CN110751469A - Encrypted currency multichannel payment method based on intelligent contract - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides an encryption currency multi-channel payment method based on an intelligent contract, which realizes encryption currency multi-channel payment through a beacon election algorithm, a routing path search algorithm, a price distribution algorithm and an intelligent contract D-HTLC, and specifically comprises the following steps: and constructing a beacon election module, a routing path searching module, a price distribution module and an intelligent contract D-HTLC module. The method realizes a multi-channel payment mechanism of the cryptocurrency, solves the overload problem and the privacy problem of single-channel payment, ensures the efficiency and the safety of the cryptocurrency payment, has good universality and practical value, and is suitable for all payments in a block chain Layer2 network.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of block chain cryptocurrency transactions, and particularly relates to a cryptocurrency multi-channel payment method based on an intelligent contract.
Background
In recent years, blockchain technology and cryptocurrency technology have become popular in the industry and academia, and by the beginning of 2018, the total cryptocurrency market has reached $ 4900 billion. Cryptocurrency is a technology that runs on a blockchain, in other words, the cryptocurrency is organically combined with the blockchain and is in a close connection relationship, and the blockchain is a basic technology of the cryptocurrency; encryption is often a prerequisite for transactions to be conducted over the blockchain, but without the blockchain, these transactions cannot be recorded and transferred.
A blockchain is an ever-growing list of records and blocks that are linked using encryption techniques; the blockchain is a public transaction classification ledger of cryptocurrency, each block of which contains the encrypted hash, the timestamp and the transaction data of the previous block, and the blockchain can prevent the data from being tampered, and the blockchain is an open distributed classification ledger which can effectively record the data of both parties of the transaction in a verifiable and permanent manner. The blockchain is responsible for keeping all confirmed transactions and permanent records as an un-centralized data classification ledger distributed across all nodes in the network with the ability to prevent modification, once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be changed.
The cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency, which is intended to be used as a medium for exchange, and the core of the cryptocurrency is a technology for building a block chain, which is formed by linking a plurality of crypto-secure blocks. Cryptocurrency relies primarily on a consensus mechanism that allows all peer nodes in a network to maintain a distributed shared ledger (blockchain) that is used to record all transactions. However, current cryptocurrency systems face serious scalability issues, such as bitcoin scalability issues, where bitcoin networks can only support less than 7 Transactions Per Second (TPS); more importantly, it is not micropayment friendly, mainly because current cryptocurrency systems require all transactions to be processed and stored on the blockchain, and transactions on one chain need to wait for 6 blocks to confirm a transaction before being executed, which essentially limits the efficiency and throughput of the transaction.
Lightning Network (Lightning Network) belongs to Layer2 Network technology, is used for expanding the performance of a block chain, is an off-chain payment scheme for solving cryptocurrency payment, is proposed for relieving the problem of bit currency expandability, and is designed in 2016 and introduced in 2018. The lightning network can perform distributed cryptocurrency payments on the blockchain, it performs a large number of transactions off-chain through pre-constructed payment channels and only records the final state when the payment channels are closed, based on which the lightning network can handle micro-payment problems between two nodes quickly and safely and any transaction between two nodes can be performed and updated quickly. However, current lightning networks rely heavily on single-channel payments, and if the payment price exceeds the deposit for a certain path, the customer must close all existing payment channels and build a new payment channel, which can lead to overload problems. In addition, with the continuous expansion of the scale of the lightning network, some limitations of the lightning network are highlighted, such as the leakage problem of sensitive information (such as payment price and the like), the payment concurrency problem, the node deviation problem, the routing expandability problem and the like.
In summary, there is a need for a secure and efficient cryptocurrency payment method to improve the efficiency and security of blockchain transactions, and the current cryptocurrency payment method has some problems: (1) traditional bitcoin payments can only process about 7TPS and require waiting 6 blocks to confirm the transaction, which limits the efficiency of the transaction; (2) the lightning network raises the payment efficiency of the encryption currency and brings other problems such as overload problem, privacy problem and the like. Therefore, designing and implementing a secure and efficient cryptocurrency payment method will bring huge economic and practical values.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, in order to improve the efficiency and the safety of cryptocurrency payment, the invention provides a cryptocurrency multi-channel payment method based on an intelligent contract, namely Rapido, which realizes a multi-channel payment mechanism of cryptocurrency, solves the overload problem and the privacy problem of single-channel payment and improves the efficiency and the safety of payment.
