CN110628647A - Integrated system for cultivating algae or plants and producing electrical energy - Google Patents
Integrated system for cultivating algae or plants and producing electrical energy Download PDFInfo
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- CN110628647A CN110628647A CN201911062878.7A CN201911062878A CN110628647A CN 110628647 A CN110628647 A CN 110628647A CN 201911062878 A CN201911062878 A CN 201911062878A CN 110628647 A CN110628647 A CN 110628647A
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- lsc
- luminescent solar
- solar concentrator
- electrical energy
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- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M21/00—Bioreactors or fermenters specially adapted for specific uses
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M31/00—Means for providing, directing, scattering or concentrating light
- C12M31/02—Means for providing, directing, scattering or concentrating light located outside the reactor
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/12—Unicellular algae; Culture media therefor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
- H01L31/055—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means where light is absorbed and re-emitted at a different wavelength by the optical element directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. by using luminescent material, fluorescent concentrators or up-conversion arrangements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B47/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light sources in general, i.e. where the type of light source is not relevant
- H05B47/10—Controlling the light source
- H05B47/105—Controlling the light source in response to determined parameters
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/59—Biological synthesis; Biological purification
Abstract
An integrated system for growing algae or plants and producing electrical energy, comprising: at least one Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC), wherein at least one photovoltaic cell (or solar cell) is located on at least one of its outer sides; at least one cultivation area.
Description
The present application is a divisional application of chinese patent application 201480041872.0 entitled "integrated system for cultivating algae or plants and producing electrical energy" filed as 24/7/2014.
The present invention relates to an integrated system for cultivating algae or plants and producing electrical energy.
More specifically, the present invention relates to an integrated system for cultivating algae or plants and producing electrical energy, comprising:
-at least one Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC), wherein at least one photovoltaic cell (or solar cell) is located on at least one of its outer sides;
-at least one cultivation area.
The invention also relates to an integrated method for cultivating algae and producing electrical energy, comprising:
-cultivating at least one algae in a cultivation area comprising at least one Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) wherein at least one photovoltaic cell (or solar cell) is located on at least one side of its outer side in the presence of an aqueous medium, obtaining an aqueous suspension of algal biomass and electrical energy;
-recovering the algal biomass from the aqueous suspension of algal biomass;
-recovering said electric energy.
The invention also relates to an integrated method for growing plants and producing electric energy, comprising:
-growing said plant in a growing area comprising at least one Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) on at least one side of the outside thereof, wherein at least one photovoltaic cell (or solar cell) is located, obtaining a plant and electric energy;
-recovering said plant;
-recovering said electric energy.
Algae, particularly microalgae, are currently cultivated in order to produce valuable compounds falling into the nutritional, pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids [ e.g., eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), etc. ], vitamins (e.g., beta-carotene, etc.) and gelling agents.
The cultivation of microalgae used in the above-mentioned fields is characterized by a relatively limited production capacity (of the order of hundreds to thousands of tons per year) and by a high added value of the compounds obtained (hundreds to thousands of euros per kg). For this reason, complex and expensive production systems can be tolerated, which must meet the strict regulations of hygiene and nutritional properties typical of the aforementioned fields.
Moving from the above-mentioned fields, in which microalgae are traditionally used, to the field of energy, and in particular to the production of biofuels, due to the limited added value of the compounds specified in the field of energy (hundreds of euros per ton), it is necessary to develop technologies that significantly increase the production capacity and greatly reduce the production costs.
Microalgae are in fact used for the production of lipids, which in turn can be used for the production of biodiesel or green diesel, or directly for the production of bio-oil or "bio-crude".
The enormous amounts of soil, water and electrical energy required criticize the economic and environmental sustainability of cultivating microalgae for the production of biofuels. The electrical energy (utility) required in microalgae cultivation methods is not only a burden from an economic point of view, but also does not benefit environmental sustainability parameters. One of the key elements of environmental sustainability is in fact the reduction of the amount of electrical energy derived from fossil sources.
The cultivation process of microalgae in fact requires electric energy, for example for managing Open Ponds (OP), photoreactors (FR), photobioreactors (FBR), in particular for stirring the suspension of algal biomass formed during growth, for the distribution of liquids and gases, and for the operation of the plants for the collection, concentration and chemical or thermochemical conversion of microalgae into biofuel precursors.
For example, the energy required for stirring an Open Pond (OP) -which ensures: linear velocity of about 20 cm/sec (which is considered optimal for keeping the formed algal biomass suspension homogeneous), carbon dioxide (CO)2) Effective distribution of oxygen (O), effective oxygen release2) And surface replacement for heat exchange-about 0.21W/m2. In the most advantageous case, the total energy required for the whole cultivation section is about 0.6kWh per kg of algal biomass produced, which when compared to a typical production rate of 73 tons/hectare/year, amounts to an energy consumption equal to 1.2 watts per square meter of Open Pond (OP) surface, which is therefore highly energy-intensive considering that this occurs in the most advantageous case. Economically sustainable when microalgae cultivation is carried out in energetically unfavorable configurations to produce high value-added substancesIs consuming 20 kWh/kg of algal biomass produced, which corresponds to an energy consumption equal to 40 watts per square meter of Open Pond (OP) surface, with respect to the same typical production rate described above.
