CN110599553B - Skin color extraction and detection method based on YCbCr - Google Patents

Skin color extraction and detection method based on YCbCr Download PDF

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CN110599553B
CN110599553B CN201910851662.2A CN201910851662A CN110599553B CN 110599553 B CN110599553 B CN 110599553B CN 201910851662 A CN201910851662 A CN 201910851662A CN 110599553 B CN110599553 B CN 110599553B
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高美凤
付天豪
于力革
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Jiangnan University
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Abstract

The invention discloses a skin color extraction and detection method based on YCbCr, belonging to the technical field of image processing. The method adopts different formulas to extract Cr and Cb components according to the range of a brightness component Y to realize the extraction of the image skin color area, adopts an improved conversion formula from an RGB color space to a YCbCr color space to obtain the Cr and Cb components for Y less than or equal to 20 or Y more than or equal to 180, ensures that the skin color is still clearly segmented under the environments of strong light and weak light, improves the robustness of skin color identification, effectively solves the problem that the extraction of the image skin color area can not be realized under the environments of strong light and weak light, and ensures that the skin color detection technology can more accurately identify the human body skin color area in the application of the technical field of image processing.

Description

Skin color extraction and detection method based on YCbCr
Technical Field
The invention relates to a skin color extraction and detection method based on YCbCr, belonging to the technical field of image processing.
Background
Skin color extraction is the basis of skin color detection, while skin color detection refers to the process of selecting a pixel region corresponding to human skin in an image, and with the rapid development of image processing technology, skin color detection technology is widely applied to face detection and recognition, face tracking, facial expression recognition, gesture recognition, man-machine interaction, image retrieval based on image content, video monitoring and the like, but image information acquired by a camera is constantly influenced by complex environments, in the case of a captured image with a large variation in illumination intensity, it is difficult to capture skin color information, therefore, the specific meaning expressed by the human body is difficult to identify, and in order to meet the requirement that people can still effectively identify the skin color of the human body under different illumination intensity environments, skin color information in the image needs to be effectively extracted to highlight the skin color area of the human body, so that the meaning to be expressed is better expressed.
In recent years, segmentation of skin color of images using the YCbCr color space, i.e., YUV, where "Y" represents brightness, i.e., a gray scale value, has been a research focus; and "U" and "V" denote chromaticity, which is used to specify the color of the pixel. The Y component is created through the RGB input signal by superimposing specific parts of the RGB signal together. "chroma" defines the hue and saturation of a color, represented by Cr and Cb, respectively. Because the skin color pixel points are distributed in an approximately elliptical area range on the plane of the YCbCr color space, skin color targets such as human faces, gestures and the like can be effectively segmented.
The color spaces adopted by the images based on skin color segmentation at present mainly comprise YCbCr color spaces and HSV color spaces, but the good effect is not achieved on the processing under the environments of strong light and weak light.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a skin color extraction and detection method based on YCbCr, aiming at solving the problems that skin color targets such as human faces, gestures and the like cannot be effectively segmented under the strong light and weak light environment and the robustness of extracting a skin color area is not high at present.
The invention provides a YCbCr-based skin color extraction method, which adopts different formulas to extract Cr and Cb components according to the range of a brightness component Y after obtaining the brightness component Y of an image so as to realize the extraction of a skin color area of the image, and comprises the following steps:
when Y is less than or equal to 20 or Y is greater than or equal to 180, Cr and Cb components are obtained by adopting an improved conversion formula from RGB color space to YCbCr color space;
when 20< Y <180, Cr and Cb components are obtained by using YCbCr color space conversion formula recommended by international standard ITU-R BT.601.
Optionally, when Y is less than or equal to 20 or Y is greater than or equal to 180, the improved conversion formula from the RGB color space to the YCbCr color space is used to obtain the Cr and Cb components, and the improved conversion formula from the RGB color space to the YCbCr color space is:
Figure BDA0002197154330000021
Figure BDA0002197154330000022
wherein, theta0、θ1、λ1、λ0Is a parameter, θ, determined by the variation of different illumination0、θ1、λ1、λ0The solving formula of (2) is as follows:
Figure BDA0002197154330000023
Figure BDA0002197154330000024
Figure BDA0002197154330000025
Figure BDA0002197154330000026
wherein: y is(Cr)iIs to determine a certain brightness YiThe logarithm of the Cr component of the image under component, obtained by the YCbCr color space conversion formula used in International Standard ITU-R BT.601, is obtained
Figure BDA00021971543300000210
x(Cr)iIs the same brightness YiThe component being reciprocal, i.e.
