×10
-3Pa、6×10
-3Pa、7×10
-3Pa、8×10
-3Pa、9×10
-3Pa、1×10
-2Pa。
In some embodiments, the carbon 60 vapor deposition rate is between 0.04nm/s and 0.06nm/s, such as 0.05nm/s.
In some embodiments, the magnesium metal evaporation deposition rate is from 0.08nm/s to 0.1nm/s, such as 0.09 nm/s.
According to an aspect of the invention, the invention also relates to a battery comprising a lithium electrode material as described above.
The battery of the present invention is not particularly limited in shape, and can be used as a battery having various shapes such as a coin shape, a cylindrical shape, and an angular shape.
In the present application, the lithium electrode material is generally used as a negative electrode (anode).
The positive electrode (cathode) may be composed of a lithiated intercalation material, such as a cobalt/lithium, nickel/lithium or manganese/lithium mixed oxide.
Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to examples.
Example 1
(1) Lithium foil with the thickness of 300 mu m is put on a substrate of a vacuum thermal evaporation deposition device, then carbon 60 and Mg metal particles for evaporation are put in a heating boat of the vacuum thermal evaporation deposition device,
(2) vacuum pumping is carried out to reduce the vacuum degree in the equipment cabin to 5 multiplied by 10
-4Pa。
(3) When the vacuum degree reaches 5 multiplied by 10
-4Pa~2×10
-3And after Pa, starting to regulate and control parameters of evaporating a first carbon 60 hydrophobic layer, and controlling the evaporation deposition rate of the carbon 60 to be 0.04 nm/s.
(4) And when the evaporation deposition rate reaches 0.04nm/s, beginning to evaporate carbon 60, and evaporating a 100 nm-thick hydrophobic layer of the carbon 60 on the surface of the lithium foil to obtain the C60@ Li material.
(5) Under vacuum degree of 5X 10
-4And (3) evaporating an Mg protective layer on the surface of the C60@ Li material under the condition of Pa, and controlling the deposition rate of metal Mg evaporation to be 0.08 nm/s.
(6) And (3) evaporating an Mg metal protection induction layer with the thickness of 200nm on the surface of the C60@ Li material to finally obtain the required dendrite-free lithium metal negative electrode material with Mg @ C60@ Li and air stability.
Example 2
(1) Lithium foil with a thickness of 350 μm was placed on a substrate of a vacuum thermal evaporation deposition apparatus, and then carbon 60 and Mg metal particles for evaporation were placed in a heating boat of the vacuum thermal evaporation deposition apparatus,
(2) vacuum pumping is carried out to reduce the vacuum degree in the equipment cabin to 1 x 10
-3Pa。
(3) When the vacuum degree reaches 1 x 10
-3And after Pa, starting to regulate and control parameters of evaporating a first carbon 60 hydrophobic layer, and controlling the evaporation deposition rate of the carbon 60 to be 0.05nm/s.
(4) And when the evaporation deposition rate reaches 0.05nm/s, beginning to evaporate carbon 60, and evaporating a 110 nm-thick hydrophobic layer of the carbon 60 on the surface of the lithium foil to obtain the C60@ Li material.
(5) Under a vacuum of 1X 10
-3And (3) evaporating an Mg protective layer on the surface of the C60@ Li material under the condition of Pa, and controlling the deposition rate of metal Mg evaporation to be 0.09 nm/s.
(6) And (3) evaporating an Mg metal protection induction layer with the thickness of 210nm on the surface of the C60@ Li material to finally obtain the required dendrite-free lithium metal negative electrode material with Mg @ C60@ Li and air stability.
Example 3
(1) Lithium foil with a thickness of 400 μm was placed on a substrate of a vacuum thermal evaporation deposition apparatus, and then carbon 60 and Mg metal particles for evaporation were placed in a heating boat of the vacuum thermal evaporation deposition apparatus,
(2) vacuum pumping is carried out to reduce the vacuum degree in the equipment cabin to 2 multiplied by 10
-3Pa。
(3) When the vacuum degree reaches 2 x 10
-3And after Pa, starting to regulate and control parameters of evaporating a first carbon 60 hydrophobic layer, and controlling the evaporation deposition rate of the carbon 60 to be 0.06 nm/s.
(4) And when the evaporation deposition rate reaches 0.06nm/s, beginning to evaporate carbon 60, and evaporating a 120 nm-thick carbon 60 hydrophobic layer on the surface of the lithium foil to obtain the C60@ Li material.
(5) Under vacuum degree of 2X 10
-3And (3) evaporating an Mg protective layer on the surface of the C60@ Li material under the condition of Pa, and controlling the deposition rate of metal Mg evaporation to be 0.1 nm/s.
