CN110537633A

CN110537633A - Low-cost formula of concentrated feed suitable for breeding sika in south China in wintering period

Info

Publication number: CN110537633A
Application number: CN201910749399.6A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 熊家军; 黎平贵; 李可可; 张妮娅; 文平; 许学林; 张琪
Original assignee: Wuhan Jinsanxin Deer Industry Co Ltd; Huazhong Agricultural University
Current assignee: Wuhan Jinsanxin Deer Industry Co Ltd; Huazhong Agricultural University
Priority date: 2019-08-14
Filing date: 2019-08-14
Publication date: 2019-12-06

Abstract

The invention discloses a low-cost formula of concentrated feed suitable for breeding sika deer in south China in the wintering period, which is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight: uniformly mixing the following raw materials in mass ratio to prepare granules or powder: 43-46% of corn, 8-12% of soybean meal, 4-7% of rapeseed meal, 2-5% of cottonseed meal, 26-32% of bran, 0.5-1% of urea, 1-2% of stone powder, 3-5% of premix, 0.5-2% of sodium chloride and 1-2% of calcium sulfate. According to the invention, the rapeseed meal and the cottonseed meal with lower cost are adopted to replace the soybean meal and the wheat bran to replace the corn, a proper amount of urea, stone powder, premix, sodium chloride and calcium sulfate are added to supplement the daily required nutrients such as minerals, vitamins and amino acids for the sika deer, the formula nutrition is balanced, the feed cost can be reduced on the premise of not influencing or improving the physiological and production levels of the sika deer, and the feed is suitable for feed production of different-scale sika deer farms and industrial feed factories.

Description

Low-cost formula of concentrated feed suitable for breeding sika in south China in wintering period

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of feed industry, and particularly relates to a low-cost formula of concentrated feed suitable for breeding sika deer in south China in the wintering period.

background

With the improvement of living standard of people, the market has more and more great demand on sika deer products. In the natural evolution process of the sika deer, the growth and development, the antler growth, the estrus mating and the like of the sika deer are matched with the seasonal rhythm change, so that a physiological mechanism adapting to the environment is formed. In a wild state, the regulation of nutrition is influenced by multiple factors, and the intake of nutrient substances of the sika deer can be influenced by illumination, temperature, seasonal change, feed conditions and the like, so that the growth and development of the sika deer are influenced. Under the condition of the captive breeding mode in China, concentrated feed and coarse feed are generally supplemented to combine.

The higher breeding cost of the sika deer is a main factor limiting the development of the sika deer industry. Although breeding management of sika deer is researched in China in recent years, physiological conditions and nutritional requirements of sika deer in different periods are known, a feed formula most suitable for breeding of sika deer is not found, and the cost of the feed becomes one of factors which are hindered by high price of related products in deer industry.

The stag and the stag in the wintering period of the sika deer (the wintering period of the deer is from the beginning of 11 months to the end of 3 months in the next year) enter the winter rest and health preserving stage after the stag and the stag are bred from 9-11 months every year. The deer does not grow antler and farrowing in winter, but has close relationship with antler and farrowing in the next year. The method has the advantages that the work of managing the feed of the sika deer in the wintering period is well done, the necessary conditions for improving antler growth and farrowing of the sika deer are provided, and the high yield in summer can be avoided without improving the good feed management level in winter. Therefore, the method for managing the feed of the sika deer in winter is an important link for improving the economic benefit of breeding the sika deer and ensuring the sika deer to safely and smoothly overwinter.

China sika is native to northeast, and currently, the sika bred nationwide is originally sourced from the northeast, so that many researches on the sika are based on northern conditions, and the researches on the suitable feed of the sika bred based on the environment of a southern breeding base are lacked. Therefore, the method has practical production significance for the research of the feed for captive breeding of southern sika deer.

Chinese patent application publication No. CN103478461A discloses a feed for stags in the wintering period, which comprises corn, salt, calcium powder and curry powder; wherein the weight percentage is as follows: 70-90% of corn, 2-6% of salt, 1-5% of calcium powder and 1-2% of curry powder. The patent takes corn as a main raw material, the corn has high available energy, but the content of crude fiber is only 2 percent, the content of protein is only 7 to 9 percent, the quality is poor, the lysine and the tryptophan are lacked, the content of the lysine in the corn is 0.24 percent, and the content of the tryptophan is 0.07 percent. High quality protein, mineral and vitamin feed needs to be additionally supplemented when the corn is used. And the cost of the corn is high, and the corn serving as the main feed raw material of the sika deer can cause the cost of the feed to be increased.

