CN110761665A - Retractable glass window and glass balcony conversion system - Google Patents
Retractable glass window and glass balcony conversion system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN110761665A CN110761665A CN201911163908.3A CN201911163908A CN110761665A CN 110761665 A CN110761665 A CN 110761665A CN 201911163908 A CN201911163908 A CN 201911163908A CN 110761665 A CN110761665 A CN 110761665A
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- frame
- glass
- balcony
- window
- sash frame
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- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005340 laminated glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001953 sensory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005341 toughened glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
- E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
- E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
- E06B3/32—Arrangements of wings characterised by the manner of movement; Arrangements of movable wings in openings; Features of wings or frames relating solely to the manner of movement of the wing
- E06B3/34—Arrangements of wings characterised by the manner of movement; Arrangements of movable wings in openings; Features of wings or frames relating solely to the manner of movement of the wing with only one kind of movement
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/003—Balconies; Decks
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
- E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
- E06B7/00—Special arrangements or measures in connection with doors or windows
- E06B7/28—Other arrangements on doors or windows, e.g. door-plates, windows adapted to carry plants, hooks for window cleaners
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
- E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
- E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
- E06B3/32—Arrangements of wings characterised by the manner of movement; Arrangements of movable wings in openings; Features of wings or frames relating solely to the manner of movement of the wing
- E06B3/34—Arrangements of wings characterised by the manner of movement; Arrangements of movable wings in openings; Features of wings or frames relating solely to the manner of movement of the wing with only one kind of movement
- E06B2003/343—Arrangements of wings characterised by the manner of movement; Arrangements of movable wings in openings; Features of wings or frames relating solely to the manner of movement of the wing with only one kind of movement with at least two axes of rotation without additional frame within the wing
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
- E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
- E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
- E06B3/32—Arrangements of wings characterised by the manner of movement; Arrangements of movable wings in openings; Features of wings or frames relating solely to the manner of movement of the wing
- E06B3/34—Arrangements of wings characterised by the manner of movement; Arrangements of movable wings in openings; Features of wings or frames relating solely to the manner of movement of the wing with only one kind of movement
- E06B2003/345—Arrangements of wings characterised by the manner of movement; Arrangements of movable wings in openings; Features of wings or frames relating solely to the manner of movement of the wing with only one kind of movement with additional rotating frame within the wing
- E06B2003/348—Arrangements of wings characterised by the manner of movement; Arrangements of movable wings in openings; Features of wings or frames relating solely to the manner of movement of the wing with only one kind of movement with additional rotating frame within the wing where the additional frame rotates around a horizontal axis
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Power-Operated Mechanisms For Wings (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a retractable glass window and glass balcony conversion system, which comprises an upper glass window system and a lower glass window system, wherein the upper glass window system and the lower glass window system are composed of aluminum profile frames, upper sash frames, lower sash frames and glass panels with different thicknesses and rigidity; a supporting system consisting of steel frame columns and beams connected with the building structure; the output motor is connected with the support system, the screw rod drives the lifting mechanism and the transmission system is formed by a rigid connecting rod connected with the lifting mechanism and the glass window system; and a control system composed of a wind and rain sensing device, an automatic control opening and closing device and an emergency manual opening and closing device. After the system is folded and closed, the upper sash frame and the lower sash frame of the glass window and the sash frame and the frame are completely flush, and the outward viewing effect of the system is not obviously different from that of a common glass window; after the balcony is opened, the glass balcony with the metal railings on two sides is converted, and the balcony can be widely applied to various building facade door and window and curtain wall projects, so that the coordination and unification of lighting and ventilation, decoration effects and practical functions of buildings are realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a building system of a glass window and an overhanging balcony of a reserved hole on an outer vertical surface of a building, and a building curtain wall window and an overhanging balcony, in particular to a mutual conversion structure system of the glass window and the glass balcony.
Background
With the improvement of life quality of people, the requirements of owners and architects on the effects and functions of the outer vertical surfaces of buildings are increasingly improved, and the traditional glass windows or curtain wall windows have good lighting and beautiful vertical surfaces but are relatively closed; although the traditional fixed balcony is open and comfortable, the overall appearance effect of the outer facade of the building is poor. Although some patents of inventions using foldable balconies, such as chinese patent publication No. CN109577474A, disclose "a multifunctional foldable balcony", however, 1) the rotatable fan frame part (upper window, load-bearing floor) and the fixed supporting aluminum frame are both exposed out of the facade of the building structure, the external dimensions (including left and right handrails) after being unfolded and closed are relatively large, and the apparent appearance effect is relatively rough; 2) the upright post which finally supports the load borne by the balcony is an aluminum profile frame and is in a through long open cavity form, and the material and the open cavity structure thereof are not beneficial to structural stress and have poor mechanical property; 3) the connection of the aluminum profile frame and the bearing bottom plate adopts a folding pull rod, so that the resistance to the negative pressure state is insufficient; 4) the bearing bottom plate cannot be clearly expressed by materials, and the structure that the bearing bottom plate and the upper window body are also folded and stored to be basically flush with the wall surface in the specification [ 0016 ] cannot show the effect of consistent overall appearance.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a retractable glass window and glass balcony conversion system for solving the technical problems in the technical field and eliminating the appearance effect difference caused by the conversion of a window system and a balcony system.
