CN110768354A - Energy management method based on multi-element energy collection - Google Patents

Energy management method based on multi-element energy collection Download PDF

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Publication number
CN110768354A
CN110768354A CN201911102162.5A CN201911102162A CN110768354A CN 110768354 A CN110768354 A CN 110768354A CN 201911102162 A CN201911102162 A CN 201911102162A CN 110768354 A CN110768354 A CN 110768354A
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energy
capacitor
collection
voltage
charging
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Inventor
彭瑶
王俊
郭军
何娟
赵宇航
陈晓江
汪霖
章勇勤
房鼎益
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Northwest University
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/345—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering using capacitors as storage or buffering devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/20—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using microwaves or radio frequency waves
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/20—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using microwaves or radio frequency waves
    • H02J50/27—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using microwaves or radio frequency waves characterised by the type of receiving antennas, e.g. rectennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/32—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from a charging set comprising a non-electric prime mover rotating at constant speed

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a management method based on multivariate energy collection, which can ensure the integrity of data transmitted and received by nodes and effectively reduce the leakage and loss of system energy: firstly, the invention utilizes the antenna to receive radio frequency signals, designs impedance matching and carries out multistage voltage doubling, and improves the charging voltage and the energy utilization efficiency; secondly, selecting a super capacitor to ensure sufficient energy storage, obtaining the relation of approximate normal distribution between the utilization efficiency of capacitor energy and capacitor voltage through the central limit theorem, and solving the optimal charging and discharging interval of the capacitor; thirdly, the system designs a finite state machine to control the charging and discharging states and simultaneously ensures the data transmission integrity of the nodes; the method can lay a foundation for realizing large-scale deployment of the Internet of things without limitation of batteries.