Disclosure of Invention

On the premise of not influencing or improving the physiological and production level of the sika deer, the applicant provides a low-cost formula of the concentrated feed in the wintering period suitable for captive breeding of the sika deer in southern areas.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:

A formula of low-cost concentrated feed suitable for the wintering period of spotted deer raised in captivity in southern areas is characterized in that: uniformly mixing the following raw materials in mass ratio to prepare granules or powder: 43-46% of corn, 8-12% of soybean meal, 4-7% of rapeseed meal, 2-5% of cottonseed meal, 26-32% of bran, 0.5-1% of urea, 1-2% of stone powder, 3-5% of premix, 0.5-2% of sodium chloride and 1-2% of calcium sulfate.

as one embodiment, the mass ratio of the raw materials is as follows: 44.2% of corn, 10% of soybean meal, 5% of rapeseed meal, 3% of cottonseed meal, 29% of bran, 0.8% of urea, 1.5% of stone powder, 4% of premix, 1% of sodium chloride and 1.5% of calcium sulfate.

The formula of the low-cost concentrated feed suitable for the wintering period of the spotted deer captive in the southern area is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight: the premix comprises the following components: vitamin A acetate, vitamin D2, DL-alpha-tocopherol, menadione sodium bisulfite, folic acid, D-biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, nicotinamide, ferrous sulfate, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate, sodium selenite, and potassium iodide.

The formula of the low-cost concentrated feed suitable for the wintering period of the spotted deer captive in the southern area is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight: the concentrated feed and the coarse feed are used in a matched mode, and the feeding amount mass ratio of the concentrated feed to the coarse feed is 1: 3-1: 4.

As one example, the concentrated feed and the coarse feed are used together, and the feeding amount mass ratio of the concentrated feed to the coarse feed is 1: 3.5.

The formula of the low-cost concentrated feed suitable for the wintering period of the spotted deer captive in the southern area is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight: the feeding amount of the concentrated feed is 0.9-1.3 kg per sika per day.

As one example, the concentrated feed is fed in an amount of 1kg per every Meretrix Cervus L.

The invention has the beneficial effects that:

1. According to the invention, the rapeseed dregs and the cottonseed dregs with lower cost are used for replacing the soybean dregs and the wheat bran for replacing the corn, and a proper amount of urea, stone powder, premix, sodium chloride and calcium sulfate are added to supplement the daily required nutrients such as minerals, vitamins, amino acids and trace elements for the sika deer, so that the formula nutrition is comprehensive and balanced, and the feed cost can be reduced on the premise of not influencing or improving the physiological and production levels of the sika deer.

2. The concentrated feed has the advantages of simple and easily obtained raw materials and low cost, and is suitable for feed production of spotted deer farms and industrialized feed factories on different scales.

Detailed Description

The technical solution of the present invention will be further specifically described below by way of specific examples.

A formula of low-cost concentrated feed suitable for the wintering period of spotted deer captive in southern areas is prepared by uniformly mixing the following raw materials in percentage by mass and preparing the mixture into granules or powder: 43-46% of corn, 8-12% of soybean meal, 4-7% of rapeseed meal, 2-5% of cottonseed meal, 26-32% of bran, 0.5-1% of urea, 1-2% of stone powder, 3-5% of premix, 0.5-2% of sodium chloride and 1-2% of calcium sulfate.

Preferably, the mass ratio of the raw materials is: 44.2% of corn, 10% of soybean meal, 5% of rapeseed meal, 3% of cottonseed meal, 29% of bran, 0.8% of urea, 1.5% of stone powder, 4% of premix, 1% of sodium chloride and 1.5% of calcium sulfate.

In the application, the premix comprises the following components: vitamin A acetate, vitamin D2, DL-alpha-tocopherol, menadione sodium bisulfite, folic acid, D-biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, nicotinamide, ferrous sulfate, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate, sodium selenite, and potassium iodide.

In the application, the concentrated feed and the coarse feed are used in a matched mode, and the feeding amount mass ratio of the concentrated feed to the coarse feed is 1: 3-1: 4.

Preferably, the concentrated feed and the coarse feed are used together, and the feeding amount mass ratio of the concentrated feed to the coarse feed is 1: 3.5.

