CN110537059B

CN110537059B - Indoor unit of air conditioner

Info

Publication number: CN110537059B
Application number: CN201880026579.5A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 大石康弘; 土居弘和; 深堀大佑
Original assignee: Daikin Industries Ltd
Current assignee: Daikin Industries Ltd
Priority date: 2017-05-24
Filing date: 2018-04-13
Publication date: 2021-05-11
Anticipated expiration: 2038-04-13
Also published as: CN110537059A; WO2018216392A1; JP6409908B1; ES2887855T3; EP3614064A1; JP2018197637A; EP3614064A4; AU2018271442B2; EP3614064B1; AU2018271442A1

Abstract

An indoor unit of an air conditioner is provided with: a housing (1); a centrifugal fan (30) disposed within the housing (1); a heat exchanger (40) disposed in the casing (1) so as to surround two or three sides of the centrifugal fan (30); and a partition (50) that surrounds the centrifugal fan (30) together with the heat exchanger (40), connects one end of the heat exchanger (40) to the other end of the heat exchanger (40), and guides the air blown by the centrifugal fan (30) from one end side of the heat exchanger (40) to the other end side of the heat exchanger (40). The distance (L) between the centrifugal fan (30) and the partition (50) is longer on the other end side of the heat exchanger (40) than on the one end side of the heat exchanger (40).

Description

Indoor unit of air conditioner

Technical Field

The present invention relates to an indoor unit of an air conditioner.

Background

Conventionally, as an indoor unit of an air conditioner, there is a structure in which: an コ -shaped heat exchanger is provided, an opening of the heat exchanger is covered with a partition, and air sucked by a vortex fan surrounded by the heat exchanger and the partition is blown out in two directions through the heat exchanger (see, for example, japanese patent laid-open publication No. 2015-81692 (patent document 1)).

In the indoor unit of an air conditioner, the partition portion is provided with a projection-shaped portion projecting toward the vortex fan. This makes it possible to uniformize the air flow from the projection-shaped portion toward the one end portion of the partition and the air flow from the projection-shaped portion toward the other end portion of the partition.

Documents of the prior art

Patent document

Patent document 1: japanese laid-open patent publication (JP 2015-81692)

Disclosure of Invention

Problems to be solved by the invention

In the conventional indoor unit of an air conditioner, the air is guided in the same direction as the rotational direction of the turbofan in a portion from the projection-shaped portion to one end portion of the partition portion, but the air is guided in the opposite direction to the rotational direction of the turbofan in a portion from the projection-shaped portion to the other end portion of the partition portion.

Therefore, the above-described conventional indoor unit of an air conditioner has a problem in that: a high-pressure portion is generated near the end of the partition portion to generate an abnormal sound.

Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide an indoor unit of an air conditioner capable of preventing generation of a high-pressure portion near an end of a partition portion and suppressing generation of an abnormal sound.

Means for solving the problems

An indoor unit of an air conditioner according to an aspect of the present invention includes:

a housing;

a centrifugal fan disposed within the housing;

a heat exchanger disposed in the casing so as to surround two or three sides of the centrifugal fan; and

a partition portion that surrounds the centrifugal fan together with the heat exchanger, connects one end of the heat exchanger to the other end of the heat exchanger, and guides air blown by the centrifugal fan from one end side of the heat exchanger to the other end side of the heat exchanger,

the distance between the centrifugal fan and the partition is longer on the other end side of the heat exchanger than on the one end side of the heat exchanger.

According to the above configuration, since the partition portion guides the air blown out by the centrifugal fan from one end side of the heat exchanger to the other end side of the heat exchanger, the air flowing along the partition portion can be made to flow in the same direction as the rotational direction of the centrifugal fan. Therefore, the pressure in the vicinity of the end of the partition portion can be reduced, and therefore, the generation of a high-pressure portion in the vicinity of the end of the partition portion can be avoided, and the generation of abnormal sound can be suppressed.

Further, since the distance between the centrifugal fan and the partition portion is longer on the other end side of the heat exchanger than on the one end side of the heat exchanger, the pressure in the vicinity of the end portion on the downstream side of the partition portion is reduced. Therefore, the pressure in the vicinity of the downstream end of the partition can be further reduced, and therefore, the effect of suppressing the generation of abnormal sound can be improved.