The invention relates to a retractable glass window and glass balcony conversion system which comprises a window frame system, a steel frame supporting system, a transmission system and a control system.
The window frame system consists of an aluminum profile frame, an upper sash frame, a lower sash frame, glass panels with different thicknesses and rigidity, and metal handrails connected to the sash frames.
The steel frame support system consists of steel uprights and steel cross-members attached to the building structure, which are independent of the window frame system and bear directly the load from the rigid links of the window frame system.
The transmission system consists of an output motor, a transmission shaft, a speed reduction commutator, a coupling among the output motor, the transmission shaft, the speed reduction commutator, a screw rod lifting mechanism and a rigid connecting rod connected with the lifting mechanism.
The control system consists of a control button panel, an emergency opening and closing device and a wind and rain induction automatic control device.
The aluminum profile frame is fixed with a reserved hole of a building structure in advance, the lower sash frame is rotatably connected with the aluminum profile frame through a long rotating shaft, the upper sash frame is connected with the lower sash frame through a long rotating metal pin, the glass panel is connected with the upper sash frame and the lower sash frame through aluminum profile buckling strips, and the appreciation sash frame and the aluminum profile frame are kept flush.
The metal handrail is divided into two sections, one end of the metal handrail is fixedly connected with the upper fan frame, and the other end of the metal handrail is hinged with the steel upright post; the two sections of metal handrails are connected by pins.
One end of the metal handrail is hinged with the metal handrail, and the other end of the metal handrail is hinged with the lower fan frame.
The steel upright post is connected with the building structure through an anchor bolt.
The output motor, the transmission shaft, the speed reducing commutator and the couplings among the three form a power output mechanism, and the output torque is transmitted to the screw rod lifter and then transmitted to the rigid connecting rod hinged with the lower fan frame.
The control button panel controls the opening and closing of the fan frame and also comprises a wind and rain sensing automatic control device to control the glass balcony which is opened to be automatically closed when the wind speed is overlarge or the rain falls.
When power failure occurs, the emergency opening and closing device connected with the transmission system can manually control the fan frame to be closed.
The innovation of the invention is that the glass window and the glass balcony are unified into two different building facade forms: when closed, the glass window has no obvious difference from the traditional glass window, shows the due permeability, lighting characteristic and facade consistency of the glass window, and has all the physical properties of the glass window, such as air tightness, water tightness, wind resistance and heat preservation; when opened, the glass window of the invention is also presented as a glass balcony with complete functions, in particular a lower sash frame, and a specially strengthened bearing glass panel is adopted; in addition, the steel frame support adopts a stress mode independent of a window frame system, and adopts a rigid connecting rod to connect the sash frame and the steel upright post, so that the steel frame support has higher mechanical bearing performance and better force transmission form.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is an isometric view of the invention in the open position.
Fig. 2 is an isometric view of the invention in a closed condition.
Fig. 3 is a structural diagram of the present invention in an open state.
Fig. 4 is an inside view of the closed state of the present invention.
Part name number in the figure: 1. the building structure comprises a building structure wall body, 2 parts of aluminum profile frames, 3 parts of a lower sash frame, 4 parts of an upper sash frame, 5 parts of a lower sash frame glass panel, 6 parts of an upper sash frame glass panel, 7 parts of metal handrails, 8 parts of metal handrails, 9 parts of steel upright columns, 10 parts of steel cross beams, 11 parts of rigid connecting rods, 11a parts of rigid connecting rod connecting lug plates, 12 parts of output motors, 13 parts of transmission shafts, 14 parts of speed reducing commutators, 15 parts of couplers, 16 parts of lifter screw rods, 16a parts of slide rods, 16b parts of screw rod nuts, 17 parts of emergency opening and closing devices, 17a parts of emergency opening and closing device operation cover plates and 18 parts of control button panels.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1 to 4, the retractable glass window and glass balcony transition system of the present invention comprises a window frame system, a steel frame support system, a transmission system, and a control system.
The window frame system is composed of an aluminum profile frame 2, an upper sash frame 4, a lower sash frame 3, a lower sash frame glass panel 5, an upper sash frame glass panel 6, a metal handrail 7 and a metal railing 8, wherein the metal handrail 7 and the metal railing 8 are connected to the sash frames.