A cryptocurrency multi-channel payment method based on an intelligent contract constructs a cryptocurrency multi-channel payment mechanism through beacon election, route searching, price distribution and an intelligent contract (D-HTLC), so that the overload problem and the privacy protection problem of single-channel payment are solved, and the cryptocurrency payment efficiency and safety are improved;
selecting a plurality of intermediate nodes in a block chain network as beacons in a payment period for the beacon election, wherein the beacons are used for exciting the intermediate nodes to be always on line;
the route searching comprises a Proactive part and a Reactive part, wherein the Proactive part is used for finding the routing paths of all beacons, and the Reactive part is used for collecting the information of the routing paths (for example, paying attention to dynamic information such as deposit distribution of a payment channel);
the price distribution is that when the transaction is generated, the payer calculates by using a price distribution algorithm (VDP) according to the collected available routing path information, selects a plurality of available routing paths, and then divides the payment price into a plurality of shares to support multi-channel payment;
the intelligent contract is used for guaranteeing the effectiveness and the safety of payment, and potential threats existing in a network are avoided by introducing a push mechanism.
Further, the specific implementation manner of the beacon election is as follows: in the blockchain network, each node can be in a normal state or a beacon state, a beacon is a transfer station of both transaction parties, the beacon states can coexist in one node, and each node has a fixed probability of being selected as the beacon; in order to elect beacons, the network topology is divided into a plurality of parts, nodes of each part carry out respective beacon elections, the beacon elections follow a uniformly distributed rule and are carried out in turn within a period of time, in order to stimulate intermediate nodes to participate in the beacon elections, each node has the opportunity to be selected as a beacon and can earn intermediary fees, and the mode can stimulate all the nodes to be always in an online state, so that the transaction capacity of the whole network topology is improved.
Further, the concrete implementation manner of the Proactive is as follows: firstly, in a transaction period, all nodes in a network topology have a certain probability to be randomly elected as beacons; then, each node tries to find the routing paths of all beacons through a breadth first search algorithm (BFS), and the detailed information of the routing path of each beacon is stored in the routing table of the node; furthermore, routing path information tends to remain unchanged except for new nodes joining the network or building new payment channels; in the next transaction period, beacon election is performed again, and then the process of route path search is repeated.
Further, the concrete implementation manner of Reactive is as follows: some dynamic information existing in the concerned network includes deposit distribution information in each payment channel, if the information is collected in real time, a large amount of computing resources are consumed, so that a payer and a receiver do not need to collect all information in real time, and the dynamic information of each payment channel is specially collected in a pre-stored routing path; in addition, the payer and the receiver request dynamic information of the routing path to all intermediate nodes, and the intermediate nodes respond to the request through the Reactive of the routing, and finally the collected information is sent back to the sender.
Further, the specific implementation manner of the price allocation is as follows: when a transaction is generated, a payer collects information of available routing paths (for example, deposit distribution information on the routing paths), and once the information collection process is completed, the payer divides a payment price into S shares through a price distribution algorithm (VDP) and then pays the S shares to a receiver through a plurality of payment channels (namely, routing paths) respectively; in addition, a congestion criterion representing the state of node deposits in the payment channel is set up in the price allocation algorithm.
Further, the congestion criterion includes the following three parts:
① introduces a factor mu that measures the congestion of a pathij＝Pi/depositijIn which P isiIndicates the ith copy passes through the corresponding routing pathiPrice of transmission, depositijIs represented on the routing pathiThe j-1 paymentDeposit of jth intermediate node in channel, i ∈ [1, S ]]，j∈[1，L]L denotes a routing pathiNumber of payment channels on;
② introduce factors that measure network congestionIt indicates a bottleneck of the entire network; for the price allocation problem, if the routing path has no other limitation, the factor can be equivalent to the known maximum flow problem, and a solution for minimizing the network congestion factor can be found in polynomial time through a standard maximum flow algorithm;
③ introduces a request mechanism by which the payer divides the payment price into multiple shares by a price distribution algorithm (VDP) depending on the outcome of the price distribution, but there may be situations where some intermediate nodes disagree with the payment and maliciously abort payment from their own node before payment is complete, so in the request mechanism the payer may propose a proposal to request each node in the selected routing paths to determine whether to participate as an intermediate node in the payment, and if each node agrees with the payer, the payer will perform the payment, otherwise the payer will abort the decided routing paths and re-do the routing lookup, which can reduce additional cost waste.
