CN110577756A - Composite modifier for modifying surface of calcium carbonate - Google Patents
Composite modifier for modifying surface of calcium carbonate Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN110577756A CN110577756A CN201910926932.1A CN201910926932A CN110577756A CN 110577756 A CN110577756 A CN 110577756A CN 201910926932 A CN201910926932 A CN 201910926932A CN 110577756 A CN110577756 A CN 110577756A
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- Prior art keywords
- modifier
- calcium carbonate
- composite
- coupling agent
- ore
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 title claims abstract description 106
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 80
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000007822 coupling agent Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 19
- 239000002969 artificial stone Substances 0.000 description 18
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006087 Silane Coupling Agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000004645 aluminates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010438 granite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001444 polymaleic acid Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 2
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B20/00—Use of materials as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone according to more than one of groups C04B14/00 - C04B18/00 and characterised by shape or grain distribution; Treatment of materials according to more than one of the groups C04B14/00 - C04B18/00 specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Expanding or defibrillating materials
- C04B20/02—Treatment
- C04B20/023—Chemical treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B20/00—Use of materials as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone according to more than one of groups C04B14/00 - C04B18/00 and characterised by shape or grain distribution; Treatment of materials according to more than one of the groups C04B14/00 - C04B18/00 specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Expanding or defibrillating materials
- C04B20/02—Treatment
- C04B20/026—Comminuting, e.g. by grinding or breaking; Defibrillating fibres other than asbestos
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
- C09C1/02—Compounds of alkaline earth metals or magnesium
- C09C1/021—Calcium carbonates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C3/00—Treatment in general of inorganic materials, other than fibrous fillers, to enhance their pigmenting or filling properties
- C09C3/006—Combinations of treatments provided for in groups C09C3/04 - C09C3/12
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C3/00—Treatment in general of inorganic materials, other than fibrous fillers, to enhance their pigmenting or filling properties
- C09C3/08—Treatment with low-molecular-weight non-polymer organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C3/00—Treatment in general of inorganic materials, other than fibrous fillers, to enhance their pigmenting or filling properties
- C09C3/10—Treatment with macromolecular organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/19—Oil-absorption capacity, e.g. DBP values
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Pigments, Carbon Blacks, Or Wood Stains (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a composite modifier for modifying the surface of calcium carbonate, which is prepared from a modifier A and a modifier B according to the mass ratio of 8-10: 5-7. Compared with the existing single-component modifier, the composite modifier has better modification effect, has simple and uncomplicated components and excellent modification effect, and can reduce the cost.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of preparation of calcium carbonate modifiers, and particularly relates to a composite modifier for surface modification of calcium carbonate.
Background
The untreated heavy calcium carbonate has poor compatibility with polymers due to the hydrophilic and oleophobic surfaces, and is difficult to disperse in composite materials. The poorly dispersed heavy calcium carbonate not only seriously affects the appearance of the product, but also easily forms internal defects of the material due to the large-size aggregate, and cannot achieve ideal reinforcing effect on polymer materials. To solve these problems, surface modification is the inevitable choice for achieving functionalized filling of the polymer material with ground calcium carbonate, and is an important unit of operation in determining the product quality in the process of preparing ground calcium carbonate. The surface modification effect is the main aspect for distinguishing the grade of the heavy calcium carbonate product.
The calcium carbonate is the most main filler of the resin-based artificial stone, and the larger the filling amount is, the less the resin is used, the lower the production cost is, and the more environment-friendly is. Because of the inorganic characteristic of calcium carbonate powder, the compatibility of the calcium carbonate powder with organic resin is poor, and the calcium carbonate powder needs to be modified, however, the existing multi-component (more than two) composite modifier has the defects of complex components and high preparation cost; the single-component modifier has the problems of poor modification effect and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a composite modifier for calcium carbonate surface modification, which aims to solve the problems of complex components and high preparation cost of the existing multi-component (more than two) composite modifier; the single-component modifier has the problems of poor modification effect and the like.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
A composite modifier for modifying the surface of calcium carbonate is prepared from modifier A and modifier B in a mass ratio of 8-10: 5-7.
