CN110690579A - Preparation method of structural broadband wave-absorbing material based on 3D printing technology - Google Patents
Preparation method of structural broadband wave-absorbing material based on 3D printing technology Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q17/00—Devices for absorbing waves radiated from an antenna; Combinations of such devices with active antenna elements or systems
- H01Q17/008—Devices for absorbing waves radiated from an antenna; Combinations of such devices with active antenna elements or systems with a particular shape
Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of a structural broadband wave-absorbing material based on a 3D printing technology, which comprises the steps of using a magnetosome as magnetic loss powder, using carbon fiber or graphene as dielectric loss powder and a framework, using a thermoplastic resin binder as a dispersion body, combining a fused deposition molding 3D printing technology, firstly printing a bottom layer, then using a cylinder periodic array structure with openings at two ends and a hollow interior as a medium layer, and finally printing a surface layer to form the broadband wave-absorbing material with a three-layer wave-absorbing structure. The medium layer of the wave-absorbing material is formed by mixing mixed powder and air, the content of magnetic loss powder and dielectric loss powder in the surface layer is lower than that of the bottom layer, the reflection loss in an electromagnetic wave frequency band of 2-18 GHz is less than-10 dB, and the wave-absorbing characteristic can be adjusted by adjusting the composition and the proportion of the powder, so that the actual requirements of wave absorption under different wave frequencies are met. The wave-absorbing material disclosed by the invention is light in weight, thin in thickness, simple in preparation process and high in safety by adopting a 3D printing technology, and is suitable for large-scale industrial production.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of wave-absorbing materials, and particularly relates to a preparation method of a structural broadband wave-absorbing material based on a 3D printing technology.
Background
The wave absorbing material is an important realization way of radar wave stealth technology, and mainly comprises a coating stealth material and a structural stealth material in application. In order to improve the performance of the wave-absorbing material, researchers usually adopt methods such as multiple material compounding, multilayer structure design, metamaterial wave-absorbing body design based on a metal resonance periodic structure and the like. The method for compounding multiple materials is commonly used for the wave-absorbing coating, and generally, several powder or fiber materials (such as ferrite, carbon black, zinc oxide whisker, carbonyl iron, carbon nano tube, glass bead and the like) are selected and mixed according to a design proportion, so that proper electromagnetic parameters are adjusted, and good absorption is realized.
Magnetosome is composite nanometer level Fe with single magnetic domain, homogeneous particle, stable crystal form and coated plasma membrane synthesized by magnetotactic bacteria3O4And (3) granules. Under certain conditions, magnetotactic bacteria can absorb a large amount of iron from the environment to form magnetosomes. Magnetosomes are typically highly ordered in one or several chains, forming one or more "small needles" that navigate and locate magnetotactic bacteria. The diameter of the magnetic particle is 35-120 nm, the shape of the magnetic crystal is from a nearly spherical shape to a bullet shape, and the magnetic crystal is a single magnetic domain and has extremely high purity. Because the crystal form is stable, the particles are uniform, and the wave absorbing performance of the material is obviously higher than that of the artificially synthesized ferromagnetic particles. Magnetosomes are composite nanomaterials with a highly ordered Fe content in the center3O4The experiment shows that the temperature rise rate of the crystal under the alternating magnetic field is higher than that of the common Fe3O4The nanoparticles are much faster. The absorption of the reinforced material to electromagnetic waves needs to improve the loss of the material to electromagnetic wave energy, and the carbon fiber which is a light and thin material in carbon family has the excellent characteristics of high specific strength, good conductivity, high thermal stability, good chemical stability, high carrier migration rate and the like, and can be used for preparing dielectric loss type wave absorbing material with excellent performanceThe material can promote the scattering and multiple reflection of electromagnetic waves and improve the wave absorbing performance.
