CN110715927B - Method for identifying class of ivory product - Google Patents
Method for identifying class of ivory product Download PDFInfo
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- CN110715927B CN110715927B CN201911017955.7A CN201911017955A CN110715927B CN 110715927 B CN110715927 B CN 110715927B CN 201911017955 A CN201911017955 A CN 201911017955A CN 110715927 B CN110715927 B CN 110715927B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
- G01N2021/0106—General arrangement of respective parts
- G01N2021/0112—Apparatus in one mechanical, optical or electronic block
Abstract
A class identification method of ivory products belongs to the technical field of ivory product identification. The invention aims to solve the problems that the existing ivory product identification method has low efficiency and can not carry out non-damage identification on ivory products without standard cross sections. Firstly, judging the orientation of an ivory product, fixing the ivory product, then placing the fixed ivory product on an anatomical lens placing table, continuously focusing and collecting multi-frame images by using an automatic focusing module, automatically synthesizing high-depth-of-field images to obtain the projection of the Schneider angle, which is equal to the Schneider angle on a standard cross section, or collecting the image of the ivory product by using a digital camera, wherein a focal plane is required to be parallel to a placing plane, shooting a cross-cut image projected at the outer edge to obtain the projection of an included angle of two groups of curves, namely the Schneider angle; and measuring the Schlemn's angle by using software, and further identifying the existing ivory or mammoth ivory. The method is mainly used for identifying the class of ivory products.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a class identification method of ivory products, belonging to the technical field of ivory product identification.
Background
Ivory includes the ivory and mammoth ivory, the former belongs to endangered animal and is controlled, the operation and utilization of ivory product belongs to illegal action, the latter is already extinct and is not controlled by animal product trade. The key to identifying ivory preparations is to distinguish whether or not they are living ivory. Currently, the identification method for distinguishing the incumbent ivory from the mammoth ivory is mainly a DNA method and a morphological method. However, the DNA identification method has high cost and low efficiency. Furthermore, the DNA method will destroy the ivory preparation, and if it is finally confirmed that the mammoth ivory preparation will compensate the party. The morphological method for the identification of ivory products relies mainly on the schlerian structure of ivory, which appears on the cross section of ivory: two groups of Schneider lines which are intersected anticlockwise and clockwise and are emitted by the tooth core, and the included angle of the two groups of lines is the Schneider angle. However, morphological methods have the disadvantage that they are not suitable for the identification of ivory preparations without standard cross-sections. Since there is no standard cross section when the ivory is processed into an irregular cross section such as a spheroid, it is difficult to measure the size of the schwann angle without destruction, and further, it is impossible to distinguish the ivory from the mammoth ivory by a morphological method, that is, the prior art cannot identify ivory products such as a curved surface, a spherical surface, a wave-like cross section, etc. If such ivory products are to be identified morphologically, it is necessary to cut the cross-section of the ivory product, requiring cutting, grinding, polishing, etc., which is time consuming and labor intensive, and also damaging the ivory product.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems that the existing ivory product identification method has low efficiency and can not carry out non-damage identification on ivory products without standard cross sections.
A method for class identification of ivory products comprising the steps of:
firstly, judging the orientation of the ivory product:
judging the orientation of the ivory product by using the Schneider line of the longitudinal section of the ivory product; or when the ivory product has a tooth core, judging the direction by the tooth core line;
secondly, fixing and adjusting the angle of the ivory product:
taking one end or one side of the ivory product as a datum point, enabling the side, close to the datum point, of the Schneider line in the longitudinal section direction of the ivory product to be vertical to the placing plane of the fixed seat, fixing the ivory product, and calibrating by using an infrared level gauge; or when the dental core exists, the dental core line is directly perpendicular to the placing plane of the fixed seat on the side close to the datum point, and the ivory product is fixed.
