CN110604024A - 一种降低三七根中重金属镉累积的方法 - Google Patents
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G31/00—Soilless cultivation, e.g. hydroponics
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
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- Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种降低三七根重金属镉富集的新方法,即外源施用镁肥可有效降低镉在三七根中的累积。大田实验结果表明,外源施加镁肥后三七根中镉含量得到有效降低。进一步的研究发现镁可以通过抑制硝酸还原酶依赖的一氧化氮(NO)产生降低镉在三七根中的累积。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于降低植物重金属镉累积领域,具体涉及一种降低三七根中重金属镉累积的方法。
背景技术
三七(Panax notoginseng(Burk.)F.H.Chen)是五加科人参属多年生草本药用植物,是云南省特色的中药材之一。三七以根作为主要的药用部位,其活性成分具有散瘀止血、消肿定痛等功效。云南省文山州是我国三七的道地产区,然而该地区含有大量的铅锌矿床,土壤重金属背景较高;加之近年来部分含重金属农药和氮肥的过量施用,使得三七种植区土壤中重金属污染日趋严重,已对三七药品安全和国际贸易产生严重威胁(冯光泉等,2003)。镉(Cd)是环境中生物毒性最强的重金属污染物之一,Cd污染不仅导致作物减产,大量积累于作物中也严重威胁人类健康(Hasan et al.2009)。Cd污染主要来源于Cd矿和冶炼厂。由于Cd常与铅锌共生,冶炼铅锌也是Cd进入环境的一个重要途径。据最近的研究发现,文山州三七道地种植区土壤Cd超标率达75%,且三七药品中Cd的超标率也高达60.7%(朱美霖等,2012)。三七不同于其他作物,其根中Cd含量超标无疑是国内外医药行业和社会关注的焦点,这也决定了控制三七根系Cd污染的重要性。
在植物中,多个负责镉吸收转运的通道蛋白被克隆,其中包括NARAMP1,HMA3,IRT1和ZIP等(Clemens and Ma 2016;Mendoza-Cozatl et al.2011;Thomine et al.2000;Uenoet al.2011)。此外,由果胶、纤维素和半纤维素等多糖组成的细胞壁也是重金属辐照的靶点。本实验室的前期研究结果表明,三七细胞壁富集的镉占根中总镉含量的65%,且外源提高根中NO的含量通过促进半纤维素1和果胶的合成以及果胶甲酯酶的活性增加镉在三七根中的累积(Kan et al.2016)。
因此,对于提高植物的生长和降低重金属污染对于三七的品质保证非常重要。
发明内容
本发明公开了一种降低三七根中镉富集的新方法,即土壤施镁可以降低三七根中重金属镉的积累。本发明采用在土壤中施加镁肥量为27kg/亩MgO,与不施加的相比,施加镁肥的土壤收获的三七中镉含量明显下降。
为了实现本发明的上述目的,本发明的技术方案如下:
1、土壤栽培三七
(1)选取同时种下的镉超标三七试验地,施加一定量的镁肥,一个月后取样;
(2)测定不同处理下三七根中Cd和Mg含量。
2、水培三七
水培三七可以用一定含量的镉和镁去处理三七,能够更加清楚的揭示镁降低镉在三七根中累积的机理,其具体方案如下:
(1)配制摩尔浓度为2mM的MgCl2溶液,摩尔浓度为50uM的CdCl2溶液;
(2)挑取同时播种下一年生三七小苗,在pH为5.8的1/2Hoagland(-Mg)营养液中水培一个星期,之后转移到加入一定浓度CdCl2、不同浓度MgCl2的相同水培环境下处理24小时;
(3)测定不同处理下三七根中Cd含量、NO浓度、Mg含量及三七硝酸还原酶活性,并分析NO含量与三七硝酸还原酶活性间的相关性。
本发明的有益效果:本发明提供的可降低三七根中镉富集的新方法成本较低,使用方法简单,解决的主要问题在于可以降低三七根中镉的富集从而提高产品质量;同时我们还提供了镁降低三七根中镉富集的相关机理,对于生产具有很大的指导意义。
本发明所述可降低三七根中镉富集的新方法,具有投入低、操作简单、效率高等特点,镁作为植物必须的营养元素,已被开发成一种新型肥料。已有很多研究证实,镁肥的应用可以促进植物生长,达到增产的效果。而本发明利用镁来降低镉富集,为镁肥的应用提供了新的思路,在一定程度上为解决三七重金属镉毒害提供了一个有效的新方法,最终达到既能增加产量,又能提高产品质量的目的。另一方面,可以提高土地利用率,有助于土地的可持续发展。
