CN110670498A - Waste tennis ball composite cushion structure suitable for shed tunnel engineering and design method thereof - Google Patents
Waste tennis ball composite cushion structure suitable for shed tunnel engineering and design method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN110670498A CN110670498A CN201910973009.3A CN201910973009A CN110670498A CN 110670498 A CN110670498 A CN 110670498A CN 201910973009 A CN201910973009 A CN 201910973009A CN 110670498 A CN110670498 A CN 110670498A
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- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 114
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 57
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003139 buffering effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- OWRCNXZUPFZXOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-diphenylguanidine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1NC(=N)NC1=CC=CC=C1 OWRCNXZUPFZXOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101100495256 Caenorhabditis elegans mat-3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100040428 Chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol beta-mannosyltransferase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc dication Chemical compound [Zn+2] PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
- E01F7/00—Devices affording protection against snow, sand drifts, side-wind effects, snowslides, avalanches or falling rocks; Anti-dazzle arrangements ; Sight-screens for roads, e.g. to mask accident site
- E01F7/04—Devices affording protection against snowslides, avalanches or falling rocks, e.g. avalanche preventing structures, galleries
- E01F7/045—Devices specially adapted for protecting against falling rocks, e.g. galleries, nets, rock traps
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- Civil Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses a waste tennis ball composite cushion structure suitable for shed tunnel engineering and a design method thereof. According to the invention, the waste tennis balls are utilized to construct the cushion layer, so that the material can fully exert buffering and energy consumption effects under the impact action, and the impact force is effectively reduced, thereby ensuring the safety of the shed tunnel structure under the action of the impact load of the rolling stones, and compared with the conventional sand cushion layer, the waste tennis ball composite cushion layer can improve the rolling stone resistance of the shed tunnel by 2-3 times under the condition of basically same impact load. Meanwhile, as the waste tennis balls contain heavy metals and harmful substances, the invention adopts the waste tennis balls as the buffer cushion layer, which not only can reduce the engineering cost, but also can realize the secondary utilization of the waste tennis balls, reduce the resource consumption, relieve the environmental pollution problem, adapt to the requirements of sustainable development, and have better social, environmental and economic benefits.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of collapse rock prevention and control, in particular to a waste tennis ball composite cushion layer structure suitable for shed tunnel engineering and a design method thereof.
Background
The rock rolling disaster has the characteristics of sudden and poor predictability, high speed, high energy, long movement distance, large influence range, difficult monitoring and early warning, serious harm and the like. Methods for controlling rockfall disasters can be generally divided into two main categories: the method comprises an active protection measure and a passive protection measure, wherein the active measure is difficult to work due to geographical positions, a shed tunnel in passive engineering is a very effective method, and the traditional reinforced concrete shed tunnel protects the structure from being damaged by rolling stones by backfilling thick sandy soil on the top of the traditional reinforced concrete shed tunnel.
The research on shed tunnel cushions at home and abroad still stays in the research on sand cushions, the research on cushion materials is few and less, the existing novel materials mainly comprise rubber tires and EPS materials, but because the processing technology of the rubber tires is complex, the price of the EPS materials is relatively high, and the like, the novel materials are not widely applied in engineering. The engineering practice can only stay at the stage of backfilling sandy soil materials with different thicknesses according to the damage of the rolling stones. However, the sandy soil cushion material has limited energy consumption effect, and the dead weight load is larger than that of other materials, so that the construction cost is higher, and the large-area popularization is not facilitated.
Tennis is increasingly popular in China, the amount of waste tennis balls generated by the tennis is increased year by year, the waste tennis balls contain certain heavy metal pollutants and other harmful substances, the content of zinc ions and diphenylguanidine is highest, a series of problems such as resource waste and environmental pollution can be caused by random disposal, and an effective method for treating the waste tennis balls in China is lacked and is often buried together with other garbage. Therefore, the reasonable disposal of the waste tennis balls is also urgent.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the waste tennis ball composite cushion layer structure suitable for the shed tunnel engineering and the design method thereof provided by the invention solve the problems of large dead weight load and poor impact resistance of a pure sand cushion layer.