According to an indoor unit of an air conditioner of one embodiment,

the distance between the centrifugal fan and the partition gradually increases as approaching from one end side of the heat exchanger to the other end side thereof.

According to the above embodiment, since the distance between the centrifugal fan and the partition portion gradually increases as the distance from one end side of the heat exchanger to the other end side of the heat exchanger increases, the collision between the air flowing from the centrifugal fan to the heat exchanger and the air flowing along the partition portion can be alleviated. Therefore, the effect of suppressing the generation of abnormal sounds can be further improved.

According to an indoor unit of an air conditioner of one embodiment,

the other end of the heat exchanger is closer to one wall portion side of the housing than the one end of the heat exchanger.

According to the above embodiment, since the other end of the heat exchanger is closer to the one wall portion side of the casing than the one end of the heat exchanger, the distance between the centrifugal fan and the other end of the heat exchanger can be increased. As a result, the pressure in the vicinity of the other end of the heat exchanger can be reduced.

According to an indoor unit of an air conditioner of one embodiment,

the air blown out by the centrifugal fan is blown out from an outlet provided on the opposite side of the partition portion with respect to the centrifugal fan.

According to the above-described embodiment, since the air outlet provided on the opposite side of the partition portion with respect to the centrifugal fan blows out the air blown out by the centrifugal fan, the air blown out by the centrifugal fan can be made to flow smoothly from the partition portion to the air outlet. Therefore, the air blown out by the centrifugal fan can be prevented from being turbulent in the flow path from the partition portion to the air outlet.

Effects of the invention

The invention can provide an indoor unit of an air conditioner which can prevent the generation of a high-pressure part near the end part of a partition part and restrain the generation of abnormal sound.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is a perspective view of an indoor unit of an air conditioner according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 2 is another perspective view of the indoor unit.

Fig. 3 is a bottom view of the indoor unit.

Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view in the direction of the arrows on the line IV-IV of fig. 3.

Fig. 5 is a bottom view showing a state where a panel, a drain pan, and the like are detached from the indoor unit.

Fig. 6 is a bottom view showing a state in which a shutter is attached to the indoor unit of fig. 5.

Fig. 7 is a bottom view showing a state where the shutter is removed from the indoor unit.

Fig. 8 is a bottom view of the partition plate of the indoor unit.

Fig. 9 is a perspective view of the partition plate.

Fig. 10 is a bottom view of the partition plate.

Detailed Description

Next, an indoor unit of an air conditioner according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the illustrated embodiments.

Fig. 1 is a perspective view of an indoor unit of an air conditioner according to an embodiment of the present invention, as viewed obliquely from below. Fig. 2 is a perspective view of the indoor unit as viewed from obliquely above.

The indoor unit of the present embodiment is a ceiling-embedded indoor unit, and as shown in fig. 1 and 2, includes: a housing main body 1; a rectangular panel 2 attached to a lower side of the case main body 1; and a grill 3 detachably attached to the panel 2. The housing main body 1, the panel 2, and the grill 3 constitute an example of a housing.

The

pipe connection portions

5 and 6 and the drain pipe cover 7 protrude from the side wall of the housing main body 1. Refrigerant pipes (not shown) on the outside of the housing body 1 are connected to the

pipe connection portions

5 and 6. A drain hose (not shown) on the outside of the housing body 1 is connected to the drain cover 7.

Further, an electric component part 8 is provided on the side wall of the housing main body 1 so as to be adjacent to the

pipe connection parts

5 and 6 and the drain cover 7.

The panel 2 is provided with an air outlet 10 located on one side in the longitudinal direction of the grill 3 and along the short side of the outer edge of the panel 2. Further, a flap 20 that opens and closes the air outlet 10 is rotatably attached to the panel 2. Fig. 1 shows a state in which the blowout port 10 is closed by the baffle 20.

The indoor unit of the present embodiment includes

suspension fittings

101, 102, 103, and 104 (the suspension fitting 104 is shown in fig. 5). The

suspension fittings

101, 102, 103, and 104 are fixed to, for example, suspension bolts (not shown) hanging from the main structure in the ceiling. Thereby, the indoor unit is suspended from the ceiling.