附图说明
图1是本发明土壤施MgO处理一个月后三七根中Mg和Cd的含量测定;其中(a)图为Mg含量,(b)图为Cd含量;
图2是本发明水培添加CdCl2和MgCl2处理1d后三七根中Mg和Cd的含量测定;其中(a)图为Mg含量,(b)图为Cd含量;
图3是本发明水培添加CdCl2和MgCl2处理1d后三七根中NO浓度和三七硝酸还原酶(NR)活性测定,以及NO浓度与三七硝酸还原酶(NR)活性之间的相关性分析;其中(a)图为NO浓度,(b)图为三七硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,(c)图为NO浓度与三七硝酸还原酶(NR)活性之间的相关性;
图2和图3上字母a/b/c/d代表每个处理之间是否具有显著性差异,若两不同处理标注的是相同字母,则说明数据没有显著性差异,若为不同字母,则差异显著。
具体实施方式
下面通过附图和实施例对本发明作进一步详细说明,但本发明保护范围不局限于所述内容。实施例中方法如无特殊说明,按常规操作进行,如无特殊说明使用试剂均为常规市购试剂或按常规方法配制的试剂。
实施例1:田间施镁对三七根中Cd富集的影响,包括如下步骤:
(1)材料为一年生三七,施镁方式为土壤施镁,所用试剂为硫酸镁,施用量为27Kg/亩MgO;
(2)肥料施用完一个月后进行根部取样,采集的样品放在干冰中保存;
实施例2:采用实施例1取得的样品进行Mg和Cd含量的检测,包括如下步骤:
A、用去离子水对实施例1所取样品冲洗3次洗去表面附着的金属离子,用吸水纸吸干并称重。
B、将根系样品置于灰化炉中并在550摄氏度高温下灰化20小时。灰化完成后,冷却至室温,加入2ml浓度为2mM的盐酸浸提过夜。然后转移到5ml容量瓶中,用去离子水定容至5ml。送至昆明理工大学分析测试中心,用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AEC,型号为PS-1000,美国)测定根中Mg和Cd含量。
C、将B中测得的含量数值除以样品重量即为实际Mg和Cd含量。
图1中(a)为三七根中所测Mg含量,(b)为Cd含量;结果表明,土壤施加MgO后,与对照组相比,三七根中Cd含量降低了58.42%,Mg含量提高了22.46%。
实施例3:用1/2Hoagland(-Mg)营养液水培三七,用Mg和Cd处理,包括如下步骤:
(1)实验材料为一年生三七;选择株高8-12cm的三七幼苗挖出,移栽到pH为5.8的1/2Hoagland(-Mg)营养液中水培,每隔两天更换一次营养液;培养一周后转移到不同处理液中处理24小时;
(2)配制摩尔浓度为2mM的MgCl2溶液、50μM的CdCl2溶液及100μM的5’-AMP溶液(5’-AMP为5’-腺苷酸,也称为腺苷-5’-单磷酸,此处采用的是带一个水分子的5’-腺苷酸。5’-AMP可以作为14-3-3蛋白与硝酸还原酶(NR)互作的抑制剂,即抑制14-3-3蛋白与硝酸还原酶间的相互作用,从而释放硝酸还原酶的活性。14-3-3蛋白在植物中是一类蛋白家族,被认为是植物初级代谢和其他细胞过程的主要调节因子,如有丝分裂,信号转导,细胞凋亡和细胞周期进程,在本申请中其可与磷酸化形式的硝酸还原酶相互作用,从而抑制硝酸还原酶活性,而这个过程需要Mg2+的参与);
(3)设5个处理,分别为CK(空白对照)、+Mg、+Cd、+Mg+Cd、+Cd+5’-AMP,试剂浓度为步骤(2)中配制浓度。
实施例4:采用实施例3处理后的三七根部测定Mg的含量,包括如下步骤:
A、分别对实施例3中除+Cd+5’-AMP以外的各处理进行取样,取下完整根系部分,用去离子水冲洗3次洗去表面附着的金属离子,用吸水纸吸干并称重。
B、将根系样品置于灰化炉中并在550摄氏度高温下灰化20小时。灰化完成后,冷却至室温,加入2ml浓度为2mM的盐酸浸提过夜。然后转移到5ml容量瓶中,用去离子水定容至5ml。送至昆明理工大学分析测试中心,用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AEC,型号为PS-1000,美国)测定根中Mg含量。
C、将B中测得的含量数值除以样品重量即为实际Mg含量
图2(a)所示,在三七水培过程中,Cd会抑制Mg的吸收,外源添加Mg在一定程度上可以打破这种抑制作用。