Further, the specific implementation manner of the intelligent contract is as follows: designing a novel intelligent contract based on an HTLC (Hash clock locking contract), and introducing a push mechanism to avoid potential threats possibly existing in the contract; when the intermediate node on the routing path maliciously suspends the payment of the node itself before the payment is completed, the contract is caused to reset the payment, and the extra cost is inevitably wasted; therefore, the problem is solved by the novel intelligent contract through a method for locking a certain number of intermediate nodes, and if the intermediate nodes are terminated maliciously, the locked intermediate nodes are not received through a push mechanism.
The invention provides a cryptocurrency multi-channel payment method based on an intelligent contract, namely Rapido, by utilizing a price distribution module and an intelligent contract D-HTLC, and solves the overload problem of single-channel payment; in order to improve the whole topology and transaction capability, the method designs a beacon election and routing algorithm, so that the network intermediate node is stimulated to be always on line; in order to realize reasonable price distribution, the method designs a price distribution algorithm (VDP) and solves the privacy protection problem (such as price payment); in order to avoid harm caused by the fact that the intermediate node terminates the transaction maliciously, the method designs an intelligent contract D-HTLC based on an HTLC (hash TimeLockContract), and guarantees the effectiveness and the safety of payment by introducing a push mechanism.
The invention not only has good universality and practical value, but also is suitable for all payments in the blockchain Layer2 network, and the specific beneficial technical effects and innovativeness are mainly embodied in the following aspects:
1. with high response, Rapido alleviates the overload problem and can solve the micropayment problem.
2. Low skew, Rapido, alleviates the skew and congestion problems of intermediate nodes.
3. Privacy, Rapido improves the safety of payment and protects the privacy of payment price.
4. Versatility, Rapido implements a multi-channel payment mechanism that works for all payments in the Layer2 network.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the multi-channel payment method for cryptocurrency according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the overall multi-channel payment architecture based on the Layer2 network.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a multi-channel payment case implementation of the present invention to solve the overload problem.
Detailed Description
In order to more specifically describe the present invention, the following detailed description is provided for the technical solution of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings and the specific embodiments.
The invention stimulates all intermediate nodes to be always on-line through a beacon election and routing search algorithm, improves the whole network topology and transaction capability, simultaneously adopts a price distribution module (VDP) and an intelligent contract D-HTLC to solve the problems of overload and privacy of single-channel payment, and improves the safety of the payment effectiveness. Specifically, a successful multi-channel payment includes beacon election, route path finding, price allocation, and intelligent contract D-HTLC, the flow of which is shown in fig. 1.
The present invention solves the overload problem by multi-channel payment, as shown in fig. 2, and in particular, the credit in each payment channel is represented between two network nodes, which is the initial state of the payment channel network. For example, 5(2,3) between A and B indicates that the payment channel has a deposit of 5 bitcoins, where A has 2 bitcoins and B has 3 bitcoins. Assuming that A pays 6 bitcoins to E, and A has only 3 payment channels currently, if a single-channel payment method is adopted, A firstly needs to close other channels to extract deposits, and then a new payment channel is established to pay the bitcoins to E, and the payment method is time-consuming and cost-wasting. As shown in fig. 2, the dotted line represents an example of Rapido solving the overload problem of single-channel payment, which adopts a multi-channel payment method, a divides 6 bitcoins into 3 shares (1,2,3), and forwards 3 bitcoins to E through B, C and D, respectively, which does not need to close any existing payment channel or establish a new payment channel, thus saving time and cost.
