CN110783463A - Active layer structure for solar cell and solar cell - Google Patents
Active layer structure for solar cell and solar cell Download PDFInfo
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- CN110783463A CN110783463A CN201810854081.XA CN201810854081A CN110783463A CN 110783463 A CN110783463 A CN 110783463A CN 201810854081 A CN201810854081 A CN 201810854081A CN 110783463 A CN110783463 A CN 110783463A
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- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
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- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
Abstract
The invention relates to an active layer structure for a solar cell and the solar cell, wherein the active layer comprises a liquid crystal material, and one or more of quantum dots, a conjugated polymer material, a dye, a fluorescent material or a phosphorescent material are uniformly distributed in the liquid crystal material. The liquid crystal material is used as a matrix of the active layer, and one or more of quantum dots, a conjugated polymer material, a dye, a fluorescent material or a phosphorescent material are uniformly distributed in the liquid crystal material, so that the flowing property and the phase change characteristic of the liquid crystal material can be changed, the phase state of the liquid crystal material is controlled within a smectic phase, a crystalline phase or a blue phase range in the using process, the efficiency of converting the light energy of the solar cell prepared by the active layer into the electric energy can be improved, and the application range of the solar cell is expanded.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of solar cells, and particularly relates to an active layer structure for a solar cell.
Background
With the rapid increase of world energy demand, the increasingly serious supply and demand and environmental problems become bottlenecks that restrict economic and social development, and there is a need to establish a clean, sufficient, economic, safe and sustainable energy system. Solar energy is one of the most potential new energy sources for development because it continuously irradiates the ground and is clean and free of any pollution.
In recent years, solar cell technology has been greatly advanced and is likely to become one of the main power sources in the future. Referring to fig. 1, fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a solar cell provided in the prior art. The structure of the solar cell includes a glass substrate, an anode layer, a hole conduction layer, an active layer, and a cathode layer. The anode layer is typically formed by Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) deposited on a glass substrate. An active layer comprising electron donors (electron donors) and electron acceptors (electron acceptors) is disposed between the cathode layer and the hole conducting layer. When the excitons in the hole conducting layer diffuse to the interface of the electron donor and the electron acceptor, the excitons will dissociate into free carriers after overcoming the binding energy. Finally, the electron holes are collected by the cathode and the anode of the solar cell, respectively, so that light energy can be converted into electric energy. If the exciton is not in the exciton diffusion length (exciton diffusion length), the electron and the hole are recombined if the exciton does not reach the interface between the electron donor and the electron acceptor, so that the conversion efficiency of the solar cell module is reduced. The active layer of the solar cell may be configured as a bulk heterojunction (bulk heterojunction) structure to solve the problem of low conversion efficiency of the solar cell module. The first block heterojunction structure is a double-layer structure, i.e. an electron donor is firstly deposited on an anode layer, and an electron acceptor is deposited above the anode layer; the second bulk heterojunction structure is a blending structure, in which an electron donor and an electron acceptor are blended to obtain an active layer structure.
However, the contact area between the electron donor and the electron acceptor in the double-layer structure is small, so that the improvement of the conversion efficiency of the solar cell is limited; the sizes of the electron donor and the electron acceptor in the blending structure are difficult to control, and charges after the dissociation of the active layer part of the blending structure are difficult to conduct to the electrode, so that the improvement of the efficiency of converting the light energy into the electric energy of the solar cell is influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the above problems in the prior art, the present invention provides an active layer structure for a solar cell.
An embodiment of the present invention provides an active layer structure for a solar cell, including: the active layer comprises a liquid crystal material, and one or more of quantum dots, a conjugated polymer material, a dye, a fluorescent material or a phosphorescent material are uniformly distributed in the liquid crystal material.
In one embodiment of the invention, the phase state of the liquid crystal material is a smectic phase, a crystalline phase or a blue phase.