3D printing technology is gradually taking a mainstream market as a manufacturing technology with high flexibility. The 3D printing technology has the advantages of high material utilization rate, rich material system, easiness in forming complex parts, low cost and the like, the 3D printing technology is a technology for manufacturing solid parts by a method of gradually accumulating materials, the process characteristics of accumulation layer by layer from bottom to top enable the technology to have obvious advantages in the aspect of forming complex structures, and photocuring 3D printing and forming is a preparation process for preparing metamaterial wave-absorbing structures by using more materials. In 2018, a transparent resin and distilled water composite metamaterial wave-absorbing structure is prepared by BRADLEY and the like of the university of Lendon Mary through a photocuring 3D printing technology, and the wave-absorbing performance of more than 90% in the range of 8-18 GHz is realized; resin and distilled water composite metamaterial wave-absorbing structures are prepared by adopting photocuring molding in REN and the like of hong Kong City university in the same year, and the wave-absorbing rate of more than 90% is realized in a frequency band of 5.58-24.21 GHz; however, in the light curing molding process, liquid resin in the cavities of the unit structures needs to be discharged, so that the unit structures are usually designed into a communication structure, which affects impedance matching of equivalent parameters in a wide frequency range, and inevitably affects the wave-absorbing performance of the metamaterial.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a preparation method of a structural broadband wave-absorbing material based on a 3D printing technology.
Aiming at the purposes, the technical scheme adopted by the invention comprises the following steps:
1. the magnetic particles, the carbon material and the thermoplastic resin binder are ball-milled and uniformly mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 1-3: 5-7, and the obtained mixed powder is printed into a 3D printing filament A through a 3D printing consumable extrusion tester.
2. And ball-milling and uniformly mixing the magnetosome, the carbon material and the thermoplastic resin binder according to the mass ratio of 1: 1-3: 8-15, and printing the obtained mixed powder into a 3D printing wire B by using a 3D printing consumable material extrusion experiment machine.
3. And (2) adopting a fused deposition modeling 3D printing technology, uniformly printing a bottom layer by using the 3D printing wire A in the step (1), printing a cylinder body which is provided with openings at two ends and is hollow inside and is periodically arranged on the bottom layer by using the 3D printing wire A in the step (1) as a medium layer, and uniformly printing a surface layer on the medium layer by using the 3D printing wire B in the step (2) to obtain the structural broadband wave-absorbing material.
In the step 1, preferably, the magnetosome, the carbon material and the thermoplastic resin binder are ball-milled and uniformly mixed according to the mass ratio of 1:2: 6-6.5, and the obtained mixed powder is printed into the 3D printing filament A through a 3D printing consumable extrusion tester.
In the step 2, preferably, the magnetosome, the carbon material and the thermoplastic resin binder are ball-milled and mixed uniformly according to the mass ratio of 1:2: 10-12, and the obtained mixed powder is printed into the 3D printing filament B through a 3D printing consumable extrusion experiment machine.
The carbon material is carbon fiber or graphene, and the thermoplastic resin binder is one or a mixture of more of polystyrene, polyurethane, polyaniline, polyacrylic acid and polyamide.
In the step 3, the thickness of the bottom layer is preferably 1-2 mm.
In the step 3, the radial section of the cylinder is preferably a rectangle with the length of 2-10 mm or a circle with the diameter of 2-10 mm, the height of the cylinder is 0.5-1.5 mm, the wall thickness is 1-3 mm, and the interval between the cylinders is 3-5 mm.
In the step 3, the thickness of the surface layer is preferably 0.8 to 1.5 mm.
In the step 3, the printing temperature of fused deposition modeling 3D printing is preferably 150-250 ℃, the printing precision is 0.05-0.25 mm, the minimum layer thickness of the spray head is 0.02-0.08 mm, the printing speed is 1-8 mm/s, and the filling rate is 100%.