The multi-channel payment architecture based on the smart contract D-HTLC in this embodiment is shown in fig. 3, which shows the payment steps from a to B through the Layer2 network, assuming that a attempts to pay P bitcoins to B, the implementation process is as follows:
(1) firstly, a plurality of intermediate nodes are randomly selected as beacons in a payment period through a beacon election module.
(2) A and B find the routing path of all beacons through the submodule Proactive of the respective routing module.
(3) When the transaction from A to B is generated, a submodule Reactive of the routing module A collects the routing path information (such as deposit allocation conditions among the payment channels) obtained in the step (2).
(4) According to the routing path information collected in the step (3), A utilizes a price distribution module (VDP) to calculate, and then selects several available routing pathsDividing the payment price P into s litPshare＝{P1...Pi...PsEach share has its own routing Path listPath ═ Path }1...Pathi...PathsH to B, e.g. P thiThrough PathiPaying to B; in addition, for each routing path, a will generate a random hash value Ri。
(5) Paying the price allocated by the price in the step (4) to the B in the selected routing path through an intelligent contract D-HTLCs module; the intelligent contract D-HTLCs module provides guarantee for successful payment, and specifically comprises the following operation steps:
5-1openPunish (A, listNode, listCash). When A initializes payment, openPunish is called, and all nodes responding to the request from A are stored in the listNode; this step is responsible for locking the cashs of each relevant intermediate node listed in the listCash, and if all nodes in the listNode lock the corresponding number of cashs, then return to 1; otherwise, it returns 0.
5-2newContract(IDij,nodeij,feeij,hlki,tlkij). This step will construct the slave nodeijTo the nodei(j+1)The intelligent contract D-HTLC returns ID when successfully constructedij(ii) a Otherwise, returning to 0; wherein, feij、hlki、tlkijRepresenting the intermediary fee, hash lock and time lock, respectively.
5-3getBack(nodeij,cashij). When step 5-2 succeeds and returns the IDijThen, the nodeijWill try to retrieve the locked cash by getBackij。
5-4withdraw(IDij,Ri). By this step, the nodei(j+1)Can be at IDijOf slave nodeijWithdrawal of PiIt enables the nodei(j+1)Obtaining the nodeijCorrect hash value Ri。
5-5refund(IDij,Pi). If at time lock tlkijIf step 5-4 is not performed before expiration, the method is executed to convert PiReturn to givenodeij。
5-6punish(A，nodeij，cashij). This step provides a push mechanism if the D-HTLC is received by an intermediate nodeijMalicious termination, the push mechanism will be invoked, A will not receive a nodeijCash ofij(the cash has been locked in step 5-1).
The embodiments described above are presented to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention. It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications to the above-described embodiments may be made, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without the use of inventive faculty. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and those skilled in the art should make improvements and modifications to the present invention based on the disclosure of the present invention within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A multi-channel payment method of cryptocurrency based on intelligent contracts is characterized in that: a cryptocurrency multi-channel payment mechanism is constructed through beacon election, routing search, price distribution and intelligent contracts, so that the overload problem and the privacy protection problem of single-channel payment are solved, and the cryptocurrency payment efficiency and safety are improved;
selecting a plurality of intermediate nodes in a block chain network as beacons in a payment period for the beacon election, wherein the beacons are used for exciting the intermediate nodes to be always on line;
the route searching comprises a Proactive part and a Reactive part, wherein the Proactive part is used for finding the route paths of all beacons, and the Reactive part is used for collecting the information of the route paths;
the price distribution means that when the transaction is generated, the payer calculates according to the collected available routing path information by using a price distribution algorithm, selects a plurality of available routing paths, and then divides the payment price into a plurality of shares to support multi-channel payment;
the intelligent contract is used for guaranteeing the effectiveness and the safety of payment, and potential threats existing in a network are avoided by introducing a push mechanism.
2. The cryptocurrency multi-channel payment method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the specific implementation manner of the beacon election is as follows: in the blockchain network, each node can be in a normal state or a beacon state, a beacon is a transfer station of both transaction parties, the beacon states can coexist in one node, and each node has a fixed probability of being selected as the beacon; in order to elect beacons, the network topology is divided into a plurality of parts, nodes of each part carry out respective beacon elections, the beacon elections follow a uniformly distributed rule and are carried out in turn within a period of time, in order to stimulate intermediate nodes to participate in the beacon elections, each node has the opportunity to be selected as a beacon and can earn intermediary fees, and the mode can stimulate all the nodes to be always in an online state, so that the transaction capacity of the whole network topology is improved.