The technical principle of the invention is as follows: the dosage of the modifier has very important influence on the modification effect, and when the dosage is too small, the modification efficiency is not obvious; when the amount is too large, the modifier cannot play a role in modification, and may react with other modifiers at the downstream to generate adverse effects, so that experimental research on different modifiers of various materials and the amount of the modifiers is objectively required. According to the invention, researches show that the selected titanate coupling agent is superior to other modifiers, and the optimal addition amount is 0.8-1% of the mass of the ore raw material; acrylamide is selected to be superior to other modifiers, the optimal addition amount is 0.5-0.7% of the mass of the ore raw materials, and the addition amount is selected to greatly reduce the production cost.
Compared with the existing single-component modifier, the composite modifier has better modification effect, and compared with the existing multi-component (more than two) composite modifier, the composite modifier has simple and uncomplicated components and excellent modification effect. The modifier mainly takes the modifier A as the main part and takes the modifier B as the auxiliary part, and the modifier B have a synergistic effect mutually, so that the excellent modification effect is exerted.
Further, the composite modifier for modifying the surface of the calcium carbonate comprises a modifier A and a modifier B according to the mass ratio of 9: 7.
Further, the modifier A is a titanate coupling agent.
Further, the addition amount of the modifier A is 0.8-1% of the mass of the ore.
Further, the addition amount of the modifier A is 0.9 percent of the mass of the ore.
Further, the modifier B is polyacrylamide.
Furthermore, the addition amount of the modifier B is 0.5-0.7% of the mass of the ore.
Further, the addition amount of the modifier B is 0.7 percent of the mass of the ore.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
Compared with the existing single-component modifier, the composite modifier has better modification effect, has simple and uncomplicated components and excellent modification effect, and can reduce the cost; the modifier mainly takes titanate coupling agent as main material and polyacrylamide as auxiliary material, and the titanate coupling agent modifies the surface of calcium carbonate in a mode of generating chemical bonds with the calcium carbonate; the surface of calcium carbonate filler particles is modified by polyacrylamide to cationize the surface of the calcium carbonate filler particles, so that the retention rate of the filler is improved, and the titanate coupling agent and the polyacrylamide are mutually cooperated to play an excellent modification effect.
Detailed Description
In order to facilitate a better understanding of the invention, the following examples are given to illustrate, but not to limit the scope of the invention.
a composite modifier for modifying the surface of calcium carbonate is prepared from modifier A and modifier B through proportional mixing.
The application of the composite modifier for modifying the surface of calcium carbonate is as follows: the ore raw material is crushed to particles smaller than 30mm after being cleaned, the composite modifier for modifying the surface of calcium carbonate is added into a screw conveyer, the mixture is mixed into paste and enters grinding equipment for grinding, and the paste is classified by a rotating speed classifier and then collected to obtain the calcium carbonate with the granularity distribution suitable for the artificial stone.
In order to ensure that the special calcium carbonate for the artificial stone meets the production requirements and simultaneously reduces the cost to the utmost extent, the invention screens the optimal type and the optimal dosage of the modifier, and the method comprises the following steps:
(1) Screening research test for type and dosage of optimal modifier A
Researches find that the types and the adding amount of the modifier A (titanate coupling agent, silane coupling agent, aluminate coupling agent and zircoaluminate coupling agent) have small influence on the fineness of the product and mainly influence the modification effect, and the modification effect is tested by a small granite testing machine:
When the adding amount of polyacrylamide is 0.7 percent and other parameters are not changed, the special calcium carbonate for artificial stone is added with titanate coupling agent and other testing modifiers with the amount of 0.5 to 1.2 percent and is mixed with resin to form blocks for comparison, and the results are shown in the following table:
| Amount of addition | Silane coupling agent | Aluminate coupling agent | Zircoaluminate coupling agent | Titanate coupling agent |
| 0.5％ | 71：29 | 73：27 | 66：34 | 79：21 |
| 0.6％ | 73：27 | 76：24 | 69：31 | 81：19 |
| 0.7％ | 75：25 | 78：22 | 71：29 | 83：17 |
| 0.8％ | 76：24 | 79：21 | 72：28 | 85：15 |
| 0.9％ | 76：24 | 80：20 | 73：27 | 86：14 |
| 1％ | 75：25 | 79：21 | 73：27 | 86：14 |
| 1.1％ | 75：25 | 78：22 | 72：28 | 85：15 |
| 1.2％ | 75：25 | 78：22 | 72：28 | 85：15 |
From the data in the table, the calcium carbonate powder added in the artificial stone industry with the modification dosage of the titanate coupling agent of 0.8-1.0% is superior to other modification modifiers, which indicates that the modification effect is the best, and also indicates that the modification effect is not increased basically when the modifier dosage is increased, but the production cost is increased, so the type of the optimal modifier A is the titanate coupling agent, and the optimal dosage of the titanate coupling agent is 0.8-1.0%.