Fig. 3 shows a bottom view of the indoor unit. In fig. 3, the same components as those in fig. 1 and 2 are denoted by the same reference numerals as those in fig. 1 and 2.

The baffle 20 has an コ -shaped plan view, and controls the direction of the blown air from the air outlet 10.

More specifically, the baffle 20 has: a shutter main body 20a extending along the rotation shaft 21; a first auxiliary barrier 20b connected to one end of the barrier main body 20 a; and a second subsidiary barrier 20c connected to the other end portion of the barrier main body 20 a.

The first auxiliary baffle 20b extends from one end of the baffle main body 20a toward the opposite side to the outlet 10 side of the casing main body 1. The first auxiliary flap 20b is connected to a stepping motor 80 via a link mechanism 90.

The second auxiliary baffle 20c extends from the other end portion of the baffle main body 20a toward the side opposite to the outlet 10 side of the casing main body 1. That is, the extending direction of the second auxiliary barrier 20c is parallel to the extending direction of the first auxiliary barrier 20 b.

The stepping motor 80 is disposed in a space formed by the housing main body 1, the panel 2, and the grill 3, and is adjacent to the baffle 20 in a direction orthogonal to the rotational axis direction of the baffle 20. The stepping motor 80 is located on the opposite side of the rotating shaft 21 from the outlet 10 side of the casing main body 1. Further, the stepping motor 80 generates a driving force for rotating the shutter 20. At this time, the flap 20 receives the driving force of the stepping motor 80 via the link mechanism 90 and rotates about the rotation shaft 21. Further, the stepping motor 80 may be positioned on the outlet 10 side of the casing main body 1 with respect to the rotation shaft 21.

Further, as shown in fig. 3, a suction port 1a is provided in the center portion of the housing main body 1 (shown in fig. 1 and 2). A filter 4 (shown in fig. 4) is disposed between the suction port 1a and the grill 3.

The outlet 10 side of the casing main body 1 is the first wall 11 (shown in fig. 5) side of the casing main body 1.

Fig. 4 shows a cross-sectional view from the line IV-IV of fig. 3. In fig. 4, the same components as those in fig. 1 to 3 are denoted by the same reference numerals as those in fig. 1 to 3.

A vortex fan 30 is disposed in the casing main body 1. The vortex fan 30 is driven by a motor 31 to rotate in a predetermined rotational direction. Here, when the vortex fan 30 is viewed from below, the predetermined rotational direction coincides with the counterclockwise direction. The vortex fan 30 is an example of a centrifugal fan.

A bell mouth 32 is disposed between the suction port 1a of the casing main body 1 and the vortex fan 30. The vortex fan 30 sucks in indoor air through a space inside the bell mouth 32.

Further, in the casing main body 1, a heat exchanger 40 and a partition plate 50 are disposed around the vortex fan 30. The air blown out by the vortex fan 30 is blown out from the air outlet 10 provided on the opposite side of the partition plate 50 with respect to the vortex fan 30 after passing through the heat exchanger 40. At this time, the partition plate 50 guides the air blown out of the vortex fan 30 to the heat exchanger 40. The partition plate 50 is an example of a partition portion. The partition may be formed by a part of the housing main body 1.

Further, a drain pan 60 is disposed from the lower side of the heat exchanger 40 to the lower side of the partition plate 50 in the casing main body 1. This allows the drain pan 60 to receive the dew condensation water generated in the heat exchanger 40 and the partition plate 50.

Further, a ventilation path P for guiding the blown air from the vortex fan 30 to the blow-out port 10 of the panel 2 is formed in the casing main body 1.

Fig. 5 is a bottom view of the indoor unit with the panel 2, the drain pan 6, and the like removed.

The housing main body 1 has: a first wall 11 on the side of the outlet 10; a second wall portion 12 facing the first wall portion 11; and third and

fourth wall portions

13 and 14 provided between the first wall portion 11 and the second wall portion 12 so as to face each other. The end portions of the third and

fourth wall portions

13 and 14 on the side of the outlet 10 are connected to the first wall portion 11. On the other hand, the end portions of the third and

fourth wall portions

13 and 14 on the opposite side from the air outlet 10 are connected to the second wall portion. The second wall portion 12 is an example of one wall portion of the housing.

