CN110521465B - Antibacterial agent, antibacterial film, and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Antibacterial agent, antibacterial film, and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN110521465B CN110521465B CN201910821638.4A CN201910821638A CN110521465B CN 110521465 B CN110521465 B CN 110521465B CN 201910821638 A CN201910821638 A CN 201910821638A CN 110521465 B CN110521465 B CN 110521465B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
- A01G13/0237—Devices for protecting a specific part of a plant, e.g. roots, trunk or fruits
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G2013/004—Liquid mulch
Abstract
The invention provides an antibacterial agent, an antibacterial film, a preparation method and an application thereof, wherein the antibacterial agent comprises chitosan and a plant source preparation, and the chitosan (unit is g): the weight-volume ratio of the plant source preparation (unit is ml) is (1-2): (0.05-1); the plant source preparation is a mixed extract from various plants, and is rich in alkaloid, glycosides, saccharides, amino acids, proteins, enzymes, tannin, etc. The antibacterial film is obtained by forming the antibacterial agent. The antibacterial agent and the antibacterial film are applied to the grapes before harvest, can replace pesticides, and reduce pollution and pesticide use times. The antibacterial agent and the antibacterial film are edible components, are harmless to fruit pickers, and are degradable and environment-friendly.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural planting, in particular to an antibacterial agent, an antibacterial film, and preparation methods and applications thereof.
Background
Almost all fruits are attacked by birds, pests and diseases and damaged by wind, rain and sunlight when they are close to maturity, so that the harvest is reduced or the quality of the fruits is different. The chemical pesticide is used for a long time, and insects, germs and the like are easy to generate drug resistance, so that the prevention effect is increasingly poor; many chemical pesticides seriously pollute water, atmosphere and soil, cause pollution to natural environment, enter human body through food chain and harm human health; and even with chemical pesticides, about 30% of the fruit is lost before harvest.
At present, the troubles can be solved to a certain extent through the fruit bagging, because the fruits in the bagging can reduce the invasion from birds, can not be infected by fruit fly bacteria, can not be scratched by branches in the growing process, can avoid the direct irradiation of sunlight, and can generate individual greenhouse effect due to the air permeability of the bagging, so that the fruits can keep proper humidity and temperature, the sweetness of the fruits can be improved, the luster of the fruits can be improved, the yield of the fruits can be increased, and the growth period of the fruits can be shortened. However, the current fruit bag is mainly made of two materials, namely paper and PE (plastic film), and only can prevent fruits from being damaged by external machinery and basically has no effect on pathogenic bacteria infection; and the process of manual bagging is tedious, a large amount of manpower and material resources can be consumed, and resource waste is generated.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention provides an antibacterial film agent and an antibacterial film prepared from the same, which can replace pesticides to reduce pollution and pesticide use frequency.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the antibacterial agent and the antibacterial film and application of the antibacterial agent and the antibacterial film to pre-harvest fruits.
The invention provides the following technical scheme:
an antibacterial agent (hereinafter referred to as chitosan-plant source preparation antibacterial agent) comprises chitosan and a plant source preparation, wherein the weight-volume ratio of the chitosan (g) to the plant source preparation (ml) is 1-2: 0.05-1, preferably 1: 0.1; the plant source preparation is a plant active glycoside peptide bactericide or a preparation containing the plant active glycoside peptide bactericide; the plant active glycoside peptide bactericide is disclosed in the Chinese patent application No. 201010123942.0.
Further, the antibacterial agent component also comprises titanium dioxide (namely, the chitosan-plant source preparation-titanium dioxide antibacterial agent is called below); the chitosan (g): the plant-derived preparation (ml): the titanium dioxide (ml) is 1-2: 0.05-1: 0.2 to 0.4, preferably 1: 0.1: 0.2.
further, the source of the titanium dioxide component comprises a titanium dioxide solution with the mass fraction of 0.4%.