(2) Screening research test for variety and dosage of optimal modifier B
The types of the modifier B screened by the invention comprise polyacrylic acid, polyethylene glycol, polymaleic acid and polyacrylamide, and the type and the dosage of the optimal modifier B are screened through a small granite tester test.
When the addition amount of the titanate coupling agent is 0.9 percent, other parameters are unchanged, and the polyacrylamide and other modified special calcium carbonate for the artificial stone with the addition amount of 0.3 to 1.0 percent can be compared with the resin to form blocks, and the results are as follows:
| Amount of addition | polyacrylic acid | Polyethylene glycol | polymaleic acid | Polyacrylamide |
| 0.3％ | 74：26 | 72：28 | 71：29 | 79：21 |
| 0.4％ | 76：24 | 74：26 | 73：27 | 83：17 |
| 0.5％ | 78：22 | 77：23 | 75：25 | 86：14 |
| 0.6％ | 79：21 | 78：22 | 76：24 | 86：14 |
| 0.7％ | 80：20 | 78：22 | 76：24 | 87：13 |
| 0.8％ | 79：21 | 77：23 | 75：25 | 87：13 |
| 0.9％ | 79：21 | 77：23 | 75：25 | 86：14 |
| 1.0％ | 79：21 | 77：23 | 75：25 | 86：14 |
From the data, when the modification dosage of the titanate coupling agent is 0.9%, 0.5% -0.7% of polyacrylamide is added for adding calcium carbonate powder to the artificial stone industry better than other modification modifiers, which indicates that the modification effect is the best, and also indicates that the modification effect is not increased basically by increasing the modification dosage of the polyacrylamide, but the production cost is increased, so that the type of the optimal modifier B is polyacrylamide, and the optimal dosage of the polyacrylamide is 0.5% -0.7%.
The use of the composite modifier for surface modification of calcium carbonate will be described below.
Example 1
The preparation method of the special calcium carbonate for the artificial stone comprises the following steps: after cleaning, crushing the ore until the particle size is less than 30mm, adding a titanate coupling agent accounting for 1 percent of the mass of the ore and polyacrylamide accounting for 0.6 percent of the mass of the ore into a spiral conveyer, mixing the mixture into paste, grinding the paste into grinding equipment, wherein the oil pressure of a grinding roller is 5MPa during grinding, grading the paste by a rotating speed grader, the rotating speed of the rotating speed grader is 360-plus-380 r/min, and collecting the paste to obtain the calcium carbonate with the particle size distribution suitable for the artificial stone. The calcium carbonate is applied to the preparation of artificial stones.
example 2
The preparation method of the special calcium carbonate for the artificial stone comprises the following steps: after being cleaned, the ore is crushed to the particle size of less than 28mm, a titanate coupling agent accounting for 0.8 percent of the mass of the ore and polyacrylamide accounting for 0.5 percent of the mass of the ore are added into a screw conveyer to be mixed into paste to be ground in grinding equipment, the oil pressure of a grinding roller is 7MPa during grinding, the paste is classified by a rotating speed classifier, the rotating speed of the rotating speed classifier is 420-430r/min, and calcium carbonate with the particle size distribution suitable for the artificial stone is obtained by collection. The calcium carbonate is applied to the preparation of artificial stones.