In the application, the feeding amount of the concentrated feed is 0.9-1.3 kg per sika per day.

Preferably, the feeding amount of the concentrated feed is 1kg per head of spotted deer.

Preferably, the roughage includes, but is not limited to, silage whole corn, corn stover, rice straw, clover, sudan grass, ryegrass, alfalfa.

Example 1:

The formula of the concentrated feed comprises: 44.2% of corn, 10% of soybean meal, 5% of rapeseed meal, 3% of cottonseed meal, 29% of bran, 0.8% of urea, 1.5% of stone powder, 4% of premix, 1% of sodium chloride and 1.5% of calcium sulfate, and the raw materials in the mass ratio are uniformly mixed to prepare particles or powder.

The feed amount of the concentrated feed is as follows: the feeding amount mass ratio of the concentrated feed to the coarse feed is 1: 3.5. The feeding amount of the concentrated feed is 1kg per head of spotted deer every day. The feeding amount of the coarse fodder is 3.5kg per sika per day. The coarse fodder is silage whole corn.

example 2:

The formula of the concentrated feed comprises: 43% of corn, 11% of soybean meal, 6% of rapeseed meal, 3% of cottonseed meal, 27% of bran, 0.7% of urea, 1.8% of stone powder, 4.5% of premix, 1% of sodium chloride and 2% of calcium sulfate, and the raw materials in the mass ratio are uniformly mixed to prepare particles or powder.

The feed amount of the concentrated feed is as follows: the feeding amount mass ratio of the concentrated feed to the coarse feed is 1:3. The feed amount of the concentrated feed is 1.3kg per sika per day. The feeding amount of the coarse fodder is 3.9kg per sika per day. The coarse fodder is silage whole corn.

Example 3:

The formula of the concentrated feed comprises: 46% of corn, 8% of soybean meal, 4.5% of rapeseed meal, 4% of cottonseed meal, 28% of bran, 1% of urea, 1.5% of stone powder, 5% of premix, 1% of sodium chloride and 1% of calcium sulfate, and the raw materials in the mass ratio are uniformly mixed to prepare particles or powder.

The feed amount of the concentrated feed is as follows: the feeding amount mass ratio of the concentrated feed to the coarse feed is 1: 4. The feed amount of the concentrated feed is 0.9kg per sika per day. The feeding amount of the coarse fodder is 3.6kg per sika per day. The coarse fodder is silage whole corn.

Example 4:

The formula of the concentrated feed comprises: 45% of corn, 9% of soybean meal, 4% of rapeseed meal, 5% of cottonseed meal, 28.3% of bran, 0.7% of urea, 1.3% of stone powder, 3.8% of premix, 1.4% of sodium chloride and 1.5% of calcium sulfate, and the raw materials in the mass ratio are uniformly mixed to prepare granules or powder.

The feed amount of the concentrated feed is as follows: the feeding amount mass ratio of the concentrated feed to the coarse feed is 1:3. The feed amount of the concentrated feed is 1.2kg per sika per day. The feeding amount of the coarse fodder is 3.6kg per sika per day. The coarse fodder is silage whole corn.

Example 5:

The formula of the concentrated feed comprises: 43% of corn, 10% of soybean meal, 5.2% of rapeseed meal, 3% of cottonseed meal, 30% of bran, 0.8% of urea, 1.2% of stone powder, 3.5% of premix, 1.8% of sodium chloride and 1.5% of calcium sulfate, and the raw materials in the mass ratio are uniformly mixed to prepare granules or powder.

The feed amount of the concentrated feed is as follows: the feeding amount mass ratio of the concentrated feed to the coarse feed is 1: 3.2. The feeding amount of the concentrated feed is 1kg per head of spotted deer every day. The feeding amount of the coarse fodder is 3.2kg per sika per day. The coarse fodder is silage whole corn.

The raw materials used in the concentrate formulation are discussed below.

1. Corn (corn)

The corn is the king of energy feed, and in the energy feed, the corn is dominant, has good palatability, has the digestibility up to 85 percent, and contains carotene.

The available energy of corn is high, and is the highest available energy in seeds of gramineae, because the content of crude fiber of corn is low, only 2%, the content of nitrogen-free extract is high, and 72%, and the content of starch is mainly high, the digestibility is high, and the fat content is high, and is about 4%. The corn has low protein content of only 7-9%, poor quality, and is lack of lysine and tryptophan, the content of lysine in the corn is 0.24%, and the content of tryptophan is 0.07%. Therefore, the corn should be supplemented with high-quality protein, mineral and vitamin feed when in use.