Thirdly, collecting images:
placing the fixed ivory product on an anatomical lens placing table, continuously focusing by using an automatic focusing module to acquire multi-frame images, and automatically synthesizing high-depth-of-field images to obtain projection of a Schneider angle, which is equal to the Schneider angle on a standard cross section;
or, the digital camera can be used for collecting the image of the ivory product, the focal plane is required to be parallel to the placing plane, the transverse cutting image projected at the outer edge is shot, and the included angle projection of two groups of curves is obtained, namely the Schneider angle;
and fourthly, measuring the size of the Schlemn's angle by using digital measurement software, firstly selecting the vertex of the Schlemn's angle, then drawing a straight line along the Schlemn's lines on two sides, and measuring the Schlemn's angle by using the software, thereby identifying the existing ivory or mammoth ivory.
A method for class identification of ivory products comprising the steps of:
firstly, judging the orientation of the ivory product:
judging the orientation of the ivory product by using the Schneider line of the longitudinal section of the ivory product; or when the ivory product has a tooth core, judging the direction by the tooth core line;
secondly, fixing and adjusting the angle of the ivory product:
taking one end or one side of the ivory product as a datum point, enabling the side, close to the datum point, of the Schneider line in the longitudinal section direction of the ivory product to be vertical to the placing plane of the fixed seat, fixing the ivory product, and calibrating by using an infrared level gauge; or when the dental core exists, the dental core line is directly perpendicular to the placing plane of the fixed seat on the side close to the datum point, and the ivory product is fixed.
Thirdly, determining the Schneider angle and carrying out category identification:
the method comprises the steps of collecting an image of an ivory product, selecting a Schneider angle vertex A on the image of the ivory product, selecting two points B, C along two sides of the Schneider angle, measuring coordinates of the three points by using a three-dimensional measuring instrument, obtaining distances AB, AC and BC between the three points and a Z-axis coordinate difference AD between the points A and B, C, obtaining the length of a BD by using the lengths of the AB and the AD by using the pythagorean theorem, obtaining the length of the CD by using the lengths of the AC and the AD, and obtaining the CosD (BD) by using the cosine theorem (BD) (the BD is2+CD2-BC2) Calculating the size of the angle D, namely the Schneider angle, according to the BD + CD; thereby identifying the real ivory or mammoth ivory; angle D is the angle between BD and CD.
Has the advantages that:
the method is not only suitable for identifying ivory products with standard cross sections, but also suitable for identifying ivory products with spherical surfaces, curved surfaces, irregular fracture surfaces, wave-like fracture surfaces and the like. Meanwhile, the invention can measure the schlieren angle of the ivory under the condition of not destroying the globular ivory products and the like, and further distinguish the ivory or mammoth ivory through the schlieren angle, thereby overcoming the difficulty that the schlieren angle can be measured only by destroying the globular ivory products (intercepting a standard cross section) and the like and not destroying the detection materials; moreover, the method is time-saving and labor-saving and has extremely high efficiency.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an ivory and ivory structure;
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the structure and orientation of Ivory Schneider;
FIG. 3 is a photograph of a projection measurement of the Schneider angle of an ivory bead (about 1.7cm in diameter);
fig. 4 is a graph showing the size of the solution angle (i.e., schneiderian angle) at a point on the ivory sphere.
Detailed Description
The first embodiment is as follows:
the present embodiment is a method for identifying a type of an ivory product, including the steps of:
a method for class identification of ivory products comprising the steps of:
firstly, judging the orientation of the ivory product:
judging the orientation of the ivory product by using the Schneider line of the longitudinal section of the ivory product; or when the ivory product has a tooth core, judging the direction by the tooth core line;
secondly, fixing and adjusting the angle of the ivory product:
taking one end or one side of the ivory product as a datum point, enabling the side, close to the datum point, of the Schneider line in the longitudinal section direction of the ivory product to be vertical to the placing plane of the fixed seat, fixing the ivory product, and calibrating by using an infrared level gauge; or when the dental core exists, the dental core line is directly perpendicular to the placing plane of the fixed seat on the side close to the datum point, and the ivory product is fixed.