Comparative example 1
The preparation method of the special calcium carbonate for the artificial stone comprises the following steps: after cleaning, crushing the ore until the particle size is less than 28mm, adding titanate coupling agent with the mass of 0.8 percent of the ore into a spiral conveyer, mixing the mixture into paste, grinding the paste by grinding equipment, wherein the oil pressure of a grinding roller is 7MPa during grinding, grading the paste by a rotary speed grader, and collecting the modified calcium carbonate, wherein the rotary speed of the rotary speed grader is 420-430 r/min.
Compared with the performance of the unmodified calcium carbonate, the special calcium carbonate for the artificial stone produced by the embodiment 1-2 of the invention has the advantages that the oil absorption value of the obtained modified calcium carbonate is at least reduced by 42.38 percent, the viscosity is at least reduced by 52.69 percent, and the activation rate is at least improved by 80 percent; compared with the performance of the calcium carbonate modified in the comparative example 1, the special calcium carbonate for the artificial stone produced in the embodiment 1-2 of the invention has the advantages that the oil absorption value of the obtained modified calcium carbonate is reduced by at least 18.36% compared with the modified calcium carbonate modified in the comparative example 1, the viscosity is reduced by at least 30.15%, the activation rate is improved by at least 23.48%, the modified calcium carbonate is oleophilic and hydrophobic, the compatibility with other raw materials of the artificial stone is good, the filling amount of the calcium carbonate accounts for more than 78.5% of the mass of the artificial stone, and the production cost is greatly reduced compared.
The foregoing shows and describes the general principles, essential features, and advantages of the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and the preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in the above embodiments and the description, and are not intended to limit the present invention. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (8)
1. The composite modifier for modifying the surface of calcium carbonate is characterized by comprising a modifier A and a modifier B according to the mass ratio of 8-10: 5-7.
2. the composite modifier for modifying the surface of calcium carbonate according to claim 1, which is characterized by comprising a modifier A and a modifier B in a mass ratio of 9: 7.
3. The composite modifier for surface modification of calcium carbonate according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the modifier A is a titanate coupling agent.
4. The composite modifier for modifying the surface of calcium carbonate according to claim 3, wherein the addition amount of the modifier A is 0.8 to 1 percent of the mass of the ore.
5. The composite modifier for surface modification of calcium carbonate according to claim 4, wherein the amount of the modifier A added is 0.9% by mass of the ore.
6. The composite modifier for surface modification of calcium carbonate according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the modifier B is polyacrylamide.
7. The composite modifier for surface modification of calcium carbonate according to claim 6, wherein the modifier B is added in an amount of 0.5 to 0.7% by mass based on the ore.
8. the composite modifier for surface modification of calcium carbonate according to claim 7, wherein the modifier B is added in an amount of 0.7% by mass based on the ore.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910926932.1A CN110577756B (en) | 2019-09-27 | 2019-09-27 | Composite modifier for modifying surface of calcium carbonate |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910926932.1A CN110577756B (en) | 2019-09-27 | 2019-09-27 | Composite modifier for modifying surface of calcium carbonate |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN110577756A true CN110577756A (en) | 2019-12-17 |
| CN110577756B CN110577756B (en) | 2021-04-13 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CN201910926932.1A Active CN110577756B (en) | 2019-09-27 | 2019-09-27 | Composite modifier for modifying surface of calcium carbonate |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN114426781A (en) * | 2022-01-19 | 2022-05-03 | 江西广源化工有限责任公司 | Superfine heavy calcium carbonate and preparation method thereof |
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2019
- 2019-09-27 CN CN201910926932.1A patent/CN110577756B/en active Active
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN114426781A (en) * | 2022-01-19 | 2022-05-03 | 江西广源化工有限责任公司 | Superfine heavy calcium carbonate and preparation method thereof |
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