Description

Energy management method based on multi-element energy collection
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of application of passive sensing, and particularly relates to an energy management method based on multivariate energy collection.
Background
The new application of the internet of things to smart homes, smart wearing, smart cities, health care and the like is widely applied, but the node energy problem of the internet of things is an important bottleneck limiting the development of the internet of things. At present, most nodes are driven by batteries as energy sources, and the battery driving is limited in that: firstly, frequent replacement is required, which increases the cost; second, in many wearable device application scenarios, node volume may be limited by battery size. Therefore, if the internet of things node can be made to be passive (without a battery), the perception, processing and remote transmission of information are still guaranteed, and the energy consumption bottleneck of the internet of things is expected to be broken through, so that the large-scale and universal application of the internet of things is promoted. For example, in the aspect of health care, when a human body is implanted with an electronic organ, the replacement of a device battery is very troublesome, and if passive charging can be achieved, the pain of a patient can be relieved to a great extent, and long-term monitoring can be realized.
Existing energy harvesting work is classified into the following categories: solar energy, thermal energy, wind energy, mechanical energy, radio frequency energy collection and the like, but the solar energy, the wind energy and the thermal energy influence the collection due to the change of environment and time. Mechanical energy is not time limited, but is not available when the object is stationary. The radio frequency energy is not limited by the environment and the motion state of an object, but the environment energy is weak, and certain difficulty exists in extracting the radio frequency energy from the natural environment.
Most of the energy is collected based on a single energy source, and the collection efficiency is limited; there is a lack of energy management modules with system level energy consumption optimization and solutions. First, the charge and discharge states of the capacitor cannot be properly arranged, i.e., properly switched between the charge state (energy harvesting) and the discharge state (backscatter and sensing). Secondly, it cannot guarantee enough energy to drive the post-stage circuit to receive complete data, and data loss is caused by energy consumption. Thirdly, the energy management module itself needs to consume power, and it is also required to ensure that the subsequent circuit has lower static power consumption and energy leakage.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides an energy management method based on multi-element energy collection, which has the characteristic of low power consumption and can ensure the integrity of data transmission.
The method comprises the following steps:
step 1, a radio frequency energy collection source is adopted to collect radio frequency signals, light, mechanical movement, temperature difference and combination of the radio frequency signals, the light, the mechanical movement and the temperature difference as an energy source to realize multi-element energy collection;
step 2, drawing a Smith original circle chart by using ADS simulation, realizing impedance matching, constructing a single-antenna multi-band impedance matching network, wherein multi-band collection consists of a single broadband antenna, and a collector band array is fed, and each band is used for aiming at a specific frequency range;
step 3, constructing an Jackson five-stage voltage doubling circuit, rectifying radio-frequency signals collected by an antenna into direct-current voltage, and realizing the function of five-stage voltage doubling amplification;
step 4, replacing a single large capacitor with a distributed small capacitor bank, collecting the energy collected in each energy collection mode into one capacitor in the capacitor bank to realize multi-channel multi-element energy collection, and selecting a super capacitor SCDM3R3224 as an energy storage capacitor to supply power for subsequent nodes and sensors;
step 5, determining a proper charging and discharging voltage range by using a central limit theorem;
and 6, realizing system level energy management optimization by using a current brake based on the finite-state machine model.
The radio frequency energy collecting end, the transmitting end of the radio frequency energy source signal and the energy collecting receiving end all adopt commercial omnidirectional antennas.
The voltage doubling circuit is constructed by five Schottky diodes HSM-285C, 4 capacitors of 10pf and 5 capacitors of 7 pf.
Wherein the determining of the suitable charge-discharge voltage range comprises: and calculating the charge-discharge median electric quantity E0 by adopting a fine-grained division method according to the central limit theorem, solving the neighborhood sigma to ensure that the capacitance electric quantity is always between E0 +/-sigma in the charge-discharge process, and solving the optimal interval of capacitance charge-discharge.
The system-level energy management optimization is realized by managing a power management module, wherein the power management module comprises an energy collection module, a control module and an output module, and the energy collection module realizes effective collection of energy; the control module controls reasonable charging and discharging time and the working and dormant states of the switching system; the output module ensures that stable voltage is output.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following technical effects: the invention adopts a multi-energy collection mode, thereby ensuring the high efficiency of energy collection; the energy management module has the characteristic of low power consumption, and the design of the current brake avoids the static energy consumption of the sensor and the processor to the maximum extent; and the integrity of data transmission is ensured based on the finite-state machine model design.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a Smith chart;
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of a multi-impedance matching graph;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of multi-channel multivariate energy collection;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a power management design;
FIG. 5 is a state transition diagram of a finite state machine;
FIG. 6 is a plot of charge efficiency versus three energy harvesting modes;
FIG. 7 shows the charge and discharge of a capacitor and its normal distribution.
Detailed Description