According to the invention, a biological nano material magnetosome is used as magnetic loss powder, carbon fiber or graphene is used as dielectric loss powder and a framework, a thermoplastic resin binder is a dispersion, a fused deposition modeling 3D printing technology is combined, a uniform bottom layer is printed, a cylinder periodic array structure with openings at two ends and a hollow interior is used as a middle medium layer for printing, and a surface layer is printed, so that a material model with a three-layer wave-absorbing structure is formed. The three-layer high-performance composite medium nano wave-absorbing material is obtained, wherein the medium layer is formed by mixing mixed powder and air, the content of magnetic loss powder and dielectric loss powder in the surface layer mixed powder is lower than that of the bottom layer mixed powder, the surface layer and the bottom layer are both mixed powder uniform flat plates, and the reflection loss in an electromagnetic wave frequency band of 2-18 GHz is less than-10 dB.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the reflection loss of the structural broadband wave-absorbing material is less than-10 dB in the electromagnetic wave frequency band of 2-18 GHz, and the structural broadband wave-absorbing material has a stronger absorption effect compared with the traditional wave-absorbing material; the wave absorbing property can be adjusted by adjusting the composition and proportion of the powder, and the actual requirements of wave absorption under different wave frequencies can be met.
2. The invention adopts the cylinder periodic array structure with openings at two ends and hollow interior as the middle medium layer for printing, and compared with the traditional wave-absorbing material, the wave-absorbing material has lighter weight, thinner thickness and wider application range.
3. The invention adopts the 3D printing technology, has simple process, convenient operation and high safety, can simply and quickly finish preparation after determining parameters, and is suitable for large-scale industrial production.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a structural broadband wave-absorbing material prepared based on a 3D printing technology.
Fig. 2 is a top view of the rectangular prism units of fig. 1, which are periodically arranged at intervals and have both open ends and are hollow inside.
FIG. 3 is a reflection loss diagram of the structural broadband wave-absorbing material prepared in example 1.
FIG. 4 is a reflection loss diagram of the structural broadband wave-absorbing material prepared in comparative example 1.
FIG. 5 is a reflection loss diagram of the structural broadband wave-absorbing material prepared in comparative example 2.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further described in detail with reference to the following figures and examples, but the scope of the invention is not limited to these examples.
Example 1
1. According to the mass ratio of the magnetosome to the carbon fiber to the polyurethane of 1:2:6, 30g of the magnetosome, 60g of the carbon fiber and 180g of the polyurethane are placed in a blast drier to remove moisture, then transferred into a planetary ball mill, added with zirconia balls with the mass of 2/3 powder, and mixed and ball-milled for 5 hours at the rotating speed of 300rmp to obtain uniformly dispersed mixed powder; and putting the obtained mixed powder into a 3D printing consumable extrusion experiment machine, heating and melting the mixed powder in a screw rod, further mixing under the friction and shearing action of the screw rod, extruding the molten mixture from a die orifice, and cooling by a water tank to form a 3D printing wire A.
2. According to the mass ratio of the magnetosome to the carbon fiber to the polyurethane of 1:2:10, taking 15g of the magnetosome, 30g of the carbon fiber and 150g of the polyurethane, placing the magnetosome, the carbon fiber and the polyurethane in a blast drier to remove moisture, transferring the magnetosome, the carbon fiber and the polyurethane to a planetary ball mill, adding 2/3 zirconia balls with the mass of powder, and mixing and ball-milling the mixture for 5 hours at the rotating speed of 300rmp to obtain uniformly dispersed mixed powder; and putting the obtained mixed powder into a 3D printing consumable extrusion experiment machine, heating and melting the mixed powder in a screw rod, further mixing under the friction and shearing action of the screw rod, extruding the molten mixture from a die orifice, and cooling by a water tank to form a 3D printing wire B.