Thirdly, collecting images, and determining a Schneider angle:
placing the fixed ivory product on an anatomical lens placing table, continuously focusing by using an automatic focusing module to collect multi-frame images, concentrating a focusing area in an outer edge area, and automatically synthesizing a high-depth-of-field image to obtain a projection of a Schneider angle, which is equal to the Schneider angle on a standard cross section;
or, the image of the ivory product can be collected by a digital camera, preferably a 50mm focal length lens is used, the focal plane is parallel to the placing plane, the transverse cutting image projected at the outer edge is shot, and the included angle projection of two groups of curves is obtained, namely the Schneider angle;
measuring the size of the Schlemn's angle by using digital measurement software, taking Digimizer3.1.2 as an example, firstly selecting a vertex (convex angle or concave angle) of the Schlemn's angle, then drawing a straight line along two sides of the Schlemn's line, measuring the Schlemn's angle by using the angle measurement function of the software, and further identifying the existing ivory or mammoth ivory, wherein the outer edge Schlemn's angle greater than 115 degrees can be identified as the existing ivory; less than 90 degrees may be considered a mammoth ivory.
The second embodiment is as follows:
a method for class identification of ivory products comprising the steps of:
firstly, judging the orientation of the ivory product:
judging the orientation of the ivory product by using the Schneider line of the longitudinal section of the ivory product; or when the ivory product has a tooth core, judging the direction by the tooth core line;
secondly, fixing and adjusting the angle of the ivory product:
taking one end or one side of the ivory product as a datum point, enabling the side, close to the datum point, of the Schneider line in the longitudinal section direction of the ivory product to be vertical to the placing plane of the fixed seat, fixing the ivory product, and calibrating by using an infrared level gauge; or when the dental core exists, the dental core line is directly perpendicular to the placing plane of the fixed seat on the side close to the datum point, and the ivory product is fixed.
Thirdly, determining the Schneider angle and carrying out category identification:
the method comprises the steps of collecting an image of an ivory product, selecting a Schneider angle vertex A on the image of the ivory product, selecting another two points B, C along two sides of the Schneider angle (the two points are on the same horizontal line), measuring coordinates (an X horizontal axis, a Y vertical axis and a Z vertical axis) of the three points by using a three-dimensional measuring instrument, obtaining distances AB, AC and BC between the three points and a Z coordinate difference AD between the A point and B, C, obtaining the length of BD by using the lengths of AB and AD by using the Pythagorean theorem, and obtaining the length of BD by using AC and ALength of D the length of the CD is determined using cosine theorem CosD ═ BD (BD)2+CD2-BC2) Calculating the size of an angle D (the angle D is the included angle of the BD and the CD), namely the Schneider angle; further identifying the existing ivory or mammoth ivory, and identifying the existing ivory when the Schneider angle of the outer edge is more than 115 degrees; less than 90 degrees may be considered a mammoth ivory.
Examples
The schematic diagram of the ivory and ivory structures is shown in fig. 1, wherein a is ivory in skull, B is cross-sectional slice of ivory, C is schlerian structure on ivory dentin, D is fundamental mode of schlerian structure, and E is micro-and nano-mode of schlerian structure.
Example 1
The present example is directed to identification of a spheroid ivory product,
firstly, judging the orientation of the ivory spheroids:
the approximate transverse direction of the ivory is provided with a Schleman structure, a Schleman line and a Schleman angle are corresponding to each other on the upper side and the lower side; as shown in fig. 2, a1 is the outer edge of the ivory, a2 is the inner side of the ivory, A3 is the transverse section of the ivory, and a4 is the longitudinal section of the ivory; b1 is cementum, B2 is dentin; c1 is Schneider wire, C2 is Schneider angle; the outer margin schlieren angle (closer to the cementum side) is greater than the inner side schlieren angle (closer to the core side). The longitudinal Schneider structure is expressed as a nearly straight line, and the two sides of the structure are corresponding. When the dental core exists, the corresponding orientation (including the position of the ivory product in the ivory, the ivory trend and the like) is judged by the dental core line.