Further, the second wall portion 12 is shaped so that the portion 12b on the fourth wall portion 14 side is closer to the first wall portion 11 side than the portion 12a on the third wall portion 13 side. That is, the portion 12b of the second wall 12 where the

pipe connecting portions

5 and 6 are provided is recessed toward the first wall 11. Further, an intermediate portion 12c between the

portions

12a, 12b is inclined with respect to the direction in which the

portions

12a, 12b extend.

The heat exchanger 40 is disposed between the first wall 11, the third wall 13, and the fourth wall 14 of the casing main body 1 and the vortex fan 30.

More specifically, the heat exchanger 40 has a first heat exchange portion 41, a second heat exchange portion 42, and a third heat exchange portion 43. The first heat exchange portion 41, the second heat exchange portion 42, and the third heat exchange portion 43 are integrally formed with each other. The first heat exchange portion 41, the second heat exchange portion 42, and the third heat exchange portion 43 may be formed separately, and may be disposed with a space therebetween, for example.

The first heat exchange portion 41 is formed along the first wall portion 11, and faces the first wall portion 11 of the casing main body 1.

The second heat exchange portion 42 faces the third wall portion 13 of the housing main body 1, and extends from the first wall portion 11 side toward the second wall portion 12 side. The second heat exchange portion 42 is located upstream of the first heat exchange portion 41 in the rotation direction R of the vortex fan 30. Further, a drain pump 70 is disposed between the end of the second heat exchange portion 42 and the portion of the second wall portion 12 on the third wall portion 13 side.

The drain pump 70 sucks in dew condensation water and the like accumulated in the drain pan 60, and discharges the sucked dew condensation water and the like to the drain pipe cover 7 side. That is, the drain pump 70 is a pump for discharging dew condensation water and the like in the casing main body 1 to the outside of the casing main body 1.

The third heat exchange portion 43 faces the fourth wall portion 14 of the casing main body 1, and extends from the first wall portion 11 side toward the second wall portion 12 side. The third heat exchange portion 43 is located on the downstream side of the first heat exchange portion 41 in the rotation direction R of the vortex fan 30. The end of the second heat exchange portion 42 is closer to the second wall portion 12 than the end of the third heat exchange portion 43. In other words, the distal end of the second heat exchange portion 42 is disposed at a position farther from the air outlet 10, while the distal end of the third heat exchange portion 43 is disposed at a position closer to the air outlet. The end of the second heat exchange portion 42 is an example of the other end of the heat exchanger. The end of the third heat exchange portion 43 is an example of one end of the heat exchanger.

The end of the third heat exchange portion 43 and the pipe connection portion 5 are connected to each other via a refrigerant pipe 85. The end of the third heat exchange portion 43 and the pipe connection portion 6 are connected to each other via a refrigerant pipe 86.

The

pipe connection portions

5 and 6 connect the

refrigerant pipes

85 and 86 inside the casing main body 1 and the refrigerant pipes outside the casing main body 1. The refrigerant can be flowed into the heat exchanger 40 by the

pipe connection portions

5 and 6.

Further, the distance between the second heat exchange portion 42 and the third heat exchange portion 43 becomes longer as it is farther from the blow-out port 10. That is, the heat exchanger 40 is formed in an コ shape in plan view. In addition, the distance between the second heat exchange portion 42 and the third heat exchange portion 43 may be fixed or substantially fixed. The heat exchanger 40 may be formed in a V-shape, circular arc shape, or the like in plan view, for example.

The partition plate 50 surrounds the vortex fan 30 together with the heat exchanger 40. The partition plate 50 connects the end of the second heat exchange portion 42 and the end of the third heat exchange portion 43. Further, the partition plate 50 guides the blown air of the vortex fan 30 from the distal end side of the third heat exchange portion 43 to the distal end side of the second heat exchange portion 42. Further, the distance L between the turbofan 30 and the partition plate 50 is longer on the tip end side of the second heat exchange portion 42 than on the tip end side of the third heat exchange portion 43. More specifically, the distance L between the turbofan 30 and the partition plate 50 gradually becomes longer as approaching the distal end side of the second heat exchange portion 42 from the distal end side of the third heat exchange portion 43. Further, the distance L between the vortex fan 30 and the partition plate 50 may be increased in a stepwise manner.