2. Bean pulp

The soybean meal is a byproduct obtained by extracting soybean oil from soybeans, is a protein feed rich in nutrition, contains about 45.8% of crude protein, and has high digestible crude protein content. The feed contains 5-6% of crude fiber, has a high phosphorus content of about 0.6%, is rich in various amino acids including lysine, egg, cystine, threonine, isoleucine and the like, is beneficial to the nutrition intake of poultry and pigs, and particularly contains 2.5-3.0% of lysine which is easy to be deficient in other vegetable feeds.

3. Rapeseed dregs

The rapeseed meal comprises the following main components: the content of crude protein is 35-40%, the content of carbohydrate is 20-25%, the content of crude ash is 5-8%, the content of crude fat is 1-3%, and the content of water is lower than 12%.

The main nutritional component of the rapeseed dregs is protein, and the rapeseed dregs are an important feed protein raw material, and the content of crude protein of the rapeseed dregs is 35-40%. The rapeseed protein has balanced amino acid composition, and almost no restrictive amino acid exists. The titer of the rapeseed protein is 3-5, and is higher than that of the soybean protein. Compared with other oil meal, the rapeseed meal has the highest content of sulfur-containing amino acid, and the content of methionine and lysine is higher.

Rapeseed meal contains more than 20% of carbohydrate and can be used as part of energy source of animal feed, but the effective energy value is relatively low due to the high crude fiber content, generally 10-14%, and about 8% of indigestible pentosan.

The rapeseed dregs contain various mineral substances, particularly high contents of calcium, phosphorus, selenium and manganese, and high contents of iron and zinc, but 60-70% of phosphorus belongs to phytate phosphorus, and the utilization rate is relatively low.

The rapeseed dregs have high vitamin content, especially high content of nicotinic acid, choline, folic acid, riboflavin and thiamine.

4. Cottonseed meal

The cottonseed meal is a product which is obtained by using cottonseed as a raw material and deoiling by using a pre-squeezing leaching method or a direct leaching method. The content of crude protein in the cottonseed meal is 38-50%, the content of crude fiber is 9-16%, and the content of crude ash is lower than 9%. The coarse fat content of the cottonseed meal after the extraction treatment is low and is below 2.5 percent.

The protein composition of the cottonseed meal is not ideal, the arginine content is as high as 3.6-3.8%, the lysine content is only 1.3-1.5%, and the content is only half of that of soybean cakes and meal. Methionine was also insufficient, about 0.4%. Meanwhile, the utilization rate of lysine is poor. The vitamin content is more lost by heating. The minerals contain more phosphorus, but most of the minerals belong to phytate phosphorus, and the utilization rate is low.

5. Bran

Bran, wheat bran, is a byproduct produced in the production of coarse flour in flour mills, is rich in nutritional value and iron, manganese, zinc and B vitamins, and is commonly used for preparing various animal feeds.

The crude protein content of the bran is high (12.5-17 percent), and the quality is better; the amino acid composition is relatively balanced, wherein the content of lysine, tryptophan and threonine is relatively high, and particularly the content of lysine (0.67 percent) is relatively high. But the content of the crude fiber in the wheat bran is high (8.5-12%), which slightly influences the energy value of the wheat bran and has low effective energy value.

The bran has fat content of about 4%, and has high content of unsaturated fatty acid, and is easy to be oxidized and rancid.

The vitamin B group and VE content are high, the B1 content is 8.9mg/kg, and the B2 is 3.5mg/kg, which can meet the requirements of growing and fattening pigs. But the VA and VD contents are low.

The mineral content is rich, but the proportion of calcium (ca0.13%) and phosphorus (P1.18%) is greatly unbalanced, and the ratio of calcium: the phosphorus ratio is more than 1:8, the phosphorus belongs to phytate phosphorus and accounts for about 75%, but the phytase is contained, and calcium supplement is required when wheat bran is used as feed.

6. Urea

The final products of the degradation of protein and urea in the rumen of the sika deer are mainly ammonia, the ammonia is a central substance of nitrogen metabolism in the rumen, and a large part of the ammonia is used for synthesizing self-protein by rumen microorganisms, under the condition that the protein nutrition reaches a proper level, the rumen microorganisms can convert 7% of non-protein nitrogen in the feed into microbial protein which can be utilized by a host, and the protein can be digested and utilized in the sika deer under the action of digestive enzyme.