In one embodiment of the invention, the liquid crystal material accounts for more than or equal to 50% of the active layer by weight percentage t.
In one embodiment of the invention, the thickness s of the active layer is less than or equal to 20 μm.
In one embodiment of the present invention, a high molecular polymer is further uniformly distributed in the liquid crystal material.
In one embodiment of the present invention, nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes are also uniformly distributed within the liquid crystal material.
An embodiment of the present invention further provides a solar cell, which includes the active layer structure according to any one of the above embodiments.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the solar cell further includes a first glass substrate, a cathode layer, an anode layer, and a second glass substrate, and the cathode layer, the active layer, the anode layer, and the second glass substrate are sequentially stacked on the first glass substrate.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the organic light emitting device further comprises a hole injection layer between the active layer and the anode layer.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the liquid crystal material is used as a matrix of the active layer, and one or more of quantum dots, a conjugated polymer material, a dye, a fluorescent material or a phosphorescent material are uniformly distributed in the liquid crystal material, so that the flowing property and the phase change characteristic of the liquid crystal material can be changed, the phase state of the liquid crystal material is controlled within a smectic phase, a crystalline phase or a blue phase range in the using process, the efficiency of converting the light energy of the solar cell prepared by the active layer into the electric energy can be improved, and the application range of the solar cell is expanded.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a solar cell provided in the prior art;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating a relationship between a refractive index of a liquid crystal material and a refractive index of an anode layer according to an embodiment of the invention.
Description of reference numerals:
1 a first glass substrate; 2 a cathode layer; 3 an active layer; 4 an anode layer; 5 a second glass substrate; 6 a hole injection layer.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to specific examples, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto.
Example one
The embodiment of the invention provides an active layer structure. The active layer structure provided in this embodiment includes a liquid crystal material, in which one or more of Quantum dots (Quantum dots), conjugated polymer materials (conjugated polymers), dyes (Dye), fluorescent materials (fluorescent materials), or phosphorescent materials (phosphorescent materials) are uniformly distributed.
Further, the phase state of the liquid crystal material is a smectic phase, a crystalline phase or a blue phase.
Further, the liquid crystal material accounts for more than or equal to 50% of the active layer by weight percentage t.
Furthermore, the thickness s of the active layer is less than or equal to 20 μm.
Further, a reactive monomer material is uniformly distributed in the liquid crystal material.
Furthermore, nano particles or carbon nano tubes are uniformly distributed in the liquid crystal material.
An embodiment of the present invention further provides a solar cell, where the solar cell includes the active layer structure described in any one of the above embodiments.
Furthermore, the solar cell further comprises a first glass substrate, a cathode layer, an anode layer and a second glass substrate, wherein the cathode layer, the active layer, the anode layer and the second glass substrate are sequentially stacked on the first glass substrate.
Further, the organic light emitting diode further comprises a hole injection layer, wherein the hole injection layer is located between the active layer and the anode layer.
In the embodiment of the invention, the liquid crystal material is used as the matrix of the active layer, and one or more of quantum dots, a conjugated polymer material, a dye, a fluorescent material or a phosphorescent material are uniformly distributed in the liquid crystal material, so that the flowing property and the phase change property of the liquid crystal material can be changed, the phase state of the liquid crystal material is controlled within a smectic phase, a crystalline phase or a blue phase range in the using process, the efficiency of converting the light energy of the solar cell prepared by the active layer into the electric energy can be improved, and the application range of the solar cell is expanded.
The preparation method of the active layer of the embodiment of the invention is simple, mass production can be realized by using the original equipment, and the waste of investment is saved.
Example two
The embodiment of the invention provides an active layer structure. The active layer structure provided by this embodiment includes a liquid crystal material, in which one or more of quantum dots, a conjugated polymer material, a dye, a fluorescent material, or a phosphorescent material are uniformly distributed.