实施例5:采用实施例3处理后的三七根部测定Cd的含量,包括如下步骤:
A、分别对实施例3中除+Mg以外的各处理进行取样,取下完整根系部分,用去离子水冲洗3次洗去表面附着的金属离子,用吸水纸吸干并称重;
B、Cd含量测定方法与实施例4中B步骤所描述的一致;
C、将B中测得的含量数值除以样品重量即为实际Cd含量
图2(b)所示,水培过程中,外源Cd的添加确实会提高三七根中Cd的富集,即环境中的Cd会在三七根中产生富集;而在此基础上添加2mM Mg后,可以很大程度上降低Cd在三七根中的富集作用。
实施例6:采用实施例3处理后的三七根部测定一氧化氮NO浓度及亚硝酸还原酶NR(nitrite reductase)活性,包括如下步骤:
A、根尖NO含量的定量测定:使用碧云天生物技术研究所(中国,上海)生产的一氧化氮(NO)含量检测试剂盒,样品处理好后用Multiskan GO 1510型酶标仪(Thermo)进行检测;
B、硝酸还原酶活性NR的定量测定:将根用含有50mM Hepes-KOH(pH7.5),5%(v/v)甘油,10mM MgCl2,1mM二硫苏糖醇(DTT),1mM苯甲基磺酰氟(PMSF),10μM黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(FAD)的提取液均质化。将匀浆在13,000×g,4℃下离心20分钟。通过将200μL上清液与500μL含有50mM Mops-KOH缓冲液(pH 7.5),10mM KNO3和0.2mM NADH的反应缓冲液混合以在2mL离心管中引发反应来检测硝酸盐还原酶的活性。在25℃下温育30分钟后,通过加入50μL0.5M乙酸锌终止反应;向该溶液中加入1mL 1%(w/v)磺胺和0.02%(w/v)α-萘胺,15分钟后,使用分光光度计在540nm下测量混合物的吸光度;
C、NO含量(μmol/L)=((测定OD值-对照OD值)/(标准OD值-空白OD值))*标准品浓度*样本测定前稀释倍数;
NR活力(U/mg)=((测定OD值-对照OD值)/(标准OD值-空白OD值))*标准品浓度*(取样量/(样品鲜重*反应时间))*样本测定前稀释倍数;
硝酸还原酶(NR)可以催化硝酸离子还原成亚硝酸离子反应,是介导NO产生的一个主要途径;而之前的研究结果表明,Cd诱导的NO产生是由NR所介导的;本实验室Kan Q(2016)等在三七中发现,镉诱导的NO产生会影响细胞壁特性进而促进三七根中的镉的积累。所以,一方面,Cd可以诱导三七硝酸还原酶NR活性提高,从而介导NO产生;另一方面,因镉诱导所产生的NO会影响细胞壁特性进而促进三七根中的镉的积累。
图3(a)所示,加Cd后,三七根中NO含量明显提高,而这种提高可以在加入镁后被有效抑制,且+Cd+5’-AMP的处理NO的提高程度一致,结合图二的结果,表明Mg是通过降低三七根中NO含量来降低Cd的富集;
图3(b)所示,与空白对照相比,三七根中NR活力在加入Cd后明显提高,而同时加入Mg后这种提高被抑制,这与图3(a)的结果一致;
图3(c)所示,,实施例3中各处理间测得的NO浓度与NR间具有很好的线性关系,NO浓度随NR活性的提高而提高,表明三七根中NO浓度的改变是由根中NR活性的变化导致的;
从上述实验结果中可以得出,Mg通过降低Cd诱导的三七硝酸还原酶NR介导的NO产生来降低Cd在三七根中的积累。
以上所述,仅为本发明的较佳实施例,仅用于解释本发明的技术方案,任何不经过创造性劳动的替换和变化,均应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内,因此,本发明的保护范围应该以权利要求所限定的范围为准。
Claims (5)
1.镁降低三七根重金属镉累积的应用。
2.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于:镁通过降低镉诱导的三七硝酸还原酶介导的NO产生来降低Cd在三七根中的积累。
3.一种降低三七根重重金属积累的方法,其特征在于:向种植三七的土壤增施镁肥。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于:所施镁肥为硫酸镁,施加方式为土壤施肥,施用时间为一个月,施用对象为一年生三七。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于:镁肥的施用量为27kg/亩氧化镁。
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