(6) And (3) evaporating an Mg metal protection induction layer with the thickness of 220nm on the surface of the C60@ Li material to finally obtain the required dendrite-free lithium metal negative electrode material with Mg @ C60@ Li and air stability.
Comparative example
The negative electrode used in the comparative example was a commercially available ordinary lithium metal negative electrode (purity 99%) purchased from aladdin reagent company.
As can be seen from XRD diffractogram 2 of the conventional lithium sheets commercially available in comparative example 1 and comparative example after 12 hours of exposure to air with humidity of 35%: after 12 hours of exposure in air with the humidity of 35%, ordinary commercial lithium sheets react with the air, because the diffraction peak of LiOH can be seen in the XRD diffraction pattern of the lithium sheets, but no diffraction peak reacting with the air can be seen in the dendrite-free lithium metal cathode with air stability of Mg @ C60@ Li, so that the lithium metal is well protected, and the lithium metal is consistent with the theoretical design; from the SEM of FIG. 2 a common lithium sheet negative electrode and a dendrite-free lithium metal negative electrode with air stability can be seen at 0.5mAcm
-2Current density of 4mAh cm
-2After the lithium, sharp lithium dendrites are distributed on the surface of the cathode of the common lithium sheet cathode, but no lithium dendrite can be seen on the surface of the lithium metal cathode without dendrites with air stability, so that the safety of the lithium metal cathode is greatly improved, the side reaction of lithium metal and electrolyte can be reduced, the service life of the battery is prolonged
Taking the dendrite-free lithium metal negative electrode with air stability prepared in example 1 as a comparison with the conventional lithium sheet negative electrode of the comparative example, after exposing the two negative electrodes in air with 35% humidity for 12 hours, the two negative electrodes were respectively mixed with active material loading of 15mg/cm
-2The lithium iron phosphate positive electrode is matched and assembled into a full cell, and the electrolyte is an unmodified carbonate-based electrolyte (lithium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte with the concentration of 1M is prepared in ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate with the volume ratio of 1: 1). The assembled full cell was activated at 0.2C rate for two cycles, then cycled at 1C rate. As shown in FIG. 4, the lithium metal negative electrode without dendrite and with air stability has an initial specific capacity of 154mAh/g, a specific capacity of 131.5mAh/g after 200 cycles, and a capacity retention rate of 91.3%. The specific capacity of the battery of the common pure lithium sheet cathode of the comparative example is 38mAh/g after 200 cycles, and the capacity retention rate is 29.1%.
The technical features of the embodiments described above may be arbitrarily combined, and for the sake of brevity, all possible combinations of the technical features in the embodiments described above are not described, but should be considered as being within the scope of the present specification as long as there is no contradiction between the combinations of the technical features.
The above-mentioned embodiments only express several embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but not construed as limiting the scope of the invention. It should be noted that, for a person skilled in the art, several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the inventive concept, which falls within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present patent shall be subject to the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A lithium electrode material comprising: the lithium metal, and the carbon 60 plating layer and the magnesium metal plating layer are sequentially arranged on the surface of the lithium metal from inside to outside.
2. The lithium electrode material of claim 1, wherein the lithium metal is foil.
3. The lithium electrode material according to claim 2, wherein the foil has a thickness of 300 μm to 400 μm.
4. The lithium electrode material according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the thickness of the carbon 60 plating layer is 100nm to 120 nm.
5. The lithium electrode material according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the magnesium metal plating layer has a thickness of 200nm to 220 nm.
6. The method for producing a lithium electrode material according to any one of claims 1 to 5, comprising: carbon 60 and magnesium metal are sequentially deposited on the lithium-containing metal surface to a desired thickness.
7. The preparation method of the lithium electrode material according to claim 6, wherein the deposition method is vacuum thermal evaporation deposition.
8. The method for preparing a lithium electrode material according to claim 7, wherein the degree of vacuum for the evaporation deposition of the carbon 60 and the magnesium metal is independently selected from the range of 5 x 10
-4Pa~2×10
-3Pa。
9. The method for preparing a lithium electrode material according to claim 7, wherein the carbon 60 evaporation deposition rate is 0.04nm/s to 0.06 nm/s;
preferably, the evaporation deposition rate of the magnesium metal is 0.08nm/s to 0.1 nm/s.
10. A battery comprising the lithium electrode material according to any one of claims 1 to 5.
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WO2022054813A1 (en) * | 2020-09-11 | 2022-03-17 | 株式会社村田製作所 | Electrochemical device |
CN115064660A (en) * | 2022-07-04 | 2022-09-16 | 中国科学院青岛生物能源与过程研究所 | Preparation method and application of magnesium metal battery negative electrode functional coating and negative electrode plate |
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