Specifically, the active layer of the solar cell contains an electron donor and an electron acceptor. In the process of converting solar light energy into electric energy, sunlight is firstly absorbed by the active layer, and then after the sunlight occupies the electron absorption energy of the highest molecular orbital (HOMO) region of the active layer, the electron is excited to the unoccupied lowest molecular orbital (LUMO) region, so as to generate a bound electron-hole pair (also called exciton) in the active layer. When the exciton diffuses to the interface between the electron donor and the electron acceptor, the exciton will dissociate into free carriers after overcoming the binding energy. And finally, collecting the electron holes by a cathode and an anode of the solar cell respectively, and converting the light energy into the electric energy.
The active layer prepared from a liquid crystal material and quantum dots, conjugated polymers, dyes, fluorescent materials or phosphorescent materials uniformly distributed in the liquid crystal material is a Guest-Host composite material, wherein the liquid crystal material accounts for the maximum proportion of the active layer, and the active layer is of a smectic phase structure, a crystalline phase structure or a blue phase structure. The liquid crystal material is used as the matrix material of the active layer, so that the advantage is that when sunlight is incident to the solar cell, the sunlight needs to be prevented from being reflected by a large amount of different structures of the solar cell due to the difference of the refractive indexes as much as possible, so that energy loss is caused, and the refractive index can be adjusted by using the liquid crystal material as the matrix of the active layer according to actual requirements.
Referring to fig. 2, fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention. When light is irradiated to a light absorbing material to generate excitons (electron-hole pairs) that are separated into individual electrons and holes, if the liquid crystal molecules in the host are Nematic or Isotropic, the degree of freedom in the direction of movement of these carriers is extremely large, and therefore most of the electrons or holes may disappear after being arbitrarily moved due to recombination of the electron holes, and may not reach an electrode to generate a current. Referring to fig. 3, fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the invention. If the liquid crystal molecules in the active layer are in a smectic phase structure, a crystalline phase structure or a blue phase structure, the freedom of movement of electrons or holes is limited to a specific direction, and the probability that the electrons or holes can drift to the electrode before recombination is greatly increased, so that the conversion efficiency of the solar cell is improved. In addition, if the liquid crystal material is in a Nematic phase or an Isotropic phase, the mixed substances may be precipitated at the bottom after a long time due to the low viscosity of the liquid crystal material, and the viscosity of the liquid crystal material is very high when the liquid crystal material is in a smectic phase, a crystalline phase or a blue phase, and the substances mixed in the liquid crystal material are not easy to flow, so that the substances mixed in the liquid crystal material can be uniformly distributed in the liquid crystal material.
Preferably, the liquid crystal material is of Rod-Like molecular (Rod-Like) structure.
Preferably, the liquid crystal material accounts for more than or equal to 50% of the active layer by weight percent t.
Preferably, the thickness s of the active layer is ≦ 20 μm.
In particular, quantum dots are a semiconductor nanostructure with a diameter below 100 nm.
Preferably, the quantum dots account for the weight percent g of the active layer
1＜50％。
Specifically, the conjugated polymer material is a conductive polymer, and when the electrons of extended conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi bonds of the polymer structure of the conjugated polymer material are not bound by atoms, the conjugated polymer material can move freely on a polymer chain, and after doping, the electrons can be removed to generate holes, or the electrons are added, so that the electrons or the holes can move freely on the molecular chain, thereby forming the conductive molecule.
Preferably, the conjugated polymer material includes polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, poly-p-styrene, or derivatives thereof.
Preferably, the conjugated polymer material accounts for g of the weight percentage of the active layer
2＜50％。
Specifically, dyes include organic dyes and metal complex dyes that are electron transferred via MLCT (metal-to-Ligand Charge-Transfer) to rapidly inject electrons from the pi orbital region to which the Ligand has not been bonded into the working electrode. Its advantages are high chemical stability, wide absorption spectrum, and high efficiency and stability of battery. Organic dyes are conjugated molecules with electron-withdrawing and electron-withdrawing groups, which inject electrons into the working electrode via the electron-withdrawing group by intermolecular pi → pi charge Transfer, i.e., photo-induced charge Transfer (PCT).