In order to achieve the purpose of the invention, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: the utility model provides a compound bed course structure of old and useless tennis suitable for shed tunnel engineering, includes hollow reinforced concrete slab to and reinforced concrete slab in from last sand bed course, steel sheet and the tennis bed course that sets gradually down, the tennis bed course includes fretwork wire netting and old and useless tennis, the fretwork wire netting includes a plurality of circular iron wire rings and a plurality of sharp shape iron wire, circular iron wire ring is the matrix arrangement, adjacent two connect through sharp shape iron wire between the circular iron wire ring, every old and useless tennis is placed to circular iron wire intra-annular.
Further: the sand cushion layer is made of river sand.
Further: the gas content of the waste tennis balls is 50-100%.
Further: and the circular iron wire ring and the linear iron wire are poured in a model mode.
The beneficial effect of adopting the further scheme is as follows: the model can be used for manufacturing tennis balls in a large batch, so that the cost is greatly reduced, and the tennis ball layer is changed into a whole.
Further: the circular iron wire ring and the linear iron wire are made of iron wires, and the cross-sectional diameter of each iron wire is 2-5 mm.
Further: the diameter of the circular iron wire ring is 6.5cm, and the length of the linear iron wire is 5 cm-8 cm.
The beneficial effect of adopting the further scheme is as follows: the net ball fixing device can be matched with the diameter of a waste tennis ball to fix the waste tennis ball, and the distance between the tennis balls can be controlled by adjusting the length of an iron wire so as to meet various engineering practices.
Further: the tennis ball cushion layer is 6.5cm thick, the sandy soil cushion layer is 20cm thick, and the steel plate is 3 cm-7 cm thick.
A design method of a waste tennis ball composite cushion structure suitable for shed tunnel engineering comprises the following steps:
s1, determining the maximum rolling stone energy according to the engineering geological survey result, determining the layer number of the tennis ball cushion layer according to the maximum rolling stone energy, and calculating the thickness of the sandy soil cushion layer according to the layer number of the tennis ball cushion layer;
the thickness of the sandy soil cushion layer is 0.2nm, n is the number of layers of the tennis ball cushion layer, and m is the thickness unit;
s2, calculating the maximum impact compression amount according to the impact pressure of the rolling stone acting on the steel plate, calculating the maximum contact radius of the rolling stone and the radius of a stress circle acting on the steel plate according to the maximum impact compression amount, and calculating the radius of a circular iron wire ring according to the radius of the stress circle on the steel plate;
s3, calculating the number of tennis balls per square meter according to the stress distribution on the steel plate and the maximum pressure borne by the tennis balls, and determining the length of the linear iron wire;
s4, determining the thickness of the steel plate according to the stress distribution and rigidity requirements on the steel plate;
and S5, obtaining the composite cushion layer structure according to the number of layers of the tennis ball cushion layer, the thickness of the sand cushion layer, the radius of the circular iron wire ring, the length of the linear iron wire and the thickness of the steel plate.
Further: the calculation formula of the maximum impact compression amount in step S2 is:
in the above formula, m is the rolling stone mass, g is the gravity acceleration, h is the falling stone height, and deltayIs the initial yield compression of the material, Pe(δ) is the relationship of P δ under fully elastic conditions, P is the contact pressure, δ is the contact deformation, δmaxR is the equivalent radius of the rolling stone, P is the maximum impact compression amountyTo initial yield contact compressive stress, pyIs the initial yield contact pressure;
wherein the initial yield contact pressure pyThe calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
py＝Kq
in the formula, q is the ultimate bearing capacity of the cushion material, K is an empirical coefficient, and 3-5 is taken;
p delta relation P under fully elastic conditionseThe formula for calculating (δ) is:
in the above formula, PeFor elastic contact pressure, E is the effective elastic modulus.