Similar to plants, microalgae use solar energy for photosynthesis and therefore for their growth: however, it is known that only a part of the solar energy is used for the photosynthesis. Methods are described in the art for converting radiation of solar energy not utilized in photosynthesis into radiation that can be utilized by it, with the growth of microalgae and plants also growing.
For example, an investigation is described by Antal T et al in the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2003), Vol.37, pp.8859-8863, which shows that a process called "up-conversion", which occurs when a compound absorbs radiation of longer wavelength than that emitted by it, can convert Near Infrared Radiation (NIR) into radiation that can be used for photosynthesis. However, the studies indicate that there is a lot of work to be done before the above up-conversion process can be practically used to obtain an increase in photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, algae or plants.
In "desalinization" (2007), volume 209, page 244-250, Hammann M. et al describe studies relating to the evaluation of a Fluorescent film of polymethyl methacrylate impregnated with a commercial Fluorescent dye (i.e. Macrolex Fluorescent Red G) capable of concentrating sunlight and emitting light corresponding to the absorption band of chlorophyll (i.e. 650nm-680 nm). In the studies, it was stated that these fluorescent films can be used to improve photosynthesis of plants grown in greenhouses and red algae.
US patent application US 2011/0281295 describes an apparatus for growing algae in the presence of natural light, comprising: an area (e.g., culture tank) having media and algae that should grow; and a substrate preceding said region adapted to receive solar radiation for the photoconversion of said solar radiation, said substrate comprising at least one fluorescent compound capable of re-emitting radiation having a spectrum adapted to optimize the production of specific chemical compounds by photosynthesis of said algae.
However, the possibility of using said solar radiation not only for increasing photosynthesis but also for the simultaneous production of electrical energy is not mentioned in the above-mentioned documents.
In this respect, photovoltaic greenhouses are known which incorporate one or more transparent silicon thin film photovoltaic glass panels, known as "Polysolar", which are capable of photosynthesis in plants and the simultaneous production of electrical energy. Further details concerning such photovoltaic greenhouses can be found in the internet website http:// www.solarpvgreenhouse.com. However, as stated in this website, the bronze color of the photovoltaic glass sheet allows only 20% of the visible light to pass through, having a negative impact on the photosynthesis of the plant — this negative impact is said (always in this website) to be minimized by the fact that: the radiation closest to the red, i.e. those most useful for photosynthesis, passes through the photovoltaic glass panel in a higher percentage of about 40%.
The applicant has therefore considered the problem of finding an integrated system capable of cultivating algae or plants while producing electrical energy without adversely interfering with their growth.
The applicant has now found that it is advantageously possible to achieve cultivation of algae or plants and simultaneously produce electrical energy using a system comprising at least one Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) with at least one photovoltaic cell (or solar cell) on at least one of its outer sides, and at least one cultivation area. The system not only allows algae or plants to grow well, but also protects them from excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV radiation). Furthermore, in the case of algae cultivation, the system is capable of cultivating algae with low light intensity and high photosynthesis yield (algae biomass yield equals that obtained with high light intensity cultivated algae). Furthermore, subtracting a portion of the solar energy used to produce electrical energy reduces the amount of energy reaching the liquid medium in which the algae grow, and therefore the radiation produced by the solar energy causes a lower temperature rise of the medium: this has a positive effect on the growth of algae, in particular micrococcus viridis, which is hindered by temperatures above 38 ℃.
One object of the present invention therefore relates to an integrated system for cultivating algae or plants and producing electrical energy, comprising:
-at least one Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC), wherein at least one photovoltaic cell (or solar cell) is located on at least one of its outer sides;
-at least one cultivation area.
For the purposes of this specification and the claims which follow, unless otherwise indicated, the limits of the numerical ranges always include the limits.
For the purposes of this specification and the claims that follow, the term "comprising" or "includes" also includes the term "consisting essentially of … …" or "consisting of … …".
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) may be interposed between the cultivation area and the sunlight.
Preferably, the Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) may be interposed between the cultivation area and the sunlight to cover the cultivation area completely or partially.
According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) may be an integrated part of the cultivation area with sunlight.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the cultivation area may be selected from an Open Pond (OP), a photoreactor (FR), a photobioreactor (FBR) or a combination thereof.
According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the cultivation area may be a greenhouse.