Step 1, radio frequency signals, light, mechanical movement and temperature difference can be selected to be combined as an energy source to realize multi-element energy collection; the illumination can be sunlight or normal illumination of an indoor LED lamp. The radio frequency signals can be selected from WIFI signals (which can be achieved by common WIFI routers) and Lora signals (commercial LoRa nodes).
And 2, aiming at radio frequency energy collection, a commercial omnidirectional antenna can be adopted by a transmitting end of a radio frequency energy source signal and an energy collection receiving end.
And 3, constructing a single-antenna multi-band impedance matching network. Before RF energy collection, impedance matching is needed to avoid the deviation of signal phase frequency caused by impedance mismatching, and further energy loss is caused. As shown in the left diagram of fig. 1, smith artwork is obtained by ADS simulation and impedance matching is performed according to the result. Meanwhile, considering that multi-band radio frequency signals often coexist in a real scene, the multi-band radio frequency energy collection method adopts multi-impedance matching to realize multi-band radio frequency energy collection.
And 4, constructing a Jackson voltage doubling circuit, converting the alternating-current voltage collected by the antenna into direct-current voltage (namely rectifying), and performing multi-stage amplification on the electric signal. Due to the limitations of the amount of power that can be transmitted and the path loss associated with electromagnetic propagation, the power that actually reaches the tag is very small. Therefore, the power harvesting circuit must achieve maximum operating distance by converting very limited input radio frequency power to dc power with sufficient voltage to activate the tag. Radio frequency power received by the antenna is fed to the front end of the tag, and after impedance matching, a voltage doubling circuit needs to be designed for amplification. The invention adopts a Jackson voltage doubling circuit, amplifies power, converts an alternating current input signal into direct current and feeds the direct current into a storage capacitor. The schematic diagram of the voltage doubling circuit is shown in fig. 3. The voltage doubling circuit is constructed by five radio frequency Schottky diodes (HSM-285C), 4 capacitors of 10pf and 5 capacitors of 7 pf.
And 5, selecting an energy storage capacitor, wherein a super capacitor (SCDM3R3224) is selected as the energy storage capacitor, so that enough energy can be stored and power is supplied to a subsequent node and the sensor. When energy collection is carried out, the multi-element energy collection device combines light, radio frequency signals, mechanical movement and temperature difference to carry out multi-element energy collection. However, it has been found through experiments that when energy collection is performed by combining light and radio frequency energy, the energy collection efficiency of solar energy is greater than the radio frequency energy and solar energy cooperative charging efficiency, and is greater than the radio frequency energy collection alone. The results of the experiment are shown in FIG. 7. The multi-energy collection and energy storage device adopts multi-energy collection, various heterogeneous energy sources simultaneously store electric quantity into the super capacitor, and the electric quantity of different energy sources is offset at the capacitor due to competition of energy guide channels and resource competition of energy storage elements, so that the multi-energy collection and charging efficiency is lower than that of single energy sources. Therefore, in order to improve the energy collection efficiency, the distributed small capacitor bank is adopted to replace a single large capacitor, and the energy collected by each energy collection mode can be collected to one capacitor in the capacitor bank, so that multi-channel multi-element energy collection is realized. It is also worth noting that, in order to avoid reverse charging, after the rf signal is rectified and amplified, a diode (RB751S40T1) is connected in series after the five-stage voltage doubling circuit. In order to prevent the current from being too large and damaging the circuit of the later stage, a diode (ESD5Z3.3T1) and a capacitor (10uf) are connected in parallel in an inverted mode. The specific circuit diagram is shown in figure (3).
And 6, after multi-element energy collection is realized, storing energy in the capacitor, selecting a proper working voltage range to balance the charging efficiency and prolong the working time of the tag as far as possible, ensuring higher charging speed and storing enough energy to supply power to the node. When the capacitance energy is large, the load capacity is high but the discharge speed is high, and when the capacitance energy is small, the speed is low but the load capacity is low; according to the capacitance charge-discharge curve described in the graph (7), the relationship between the capacitance electric quantity and the charge and discharge speed is comprehensively considered, probability calculation is carried out, and the energy utilization rate in the capacitance charge-discharge process is solved and obtained to have the normal distribution characteristic shown in the graph (7). Therefore, the invention adopts a fine-grained division method, calculates the charge and discharge median electric quantity E0 according to the central limit theorem, solves the neighborhood sigma to ensure that the capacitance electric quantity is always between E0 +/-sigma in the charge and discharge process, thereby balancing the contradiction between the charge speed and the loading capacity, solves the optimal interval of capacitance charge and discharge, and finally solves the obtained optimal interval of charge and discharge to be 1.5V-3.3V, namely the capacitance voltage reaches 3.3V when energy is collected to stop charging, and the discharge is stopped after the voltage is reduced by 1.5V when the energy is collected to collect the energy again.
And 7, through the previous steps, effective energy collection is realized, an optimal voltage interval for charging and discharging the capacitor is determined, and finally an effective energy management circuit needs to be designed to realize the state switching of the charging and discharging of the tag. The designed circuit diagram of the whole tag is shown in fig. 4. The circuit design of the power management circuit comprises three modules, a charging module (charge), a control module (Controller), and an output module (output).
Charging module (Charger): the function of the charging module is to collect and store energy in the capacitor bank. The circuit in the figure uses passive components such as resistors, capacitors and diodes and is therefore intrinsically ultra low power. The system can obtain energy from environmental radio frequency signals, environmental light, temperature difference and kinetic energy of a multiband (900 MHz-927 MHz ISM frequency band), thereby improving the charging efficiency and the deployment flexibility.