Further: the radius calculation formula of the stress circle acting on the steel plate in step S2 is:
a'＝amax+n×0.2tanθ
in the above formula, a' is the radius of the stress circle acting on the steel plate, amaxThe maximum contact radius of the rolling stones is shown, n is the layer number of the tennis ball cushion layer, and theta is the stress diffusion angle of the sand cushion layer;
wherein the maximum contact radius a of the rolling stonemaxThe calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
the invention has the beneficial effects that: according to the invention, the waste tennis balls are utilized to construct the cushion layer, so that the material can fully exert buffering and energy consumption effects under the impact action, and the impact force is effectively reduced, thereby ensuring the safety of the shed tunnel structure under the action of the impact load of the rolling stones, and compared with the conventional sand cushion layer, the waste tennis ball composite cushion layer can improve the rolling stone resistance of the shed tunnel by 2-3 times under the condition of basically same impact load. Meanwhile, as the waste tennis balls contain heavy metals and harmful substances, the invention adopts the waste tennis balls as the buffer cushion layer, which not only can reduce the engineering cost, but also can realize the secondary utilization of the waste tennis balls, reduce the resource consumption, relieve the environmental pollution problem, adapt to the requirements of sustainable development, and have better social, environmental and economic benefits. And the invention makes the tennis ball cushion absorb the impact kinetic energy through elastic and plastic deformation under the impact load by adjusting the factors of the air content, the distance and the like of the tennis ball, prolongs the time of the impact process, and further improves the impact resistance of the cushion, thereby improving the safety of the shed tunnel.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a vertical cross-sectional structure of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a vertical cross-section structure of the present invention applied to a shed tunnel structure;
FIG. 3 is a schematic perspective view of the shed tunnel structure of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view illustrating placement and connection of tennis balls in the tennis mat of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a comparison graph of the time course of the impact force of the conventional sand cushion and the structure of the present invention in the example;
FIG. 6 is a comparison graph of the time course of the support reaction force of the conventional sand cushion layer and the structure of the present invention in the example.
Wherein: 1. a tennis ball cushion layer; 2. a steel plate; 3. a sand cushion layer; 4. a reinforced concrete slab; 5. a circular iron wire ring; 6. straight line shaped iron wire; 7. a reinforced concrete frame; 8. rock rolling on a side slope.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention is provided to facilitate the understanding of the present invention by those skilled in the art, but it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the scope of the embodiments, and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined and defined in the appended claims, and all matters produced by the invention using the inventive concept are protected.
As shown in fig. 1 and 4 together, a waste tennis ball composite cushion structure suitable for shed tunnel engineering comprises a hollow reinforced concrete slab 4, a sandy soil cushion layer 3, a steel plate 2 and a tennis ball cushion layer 1 which are sequentially arranged in the reinforced concrete slab 4 from top to bottom, wherein the tennis ball cushion layer 1 comprises a hollowed-out iron wire net and a waste tennis ball, the hollowed-out iron wire net comprises a plurality of circular iron wire rings 5 and a plurality of linear iron wires 6, the circular iron wire rings 5 are arranged in a matrix, two adjacent circular iron wire rings 6 are connected through the linear iron wires 5, and a waste tennis ball is placed in each circular iron wire ring 6.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the sand cushion 3 is made of river sand.
In one embodiment of the invention, the gas content of the waste tennis ball is 50-100%.
In one embodiment of the invention, the circular wire loops 5 are cast in a pattern with straight wire 6.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the circular iron wire ring 5 and the linear iron wire 6 are made of iron wires, and the cross-sectional diameter of the iron wires is 2mm to 5 mm.
In one embodiment of the invention, the diameter of the circular iron wire loop 5 is 6.5cm and the length of the linear iron wire 6 is 5cm to 8 cm.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the tennis ball mat 1 has a thickness of 6.5cm, the sand mat 3 has a thickness of 20cm, and the steel plate 2 has a thickness of 3cm to 7 cm.
As shown in fig. 2 and 3, when the present invention is applied to a shed tunnel structure, the rock 8 on a side slope falls down on a sand bed when the present invention is installed on a reinforced concrete frame 7.