Figure BDA0002197154330000027
y(Cb)iIs to determine the brightness YiYCbCr color space conversion in component down images by using international standard ITU-R BT.601The Cb component being a negative logarithm of the value, i.e. obtained by the formula
Figure BDA0002197154330000028
x(Cb)iIs the same brightness YiThe component being reciprocal, i.e.
Figure BDA0002197154330000029
m is obtaining different brightness YiNumber of sample skin tone pictures.
Optionally, when 20< Y <180, the YCbCr color space conversion formula used by the international standard ITU-R bt.601 is adopted to obtain the Cr and Cb components, and the YCbCr color space conversion formula used by the international standard ITU-R bt.601 is
Cb＝-0.148R-0.291G+0.439B+128
Cr＝0.439R-0.368G-0.071B+128
R, G, B are original pixel values in RGB space.
Optionally, the obtaining the luminance component Y of the image includes:
and acquiring an original skin color image, and filtering the original skin color image to ensure that the pixel weight with higher similarity degree in the image is higher, the edge is more obvious, the contrast is higher, and the smooth image is obtained.
Optionally, a bilateral filter is used for filtering the original skin color map, and a transfer function expression of the bilateral filter is as follows:
Figure BDA0002197154330000031
wherein the weighting factor w (i, j, k, l) depends on the product of the domain kernel d (i, j, k, l) and the value domain kernel r (i, j, k, l), i.e.:
Figure BDA0002197154330000032
Figure BDA0002197154330000033
Figure BDA0002197154330000034
wherein f represents an original skin color map, g (i, j) represents a processed image, (i, j) represents a position of a certain pixel point to be processed in g (i, j), f (k, l) represents a gray value of a neighborhood pixel of the pixel point at the position (i, j) in f, and σ represents the gray value of a neighborhood pixel of the pixel point at the position (i, j) in fdIs a smoothing coefficient, σ, defining a domain kernelrIs the smoothing parameter of the value domain kernel, and e is the euler constant.
The second purpose of the invention is to provide a skin color detection method based on YCbCr, which adopts the skin color extraction method based on YCbCr to extract skin color.
Optionally, the method further includes:
and performing Gaussian filtering on the extracted Cr and Cb components, reducing the spatial change of the Cr and Cb component pixels, weakening random noise, and performing image binarization by adopting a maximum inter-class variance method to obtain a skin-color binarization picture.
Optionally, the kernel function of the gaussian filtering is as follows:
Figure BDA0002197154330000035
wherein the vector
Figure BDA0002197154330000036
Representing the mask coordinate (x, y) point,
Figure BDA0002197154330000037
is the mask center point coordinate, i.e., the mean of the mask coordinates.
Optionally, a high-definition camera is used for acquiring the original skin color image.
The third purpose of the present invention is to provide an application of the YCbCr-based skin color extraction method and/or the YCbCr-based skin color detection method in the technical field of image processing.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
after the brightness component Y of the image is obtained, Cr and Cb components are extracted by adopting different formulas according to the range of the brightness component Y so as to realize the extraction of the skin color area of the image, thereby effectively improving the robustness of extracting the skin color area under different illumination intensities; specifically, when Y is less than or equal to 20 or Y is greater than or equal to 180, Cr and Cb components are obtained by adopting an improved conversion formula from an RGB color space to a YCbCr color space; when 20< Y <180, obtaining Cr and Cb components by adopting a YCbCr color space conversion formula used in the international standard ITU-R BT.601; aiming at the characteristic that the image is fuzzy under the strong light and weak light environments, the invention realizes the segmentation of the skin color by adopting different modes according to the brightness separation range, improves the robustness of the skin color identification, effectively solves the problem that the extraction of the image skin color area can not be realized under the strong light and weak light environments, and ensures that the subsequent application in face detection and identification, face tracking, facial expression identification, gesture identification, man-machine interaction, image retrieval based on image content and video monitoring can more accurately identify the human body skin color area.
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In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings based on these drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a skin color detection method based on YCbCr according to the present application.
FIG. 2 is a skin color original in the range of 150. ltoreq. Y.ltoreq.190.
Fig. 3 is a skin color map after bilateral filtering of fig. 2 using international standard ITU-R bt.601.
FIG. 4 is a gray scale and skin color combination diagram of Cb and Cr obtained by using skin color detection formula of Y in the range of 150 ≤ Y ≤ 190 of International Standard ITU-R BT.601.
Fig. 5 is a diagram after binarization in step (4).
FIG. 6 is a skin color original in the range of 0. ltoreq. Y.ltoreq.20.