Control module (Controller): the control module functions to manage state transitions of the nodes and prevent energy leakage on the PCB board. It consists of a comparator, an or gate and two switches (MOSFETs). To save energy we build their own or gate using passive components including two diodes and one resistor. The four radio frequency elements have low power consumption, and the power consumption is only 3.5198 uw.
Output module (output): the output module is used for providing a voltage source to activate the sensing sensor and transmitting sensing data to a receiving end. To minimize the power consumption of the system, we use a voltage regulator to provide 1.5V (low) voltage, forcing the back-stage loads (sensors and nodes) to operate in a low power mode.
The workflow of the circuit is implemented by constructing a finite state machine model, as shown in fig. 5. Each state maintains a circuit condition to control the charging and discharging of the system. Let Vour，Vthresh，VccRespectively, the voltage of the energy storage capacitor, switch S1On-voltage ofAnd stabilizing the output voltage of the chip. VLAnd VHIs the lowest and highest output voltage of the five-stage voltage doubling circuit. VLSlightly greater than 0V.
Charging transition>Preparing a discharge state: at initial state, the energy storage capacitor CcapThe stored electric quantity is 0, and the node is in a charging transition state. At this time, switch S1Voltage level V ofbEqual to 0V. Once the capacitor is fully charged (i.e., V)cur>Vthresh)，S1Will be on and thus Vb＝Vcur. Therefore, the OR gate will output a high level voltage signal to turn on the switch S2. The energy management module enters a ready-to-discharge state.
Ready for discharge state>And (3) discharging state: once the switch S2 is turned on, the voltage stabilizing chip outputs a constant voltage Vcc1.5V, so that the comparator outputs a high voltage level VaThen holds the switch S2And (5) closing. On the other hand, VcurWill soon fall to switch S1Below the cut-in voltage level of, thereby turning off S1. The energy management circuit enters a discharge state.
Discharge state->Charging transition state-Once stored energy VcurFalls to a level, V, at which the regulator chip cannot be drivenccWill drop to 0V. Thus, Vcc<VLAnd therefore the comparator will output a low level voltage signal VaWhen equal to 0V, close switch S2. The energy management module then returns to the charging state again, completing the state transition cycle.
Effect of the experiment
The inventors tried to evaluate the energy management method based on multi-source heterogeneous energy collection given in this example from three aspects:
1. power consumption of energy management module
The inventors summarize the power consumption of WISP 5.0 and the energy management module of the present invention. WISP 5.0 requires the MCU to manage the state transition, so that the static consumption of the energy management module reaches 4.84 mw. In contrast, the energy management of the PLoRa tag works independently of the MCU, which controls state transitions by using two switches and a comparator that consumes less energy (3.5198mw) than WISP 5.0.
TABLE comparison of energy consumption of energy management Module of the present invention and WISP 5.0
2. Effectiveness of current gate design for eliminating quiescent power dissipation
To verify whether the design of the present invention was successful in eliminating energy leakage during tag charging, we further quantified the time required to charge the system to 3.3V, whether an outdoor design (from solar collectors and radio frequency signals) and an indoor environment (from LED light and radio frequency signals) was used. As shown in table 2, the tags using the current-gate design had less than half the charging time in both indoor and outdoor environments compared to the design without the current-gate. Specifically, using the current-gated power management module, the tag can be charged from 1.5V to 3.3V in only 22'30 minutes and 18'56 minutes in indoor and outdoor environments, respectively. In contrast, if we remove the current gate module, the charging time would become 49'35 minutes and 47'56 minutes, which would increase by 2.2 times and 2.4 times, respectively. The results clearly show that the current-gate design can successfully eliminate energy leakage during charging and thus reduce the charging time.
TABLE 2 time (minutes) required to charge from 1.5V to various voltages with and without the current gate design
Figure BDA0002270183910000072
3. Collecting the number of hair bags with different energy
Different internet of things applications may have different requirements on the amount of data to be transmitted. To meet these different workload requirements, we further investigated the maximum number of packets that can be backscattered before the PLoRa tag exhausts energy. In these experiments, we varied the amount of energy stored on the PLoRa tag and measured the total number of packets successfully backscattered to the gateway 300 meters away until the PLoRa tag consumed energy and entered a charged state. Each packet contains 33 payload symbols table 6 shows the results. When the tag is fully charged (3.3V), the PLoRa tag can backscatter 69 packets. Then, when the energy stored in the supercapacitor was 3.1V and 2.9V, respectively, it dropped slightly to 58 and then to 50. As we further reduced the energy stored on the capacity to 2.5V and 2.3V, the maximum number of packets that could be backscattered dropped to 8 and 5, respectively. These different numbers of packets correspond to 165 bits to 1.65K bits of information, sufficient to transmit the sensory data reported by the low power embedded sensor (8 bits per sample). Thus, the PLoRa tag guarantees data integrity in various internet of things applications. TABLE III maximum number of packets that can be transmitted under various energy storage conditions
Figure BDA0002270183910000082
4. Energy leakage time test
The control effect of the management circuit is mainly the state conversion of the charging and discharging of the capacitor and the prevention of energy leakage on the PCB. Aiming at the problem of energy leakage, the capacitor voltage is charged to 3.3V, a rear-stage circuit is connected, and the condition that the electric quantity of the capacitor leaks automatically under the common condition is simulated. However, because of the diode for preventing the reverse discharge, the energy leakage in our circuit is slow, and more than 48h is needed if the energy leakage is actually 0V. As shown in table 3.2, a capacitance charge leakage of 48h was tested here:
leakage time table for electric quantity of four capacitors of meter when load does not work
Figure BDA0002270183910000091