Preferably, the Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) may at least partly or completely constitute a roof of the greenhouse or at least partly or completely constitute a wall of the greenhouse.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the luminescent solar concentrator comprises at least one photoluminescent compound having an absorption range capable of activating photosynthesis (photosynthetically active radiation-PAR.s: 400nm-700nm) in the range of solar radiation and an emission range capable of activating the photovoltaic cell (or solar cell). The emission range may preferably overlap with the region of maximum quantum efficiency of the photovoltaic cell (or solar cell).
It should be noted that the range of radiation capable of activating photosynthesis (photosynthetically active radiation-PAR.s: 400nm-700nm) is utilized in different ways depending on the type of algae or plants to be cultivated. For example, in the case of green algae cultivation, the photosynthesis is activated by solar radiation of 400nm to 500nm (blue light) and 600nm to 700nm (red-orange light), whereas solar radiation in the range of 500nm to 600nm (green light) cannot be used for photosynthesis as well: in this case therefore a photoluminescent compound will be chosen which is capable of absorbing solar radiation in the range 500nm to 600nm (green light).
Photoluminescent compounds which can be advantageously used for the purposes of the present invention are, for example: acene compounds [ e.g. 9, 10-Diphenylanthracene (DPA) ] as described, for example, in International patent application WO 2011/048458 in the name of the Applicant](ii) a Benzothiadiazole compounds [ e.g. 4, 7-di-2-thienyl-2, 1, 3-benzothiadiazole (DTB) ] as described, for example, in Italian patent application MI2009A001796 or in International patent application WO 2012/007834 (both in the name of the Applicant)](ii) a Benzoheterodiazole compounds disubstituted with benzodithiophene groups, such as described in italian patent application MI2013a000605 in the name of the applicant; naphthoheterodiazole compounds disubstituted with benzodithienylgroups, as described for example in italian patent application MI2013a000606 in the name of the applicant; naphthothiadiazole compounds disubstituted with thiophene groups, as described for example in italian patent application MI2011a001520 in the name of the applicant; under the trade name BasfKnown perylene compounds (e.g. of the formulaF Red 305)。
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) comprises a matrix made of a transparent material, for example selected from: transparent polymers such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), Polycarbonate (PC), polyisobutyl methacrylate, polyethyl methacrylate, polyallyl diglycol carbonate, polymethacrylimide, polycarbonate ether, styrene-acrylonitrile, polystyrene, methyl methacrylate-styrene copolymer, polyethersulfone, polysulfone, cellulose triacetate, or mixtures thereof; transparent glasses such as silica, quartz, alumina, titania or mixtures thereof. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is preferred.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the photoluminescent compound may be present in the Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) in an amount of from 0.1 gram per surface unit to 5 grams per surface unit, preferably from 1 gram per surface unit to 3 grams per surface unit, said surface unit being referred to in m2The surface of the transparent material substrate is shown.
The Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) may be obtained by methods known in the art.
For example, if the transparent matrix is of the polymer type, the at least one photoluminescent compound may be dispersed in the polymer of the transparent matrix by, for example: dispersed in the molten state, or added collectively, and then formed into a sheet comprising said polymer and said at least one photoluminescent compound, for example according to the so-called casting technique. Alternatively, the at least one photoluminescent compound and the polymer of the transparent matrix may be dissolved in at least one suitable solvent to obtain a solution that is deposited on a sheet of the polymer to form a film comprising the at least one photoluminescent compound and the polymer, for example using a doctor blade type film-forming process: the solvent was then allowed to evaporate. The solvent may be selected, for example, from: hydrocarbons such as 1, 2-dichloromethane, toluene, hexane; ketones such as acetone, acetylacetone; or mixtures thereof.
If the transparent matrix is of the vitreous type, said at least one photoluminescent compound may be dissolved in at least one suitable solvent (which may be chosen from those described above) to obtain a solution which is deposited on a sheet of transparent matrix of said vitreous type, forming a film comprising said at least one photoluminescent compound, for example using a doctor blade type film-forming process: the solvent was then allowed to evaporate.
Alternatively, the sheet comprising said at least one photoluminescent compound and said polymer obtained as described above (by dispersion in the molten state, or by concentrated addition and subsequent casting) can be enclosed between two sheets of said transparent matrix of the vitreous type (sandwich), according to known lamination techniques.
Preferably, the Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) may be manufactured in sheet form by concentrated addition and subsequent casting as described above. The sheet is then bonded with a photovoltaic cell (or solar cell).
As mentioned above, the present invention also relates to an integrated process for cultivating algae and producing electrical energy, comprising:
-cultivating at least one algae in a cultivation area comprising at least one Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) wherein at least one photovoltaic cell (or solar cell) is located on at least one side of its outer side in the presence of an aqueous medium, obtaining an aqueous suspension of algal biomass and electrical energy;
-recovering the algal biomass from the aqueous suspension of algal biomass;
-recovering said electric energy.