Fixing the ivory spheroids and adjusting the angle:
the longitudinal Schwerer straight lines on two sides of the ivory ball are perpendicular to the placing plane of the fixing seat and are fixed, and the infrared level can be used for calibration. When the tooth core exists, the tooth core line is directly vertical to the placing plane of the fixed seat and is fixed.
Thirdly, collecting images, and determining a Schneider angle:
placing a fixed ivory ball on an anatomical lens placing table (the longitudinal Schner straight lines on two sides of the fixed ivory ball are perpendicular to the placing table), continuously focusing by using an automatic focusing module to acquire multi-frame images, wherein a focusing area is concentrated in the outer edge area of the ivory ball, the focusing working distance is the radius r of the ivory ball (when the ball is larger, part of images in the outer edge area are acquired), and finally automatically synthesizing a high-depth-of-field image to obtain the projection of the Schner angle on a curved surface (as shown in figure 3), which is equivalent to the Schner angle on a standard transverse plane; fig. 3 shows the effect of the ivory sphere after curved projection. Or a digital camera can be used for collecting the image of the ivory spheroid, a 50mm focal length lens is required to be used, the focal plane is parallel to the placing plane and is focused on the outer edge longitudinal arc surface, the depth of field is increased, the object image is centered, and a clear transverse cutting image projected at the outer edge is shot, so that the included angle projection of two groups of curves is obtained, namely the Schneider's angle;
measuring the size of the Schlemn's angle by using digital measurement software, taking Digimizer3.1.2 as an example, firstly selecting a vertex (convex angle or concave angle) of the Schlemn's angle, then drawing a straight line along two sides of the Schlemn's line, measuring the Schlemn's angle by using the angle measurement function of the software, and further identifying the existing ivory or mammoth ivory, wherein the outer edge Schlemn's angle greater than 115 degrees can be identified as the existing ivory; less than 90 degrees may be considered a mammoth ivory.
Other ivory slopes or arcs without standard cross sections can be measured by the method, namely the method can also be applied to ivory products with other shapes.
Example 2
The present example is directed to identification of a spheroid ivory product,
firstly, judging the orientation of the ivory spheroids:
the approximate transverse direction of the ivory is provided with a Schleman structure, a Schleman line and a Schleman angle are corresponding to each other on the upper side and the lower side; as shown in fig. 2, a1 is the outer edge of the ivory, a2 is the inner side of the ivory, A3 is the transverse section of the ivory, and a4 is the longitudinal section of the ivory; b1 is cementum, B2 is dentin; c1 is Schneider wire, C2 is Schneider angle; the outer margin schlieren angle (closer to the cementum side) is greater than the inner side schlieren angle (closer to the core side). The longitudinal Schneider structure is expressed as a nearly straight line, and the two sides of the structure are corresponding. When the dental core exists, the corresponding orientation (including the position of the ivory product in the ivory, the ivory trend and the like) is judged by the dental core line.
Fixing the ivory spheroids and adjusting the angle:
the longitudinal Schwerer straight lines on two sides of the ivory ball are perpendicular to the placing plane of the fixing seat and are fixed, and the infrared level can be used for calibration. When the tooth core exists, the tooth core line is directly vertical to the placing plane of the fixed seat and is fixed.
Thirdly, determining the Schneider angle and carrying out category identification:
as shown in fig. 4, a schlieren vertex a is selected from the image of the ivory ball, two points B, C are selected along both sides of the schlieren angle (two points are on the same horizontal line), the coordinates of the three points (X horizontal axis, Y vertical axis, Z vertical axis) are measured by a three-dimensional measuring instrument, the distances AB, AC, BC between the three points and the Z coordinate difference AD between the a point and B, C are obtained, the length of BD is obtained by the lengths of AB and AD by the pythagorean theorem, the length of CD is obtained by the lengths of AC and AD, and the cosine theorem CosD is BD (BD) (BD is obtained by the cosine theorem CosD)2+CD2-BC2) The size of the angle D is calculated to be the Schmidt angle, and then the current ivory or the mammoth ivory is identified, and the current ivory can be identified when the outer edge Schmidt angle is more than 115 degrees; less than 90 degrees may be considered a mammoth ivory.