Fig. 6 shows a state in which the indoor unit shown in fig. 5 has the shutter 20 attached thereto (as indicated by diagonal lines), and fig. 7 shows a state in which the shutter 20 of the indoor unit is removed. In fig. 6 and 7, the same components as those in fig. 1 to 5 are denoted by the same reference numerals as those in fig. 1 to 5.

As seen in a plan view, as shown in fig. 6, the baffle main body 20a and the first and second auxiliary baffles 20b and 20c are arranged so as not to overlap the heat exchanger 40. The shutter main body 20a is provided along the first wall portion 11 of the housing main body 1. Further, the first auxiliary baffle 20b extends along the third wall portion 13 of the housing main body 1. On the other hand, the second auxiliary barrier 20c extends along the fourth wall portion 14 of the casing main body 1. The distal end portions of the first and second

auxiliary flappers

20b and 20c are located on the second wall portion 12 side of the housing main body 1.

As shown in fig. 6 and 7, the outlet 10 is composed of a rectangular first outlet 10a and second and

third outlets

10b and 10c provided along the first wall 11 of the casing main body 1. The second outlet 10b extends from one end of the first outlet 10a toward the third wall 13 of the casing main body 1, is bent, and extends toward the second wall 12 of the casing main body 1. On the other hand, the third blowout part 10c extends from the other end part of the first blowout part 10a toward the fourth wall part 14 side of the casing main body 1, then bends and extends toward the second wall part 12 of the casing main body 1.

Fig. 8 is a plan view of the partition plate 50. Further, fig. 9 shows a perspective view of the partition plate 50 from obliquely above. Fig. 10 is a bottom view of the partition plate 50.

The partition plate 50 has a partition plate main body 50a having a curved shape and a brim 50b provided at an upper end of the partition plate main body 50 a. The distance between the inner peripheral surface of the partition plate body 50a and the outer peripheral edge of the vortex fan 30 corresponds to the distance L between the vortex fan 30 and the partition plate 50. More specifically, assuming that an intersection point of a half straight line extending radially from the center of the turbofan 30 toward the partition plate main body 50a side and the outer peripheral edge of the turbofan 30 is an intersection point a, and an intersection point of the half straight line and the inner peripheral surface of the partition plate main body 50a is an intersection point B, in this case, a distance from the intersection point a to the intersection point B corresponds to the distance L. The eaves 50b extends forward from the upstream end of the partition plate body 50a toward the downstream end of the partition plate body 50a to a position corresponding to about two thirds of the length of the partition plate body 50 a.

According to the indoor unit configured as described above, when the turbofan 30 is driven, the blown air of the turbofan 30 flows from the distal end side of the third heat exchange portion 43 toward the distal end of the second heat exchange portion 42 between the turbofan 30 and the partition plate 50. Then, the air blown out by the vortex fan 30 passes through the heat exchanger 40, flows through the airflow path P, and reaches the air outlet 10 of the panel 2.

In this way, since the air between the vortex fan 30 and the partition plate 50 flows in the same direction as the rotation direction R of the vortex fan 30, the pressure in the vicinity of the upstream and downstream ends of the partition plate 50 can be reduced. Therefore, it is possible to avoid the generation of high-pressure portions in the vicinity of the upstream and downstream ends of the partition plate 50 and suppress the generation of abnormal sounds.

Further, since the distance L between the swirl fan 30 and the partition plate 50 is longer on the tip end side of the second heat exchange portion 42 than on the tip end side of the third heat exchange portion 43, the pressure in the vicinity of the end portion on the downstream side of the partition plate 50 is reduced. Therefore, the pressure in the vicinity of the downstream end of the partition plate 50 can be further reduced, and therefore, the effect of suppressing the generation of abnormal sound can be further improved.

Further, since the distance L between the vortex fan 30 and the partition plate 50 gradually increases as the distance from the distal end side of the third heat exchange portion 43 to the distal end side of the second heat exchange portion 42 increases, the collision between the air flowing from the vortex fan 30 to the second heat exchange portion 42 and the air flowing along the partition plate 50 can be alleviated. Therefore, the effect of suppressing the generation of abnormal sounds can be further improved.