The algae may be selected from microalgae (unicellular algae). Microalgae which can be advantageously used for the purposes of the present invention can be selected from the following species: chlorococcus microlloropsis (Nannochloropsis), Chlorella (Chlorella), Oocystis (Oosystis), Scenedesmus (Scenedesmus), Cellulosium (Ankistrodesmus), Phaeodactylum (Phaidaceae), Coccocus striatus (Amplipleura), Getraria (Amphio), Chaetoceros (Chaetoceros), Cyclotella (Cycleotiella), curvularia (Cymbella), Fragilaria (Fragilaria), Navicula (Navicula), Nitzschia (Nitzschia), Achnantes, Dunaliella (Dulaniella), Oscillatoria (Oscilastaria), Porphiriium, Uustochium, Spirulina (Spirolinia), or combinations thereof.
The water used to cultivate the algae may be selected from fresh water (e.g., river water); salt water (e.g., seawater); wastewater from a civil water treatment plant or an industrial water treatment plant (such as a refinery or refinery).
The cultivation of the algae can be carried out under phototrophic conditions or under mixotrophic conditions.
The cultivation of the algae may conveniently be carried out in cultivation systems known in the art, such as Open Ponds (OP), photo reactors (FR), photo bioreactors (FBR) or combinations thereof.
Recovery of algal biomass from an aqueous suspension of algal biomass can be carried out by various methods, such as:
gravity separation by means of decanters and/or concentrators, commonly used in water treatment plants;
-flotation;
-gravity separation by means of a cyclone or a spiral (spiral);
-centrifuging;
filtration by means of membranes for ultrafiltration or microfiltration, or vacuum filtration;
treatment by means of a filter press or belt filter press.
At the end of the above treatment, an aqueous suspension of concentrated algal biomass and water are obtained.
To facilitate concentration of the algal biomass, the aqueous suspension of algal biomass may be subjected to flocculation. The flocculation can be carried out by means of various methods, such as:
bioflocculation (e.g. by growing algae in a medium with low nitrogen concentration);
-adding at least one flocculant to the aqueous suspension of algal biomass.
The concentration of freshwater algae strains, such as the strain Scenedesmus sp, can be facilitated in particular by the use of cationic polyelectrolytes, preferably polyacrylamides, which are used in proportions of 2ppm to 10 ppm.
The water released by concentrating the aqueous suspension of algal biomass can be largely recovered and reused as water in the above process for the manufacture of the aqueous suspension of algal biomass (i.e. for use as cultivation water for algae).
The aqueous suspension of concentrated algal biomass may be advantageously used for the manufacture of bio-oil or bio-crude. The bio-oil or bio-crude can be obtained, for example, by subjecting an aqueous suspension of concentrated algal biomass to a liquefaction treatment, or by subjecting an aqueous suspension of the concentrated algal biomass previously dried to pyrolysis. The bio-oil or bio-crude can be advantageously used to make biofuels that can be used as such or mixed with other fuels for transportation. Alternatively, the bio-oil or bio-crude may be used as such (bio-combustibles) or mixed with fossil combustibles (combustible oil, lignite, etc.) for generating electrical or thermal energy.
Alternatively, the aqueous suspension of concentrated algal biomass may be advantageously used for the production of lipids. The extraction can be carried out by means known in the art, for example by subjecting the aqueous suspension of concentrated algal biomass, optionally previously dried, to mechanical extraction; or in the presence of carbon dioxide, or in an organic solvent (e.g. C)3-C8Hydrocarbon, alcohol, or mixtures thereof), in the liquid phase, or under supercritical conditions (e.g., in the presence of carbon dioxide, propane, or mixtures thereof, etc.). It should be noted that the oil phase obtained at the end of the extraction may contain other compounds besides lipids, such as carbohydrates, proteins, usually contained in the cell membranes of algae. The oil phase may be subjected to hydrogenation in the presence of hydrogen and a catalyst to produce "green diesel". Hydrogenation processes are known in the art and are described, for example, in european patent application EP 1,728,844.
Alternatively, the aqueous suspension of concentrated algal biomass may advantageously be used for the production of energy, for example by subjecting the aqueous suspension of concentrated algal biomass, optionally previously dried, to a thermal treatment such as combustion, gasification or partial oxidation.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the electric energy recovered by said Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) can be used in the above-described method for cultivating algae, for example for managing Open Ponds (OP), photoreactors (FR), photobioreactors (FBR), in particular for stirring the suspension of algal biomass formed during the growth, for the distribution of liquids and gases, and for the operation of the plant for the collection, concentration and chemical or thermochemical conversion of microalgae into biofuel precursors.
The invention also relates to an integrated method for growing plants and producing electric energy, comprising:
-growing said plant in a growing area comprising at least one Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) on at least one side of the outside thereof, wherein at least one photovoltaic cell (or solar cell) is located, obtaining a plant and electric energy;
-recovering said plant;
-recovering said electric energy.
The plant may be selected from ornamental plants, fruit plants, vegetables.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the electrical energy recovered by said Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) can be used in the above-described method for growing plants, for example for managing a greenhouse, in particular for ventilation or heating of a greenhouse.