Fig. 7 is a skin tone map for bilateral filtering of fig. 6 using international standard ITU-R bt.601.
Fig. 8 is a gray scale skin color combination plot of Cb, Cr obtained from fig. 7 using the improved skin color detection formula given in this application with Y in the range less than 20.
Fig. 9 is a grey scale skin color combination map of Cb, Cr obtained from fig. 7 using the YCbCr color space conversion formula used by international standard ITU-R bt.601.
Fig. 10 is a diagram of fig. 8 after the binarization at step (4).
Fig. 11 is a diagram of fig. 9 after the binarization at step (4).
FIG. 12 is a skin color original in the range of 180 ≦ Y ≦ 200.
Fig. 13 is a skin tone map for bilateral filtering of fig. 12 using international standard ITU-R bt.601.
FIG. 14 is a combined graph of the gray level skin color of Cb and Cr obtained by using the skin color detection formula given in the international standard ITU-R BT.601 in the range of Y being more than or equal to 180 and less than or equal to 200.
Fig. 15 is a diagram of fig. 14 after the binarization at step (4).
FIG. 16 is a gray scale skin color combination graph of Cb and Cr obtained by using skin color detection formula with the range of Y being more than or equal to 180 and less than or equal to 200 provided by the application
Fig. 17 is a diagram of fig. 16 after the binarization at step (4).
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The first embodiment is as follows:
the embodiment provides a skin color detection method based on YCbCr, which comprises the steps of converting an RGB color space into an YCbCr color space, obtaining a brightness component of an image, and extracting Cr and Cb components by adopting different formulas according to the range of the brightness component Y so as to extract a skin color area of the image;
the following example of the extraction of skin color blocks under different illumination intensities illustrates the specific implementation of the method of the present invention, and the experimental environment includes: the CPU adopts i5-7200U, adopts Python language to write programs, processes images in a Spyder program debugging environment, and adopts a Window10 operating system in a system running environment. The whole improved skin color segmentation method hardware part experimental environment comprises the following steps: the camera adopts Roots (Logitech) C270iIPTV high-definition network camera, adopts an LED annular light source of DHO-RI12030 of great Heng group Limited company in China to adjust the brightness, and the invention is further described with reference to the attached drawings, and please refer to FIG. 1:
step 1: acquiring an original skin color image, and filtering the original skin color image;
in this embodiment, the skin color original image (i.e., fig. 2) with Y being greater than or equal to 150 and less than or equal to 190, the skin color original image (i.e., fig. 6) with Y being greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 20, and the skin color original image (i.e., fig. 12) with Y being greater than or equal to 180 and less than or equal to 200 are selected for extracting skin color.
Filtering the original skin color image to ensure that the pixel weight with higher similarity degree in the image is higher, the edge is more obvious and the contrast is higher:
specifically, a bilateral filter is used for image filtering, a software program calls a bilatelfilter () function of a cv2 module of the OpenCV, and the bilateral filter is used for image filtering, wherein the diameter of a pixel to be filtered is 5 pixels, and the result graphs after filtering in fig. 2, 6, and 12 are respectively shown in fig. 3, 7, and 13, and the transfer function expression of the bilateral filter is as follows:
Figure BDA0002197154330000051
wherein the weighting factor w (i, j, k, l) depends on the product of the domain kernel d (i, j, k, l) and the value domain kernel r (i, j, k, l), i.e.:
Figure BDA0002197154330000052
Figure BDA0002197154330000053
Figure BDA0002197154330000054
wherein f represents an original skin color map, g (i, j) represents a processed image, (i, j) represents a position of a certain pixel point to be processed in g (i, j), f (k, l) represents a gray value of a neighborhood pixel of the pixel point at the position (i, j) in f, and σ represents the gray value of a neighborhood pixel of the pixel point at the position (i, j) in fdIs a smoothing coefficient, σ, defining the kernel of the domainrIs the smoothing parameter of the value domain kernel, and e is the euler constant.
Step 2: aiming at the images 3, 7 and 13 obtained by the bilateral filtering in the step 1, the conversion of the RGB color space and the YCbCr color space is carried out to obtain the converted brightness component, and the conversion formula is as follows:
Y＝0.257R+0.504G+0.098B+16
r, G, B are original pixel values in RGB space, and Y is pixel value of YCbCr space brightness component.