3. As shown in fig. 1, by adopting a fused deposition modeling 3D printing technology, a bottom layer is uniformly printed by using the 3D printing filament a in step 1, wherein the size of the bottom layer is 200mm × 200mm, and the thickness is 2 mm; then, printing periodically arranged straight quadrangular prisms with openings at two ends and hollow interiors on the bottom layer by using the 3D printing wire A in the step 1 as a medium layer, wherein the radial sections of the straight quadrangular prisms are squares with the side length of 8mm, the height of each straight quadrangular prism is 1mm, the wall thickness of each straight quadrangular prism is 2mm, the distance between every two straight quadrangular prism units is 4mm, and the top view of each straight quadrangular prism unit is shown in FIG. 2; and finally, uniformly printing a surface layer on the medium layer by using the 3D printing silk B in the step 2, wherein the size of the surface layer is 200mm multiplied by 200mm, and the thickness is 1.5 mm. The printing temperature in the whole process is 220 ℃, the printing precision is 0.1mm, the minimum layer thickness of the spray head is 0.05mm, the printing speed is 5mm/s, the filling rate is 100%, and the structural broadband wave-absorbing material is prepared.
Comparative example 1
In step 3 of example 1, only the base layer and the medium layer were printed, and the other steps were the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 2
In step 2 of example 1, 20g of magnetosome, 40g of carbon fiber and 120g of polyurethane were taken to print a 3D printing wire B according to the mass ratio of magnetosome, carbon fiber and polyurethane of 1:2:6, and the other steps were the same as in example 1.
Example 2
In step 2 of this embodiment, 15g of magnetosome, 30g of carbon fiber and 120g of polyurethane are taken according to the mass ratio of the magnetosome, the carbon fiber and the polyurethane being 1:2:8, and a 3D printing filament B is printed, and other steps are the same as those in embodiment 1, so that the structural broadband wave-absorbing material is prepared.
Example 3
In step 2 of this embodiment, 15g of magnetosome, 30g of carbon fiber and 180g of polyurethane are taken according to the mass ratio of the magnetosome, the carbon fiber and the polyurethane being 1:2:12, and a 3D printing filament B is printed, and other steps are the same as those in embodiment 1, so that the structural broadband wave-absorbing material is prepared.
Example 4
In step 2 of this embodiment, 15g of magnetosome, 30g of carbon fiber, and 180g of polyurethane are taken and printed on a 3D printing wire B according to the mass ratio of the magnetosome, the graphene, and the polystyrene being 1:2:10, and other steps are the same as those in embodiment 1, so as to prepare the structural broadband wave-absorbing material.
Example 5
1. According to the mass ratio of the magnetosome, the carbon fiber and the polyacrylic acid being 1:1:5, 40g of magnetosome, 40g of carbon fiber and 200g of polyurethane are placed in a blast drier to remove moisture, then transferred into a planetary ball mill, added with 2/3 zirconia balls with the powder mass, and mixed and ball-milled for 5 hours at the rotating speed of 300rmp to obtain uniformly dispersed mixed powder; and putting the obtained mixed powder into a 3D printing consumable extrusion experiment machine, heating and melting the mixed powder in a screw rod, further mixing under the friction and shearing action of the screw rod, extruding the molten mixture from a die orifice, and cooling by a water tank to form a 3D printing wire A.
2. According to the mass ratio of the magnetosome, the carbon fiber and the polyacrylic acid being 1:1:8, 20g of magnetosome, 20g of carbon fiber and 160g of polyurethane are placed in a blast drier to remove moisture, then transferred into a planetary ball mill, added with 2/3 zirconia balls with the powder mass, and mixed and ball-milled for 5 hours at the rotating speed of 300rmp to obtain uniformly dispersed mixed powder; and putting the obtained mixed powder into a 3D printing consumable extrusion experiment machine, heating and melting the mixed powder in a screw rod, further mixing under the friction and shearing action of the screw rod, extruding the molten mixture from a die orifice, and cooling by a water tank to form a 3D printing wire B.
3. Adopting a fused deposition modeling 3D printing technology, uniformly printing a bottom layer by using the 3D printing wire A in the step 1, wherein the size of the bottom layer is 200mm multiplied by 200mm, and the thickness is 1.5 mm; then, printing periodically spaced cylinders with openings at two ends and hollow inside on the bottom layer by using the 3D printing wire A in the step 1 as a medium layer, wherein the radial section of each cylinder is a circle with the diameter of 6mm, the height of each cylinder is 1.5mm, the wall thickness of each cylinder is 1.5mm, and the distance between each cylinder unit is 3 mm; and finally, uniformly printing a surface layer on the medium layer by using the 3D printing silk B in the step 2, wherein the size of the surface layer is 200mm multiplied by 200mm, and the thickness is 1 mm. The printing temperature in the whole process is 220 ℃, the printing precision is 0.1mm, the minimum layer thickness of the spray head is 0.05mm, the printing speed is 5mm/s, the filling rate is 100%, and the structural broadband wave-absorbing material is prepared.