A design method of a waste tennis ball composite cushion structure suitable for shed tunnel engineering comprises the following steps:
s1, determining the maximum rolling stone energy according to the engineering geological survey result, determining the layer number of the tennis ball cushion layer according to the maximum rolling stone energy, and calculating the thickness of the sandy soil cushion layer according to the layer number of the tennis ball cushion layer;
the thickness of the sandy soil cushion layer is 0.2nm, n is the number of layers of the tennis ball cushion layer, and m is the thickness unit;
s2, calculating the maximum impact compression amount according to the impact pressure of the rolling stone acting on the steel plate, calculating the maximum contact radius of the rolling stone and the radius of a stress circle acting on the steel plate according to the maximum impact compression amount, and calculating the maximum impact compression amount of the radius of the circular iron wire ring according to the radius of the stress circle on the steel plate according to the calculation formula:
in the above formula, m is the rolling stone mass, g is the gravity acceleration, h is the falling stone height, and deltayIs the initial yield compression of the material, Pe(δ) is the relationship of P δ under fully elastic conditions, P is the contact pressure, δ is the contact deformation, δmaxR is the equivalent radius of the rolling stone, P is the maximum impact compression amountyTo initial yield contact compressive stress, pyIs the initial yield contact pressure;
wherein the initial yield contact pressure pyThe calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
py＝Kq
in the formula, q is the ultimate bearing capacity of the cushion material, K is an empirical coefficient, and the value of K is 3-5;
p delta relation P under fully elastic conditionseThe formula for calculating (δ) is:
in the above formula, PeFor elastic contact pressure, E is the effective elastic modulus.
The calculation formula of the radius of the stress circle acting on the steel plate is as follows:
a'＝amax+n×0.2tanθ
in the above formula, a' is the radius of the stress circle acting on the steel plate, amaxThe maximum contact radius of the rolling stones is shown, n is the layer number of the tennis ball cushion layer, and theta is the stress diffusion angle of the sand cushion layer;
wherein the maximum contact radius a of the rolling stonemaxThe calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
s3, calculating the number of tennis balls per square meter according to the stress distribution on the steel plate and the maximum pressure borne by the tennis balls, and determining the length of the linear iron wire;
s4, determining the thickness of the steel plate according to the stress distribution and rigidity requirements on the steel plate;
and S5, obtaining the composite cushion layer structure according to the number of layers of the tennis ball cushion layer, the thickness of the sand cushion layer, the radius of the circular iron wire ring, the length of the linear iron wire and the thickness of the steel plate.
According to the invention, a contrast graph of the support reaction force and the time course curve of the impact force shown in fig. 5 and fig. 6 is obtained by performing an indoor physical model test on a rolling stone with the weight of 10Kg from a three-meter high free fall to a traditional sandy soil cushion layer and a waste tennis ball composite cushion layer.
It can be seen from fig. 5 and 6 that the waste tennis ball composite cushion layer of the invention can play a better energy-consuming and buffering role when being impacted by rolling stones compared with the traditional sandy soil cushion layer.
Claims (10)
1. The utility model provides a compound bed course structure of old and useless tennis suitable for shed tunnel engineering, its characterized in that, includes hollow reinforced concrete slab (4) to and follow in reinforced concrete slab (4) from last sandy soil bed course (3), steel sheet (2) and tennis bed course (1) that set gradually down, tennis bed course (1) are including fretwork wire netting and old and useless tennis, the fretwork wire netting includes a plurality of circular iron wire rings (5) and a plurality of sharp iron wire (6) that appears, circular iron wire ring (5) are the matrix arrangement, adjacent two connect through sharp iron wire (6) between the circular iron wire ring (5), every place a old and useless tennis in circular iron wire ring (5).
2. The waste tennis ball composite cushion structure suitable for shed tunnel engineering as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sand cushion (3) is made of river sand.
3. The waste tennis ball composite cushion structure suitable for shed tunnel engineering as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gas content of the waste tennis balls is 50% -100%.
4. The waste tennis ball composite cushion structure suitable for shed tunnel engineering as claimed in claim 1, wherein the circular iron wire ring (5) and the straight iron wire (6) are cast in a model manner.
5. The waste tennis ball composite cushion structure suitable for shed tunnel engineering according to claim 1, wherein the circular iron wire ring (5) and the linear iron wire (6) are made of iron wires, and the cross-sectional diameter of the iron wires is 2mm to 5 mm.
6. The waste tennis ball composite cushion structure suitable for shed tunnel engineering as claimed in claim 1, wherein the diameter of the circular iron wire ring (5) is 6.5cm, and the length of the linear iron wire (6) is 5 cm-8 cm.