And step 3: judging the approximate range of the luminance Y component of the skin color picture after conversion in step 2, wherein the approximate range of the Y component in fig. 3 is as follows: y is more than or equal to 150 and less than or equal to 190, and for the skin color picture in the brightness component range, a YCbCr color space conversion formula recommended by the international standard ITU-R BT.601 in the prior art is adopted to obtain Cr and Cb components, wherein the conversion formula is as follows:
Cb＝-0.148R-0.291G+0.439B+128
Cr＝0.439R-0.368G-0.071B+128
obtaining a gray scale image of the combination of the Cr and Cb components after conversion, as shown in FIG. 4;
and the approximate range of the Y component of fig. 7 is: y is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 20, Cr and Cb components are obtained by adopting an improved conversion formula from RGB color space to YCbCr color space, and a gray scale image combining the Cr and Cb components is obtained after conversion, as shown in FIG. 8; wherein the conversion formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0002197154330000061
Figure BDA0002197154330000062
wherein, theta0、θ1、λ1、λ0Is a parameter, θ, determined by the variation of different illumination0、θ1、λ1、λ0The solving formula of (2) is as follows:
Figure BDA0002197154330000063
Figure BDA0002197154330000064
Figure BDA0002197154330000065
Figure BDA0002197154330000066
wherein: y is(Cr)iIs to determine a certain brightness YiThe logarithm of the Cr component in the component-down image obtained by the YCbCr color space conversion formula used in International Standard ITU-R BT.601 in step (3), i.e. the value obtained by taking the logarithm of the Cr component
Figure BDA0002197154330000067
Figure BDA0002197154330000068
x(Cr)iIs the same brightness YiThe component being reciprocal, i.e.
Figure BDA0002197154330000069
y(Cb)iIs to determine the brightness YiThe color space conversion formula of YCbCr used in international standard ITU-R BT.601 in step (3) in the image under componentThe Cb component taking a logarithmic value, i.e.
Figure BDA00021971543300000610
x(Cb)iIs the same brightness YiThe component being reciprocal, i.e.
Figure BDA0002197154330000071
m is obtaining different brightness YiNumber of sample skin tone pictures.
The approximate range of the Y component of fig. 12 is: y is more than or equal to 180 and less than or equal to 200, Cr and Cb component combined graphs are obtained by respectively adopting a conversion formula from an RGB color space to a YCbCr color space of a YCbCr color space conversion formula used in the international standard ITU-R BT.601, as shown in figure 14, and a binary graph of Cr and Cb component combined is obtained after conversion, as shown in figure 15; and the improved conversion formula from RGB color space to YCbCr color space herein is to obtain the Cr, Cb component combination map as shown in fig. 16, and obtain the binarized map after conversion of Cr and Cb components as shown in fig. 17, while if the conversion formula from YCbCr color space, which is not optimized in international standard ITU-R bt.601, is used in fig. 7 to obtain the gray scale map obtained by combining Cr, Cb components, and the obtained gray scale map is shown in fig. 9, it is known that the improved conversion formula from RGB color space to YCbCr color space provided by the present application has a good effect of extracting the skin color picture with Y components in the range of 0 ≦ Y ≦ 20 compared to the gray scale map obtained by combining Cr, Cb components using the improved conversion formula from RGB color space to YCbCr color space provided by the present application, i.e. fig. 8. As can be seen from comparison of FIG. 15 and FIG. 17, it is also effective in extracting skin color under strong light 180. ltoreq. Y.ltoreq.200.
In this embodiment, m is 600, and one group of parameters obtained and adopted from the skin color sample picture under the condition of 600 different brightnesses is: theta0＝2.92；θ1＝-52.07，λ0＝2.42，λ1＝-28.27。
And (4) performing Gaussian filtering on the gray level image 4, the gray level image 8 and the gray level image 9 combined by the Cr and Cb components in the step (3), and performing binarization on the image to obtain a picture after skin color binarization, wherein the obtained result is shown as a binarization image 5, a binarization image 10 and a binarization image 11. Wherein the gaussian filter kernel function is as follows:
Figure BDA0002197154330000072
wherein the vector
Figure BDA0002197154330000073
Representing the mask coordinate (x, y) point,
Figure BDA0002197154330000074
is the mask center point coordinate, i.e., the mean of the mask coordinates.
Fig. 10 is a result diagram after binarization in fig. 8, fig. 11 is a result diagram after binarization in fig. 9, and comparing fig. 10 and fig. 11 with comparing fig. 15 and fig. 17, it can be known that in the skin color detection method based on YCbCr provided in the present application, the Cr and Cb components are obtained by an improved conversion formula from an RGB color space to an YCbCr color space, and then a gray scale image in which the Cr and Cb components are combined is obtained, so that robustness of extracting skin color regions under different illumination intensities is effectively improved, and a segmentation effect is significantly improved.