3. The cryptocurrency multi-channel payment method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the concrete implementation manner of the Proactive is as follows: firstly, in a transaction period, all nodes in a network topology have a certain probability to be randomly elected as beacons; then, each node tries to find the routing paths of all beacons through a breadth-first search algorithm, and the detailed information of the routing path of each beacon is stored in the routing table of the node; furthermore, routing path information tends to remain unchanged except for new nodes joining the network or building new payment channels; in the next transaction period, beacon election is performed again, and then the process of route path search is repeated.
4. The cryptocurrency multi-channel payment method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the concrete implementation manner of the Reactive is as follows: some dynamic information existing in the concerned network includes deposit distribution information in each payment channel, if the information is collected in real time, a large amount of computing resources are consumed, so that a payer and a receiver do not need to collect all information in real time, and the dynamic information of each payment channel is specially collected in a pre-stored routing path; in addition, the payer and the receiver request dynamic information of the routing path to all intermediate nodes, and the intermediate nodes respond to the request through the Reactive of the routing, and finally the collected information is sent back to the sender.
5. The cryptocurrency multi-channel payment method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the specific implementation manner of the price allocation is as follows: when the transaction is generated, the payer collects the information of the available routing path, and once the information collection process is completed, the payer divides the payment price into S shares through a price distribution algorithm and then pays the S shares to the receiver through a plurality of payment channels; in addition, a congestion criterion representing the state of node deposits in the payment channel is set up in the price allocation algorithm.
6. The cryptocurrency multi-channel payment method according to claim 5, wherein: the congestion criterion comprises the following three parts:
① introduces a factor mu that measures the congestion of a pathij＝Pi/depositijIn which P isiIndicates the ith copy passes through the corresponding routing pathiPrice of transmission, depositijIs represented on the routing pathiDeposit of j intermediate node in j-1 payment channel, i belongs to [1, S ]]，j∈[1，L]L denotes a routing pathiNumber of payment channels on;
② introduce factors that measure network congestion
It indicates a bottleneck of the entire network; for the price allocation problem, if the routing path has no other limitation, the factor can be equivalent to the known maximum flow problem, and a solution for minimizing the network congestion factor can be found in polynomial time through a standard maximum flow algorithm;
③ introduces a request mechanism by which the payer divides the payment price into multiple shares by a price allocation algorithm based on the result of the price allocation, but there may be situations where some intermediate nodes disagree with the payment and maliciously abort payment from their own node before payment is complete, so in the request mechanism the payer may propose a proposal to request each node in the selected routing paths to determine whether to participate as an intermediate node in the payment, and if each node agrees with the payer, the payer will perform the payment, otherwise the payer will abort the decided routing paths and re-do the routing lookup, which can reduce additional cost waste.
7. The cryptocurrency multi-channel payment method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the specific implementation mode of the intelligent contract is as follows: designing a novel intelligent contract based on HTLC, wherein a push mechanism is introduced to avoid potential threats possibly existing in the contract; when the intermediate node on the routing path maliciously suspends the payment of the node itself before the payment is completed, the contract is caused to reset the payment, and the extra cost is inevitably wasted; therefore, the problem is solved by the novel intelligent contract through a method for locking a certain number of intermediate nodes, and if the intermediate nodes are terminated maliciously, the locked intermediate nodes are not received through a push mechanism.
8. The cryptocurrency multi-channel payment method according to claim 1, characterized in that: in order to improve the whole topology and transaction capability, the method designs a beacon election and routing algorithm, so that the network intermediate node is stimulated to be always on line; in order to realize reasonable price distribution, the method designs a price distribution algorithm and solves the privacy protection problem; in order to avoid harm caused by the fact that the intermediate node terminates the transaction maliciously, the method designs an intelligent contract based on the HTLC, and the effectiveness and the safety of payment are guaranteed by introducing a push mechanism.
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