Some illustrative and non-limiting examples are provided for a better understanding of the present invention and its embodiments.
In the following examples:
4, 7-di-2-thienyl-2, 1, 3-benzothiadiazole (DTB) was synthesized as described in example 1 of International patent application WO 2012/007834 in the name of the applicant mentioned above;
9, 10-Diphenylanthracene (DPA) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.
Example 1
Preparation of a "Red" emitting solar concentrator (LSC) with photovoltaic cells
88 photovoltaic cells IXYS-KXOB22-12 (each having 1.2 cm)2Of Altuglas Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) sheets (dimensions 500 x 6 mm) with 100ppm of Basf added collectively at the four outer sidesF Red 305 and then cast.
On-labelQuasi illumination condition (1.5AM, 1000W/m)2) The photovoltaic performance of the photovoltaic cells was measured as follows, and the current-voltage characteristics were obtained by applying an external voltage to each of the cells and measuring the generated photocurrent with a digital multimeter "Keithley 2602A" (3A DC,10A Pulse), with the following results:
maximum power (Pmax) 14.8W/m2。
Example 2
Preparation of a "yellow" Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) with photovoltaic cells
88 photovoltaic cells IXYS-KXOB22-12 (each having 1.2 cm)2Surface) were located at the four outer sides of an Altuglas Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) sheet (size 500 x 6 mm) obtained by the concentrated addition of 100ppm of 9, 10-Diphenylanthracene (DPA) and 100ppm of 4, 7-di-2-thienyl-2, 1, 3-benzothiadiazole (DTB) and subsequent casting.
Under standard lighting conditions (1.5AM, 1000W/m)2) The photovoltaic performance of the photovoltaic cells was measured as follows, and the current-voltage characteristics were obtained by applying an external voltage to each of the cells and measuring the generated photocurrent with a digital multimeter "Keithley 2602A" (3A DC,10A Pulse), with the following results:
maximum power (Pmax) 12.0W/m2。
Example 3
Strawberry cultivation
Two identical strawberry seedlings of the type SELVA/Thelma and Louise were selected and positioned, one directly exposed to solar radiation and the other through a "red" Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) obtained as described in example 1.
The mean solar radiation measured at 12 noon during the exposure period (20 days) proved to be 700W/m2. On the first day of testing, 1,000W/m was recorded at 12 PM2Of the solar radiation. In this solar radiation, the portion from 400nm to 700nm is defined as the photosynthetically active portion ("photosynthetically active radiation" -P.A.R.s.), which is equal to 400W/m2Equivalent to 1840 μ E/m2/sec。
Under these conditions, it is possible to obtain,strawberry receiving 1840 muE/m with direct exposure to sunlight2Sec, while strawberries located under the "Red" emitting solar concentrator (LSC) described above received 681 μ E/m2/sec。
The photosynthesis parameters of the two seedlings were measured at the beginning of the exposure period and after 20 days. The results obtained are reported in figures 1 and 2, wherein the photosynthetic yield [ "yield" - (%) is reported in the ordinate]Reported in μ E/m in the abscissa2The unit of/sec is the intensity of violet light emitted at 440nm [ "light intensity" - (μ E/m)2/sec)]. Walz 'Multi-excitation wavelength chlorophyll fluorescence Analyzer' for Multi-COLOR-PAM was used for these measurements.
As can be deduced from the above figures 1 and 2, the trends of the photosynthetic yield ("yield") of the two seedlings, with and without the use of the "red" Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC), overlapped at the beginning and at the end of the test, showing equally good plant status.
Example 4
Preparation of algal inoculum
An algal strain with Nannochloropsis salina incorporated therein, which is generally grown in seawater, is used. The cultivation method employed is described hereinafter.
A 50 ml sample of Nannochloropsis salina culture (having a dry algal biomass concentration of 0.8 g/l) in a 10% solution of glycerol, which was previously maintained at-85 ℃, was thawed, left at room temperature, and then subjected to centrifugation to remove the supernatant, to obtain cell bodies.
The cell bodies thus obtained were inoculated into a glass photobioreactor (FBR) having the following dimensions: 11 cm (base length), 5.5 cm (base width) and 18.5 cm (height), having a usable volume equal to 750 ml, open on the surface (not sterilized), containing 350 ml of seawater to which nutrients have been added (hereinafter referred to as culture medium), to obtain an algal culture.
The media used were as follows: seawater (350 ml) with a conductivity equal to 50mS/cm to 55mS/cm, to which nitrate, phosphate and iron (III) nutrients are added only in the following amounts:
NaNO3: 0.5 g/l;
KH2PO4: 0.045 g/l;
FeCl3: 0.006 g/l.