Preferably, the dye is present in the active layer in a weight percentage g
3＜50％。
Specifically, the fluorescent material is prepared by compounding metal (zinc and chromium) sulfide or rare earth oxide with a trace amount of an active agent and calcining, and the fluorescent material realizes luminescence by singlet excited excitons.
Preferably, the fluorescent material accounts for the weight percentage g of the active layer
4＜50％。
Specifically, the phosphorescent material is a material which emits light by spin-orbit coupling of heavy metal atoms after atoms such as heavy metals (iridium, platinum, europium, osmium) are added to a polymer structure.
Preferably, the phosphorescent material is present in the active layer in a weight percentage g
5＜50％。
Preferably, if a plurality of quantum dots, conjugated polymer materials, dyes, fluorescent materials or phosphorescent materials are uniformly distributed in the liquid crystal material, the total weight of the plurality of materials accounts for the weight percentage g of the active layer
6＜50％。
Referring to fig. 4, fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, a reactive Monomer material (Monomer) may also be added to the active layer. Since the temperature ranges of various phase states of the liquid crystal material in the active layer are narrow, it is difficult to control the liquid crystal material in a smectic phase, a crystalline phase or a blue phase state, so that the reactive monomer material is uniformly added into the active layer and thermally polymerized to form a high molecular Polymer (Polymer), thereby widening the phase state temperature range of the liquid crystal material and facilitating the control of the liquid crystal material in a smectic phase, a crystalline phase or a blue phase state.
Preferably, the reactive monomer material is present in a weight percentage g of the active layer
7≤15％。
Preferably, if the reactive monomer material is added to the liquid crystal material, an INITIATOR (INITIATOR) may also be uniformly mixed in the liquid crystal material so that the reactive monomer material is completely polymerized.
In addition, nano particles or carbon nano tubes can be added into the active layer, and the mobility of electron holes in the active layer is increased through the nano particles or the carbon nano tubes, so that the conversion efficiency of the solar cell is further improved.
Preferably, the nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes are made of metal (Au) or metal oxide (TiO)
2) Preparing nano particles or nano carbon tubes.
Preferably, the carbon nanotubes are Fullerene (Fullerene) type carbon nanotubes.
In the embodiment of the invention, the liquid crystal material is used as the matrix of the active layer, and one or more of quantum dots, a conjugated polymer material, a dye, a fluorescent material or a phosphorescent material are uniformly distributed in the liquid crystal material, so that the flowing property and the phase change property of the liquid crystal material can be changed, the phase state of the liquid crystal material is controlled within a smectic phase, a crystalline phase or a blue phase range in the using process, the efficiency of converting the light energy of the solar cell prepared by the active layer into the electric energy can be improved, and the application range of the solar cell is expanded.
The preparation method of the active layer of the embodiment of the invention is simple, mass production can be realized by using the original equipment, and the waste of investment is saved.
It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications may be made to the embodiments and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without the use of inventive faculty, and that all changes and modifications that would come within the spirit of the invention are desired to be protected by the claims.
EXAMPLE III
Referring to fig. 5, fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention. On the basis of the above embodiment, the invention also provides a solar cell. The solar cell of the embodiment of the invention comprises: the liquid crystal display panel comprises a first glass substrate 1, a cathode layer 2, an active layer 3, an anode layer 4 and a second glass substrate 5, wherein the cathode layer 2, the active layer 3, the anode layer 4 and the second glass substrate 5 are sequentially stacked on the first glass substrate 5, the active layer 3 comprises a liquid crystal material, and one or more of quantum dots, a conjugated polymer material, a dye, a fluorescent material or a phosphorescent material are uniformly distributed in the liquid crystal material.