Example 6
1. According to the mass ratio of the magnetosome to the carbon fiber to the polyamide of 1:3:7, 30g of the magnetosome, 90g of the carbon fiber and 210g of polyurethane are placed in a blast dryer to remove moisture, then transferred into a planetary ball mill, added with 2/3 zirconia balls in powder mass and mixed and ball-milled for 5 hours at the rotating speed of 300rmp to obtain uniformly dispersed mixed powder; and putting the obtained mixed powder into a 3D printing consumable extrusion experiment machine, heating and melting the mixed powder in a screw rod, further mixing under the friction and shearing action of the screw rod, extruding the molten mixture from a die orifice, and cooling by a water tank to form a 3D printing wire A.
2. According to the mass ratio of the magnetosome to the carbon fiber to the polyamide of 1:3:15, 10g of the magnetosome, 30g of the carbon fiber and 150g of polyurethane are placed in a blast dryer to remove moisture, then transferred into a planetary ball mill, added with 2/3 zirconia balls in powder mass and mixed and ball-milled for 5 hours at the rotating speed of 300rmp to obtain uniformly dispersed mixed powder; and putting the obtained mixed powder into a 3D printing consumable extrusion experiment machine, heating and melting the mixed powder in a screw rod, further mixing under the friction and shearing action of the screw rod, extruding the molten mixture from a die orifice, and cooling by a water tank to form a 3D printing wire B.
3. Adopting a fused deposition modeling 3D printing technology, uniformly printing a bottom layer by using the 3D printing wire A in the step 1, wherein the size of the bottom layer is 200mm multiplied by 200mm, and the thickness is 1 mm; then, printing periodically arranged straight quadrangular prisms with openings at two ends and hollow interiors on the bottom layer by using the 3D printing wire A in the step 1 as a medium layer, wherein the radial sections of the straight quadrangular prisms are rectangles with the length of 8mm and the width of 5mm, the height of each straight quadrangular prism is 0.5mm, the wall thickness of each straight quadrangular prism is 1mm, and the distance between every two straight quadrangular prism units is 5 mm; and finally, uniformly printing a surface layer on the medium layer by using the 3D printing silk B in the step 2, wherein the size of the surface layer is 200mm multiplied by 200mm, and the thickness is 0.5 mm. The printing temperature in the whole process is 220 ℃, the printing precision is 0.1mm, the minimum layer thickness of the spray head is 0.05mm, the printing speed is 5mm/s, the filling rate is 100%, and the structural broadband wave-absorbing material is prepared.
For the wave-absorbing materials prepared in the embodiment 1 and the comparative examples 1 and 2, the reflection loss RL (conductive aluminum alloy flat plate is arranged behind the material sample plate) of the wave-absorbing material structure is measured by adopting a free space far field reflectivity test method in a microwave dark room, as shown in figures 3-5. As can be seen from the figure, the two-layer structure in the comparative example 1 has good wave-absorbing performance in the range of 7.4 GHz-18 GHz of the high frequency band, but the wave-absorbing performance in the low frequency band is not very obvious, and the requirements of broadband wave-absorbing can not be met. The effective wave-absorbing broadband of the material prepared in the comparative example 2 is 6GHz, the absorbing broadband is narrow, and the lowest reflection loss value is high, because the equivalent impedance matching of the surface structure equivalent parameters with air in a broadband range is not realized. The three-layer structure type wave-absorbing material prepared in the embodiment 1 has the reflection loss lower than-10 dB in the frequency range of 2-18 GHz, the wave-absorbing performance of different frequency bands is good, and the lowest reflection loss can reach-24 dB. The broadband wave absorption mechanism can be explained by impedance matching: the dielectric constant and the magnetic conductivity of the surface layer and the dielectric layer are changed by adjusting the proportion of the surface layer electromagnetic loss powder and the proportion of the intermediate dielectric layer mixed powder and the air so as to be matched with the equivalent impedance of the air, thereby reducing the reflectivity of the material, improving the proportion of the electromagnetic waves incident into the material, converting the incident electromagnetic waves into heat loss by combining the reflection and refraction of the electromagnetic waves among particles with the magnetic loss and the dielectric loss of the material, and obviously improving the wave absorbing performance of the wave absorbing material.