The photobioreactor is illuminated continuously from the outside 24 hours a day with a fluorescent lamp (of the type OSRAM Dulux D/E, 26W/840, "Lumilux Cold white light", temperature (T) 4000K, G24q-3) featuring the solar spectrum, which produces a light intensity equal to 250. mu.E/m2The distance of the light intensity measured on the outer surface,/sec, is positioned relative to the photobioreactor. The photosynthetically active radiation [ "photosynthetically active radiation" - (P.A.R.s):400nm to 700nm is measured with a QSL-2201 radiometer ("Quantum scalar radiometer" -QSL ") from Biosphere instruments Inc. equipped with a scalar illuminance sensor, providing light on only one side of the photobioreactor]。
Said algal culture is under nitrogen (N) at a constant temperature equal to 23 ℃2) Medium dilution of carbon dioxide (CO)2) Is grown in the presence of a thermostatic bath and a submerged coil to obtain the desired temperature, said gas being fed to said reactor by bubbling at a rate such as to maintain the pH in the range 6.5-7.5.
After about one week, the algal culture reached a concentration of 0.5 grams per liter of dry algal biomass. The inoculum was used for subsequent cultivation trials.
Example 5
Algae cultivation with and without Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSCs)
Algal cultivation was performed in pairs in 750 ml photobioreactors (FBR), identical to those used for inoculum cultivation in example 4, evaluating the growth illuminated by light after application of the "red" Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) obtained as described in example 1 or the "yellow" Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) obtained as described in example 2, with respect to the reference obtained under the same growth conditions but without the Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC). Algae cultivation was carried out batchwise, starting from the same medium used for the preparation of the inoculum as described in example 4 and inoculating a photobioreactor (FBR) so as to initially have 50ppm of algal biomass.
Growth measurements are integrated by measuring photosynthetic capacity so that the effect of light on the plant status of microalgae can be better characterized.
The following Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSCs) are used for this purpose:
a "yellow" Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) that absorbs blue light in the photosynthetically active radiation range (λ <500 nm);
a "red" Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) that absorbs green light in a photosynthetically active radiation range (500nm < λ <600 nm).
Cultivation of algae was carried out as follows:
k141[ without using "Red" Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSCs)]And K140[ using a "Red" Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC)]: having a thickness of 250. mu.E/m measured at the surface of a photobioreactor (FBR)2The same light intensity in/s) (typical values for light-limited growth) and a temperature equal to 23 ℃; in the case of "Red" LSC, the color is determined by using 712 μ E/m2Light intensity/s the "Red" LSC was illuminated to obtain 250. mu.E/m measured on the surface of the photobioreactor (FBR)2Light intensity in/s;
-K143[ without using "Red" Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSCs)]And K142[ using a "Red" Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC)]: the same light intensity emitted by the light source was used, corresponding to 865 μ E/m measured on the surface of a photobioreactor (FBR) without LSC2(ii) and corresponds to 409 μ E/m measured on the surface of a photobioreactor (FBR) after passing through the "red" LSC2(typical values for light inhibition), and a temperature equal to 23 ℃;
k145[ without the use of "Red" Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSCs)]And K144[ using a "Red" Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC)]: the same light intensity emitted by the light source is used, corresponding to 616. mu.E/m measured on the surface of a photobioreactor (FBR) without LSC2S and corresponds to 317 μ E/m measured on the surface of a photobioreactor (FBR) after passing through the "red" LSC2S (typical value for light-limited growth), and a temperature equal to 31 DEG C；
K131[ without "yellow" Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC)]And K130[ using "yellow" Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSCs)]: using 250. mu.E/m measured on the surface of a photobioreactor (FBR)2The same light intensity (typical value for light-limited growth) in/s and a temperature equal to 23 ℃.
Each pair of experiments was monitored for exponential growth phases varying in duration from 60 hours to 100 hours, with algae cultures being withdrawn from each photobioreactor (FBR) once/twice a day.
Optical density measurements were taken at a wavelength of 610 nm for each draw using a Hanna multiparameter photometer series 83099 to be able to follow the growth trends of algal biomass.
The measurement of optical density is correlated to a measurement of the concentration of algal biomass, the measurement of the dry weight of algal biomass being used to calibrate the signal obtained with said measurement of optical density: thus, the concentration of algal biomass is recalculated from a direct measurement of optical density.
The specific growth (μ) related to light and temperature for each exponential growth phase was recalculated by interpolating the measurements of algal biomass concentration over time according to the following equation (I):
C(t)＝C(t°)*exp(μ*t) (I)
wherein:
-C(t)concentration of algal biomass (g/m) at extraction time (t) (expressed in hours)3)；
-C(t°)Concentration of algal biomass (g/m) at time (t °) at the start of cultivation (expressed in units of hours)3)；
- μ ═ specific growth (sec)-1)
The following results were obtained:
k141[ without using "Red" Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSCs)]：μ＝0.020sec-1；
K140[ using "Red" Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSC)]：μ＝0.020sec-1；
-K143[ without using "Red" luminescent solar concentratorDevice (LSC)]：μ＝0.017sec-1；
K142[ using "Red" Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSCs)]：μ＝0.019sec-1；
K145[ without the use of "Red" Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSCs)]：μ＝0.022sec-1；
K144[ using "Red" Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSC)]：μ＝0.026sec-1；
K131[ without "yellow" Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC)]：μ＝0.020sec-1；
-K130[ using "yellow" Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSCs) ]: no growth was observed.