By changing the refractive index of the liquid crystal material in the active layer 3 to match the anode layer (transparent conductive layer), the reflectivity of the liquid crystal material from the transparent conductive layer to the active layer can be reduced, thereby improving the efficiency of converting the light energy of the solar cell into electric energy.
Referring to fig. 6, fig. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention. A hole injection layer 6 can be arranged between the active layer 3 and the anode layer 4, which can increase the interface of sunlight reflection, further reduce the reflectivity of the liquid crystal material from the anode layer to the active layer, and further improve the efficiency of converting the light energy of the solar cell into the electric energy.
Referring to fig. 7, fig. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating a relationship between a refractive index of a liquid crystal material and a refractive index of an anode layer according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 7 shows a fixed liquid crystal material (refractive index n)
LC1.54) and refractive index (n) of glass substrate
glass1.46) and calculating the optical transmittance of the incident light with the incident wavelength of 400-700 nm and the incident light angle of 0-88 degrees. As can be seen from fig. 7, when the refractive index of the liquid crystal material is the same as that of the ITO anode layer, reflection loss hardly occurs at the interface between the liquid crystal material and the glass substrate, and thus the conversion efficiency is the highest. When the refractive index difference between the ITO anode layer and the liquid crystal material is larger, the larger the reflection loss is generated, and the lower the optical transmittance of the entire solar cell is, the lower the conversion efficiency is. Therefore, if the optical transmittance is maintained to be 85% or more, the difference between the refractive index of the liquid crystal material and the refractive index of the ITO anode layer is within ± 0.2. If a hole injection layer is further provided between the anode layer and the active layer, the difference between the refractive index of the anode layer and the refractive index of the hole injection layer is within 0.2, and the difference between the refractive index of the hole injection layer and the refractive index of the liquid crystal material is within 0.2.
The active layer of the solar cell provided by the embodiment of the invention is composed of the liquid crystal material, and one or more of quantum dots, a conjugated polymer material, a dye, a fluorescent material or a phosphorescent material are uniformly distributed in the liquid crystal material, so that the flowing property and the phase change property of the liquid crystal material can be changed, the phase state of the liquid crystal material is controlled within a smectic phase, a crystalline phase or a blue phase range in the using process, the efficiency of converting the light energy of the solar cell prepared by the active layer into the electric energy can be improved, and the application range of the solar cell is expanded.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, but not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. The active layer structure for the solar cell is characterized in that the active layer comprises a liquid crystal material, and one or more of quantum dots, a conjugated polymer material, a dye, a fluorescent material or a phosphorescent material are uniformly distributed in the liquid crystal material.
2. The active layer structure of claim 1, wherein the phase of the liquid crystal material is a smectic phase, a crystalline phase, or a blue phase.
3. The active layer structure of claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal material is present in the active layer in an amount t equal to or greater than 50% by weight.
4. The active layer structure of claim 1, wherein the thickness s of the active layer is ≦ 20 μm.
5. The active layer structure of claim 1, wherein a high molecular polymer is further uniformly distributed in the liquid crystal material.
6. The active layer structure of claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal material further comprises nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes uniformly distributed therein.
7. A solar cell, characterized in that it comprises an active layer structure according to any one of claims 1 to 6.
8. The solar cell of claim 7, further comprising a first glass substrate, a cathode layer, an anode layer, and a second glass substrate, wherein the cathode layer, the active layer, the anode layer, and the second glass substrate are sequentially stacked on the first glass substrate.
9. The solar cell of claim 8, further comprising a hole injection layer between the active layer and the anode layer.
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| KAI YUAN等: ""Photovoltaic performance enhcancedment of P3HT-PCBM solar cells driven by incorporation of conjugated liquid crystalline rod-coil block copolymers\"", vol. 2, pages 3835 - 3845 * |
| KUAN SUN等: "\"A molecular nematic liquid crystalline material for high-performance organic photovoltaics\"", vol. 6, pages 5 * |
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