Claims (10)
1. A preparation method of a structural broadband wave-absorbing material based on a 3D printing technology is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) ball-milling and uniformly mixing the magnetosome, the carbon material and the thermoplastic resin binder according to the mass ratio of 1: 1-3: 5-7, and printing the obtained mixed powder into a 3D printing filament A by a 3D printing consumable extrusion tester;
(2) ball-milling and uniformly mixing the magnetosome, the carbon material and the thermoplastic resin binder according to the mass ratio of 1: 1-3: 8-15, and printing the obtained mixed powder into a 3D printing wire B by using a 3D printing consumable material extrusion experiment machine;
(3) and (3) adopting a fused deposition modeling 3D printing technology, uniformly printing a bottom layer by using the 3D printing wire A in the step (1), printing a cylinder body which is provided with openings at two ends and is hollow inside and is periodically arranged on the bottom layer by using the 3D printing wire A in the step (1) as a medium layer, and uniformly printing a surface layer on the medium layer by using the 3D printing wire B in the step (2) to obtain the structural broadband wave-absorbing material.
2. The preparation method of the structural broadband wave-absorbing material based on the 3D printing technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (1), the magnetosome, the carbon material and the thermoplastic resin binder are ball-milled and uniformly mixed according to the mass ratio of 1:2: 6-6.5, and the obtained mixed powder is printed into a 3D printing filament A through a 3D printing consumable extrusion tester.
3. The preparation method of the structural broadband wave-absorbing material based on the 3D printing technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (2), the magnetosome, the carbon material and the thermoplastic resin binder are ball-milled and mixed uniformly according to the mass ratio of 1:2: 10-12, and the obtained mixed powder is printed into a 3D printing filament B through a 3D printing consumable extrusion experiment machine.
4. The preparation method of the structural broadband wave-absorbing material based on the 3D printing technology according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by comprising the following steps: the carbon material is carbon fiber or graphene.
5. The preparation method of the structural broadband wave-absorbing material based on the 3D printing technology according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by comprising the following steps: the thermoplastic resin binder is any one or a mixture of more of polystyrene, polyurethane, polyaniline, polyacrylic acid and polyamide.
6. The preparation method of the structural broadband wave-absorbing material based on the 3D printing technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (3), the thickness of the bottom layer is 1-2 mm.
7. The preparation method of the structural broadband wave-absorbing material based on the 3D printing technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (3), the radial section of the cylinder body is a rectangle with the length of 2-10 mm or a circle with the diameter of 2-10 mm, the height of the cylinder body is 0.5-1.5 mm, and the wall thickness is 1-3 mm.
8. The preparation method of the structural broadband wave-absorbing material based on the 3D printing technology according to claim 1 or 7, characterized in that: in the step (3), the distance between the cylinders is 3-5 mm.
9. The preparation method of the structural broadband wave-absorbing material based on the 3D printing technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (3), the thickness of the surface layer is 0.8-1.5 mm.
10. The preparation method of the structural broadband wave-absorbing material based on the 3D printing technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (3), the printing temperature of fused deposition modeling 3D printing is 150-250 ℃, the printing precision is 0.05-0.25 mm, the minimum layer thickness of the spray head is 0.02-0.08 mm, the printing speed is 1-8 mm/s, and the filling rate is 100%.
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