Further, since the tip of the second heat exchange portion 42 is closer to the second wall portion 12 side of the casing main body 1 than the tip of the third heat exchange portion 43, the distance between the vortex fan 30 and the tip of the second heat exchange portion 42 can be increased. As a result, the pressure in the vicinity of the end of the second heat exchange portion 42 can be reduced.

Further, since the outlet 10 provided on the opposite side of the partition plate 50 with respect to the vortex fan 30 blows out the air blown out by the vortex fan 30, the air blown out by the vortex fan 30 can be made to flow smoothly from the partition plate 50 to the outlet 10. Therefore, the air blown out by the vortex fan 30 can be prevented from being turbulent in the flow path from the partition plate 50 to the air outlet 10.

In the above-described embodiment, the indoor unit including the casing having the rectangular parallelepiped shape formed by the casing main body 1, the panel 2, and the grill 3 has been described, but the shape of the casing is not limited to this.

In the above-described embodiment, the ceiling-embedded indoor unit has been described, but the indoor unit is not limited thereto, and the present invention may be applied to a ceiling-embedded indoor unit.

In the above-described embodiment, the indoor unit has the air outlet 10 so that the air passing through the heat exchanger 40 is blown out in one direction, but may have an air outlet so that the air passing through the heat exchanger 40 is blown out in two directions or three directions.

In the above embodiment, the heat exchanger 40 is formed so as to surround three sides of the vortex fan 30 and is disposed in the casing main body 1, but the heat exchanger may be formed so as to surround two sides of the vortex fan 30 and be disposed in the casing main body 1. That is, a heat exchanger in which the second heat exchange portion 42 or the third heat exchange portion 43 is removed from the heat exchanger 40, that is, a heat exchanger in an L shape in plan view may be disposed in the housing main body 1. In this case, for example, the heat exchanger may be located between the first and

third wall portions

11 and 13 of the casing main body 1 and the vortex fan 30, or between the first and

fourth wall portions

11 and 14 of the casing main body 1 and the vortex fan 30.

While the present invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and various modifications can be made within the scope of the present invention. For example, a configuration in which the contents described in the above embodiments are combined as appropriate may be one embodiment of the present invention.

Description of the reference symbols

1a housing body;

1a suction inlet;

2, a panel;

3, grating;

4, a filter;

5. 6 a pipe connecting part;

7, a water drainage pipe sleeve;

8 an electrical component box;

10 air outlets;

11 a first wall portion;

12a second wall portion;

13 a third wall portion;

14 a fourth wall portion;

20 baffle plates;

20a baffle body;

20b a first auxiliary baffle;

20c a second auxiliary baffle;

21 rotating the shaft;

30 a vortex fan;

31 a motor;

a 32-horn mouth;

40 heat exchangers;

41 a first heat exchange part;

42 a second heat exchange portion;

43 a third heat exchange section;

50 partition plates;

50a divider plate body;

50b eave portion;

60 a drain pan;

70, draining pump;

80 a stepper motor;

90 linkage mechanism.

Claims

1. An indoor unit of an air conditioner, characterized in that,

the indoor unit of the air conditioner comprises:

a housing (1, 2, 3);

a centrifugal fan (30) disposed within the housing (1, 2, 3);

a heat exchanger (40) disposed in the casing (1, 2, 3) so as to surround two or three sides of the centrifugal fan (30); and

a partition (50) that surrounds the centrifugal fan (30) together with the heat exchanger (40), connects one end of the heat exchanger (40) to the other end of the heat exchanger (40), and guides the air blown by the centrifugal fan (30) from one end side of the heat exchanger (40) to the other end side of the heat exchanger (40),

a distance (L) between the centrifugal fan (30) and the partition (50) is longer on the other end side of the heat exchanger (40) than on the one end side of the heat exchanger (40),

the air blown out by the centrifugal fan (30) is blown out from an outlet (10), and the outlet (10) is provided on the opposite side of the partition (50) with respect to the centrifugal fan (30).

2. An indoor unit of an air conditioner according to claim 1,

the distance (L) between the centrifugal fan (30) and the partition (50) is gradually increased as the heat exchanger (40) approaches the other end side of the heat exchanger (40) from one end side thereof.

3. The indoor unit of an air conditioner according to claim 1 or 2,

the other end of the heat exchanger (40) is located closer to one wall (12) of the casing (1, 2, 3) than the one end of the heat exchanger (40).