From the above data it can be concluded that there is no significant difference in behavior with the same light energy reaching the photobioreactor (FBR) in the spectrum available for photosynthesis (red + blue). Green light has no effect even if it is sent on the culture, green light is not used.
Photosynthesis data
Fluorescence measurements were performed with a WATER-PAM fluorometer from Heinz Walz GmbH and analyzed using the Phyto-Win Rapid Light dark software from Phyto Win, plus recovery of photosynthetic yield [ yield- (%) ] by re-adapting to the dark following the Phyto Win software protocol.
The protocol envisages the use of a catalyst having a maximum of about 2500. mu.E/m2Increasing intensity of photosynthetically active light/sec. Each step lasts 10 seconds, eight steps are arranged, and at the end of each step, a saturation pulse of a few milliseconds is sent.
The sample to be analyzed is taken from the photobioreactor (FBR) and diluted with demineralized Water to make it suitable for the measuring instrument (Water PAM), which requires a substantial fluorescence of the sample in the established range.
For test K143[ without the use of "Red" Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC)]And K142[ using a "Red" Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC)]: with the same light intensity emitted by the light source, corresponding to 865. mu.E/m2Typical values of light inhibition, for tests without Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSCs), by means of characterization of the Water PAM fluorescence apparatusShows an increasing tendency of non-photochemical quenching value (NPQ): this means that the culture tends to protect itself from photoinhibition and to put additional energy in the form of heat, which available energy does not increase the photosynthetic yield.
For test K145[ without the use of "Red" Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC)]And K144[ using a "Red" Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC)]: the same light intensity emitted by the light source is used, corresponding to 616. mu.E/m2The same light energy reaching the photobioreactor (FBR) was used in the spectrum available for photosynthesis (red + blue), with no significant difference in behavior.
Claims (10)
1. An integrated method for growing plants and producing electrical energy, comprising:
-growing said plants in a growing area comprising at least one Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) on at least one side of the outside thereof, wherein at least one photovoltaic cell (or solar cell) is located, obtaining plants and electric energy;
-recovering said plant;
-recovering said electric energy;
wherein the cultivation area is a greenhouse; and the electric energy recovered by said Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) is used in the above-mentioned method for growing plants,
wherein the luminescent solar concentrator comprises at least one photoluminescent compound having an absorption range in the range of solar radiation (photosynthetically active radiation-PARs: 400nm-700nm) capable of activating photosynthesis, and an emission range capable of activating the photovoltaic cell (or solar cell) which can overlap with the region of maximum quantum efficiency of the photovoltaic cell (or solar cell),
wherein the photoluminescent compound is selected from: an acene compound; a benzothiadiazole compound; benzoheterodiazole compounds disubstituted with benzodithiophene groups; naphthoheterodiazole compounds disubstituted with benzodithiophene groups; naphthothiadiazole compounds disubstituted with thiophene groups; a perylene compound which is a mixture of a perylene compound,
wherein the Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) comprises a matrix made of a transparent material selected from: transparent polymers such as Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), Polycarbonate (PC), polyisobutylmethacrylate, polyethylmethacrylate, polyallyldiglycol carbonate, polymethacrylimide, polycarbonate ether, styrene-acrylonitrile, polystyrene, methylmethacrylate styrene copolymer, polyethersulfone, polysulfone, cellulose triacetate, or mixtures thereof; transparent glass such as silica, quartz, alumina, titania, or mixtures thereof,
wherein the photoluminescent compound is present in the Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) in an amount of 0.1 gram per surface unit to 5 grams per surface unit, the surface unit being referred to in m2The surface of the transparent material substrate is shown,
wherein the method obtains plants and electrical energy without adversely interfering with plant growth.
2. The integrated process of claim 1, wherein the electrical energy recovered by the Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) is used to manage a greenhouse.
3. The integrated process of claim 1, wherein the electrical energy recovered by the Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) is used for ventilation or heating of the greenhouse.