Claims (5)

1. An energy management method based on multivariate energy collection is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, a radio frequency energy collection source is adopted to collect radio frequency signals, light, mechanical movement, temperature difference and combination of the radio frequency signals, the light, the mechanical movement and the temperature difference as an energy source to realize multi-element energy collection;
step 2, drawing a Smith original circle chart by using ADS simulation, realizing impedance matching, constructing a single-antenna multi-band impedance matching network, wherein multi-band collection consists of a single broadband antenna, and a collector band array is fed, and each band is used for aiming at a specific frequency range;
step 3, constructing an Jackson five-stage voltage doubling circuit, rectifying radio-frequency signals collected by an antenna into direct-current voltage, and realizing the function of five-stage voltage doubling amplification;
step 4, replacing a single large capacitor with a distributed small capacitor bank, collecting the energy collected in each energy collection mode into one capacitor in the capacitor bank to realize multi-channel multi-element energy collection, and selecting a super capacitor as an energy storage capacitor to supply power for subsequent nodes and sensors;
step 5, determining a proper charging and discharging voltage range by using a central limit theorem;
and 6, realizing system level energy management optimization by using a current brake based on the finite-state machine model.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the rf energy harvesting terminal, the rf energy source signal transmitting terminal and the rf energy harvesting signal receiving terminal all use commercial omni-directional antennas.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the voltage doubling circuit is constructed by five schottky diodes, 4 capacitors of 10pf and 5 capacitors of 7 pf.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining the appropriate charging and discharging voltage range comprises: and calculating the charge-discharge median electric quantity E0 by adopting a fine-grained division method according to the central limit theorem, solving the neighborhood sigma to ensure that the capacitance electric quantity is always between E0 +/-sigma in the charge-discharge process, and solving the optimal interval of capacitance charge-discharge.
5. The energy management method based on multivariate energy collection according to claim 1, wherein the implementation of the optimization of the system level energy management utilizes a power management module for management, the power management module comprises an energy collection module, a control module and an output module, and the energy collection module implements effective collection of energy; the control module controls reasonable charging and discharging time and the working and dormant states of the switching system; the output module ensures that stable voltage is output.
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Cited By (2)

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CN112055337A (en) * 2020-09-04 2020-12-08 深圳职业技术学院 Environment self-adaptive terminal working mode adjusting method in Internet of things
CN113346627A (en) * 2021-04-23 2021-09-03 安徽康佳电子有限公司 Wireless charging system of TV set based on molybdenum disulfide schottky diode

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CN207368910U (en) * 2017-11-14 2018-05-15 苏州大学 One kind of multiple environmental energy collection devices
CN108964232A (en) * 2018-06-28 2018-12-07 杭州利尔达展芯科技有限公司 A kind of 2.4G ISM band RF energy Acquisition Circuit
CN208971250U (en) * 2018-11-15 2019-06-11 国网新疆电力有限公司信息通信公司 A kind of efficient ambient radio-frequency RF energy collecting circuit and system

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103235866A (en) * 2013-05-14 2013-08-07 哈尔滨工业大学 Monte Carlo simulation based method for predicting pass percent of pull-in voltages of contactors
CN207368910U (en) * 2017-11-14 2018-05-15 苏州大学 One kind of multiple environmental energy collection devices
CN108964232A (en) * 2018-06-28 2018-12-07 杭州利尔达展芯科技有限公司 A kind of 2.4G ISM band RF energy Acquisition Circuit
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CN113346627A (en) * 2021-04-23 2021-09-03 安徽康佳电子有限公司 Wireless charging system of TV set based on molybdenum disulfide schottky diode

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Application publication date: 20200207