The aluminum profile frame 2, the lower fan frame 3 and the upper fan frame 4 all adopt heat insulation systems, and good heat transfer performance of the aluminum profile frame, the lower fan frame and the upper fan frame is guaranteed.
The lower sash frame glass panel 5 is made of specially strengthened laminated tempered glass to ensure sufficient support when a human load is applied thereto, such as high strength laminated glass using SGP laminating from dupont, usa.
The steel frame support system consists of steel uprights 9 and steel cross-members 10 attached to the building structure wall 1, which are independent of the window frame system and bear directly the load from the rigid links 11 of the window frame system.
The transmission system consists of an output motor 12, a transmission shaft 13, a speed reduction commutator 14, a coupling 15 among the output motor, the transmission shaft and the speed reduction commutator, a screw rod lifting mechanism and a rigid connecting rod 11 connected with the lifting mechanism.
The screw rod lifting mechanism consists of a lifting screw rod 16, a slide rod 16a and a screw rod nut 16b, and the slide rod 16a is adopted for balancing the local bending moment of the rigid connecting rod 11 to the screw rod nut 16b and increasing the bearing capacity of the screw rod lifting mechanism.
The control system consists of a control button panel 18, an emergency opening and closing device 17 and a wind and rain induction automatic control device, and comprises an emergency opening and closing device operation cover plate 17a arranged on the indoor side.
The metal handrail 7 is divided into two sections, one end of the metal handrail is fixedly connected with the upper sash 4 frame, and the other end of the metal handrail is hinged with the steel upright post 9; the two sections of metal handrails are connected by pins.
One end of the metal railing 8 is hinged with the metal handrail 7, and the other end is hinged with the lower fan frame 3.
The steel upright posts are connected with the building structure wall body 1 through anchor bolts.
The output motor 12, the transmission shaft 13, the speed reduction commutator 14 and the coupling 15 among the three form a power output mechanism, and the output torque is transmitted to the screw rod lifter and then transmitted to the rigid connecting rod 11 hinged with the lower fan frame 3.
The rigid connecting rod 11 is hinged with the lower fan frame 3 through a rigid connecting rod connecting lug plate 11a, the upper end of the rigid connecting rod is rotatably connected with a screw nut 16b, one section of the screw nut 16b is connected with a lifting machine screw rod 16, and the other end of the screw nut is connected with a sliding rod 16a to form a rotary connection mode.
The control button panel 18 controls the opening and closing of the glass sash frame and also includes a weather sensing automatic control device to control the glass balcony, which is opened when the wind speed is too high or it rains, to be automatically closed.
When power failure occurs, the emergency opening and closing device 17 connected with the transmission system can operate the cover plate 17a by opening the emergency opening and closing device arranged on the indoor side, and the fan frame is manually controlled to be closed.
The foregoing description describes embodiments of the present invention which unifies the appearance and function of a glass window and a glass balcony to present a visual and sensory effect different from that of a conventional fixed glass window and a balcony. Other combinations of modifications and variations which may be made by persons skilled in the art are within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (7)
1. The invention discloses a retractable glass window and glass balcony conversion system, which consists of a window frame system, a steel frame supporting system, a transmission system and a control system, and is characterized in that: the panel materials of the lower sash frame glass panel (5) and the upper sash frame glass panel (6) which form the window frame system are both made of transparent glass; the steel frame supporting system is independent of the window frame system, and the main bearing capacity of the lower sash frame (3) and the upper sash frame (4) comes from the support of a steel upright post (9) of the steel frame supporting system; after the window is closed and folded, all materials exposed out of the building facade are only an aluminum profile frame (2), a lower sash frame (3), an upper sash frame (4), a lower sash frame glass panel (5) and an upper sash frame glass panel (6), and the lower sash frame (3), the upper sash frame (4) and the aluminum profile frame (2) are parallel and level; after the balcony floor is opened and unfolded, the upper fan frame (3), the upper fan frame glass panel (6), the metal handrails (7) on the two sides of the upper fan frame glass panel and the metal handrails (8) jointly form a building enclosure, and the lower fan frame (3) and the lower fan frame glass panel (5) form a transparent glass balcony floor for people to enter and exit.
2. A retractable glass window and glass balcony transition system as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the lower fan frame (3) is connected with the steel frame support system by a rigid connecting rod (11), so that the lower fan frame has certain wind resistance bearing capacity when the glass balcony is opened.
3. A retractable glass window and glass balcony transition system as claimed in claim 1, wherein: when power failure occurs, an emergency opening and closing device (17) connected with the transmission system can manually control the fan frame to be closed.