The nitrogen content of urea produced in China is usually 46%, the protein equivalent is 288%, namely 1 g of urea nitrogen is equivalent to 2.88 g of protein. When the sika deer is fed with urea, the required amount of the protein cannot exceed 1/3, the rest protein needs to be supplemented in other components of daily ration, and when the sika deer is fed with urea excessively, the sika deer is easy to have adverse reaction and even poisoned, and the effect of microorganisms in the rumen on the urea can be influenced.

7. Stone powder

The stone powder mainly refers to limestone powder and is natural calcium carbonate. The stone powder contains more than 35 percent of pure calcium, and is the most cheap and convenient mineral raw material for supplementing calcium.

8. Premix compound

The premix comprises vitamin A acetate, vitamin D2, DL-alpha-tocopherol, menadione sodium bisulfite, folic acid, D-biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, nicotinamide, ferrous sulfate, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate, sodium selenite, and potassium iodide.

The premix is rich in various nutrient components, can supplement various vitamins and trace elements for the sika deer, can effectively degrade anti-nutritional factors in the forage, destroy cell walls of cellulose in the forage, release more nutrients in the forage, improve the digestibility of the forage, and can effectively prevent sika deer sudden death caused by selenium deficiency.

9. Sodium chloride

The purpose of adding sodium chloride in the feed is to supplement sodium, chlorine and iodine so as to meet the nutritional requirements of animals.

10. Calcium sulfate

The calcium sulfate contains 20-28% of calcium and 16-22% of sulfur, can provide calcium and a good source of sulfur, has high bioavailability, and is an economic feed additive.

The following will discuss the advantageous effects of the present invention by taking example 1 as an example and combining experiments.

First, experimental design

1. Experimental Material

The formula of the concentrated feed of the experimental group is the formula of the invention in the example 1, and the formula of the concentrated feed of the control group is the existing formula. The specific formulation is shown in table 1.

The coarse feed used in the experimental group and the control group is: ensiling and corn.

The feed rates of the concentrate and the roughage are shown in Table 1.

table 1: concentrated feed formula (%) of experimental group and control group, price (Yuan/kg) and feed feeding amount (kg/(day/head))

2. Test object

The sika deer used in the experiment is selected from artificially cultured sika deer in a deer farm, 200 healthy male sika deer of 3 years old and similar physiological state are selected from the sika deer, the sika deer is divided into an experimental group and a control group, each group is divided into 4 circles, and each circle is 25 circles. The length and width of each ring, the facilities such as a trough and the like and the feeding environment conditions are the same. The formula and the feeding amount of the two feeds are shown in table 1.

3. Experimental methods

Comparing the experimental group and the control group for feeding, wherein the experimental group is fed with the matched concentrated feed with the new formula, and the control group is fed with the matched concentrated feed with the original formula; the coarse fodder is the same. The amounts of concentrate and coarse material used are shown in table 1. The experimental group had 3 days of pre-feeding, and then was fed for 7 days in total by deer farm breeders. The feeding amount of the concentrated feed and the coarse feed of the experimental group and the control group is the same. Feeding was divided into three times at 6 am, 11 am and 5 pm, respectively. During the period of contrast feeding, randomly collecting deer feces of each circle every day, and selecting fresh and clean feces during collection. The food intake, daily behavior and feces condition of sika deer are recorded during feeding. Collected deer feces were frozen prior to laboratory analysis. The formal feeding time is seven days. Randomly selecting three sika deer heads in each circle on the seventh day for blood sampling, performing anesthesia treatment on the three sika deer heads by using amboin through a blowpipe before blood sampling, and sampling blood at the neck after the sika deer falls down. Two kinds of concentrated feed and coarse feed are taken 1kg at random and stored in freezing condition before analysis in laboratory.

Second, sample processing

1. Feces sample and feed

After thawing the collected feces samples, the feces samples were mixed in each round quickly, and 500g of the feces samples were taken from each round by a quartering method for experimental analysis. Before analysis, the deer manure and the coarse feed are dried, baked for 16 hours in an oven at 65 ℃, and then crushed and sieved by a 40-mesh sieve for later use.