4. An integrated process for growing algae and producing electrical energy, comprising:
-cultivating at least one algae in a cultivation area comprising at least one Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) wherein at least one photovoltaic cell (or solar cell) is located on at least one side of its outer side in the presence of an aqueous medium, obtaining an aqueous suspension of algal biomass and electrical energy;
-recovering the algal biomass from the aqueous suspension of algal biomass;
-recovering said electric energy;
wherein the cultivation area is selected from: an Open Pond (OP), a photoreactor (FR), a photobioreactor (FBR), or combinations thereof; and
the electric energy recovered by the Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) is used in the above-mentioned method for cultivating algae,
wherein the luminescent solar concentrator comprises at least one photoluminescent compound having an absorption range in the range of solar radiation (photosynthetically active radiation-PAR.s: 400nm-700nm) capable of activating photosynthesis, and an emission range capable of activating the photovoltaic cell (or solar cell),
wherein the photoluminescent compound is selected from: an acene compound; a benzothiadiazole compound; benzoheterodiazole compounds disubstituted with benzodithiophene groups; naphthoheterodiazole compounds disubstituted with benzodithiophene groups; naphthothiadiazole compounds disubstituted with thiophene groups; a perylene compound which is a mixture of a perylene compound,
wherein the Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) comprises a matrix made of a transparent material selected from: transparent polymers such as Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), Polycarbonate (PC), polyisobutylmethacrylate, polyethylmethacrylate, polyallyldiglycol carbonate, polymethacrylimide, polycarbonate ether, styrene-acrylonitrile, polystyrene, methylmethacrylate styrene copolymer, polyethersulfone, polysulfone, cellulose triacetate, or mixtures thereof; transparent glass such as silica, quartz, alumina, titania, or mixtures thereof,
wherein the photoluminescent compound is present in the Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) in an amount of 0.1 gram per surface unit to 5 grams per surface unit, the surface unit being referred to in m2The surface of the transparent material substrate is shown,
wherein the method obtains an algal biomass aqueous suspension and electrical energy without adversely interfering with plant growth.
5. The integrated process of claim 4, wherein the electrical energy recovered by the Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) is used in Open Ponds (OP), photoreactors (FR), photobioreactors (FBR).
6. The integrated process of claim 4, wherein the electrical energy recovered by the Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) is used for stirring the suspension of algal biomass formed during the growth process, for distribution of liquids and gases, and for operation of the microalgae collection, concentration and chemical or thermochemical conversion apparatus into biofuel precursors.
7. The integrated process according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein said Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSCs) are interposed between said cultivation area and the sunlight.
8. The integrated process according to claim 7, wherein said Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSCs) are inserted between said cultivation area and the sunlight to cover said cultivation area completely or partially.
9. The integrated method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein said Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) is an integrated part of said cultivation area.
10. The integrated method according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein said Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) at least partially or completely constitutes a roof of said greenhouse or at least partially or completely constitutes a wall of said greenhouse.
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| ITMI2013A001325 | 2013-08-02 | ||
| IT001325A ITMI20131325A1 (en) | 2013-08-02 | 2013-08-02 | INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR CULTIVATION OF ALGAE OR PLANT AND PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY |
| CN201480041872.0A CN105431518A (en) | 2013-08-02 | 2014-07-24 | Integrated system for the cultivation of algae or plants and the production of electric energy |
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| US20060264684A1 (en) | 2005-05-19 | 2006-11-23 | Petri John A | Production of diesel fuel from biorenewable feedstocks |
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| IT1401129B1 (en) | 2010-07-16 | 2013-07-12 | Eni Spa | PROCESS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF BENZOTIADIAZOLIC COMPOUNDS |
| US9306089B2 (en) * | 2010-11-11 | 2016-04-05 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Solar cell module and solar generator |
| US20120199763A1 (en) * | 2011-02-03 | 2012-08-09 | Lind Randall F | Mesofluidic shape memory alloy valve |
| ITMI20111520A1 (en) | 2011-08-08 | 2013-02-09 | Eni Spa | LUMINESCENT SOLAR CONCENTRATOR INCLUDING DISPOSED BENZOTIADIAZOLIC COMPOUNDS |
| JP2015512147A (en) * | 2012-02-03 | 2015-04-23 | ザ・リージェンツ・オブ・ザ・ユニバーシティ・オブ・カリフォルニアＴｈｅ Ｒｅｇｅｎｔｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｏｆ Ｃａｌｉｆｏｒｎｉａ | Luminescence power generation window for plant growth |
| ITMI20130606A1 (en) | 2013-04-12 | 2014-10-13 | Eni Spa | DISCOVERED NAPHTHO-AERODIAZOLIC COMPOUNDS |
| ITMI20130605A1 (en) | 2013-04-12 | 2014-10-13 | Eni Spa | PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF BENZOETERODIAZOLIC COMPOUNDS DISASSEMBLED WITH BENZODYTHOPHENIC GROUPS |
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| EP3027725B1 (en) | 2022-07-13 |
| EP3027725A1 (en) | 2016-06-08 |
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| ES2925374T3 (en) | 2022-10-17 |
| PL3027725T3 (en) | 2022-11-14 |
| US20160168530A1 (en) | 2016-06-16 |
| US20200224148A1 (en) | 2020-07-16 |
| WO2015015372A1 (en) | 2015-02-05 |
| DK3027725T3 (en) | 2022-08-22 |
| CN105431518A (en) | 2016-03-23 |
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