4. A retractable glass window and glass balcony transition system as claimed in claim 1, wherein: when the window is opened, the two sides of the upper fan frame (4) are provided with metal handrails (7) and metal handrails (8) which are connected with the upper fan frame, and the other side of each metal handrail (7) is connected with a steel upright post (9) of a steel frame supporting system; when the device is opened and closed, the metal handrail (7) and the metal railing (8) can be automatically retracted or unfolded.
5. A retractable glass window and glass balcony transition system as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the transmission system consists of an output motor (12), a transmission shaft (13), a speed reduction commutator (14), a coupling (15) among the output motor, the transmission shaft, the speed reduction commutator and the speed reduction commutator, a screw rod lifting mechanism and a rigid connecting rod (11) connected with the lifting mechanism.
6. A retractable glass window and glass balcony transition system as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the control system consists of a control button panel (18), an emergency opening and closing device (17) and a wind and rain induction automatic control device.
7. A retractable glass window and glass balcony transition system as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the aluminum profile frame (2) is fixed with a reserved hole of a building structure wall body (1) in advance, the lower sash frame (3) is rotatably connected with the aluminum profile frame (2) through a long rotating shaft, the upper sash frame (4) is connected with the lower sash frame (3) through a long rotating metal pin, and the upper sash frame glass panel (6) and the lower sash frame glass panel (5) are respectively connected with the upper sash frame (4) and the lower sash frame (3) through aluminum profile buckling strips.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911163908.3A CN110761665A (en) | 2019-11-26 | 2019-11-26 | Retractable glass window and glass balcony conversion system |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911163908.3A CN110761665A (en) | 2019-11-26 | 2019-11-26 | Retractable glass window and glass balcony conversion system |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN110761665A true CN110761665A (en) | 2020-02-07 |
Family
ID=69339167
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911163908.3A Pending CN110761665A (en) | 2019-11-26 | 2019-11-26 | Retractable glass window and glass balcony conversion system |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN110761665A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113027309A (en) * | 2021-03-31 | 2021-06-25 | 中国建筑第八工程局有限公司 | Outer window that gives sound insulation of scalable rain-proof water function of flowing backward |
Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105525675A (en) * | 2016-01-26 | 2016-04-27 | 张渝 | Foldable balcony device |
| CN105625871A (en) * | 2016-03-15 | 2016-06-01 | 陈燕波 | Balcony window |
| CN205330391U (en) * | 2016-01-14 | 2016-06-22 | 合肥学院 | Exterior window device of adjustable one -tenth balcony |
| CN206143913U (en) * | 2016-09-21 | 2017-05-03 | 深圳市广田方特幕墙科技有限公司 | Multi -functional folding balcony device |
| CN206205689U (en) * | 2016-11-06 | 2017-05-31 | 邓高峰 | Variable spaces formula external window of building |
| CN206957463U (en) * | 2017-07-20 | 2018-02-02 | 佛山市楼上楼门窗节能科技有限公司 | One kind has the anti-cold hardening capacity door and window of anti-aging |
| CN107916718A (en) * | 2017-12-25 | 2018-04-17 | 唐军 | A kind of activity suspension type balcony |
| CN109577474A (en) * | 2017-09-29 | 2019-04-05 | 胡期星 | A kind of foldable multifunctional balcony |
-
2019
- 2019-11-26 CN CN201911163908.3A patent/CN110761665A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN205330391U (en) * | 2016-01-14 | 2016-06-22 | 合肥学院 | Exterior window device of adjustable one -tenth balcony |
| CN105525675A (en) * | 2016-01-26 | 2016-04-27 | 张渝 | Foldable balcony device |
| CN105625871A (en) * | 2016-03-15 | 2016-06-01 | 陈燕波 | Balcony window |
| CN206143913U (en) * | 2016-09-21 | 2017-05-03 | 深圳市广田方特幕墙科技有限公司 | Multi -functional folding balcony device |
| CN206205689U (en) * | 2016-11-06 | 2017-05-31 | 邓高峰 | Variable spaces formula external window of building |
| CN206957463U (en) * | 2017-07-20 | 2018-02-02 | 佛山市楼上楼门窗节能科技有限公司 | One kind has the anti-cold hardening capacity door and window of anti-aging |
| CN109577474A (en) * | 2017-09-29 | 2019-04-05 | 胡期星 | A kind of foldable multifunctional balcony |
| CN107916718A (en) * | 2017-12-25 | 2018-04-17 | 唐军 | A kind of activity suspension type balcony |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113027309A (en) * | 2021-03-31 | 2021-06-25 | 中国建筑第八工程局有限公司 | Outer window that gives sound insulation of scalable rain-proof water function of flowing backward |
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Application publication date: 20200207 |
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