Dry matter is measured by adopting a 105-degree drying method, referring to GB 6435-1986; the ash is burnt at 550 ℃ in a high-temperature resistance furnace, referring to GB/T6438-92; calcium is rapidly detected by EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid) according to GB/T6436-92; measuring phosphorus by adopting a spectrophotometer ammonium molybdate vanadium colorimetry according to GB/T6437-92; extracting crude fat by a Soxhlet fat extractor, and calculating the weight of the fat according to the mass difference of the filter paper bags before and after extraction by referring to GB/T6433-94; multiplying the nitrogen content of the crude protein by a protein coefficient of 6.25 by using an automatic nitrogen determination instrument; acid-insoluble ash the ash was digested with 10% hydrochloric acid and the weight of the residue was determined.

2. Blood sample processing

Including blood cell component analysis and serum chemical component analysis. The blood cell component analysis includes White Blood Cells (WBC), Red Blood Cells (RBC), absolute eosinophil values (EOS), absolute basophil values (BASO), and the like. The chemical component analysis of blood sample comprises glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT), glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (AST), Total Protein (TP), Triglyceride (TG), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine (CREA), etc. The above analyses were carried out by the Hubei province center for drug safety evaluation.

3. Data processing

The mean and standard deviation of all data were calculated using the statistical function in Excel 2013. P values for the values of the control and experimental groups were calculated using T-TEXT of the statistical function in Excel 2013. The digestibility is calculated by the concentrated feed and the coarse feed, the obtained numerical value of each digestibility is the digestibility of each substance relative to the total content of the substance in the coarse feed and the concentrated feed, the measured acid-insoluble ash content is used for calculation, and a calculation formula is obtained according to the feeding proportion of the concentrated feed and the coarse feed.

Third, results and analysis

1. Comparing old and new feeds from aspect of physical condition

In the daily observation of the sika deer during the comparative feeding period, the sika deer in the experimental group and the sika deer in the control group have no obvious difference in health condition, mental state, food consumption and daily activities, and have no abnormality. The influence of the experimental group feed on the physical condition of the sika deer is proved to be not obviously different from that of the control group feed.

2. economically comparing old and new feeds

As can be seen from Table 1, the price of the new feed formula is lower than that of the control group, and 79.4 yuan is saved every day and 2382 yuan is saved every month by feeding the sika deer with the new feed formula according to 400 deer heads in a deer farm.

Therefore, the new feed can reduce the breeding cost of the sika deer to a certain extent.

3. Comparison of nutrient content in feed

TABLE 2 comparison of the main Nutrition (%) of the two feeds

the nutrient contents of the new and old feeds are compared and shown in the table 2. As can be seen from Table 2, the two feeds, new and old, have significant differences (P is less than or equal to 0.05) in calcium, crude ash and crude fat, the calcium content of the new feed is 1.37%, which is much higher than that of the old feed, and the calcium content of the old feed is obviously lower, only 0.32%; the crude fat content of the new feed is 4.15%, which is much higher than 1.73% of the old feed. The new feed and the old feed have no significant difference in phosphorus and crude protein (P is more than or equal to 0.05).

Therefore, the new feed formulation is superior to the original formulation only in terms of chemical composition.

4. Digestibility of feed

table 3 feed digestibility (%)

The digestibility of the various feed ingredients is shown in table 3. As can be seen from the table, the digestibility of dry matter, calcium, phosphorus, crude protein and crude fat of the experimental group and the control group are very different (P is less than or equal to 0.01). The dry matter and fat digestibility of the experimental group is slightly higher than that of the control group, and the digestibility of calcium, phosphorus and crude protein is obviously lower than that of the control group. The most different was phosphorus, 49.54% in the experimental group, 64.09% in the control group, followed by calcium, 52.09% in the experimental group and 60.46% in the control group, indicating that the experimental group was deficient in the digestion of inorganic salt ions. On the whole, the feed digestibility of the experimental group by the sika deer in the wintering period is smaller than that of the control group. The digestibility of the experimental group is lower than that of the control group, and the digestibility is caused by the content improvement of NDF and ADF caused by the fact that the rapeseed dregs and the cottonseed dregs partially replace the soybean dregs and the wheat bran partially replace the corn in the concentrated feed formula of the experimental group. Although the feed digestibility of the experimental group by the sika deer in the wintering period is lower than that of the control group, the production performance of the sika deer does not show difference, and the health condition, the mental state, the feed intake and the daily activities of the sika deer are not obviously different and abnormal. These reductions in digestibility have negligible effect.

Thus, in view of this analysis, a new concentrate formulation can replace an old feed formulation.