Other ivory slopes or arcs without standard cross sections can be measured by the method, namely the method can also be applied to ivory products with other shapes.
Claims (2)
1. A method for identifying a class of ivory products, comprising the steps of:
firstly, judging the orientation of the ivory product:
judging the orientation of the ivory product by using the Schneider line of the longitudinal section of the ivory product; in the process of judging the direction of the ivory product, if the ivory product has a tooth core, judging the direction by the tooth core line;
secondly, fixing and adjusting the angle of the ivory product:
taking one end or one side of the ivory product as a datum point, enabling the side, close to the datum point, of the Schneider line in the longitudinal section direction of the ivory product to be vertical to the placing plane of the fixed seat, and fixing the ivory product; in the process of fixing the ivory product and adjusting the angle, if the tooth core exists, the tooth core line is directly perpendicular to the placing plane of the fixed seat on the side close to the reference point, and the ivory product is fixed;
after the ivory product is fixed, an infrared level gauge is used for calibration, and one side, close to the datum point, of a Schneider line in the longitudinal section direction of the ivory product is enabled to be vertical to the placing plane of the fixed seat; or the infrared level gauge is used for calibration, so that the side, close to the datum point, of the dental core line is perpendicular to the placing plane of the fixed seat;
thirdly, collecting images:
placing the fixed ivory product on an anatomical lens placing table, continuously focusing by using an automatic focusing module to acquire multi-frame images, and automatically synthesizing high-depth-of-field images to obtain projection of a Schneider angle, which is equal to the Schneider angle on a standard cross section;
or, acquiring an image of the ivory product by using a digital camera, wherein a focal plane is required to be parallel to a placing plane, and shooting a transverse cutting image projected at the outer edge to obtain an included angle projection of two groups of curves, namely a Schneider angle;
and fourthly, measuring the size of the Schlemn's angle by using digital measurement software, firstly selecting the vertex of the Schlemn's angle, then drawing a straight line along the Schlemn's lines on two sides, and measuring the Schlemn's angle by using the software, thereby identifying the existing ivory or mammoth ivory.
2. A method for identifying a class of ivory products, comprising the steps of:
firstly, judging the orientation of the ivory product:
judging the orientation of the ivory product by using the Schneider line of the longitudinal section of the ivory product; in the process of judging the direction of the ivory product, if the ivory product has a tooth core, judging the direction by the tooth core line;
secondly, fixing and adjusting the angle of the ivory product:
taking one end or one side of the ivory product as a datum point, enabling the side, close to the datum point, of the Schneider line in the longitudinal section direction of the ivory product to be vertical to the placing plane of the fixed seat, and fixing the ivory product; in the process of fixing the ivory product and adjusting the angle, if the tooth core exists, the tooth core line is directly perpendicular to the placing plane of the fixed seat on the side close to the reference point, and the ivory product is fixed;
after the ivory product is fixed, an infrared level gauge is used for calibration, and one side, close to the datum point, of a Schneider line in the longitudinal section direction of the ivory product is enabled to be vertical to the placing plane of the fixed seat; or the infrared level gauge is used for calibration, so that the side, close to the datum point, of the dental core line is perpendicular to the placing plane of the fixed seat;
thirdly, determining the Schneider angle and carrying out category identification:
the method comprises the steps of collecting an image of an ivory product, selecting a Schneider angle vertex A on the image of the ivory product, selecting two points B, C along two sides of the Schneider angle, measuring coordinates of the three points by using a three-dimensional measuring instrument, obtaining distances AB, AC and BC between the three points and a Z-axis coordinate difference AD between the points A and B, C, obtaining the length of a BD by using the lengths of the AB and the AD by using the pythagorean theorem, obtaining the length of the CD by using the lengths of the AC and the AD, and obtaining the CosD (BD) by using the cosine theorem (BD) (the BD is2+CD2-BC2) Calculating the size of the angle D, namely the Schneider angle, according to the BD + CD; thereby identifying the real ivory or mammoth ivory; angle D is the angle between BD and CD.
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