Some steps in the embodiments of the present invention may be implemented by software, and the corresponding software program may be stored in a readable storage medium, such as an optical disc or a hard disk.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.

Claims (10)

1. A skin color extraction method based on YCbCr is characterized in that after a brightness component Y of an image is obtained, Cr and Cb components are extracted by adopting different formulas according to the range of the brightness component Y so as to realize the extraction of a skin color area of the image, and the method comprises the following steps:
when Y is less than or equal to 20 or Y is greater than or equal to 180, Cr and Cb components are obtained by adopting an improved conversion formula from RGB color space to YCbCr color space;
when Y is more than 20 and less than 180, obtaining Cr and Cb components by adopting a YCbCr color space conversion formula used by the international standard ITU-R BT.601;
the improved conversion formula from the RGB color space to the YCbCr color space is as follows:
Figure FDA0003149238060000011
Figure FDA0003149238060000012
wherein, theta0、θ1、λ1、λ0Is a parameter, θ, determined by the variation of different illumination0、θ1、λ1、λ0The solving formula of (2) is as follows:
Figure FDA0003149238060000013
Figure FDA0003149238060000014
Figure FDA0003149238060000015
Figure FDA0003149238060000016
wherein: y is(Cr)iIs to determine a certain brightness YiThe logarithm of the Cr component of the image under component, obtained by the YCbCr color space conversion formula used in International Standard ITU-R BT.601, is obtained
Figure FDA0003149238060000017
x(Cr)iIs the same brightness YiThe component being reciprocal, i.e.
Figure FDA0003149238060000018
y(Cb)iIs to determine the brightness YiThe Cb component obtained by YCbCr color space conversion formula used by International Standard ITU-R BT.601 in the image under the component is a value obtained by taking the negative logarithm, namely
Figure FDA0003149238060000019
x(Cb)iIs the same brightness YiThe component being reciprocal, i.e.
Figure FDA00031492380600000110
Figure FDA00031492380600000111
m is obtaining different brightness YiNumber of sample skin tone pictures.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein when 20< Y <180, the Cr and Cb components are obtained by using YCbCr color space conversion formula used in international standard ITU-R bt.601, and the YCbCr color space conversion formula used in international standard ITU-R bt.601 is
Cb＝-0.148R-0.291G+0.439B+128
Cr＝0.439R-0.368G-0.071B+128
R, G, B are original pixel values in RGB space.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein obtaining the luminance component Y of the image comprises:
and acquiring an original skin color image, and filtering the original skin color image to ensure that the pixel weight with higher similarity degree in the image is higher, the edge is more obvious, the contrast is higher, and the smooth image is obtained.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the filtering of the raw skin map employs a bilateral filter whose transfer function is expressed as follows:
Figure FDA0003149238060000021
wherein the weighting factor w (i, j, k, l) depends on the product of the domain kernel d (i, j, k, l) and the value domain kernel r (i, j, k, l), i.e.:
Figure FDA0003149238060000022
Figure FDA0003149238060000023
Figure FDA0003149238060000024
wherein f represents an original skin color map, g (i, j) represents a processed image, (i, j) represents a position of a certain pixel point to be processed in g (i, j), f (k, l) represents a gray value of a neighborhood pixel of the pixel point at the position (i, j) in f, and σ represents the gray value of a neighborhood pixel of the pixel point at the position (i, j) in fdIs a smoothing coefficient, σ, defining a domain kernelrIs the smoothing parameter of the value domain kernel, and e is the euler constant.
5. A YCbCr-based skin color detection method, characterized in that the YCbCr-based skin color detection method adopts the method of any one of claims 1-4 to extract skin color.
6. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
and performing Gaussian filtering on the extracted Cr and Cb components, reducing the spatial change of the Cr and Cb component pixels, weakening random noise, and performing image binarization by adopting a maximum inter-class variance method to obtain a skin-color binarization picture.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the kernel function of the Gaussian filter is as follows:
Figure FDA0003149238060000025
wherein the vector
Figure FDA0003149238060000031
Representing the mask coordinate (x, y) point,
Figure FDA0003149238060000032
is the mask center point coordinate, i.e., the mean of the mask coordinates.
8. The YCbCr-based skin color extraction method according to any of the claims 1-4, wherein the original skin color image is obtained by using a high-definition camera.
9. The application of a skin color extraction method in the technical field of image processing is characterized in that the skin color extraction method is the YCbCr-based skin color extraction method according to any one of claims 1 to 4.
10. Use of a skin color detection method in the field of image processing technology, wherein the skin color detection method is the YCbCr-based skin color detection method according to any one of claims 6 to 9.
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