5. Effect of two groups of feeds on blood sample composition

(1) Effect of two groups of feeds on blood sample cells

TABLE 4 Effect of two groups of feeds on blood cells

The cellular composition data of the blood samples are shown in Table 4. The data show that only lymphocyte ratio (LYMR) in blood cell components of blood samples of sika deer in the experimental group and the control group has significant difference (P is less than or equal to 0.05). Red Blood Cells (RBC), Hemoglobin (HGB), mean hemoglobin of red blood cells (MCR), Hematocrit (HCT), mean volume of red blood cells (MCV) and mean HGB concentration of red blood cells (MCHC) have no significant difference, which indicates that the number of red blood cells of the experimental group and the control group is similar. Although there is a significant difference in lymphocyte ratio (LYMR), there is no significant difference in the absolute values and ratios of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes and in the absolute values of leukocytes and lymphocytes, which indicates that the difference in physiological and biochemical conditions of the sika deer in the experimental group and the control group cannot be deduced only from the significant difference in lymphocyte ratio. The proportion of the neutrophils to the lymphocytes has more prediction value than that of the leukocytes, the neutrophils and the lymphocytes, and has obvious correlation with various cardiovascular diseases and prognosis thereof; the proportion of neutrophils and lymphocytes is less affected by various physiological conditions than other inflammatory markers, which integrate two important and opposite pathways of inflammatory factor information, which can improve its accuracy as an indicator of risk stratification. The P value of the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes of the control group and the experimental group is 0.3695 according to T test, and no significant difference exists (P is less than or equal to 0.05). Therefore, although the ratio of lymphocytes was significantly different between the experimental group and the control group, it could be determined from other data that there was no significant difference in physiological and biochemical conditions between the two groups.

(2) Influence of two groups of feeds on serum biochemical indexes

TABLE 5 Effect of two groups of feeds on serum Biochemical indicators

The blood sample chemistry data are shown in table 5. As can be seen from the data, the experimental group showed significant differences (P.ltoreq.0.05) in glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT), Total Bilirubin (TBIL), Triglyceride (TG), Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) compared to the control group, with the Triglyceride (TG) and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) showing very significant differences (P.ltoreq.0.01). And the difference in other aspects is not significant (P is more than or equal to 0.05).

Serum Triglyceride (TG) is an important clinical routine blood lipid determination index. Triglyceride (TG) of the experimental group is higher than that of the control group, which indicates that the blood fat of the sika deer in the experimental group is higher than that of the control group. The analysis of the nutrient components of the concentrated feed shows that the content of the crude fat in the experimental group is 4.15%, the content of the crude fat in the control group is 1.73%, the content of the crude fat in the experimental group is obviously higher than that in the control group, and the content of the crude fat in the experimental group is very obviously different from that in the control group. The calculation of the digestibility shows that the digestibility of the crude fat in the experimental group is higher than that in the control group, and the two groups have very significant difference. Therefore, the high blood lipid content of the sika deer in the experimental group is mainly caused by the high crude fat content and high digestibility of the concentrated feed in the experimental group.

The mean values of alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) of the sika deer in the experimental group are obviously larger than that of the control group, and the alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) of the experimental group and the control group has extremely obvious difference. The two enzymes are improved in a proper range, which indicates that the concentrated feed of an experimental group is beneficial to the synthesis of liver protein and the exertion of liver function.

Total Bilirubin (TBIL) is an important index for diagnosing liver and gall diseases and the like clinically, and the content of the total bilirubin is an important index for judging whether the body has jaundice or not. The national standard of the normal value of Total Bilirubin (TBIL) of healthy people is (3.4-17.1) mu mol/L, the value of the total bilirubin is greater than 17.1, the jaundice is considered to be present, and the higher the value is, the more serious the jaundice is. The Total Bilirubin (TBIL) of the experimental group and the control group, although significantly different, did not exceed the normal value, so the effect of the feed of the experimental group and the control group on the body in this respect was considered to be the same.

Serum urea nitrogen (BUN) is mostly synthesized by ammonia produced by the breakdown of proteins by the liver or by ammonia absorbed by the large intestine, and too high a level increases nitrogen loss through urine, reducing nitrogen availability. If the accumulation rate of serum urea nitrogen (BUN) is higher than the rate of urea synthesis by liver, the body is poisoned. The mean value of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) of the experimental group is larger than that of the control group, and is related to the addition of urea in the concentrated feed of the experimental group; part of urea is decomposed into ammonia, is not utilized by rumen microorganisms, and directly enters blood through gastrointestinal tract, so that serum urea nitrogen (BUN) is increased. The normal value range of the serum urea nitrogen content is 9.76-12.34 mmol/L, while the contents of the experimental group and the control group are respectively 11.53mmol/L and 9.68mmol/L, which basically accord with the normal value range, so that the influence of the two groups on the organism in the aspect can be considered to be the same.