7. The waste tennis ball composite cushion structure suitable for shed tunnel engineering as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thickness of the tennis ball cushion (1) is 6.5cm, the thickness of the sandy soil cushion (3) is 20cm, and the thickness of the steel plate (2) is 3 cm-7 cm.
8. A design method of a waste tennis ball composite cushion structure suitable for shed tunnel engineering is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, determining the maximum rolling stone energy according to the engineering geological survey result, determining the layer number of the tennis ball cushion layer according to the maximum rolling stone energy, and calculating the thickness of the sandy soil cushion layer according to the layer number of the tennis ball cushion layer;
the thickness of the sandy soil cushion layer is 0.2nm, n is the number of layers of the tennis ball cushion layer, and m is the thickness unit;
s2, calculating the maximum impact compression amount according to the impact pressure of the rolling stone acting on the steel plate, calculating the maximum contact radius of the rolling stone and the radius of a stress circle acting on the steel plate according to the maximum impact compression amount, and calculating the radius of a circular iron wire ring according to the radius of the stress circle on the steel plate;
s3, calculating the number of tennis balls per square meter according to the stress distribution on the steel plate and the maximum pressure borne by the tennis balls, and determining the length of the linear iron wire;
s4, determining the thickness of the steel plate according to the stress distribution and rigidity requirements on the steel plate;
and S5, obtaining the composite cushion layer structure according to the number of layers of the tennis ball cushion layer, the thickness of the sand cushion layer, the radius of the circular iron wire ring, the length of the linear iron wire and the thickness of the steel plate.
9. The method for designing the waste tennis ball composite cushion structure suitable for the shed tunnel project of claim 8, wherein the maximum impact compression amount in the step S2 is calculated according to the following formula:
in the above formula, m is the rolling stone mass, g is the gravity acceleration, h is the falling stone height, and deltayIs the initial yield compression of the material, Pe(δ) is the relationship of P δ under fully elastic conditions, P is the contact pressure, δ is the contact deformation, δmaxR is the equivalent radius of the rolling stone, P is the maximum impact compression amountyAt initial yield contact pressure, pyInitial yield contact compressive stress;
wherein the initial yield contact pressure pyThe calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
py＝Kq
in the formula, q is the ultimate bearing capacity of the cushion material, K is an empirical coefficient, and 3-5 is taken;
p delta relation P under fully elastic conditionseThe formula for calculating (δ) is:
in the above formula, PeFor elastic contact pressure, E is the effective elastic modulus.
10. The method for designing the waste tennis ball composite cushion structure suitable for the shed tunnel project of claim 9, wherein the radius of the stress circle acting on the steel plate in the step S2 is calculated according to the following formula:
a'＝amax+n×0.2tanθ
in the above formula, a' is the radius of the stress circle acting on the steel plate, amaxThe maximum contact radius of the rolling stones is shown, n is the layer number of the tennis ball cushion layer, and theta is the stress diffusion angle of the sand cushion layer;
wherein the maximum contact radius a of the rolling stonemaxThe calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111335193A (en) * | 2020-03-01 | 2020-06-26 | 西南交通大学 | Box-type modular layered composite anti-hardening sand cushion unit at top of shed tunnel and construction method |
| CN111335194A (en) * | 2020-03-22 | 2020-06-26 | 南京正隆顺达高分子材料有限公司 | Three-layer foaming anti-throwing pad |
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| JPH03156004A (en) * | 1989-11-10 | 1991-07-04 | Nippon Samikon Kk | Protection structure |
| KR100698882B1 (en) * | 2006-08-19 | 2007-03-26 | 주식회사 도화종합기술공사 | Falling stone prevent equipment of railroad |
| CN202116992U (en) * | 2011-04-19 | 2012-01-18 | 郭建业 | Structure of shed tunnel top |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111335193A (en) * | 2020-03-01 | 2020-06-26 | 西南交通大学 | Box-type modular layered composite anti-hardening sand cushion unit at top of shed tunnel and construction method |
| CN111335194A (en) * | 2020-03-22 | 2020-06-26 | 南京正隆顺达高分子材料有限公司 | Three-layer foaming anti-throwing pad |
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| CN110670498B (en) | 2020-11-24 |
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