The activity of the serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of the experimental group is 339.2mmol/L, the activity of the serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of the control group is 194.9mmol/L, and the mean value of the experimental group is about 1.5 times more than that of the control group. According to the analysis data of the concentrated feed nutrient components of the experimental group and the control group, the phosphorus contents of the two feeds are similar, and no significant difference exists, but the calcium level of the experimental group is obviously higher than that of the control group, and the differences are extremely significant; the digestion rate analysis data show that the phosphorus digestion rates of the spotted deer on the two feeds are very different, and the experimental group is obviously smaller than that of the control group. Therefore, the excessive high content of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the serum of the sika deer in the experimental group is caused by low phosphorus content in the serum due to low phosphorus digestibility and high calcium content. The P value of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was 0.047898 in the experimental group and the control group, although the P was close to 0.05 due to a large standard deviation value although there was a difference in the mean value, it was considered that there was no statistically significant difference, and the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) values in the experimental group and the control group were within the normal value range, the production performance of the sika deer did not show a difference, and the health condition, mental state, food consumption and daily activities of the sika deer were not significantly different and were not abnormal. The effect on the body in this respect can therefore be considered to be the same for the experimental and control groups.

Therefore, the influence of the feed formula of the experimental group and the control group on the sika deer in the wintering period has no obvious difference in terms of the chemical components of the serum.

The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art should be able to cover the technical scope of the present invention and the equivalent alternatives or modifications according to the technical solution and the inventive concept of the present invention within the technical scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A formula of low-cost concentrated feed suitable for the wintering period of spotted deer raised in captivity in southern areas is characterized in that: uniformly mixing the following raw materials in mass ratio to prepare granules or powder: 43-46% of corn, 8-12% of soybean meal, 4-7% of rapeseed meal, 2-5% of cottonseed meal, 26-32% of bran, 0.5-1% of urea, 1-2% of stone powder, 3-5% of premix, 0.5-2% of sodium chloride and 1-2% of calcium sulfate.

2. The low-cost formula of the concentrated feed suitable for the wintering period of the spotted deer raised in the south of China in the captive mode as claimed in claim 1, wherein the formula comprises the following components in percentage by weight: the mass ratio of the raw materials is as follows: 44.2% of corn, 10% of soybean meal, 5% of rapeseed meal, 3% of cottonseed meal, 29% of bran, 0.8% of urea, 1.5% of stone powder, 4% of premix, 1% of sodium chloride and 1.5% of calcium sulfate.

3. The formula of the low-cost concentrated feed suitable for the wintering period of the spotted deer raised in the south of China according to claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that: the premix comprises the following components: vitamin A acetate, vitamin D2, DL-alpha-tocopherol, menadione sodium bisulfite, folic acid, D-biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, nicotinamide, ferrous sulfate, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate, sodium selenite, and potassium iodide.

4. The formula of the low-cost concentrated feed suitable for the wintering period of the spotted deer raised in the south of China according to claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that: the concentrated feed and the coarse feed are used in a matched mode, and the feeding amount mass ratio of the concentrated feed to the coarse feed is 1: 3-1: 4.

5. The low-cost formula of the concentrated feed suitable for the wintering period of the spotted deer raised in the south of China in the captive mode as claimed in claim 4, wherein the formula comprises the following components in percentage by weight: the concentrated feed and the coarse feed are used in a matched mode, and the feeding amount mass ratio of the concentrated feed to the coarse feed is 1: 3.5.

6. The low-cost formula of the concentrated feed suitable for the wintering period of the spotted deer raised in the south of China in the captive mode as claimed in claim 4, wherein the formula comprises the following components in percentage by weight: the feeding amount of the concentrated feed is 0.9-1.3 kg per sika per day.

7. The low-cost formula of the concentrated feed suitable for the wintering period of the spotted deer raised in the south of China in the captive mode as claimed in claim 6, wherein the formula comprises the following components in percentage by weight: the feeding amount of the concentrated feed is 1kg per head of spotted deer fed every day.