Further, the plant source preparation is a commercial product as follows:
trade name: 4, preparing fruit-beautifying medicine;
registration certificate number: agricultural fertilizer (2013) standard 3232;
the execution standard is as follows: NY/T1974-2010;
the manufacturer: weifang Aofeng crop virus prevention and treatment technology service company Limited;
the effective components are as follows: the alkaloid and geniposide are more than or equal to 2.6 percent;
the preparation formulation is as follows: a water aqua.
Further, the plant-derived preparation is a diluted solution which is diluted by 1000 times by 300 times for the plant active glycoside peptide bactericide or the preparation containing the plant active glycoside peptide bactericide; preferably 500 fold dilution.
Further, the preparation method of the chitosan-plant source preparation antibacterial agent comprises the following steps:
dissolving chitosan in weak acid, adding glycerol and malic acid after completely dissolving, and mixing; adding the plant source preparation into the mixed solution, and uniformly mixing. The plant-derived preparation described herein is added as a solute to the mixed solution as a solvent.
Further, the preparation method of the chitosan-plant source preparation-titanium dioxide antibacterial agent comprises the following steps:
dissolving chitosan in weak acid, adding glycerol and malic acid after completely dissolving, and mixing;
adding the plant source preparation into the mixed solution, and uniformly mixing;
adding titanium dioxide to obtain the product.
Further, the titanium dioxide is added at the speed of 2 drops per second to 3 drops per second for 1-2 times at intervals of 1-2min, so that titanium dioxide is prevented from agglomerating and is difficult to disperse uniformly.
An antibacterial film is formed by the chitosan-botanical preparation antibacterial agent or the chitosan-botanical preparation-titanium dioxide antibacterial agent.
The antibacterial agent and the antibacterial film can be used for protecting fruits before picking. The antibacterial agent can be directly sprayed and brushed on the surfaces of fruits, or the fruits are immersed in the antibacterial agent, so that the antibacterial agent is fully distributed on the surfaces of the fruits, the fruits are taken out, and the antibacterial agent is dried on the surfaces of the fruits to form a film. The antibacterial film can be directly coated around the fruits or made into a bag shape to cover the fruits.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the antibacterial agent and the antibacterial film are applied to planting of the grapes before harvest, and replace pesticides, so that pollution and pesticide use times are reduced. The antibacterial agent and the antibacterial film are edible components, are harmless to fruit pickers, and are degradable and environment-friendly.
2. The application of the titanium dioxide in the scheme of the invention can protect the activity of pectinase, improve the hardness value of fruits, reduce the damage of the fruits in the packaging and transportation process and have better taste and storage resistance.
3. The malic acid is added in the preparation process of the antibacterial film, so that the film liquid is more uniform, and the liquid phase is more uniform; the glycerin makes the antibacterial agent have better membranous property and longer time for adhering to the fruit surface.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the comparison of the growth state of grapes under five different antibacterial treatments in the same period; wherein, the pictures with the numbers of 1-4 are the blank control group on days 1, 8, 15 and 22; the pictures with the numbers of 5-8 are 1 st, 8 th, 15 th and 22 th days after the chitosan coating film group is coated; the pictures with the numbers of 9-12 are the 1 st, 8 th, 15 th and 22 th days of coating the film group of the chitosan plant source preparation; the pictures with the numbers of 13-16 are the 1 st, 8 th, 15 th and 22 th days of the coating film of the group coated with chitosan and titanium dioxide; the pictures with the numbers 17-20 are the 1 st, 8 th, 15 th and 22 th days of the thermal titanium oxide coating film coated with the chitosan plant source preparation.
FIG. 2 shows the anthocyanin content test results of grapes in five different film coating treatment groups; wherein, the control is a blank group without coating; the treat1 is a chitosan-coated membrane group; the waste 2 is a chitosan-plant source preparation film coating group; the waste 3 is a chitosan-titanium dioxide film coating group; the waste 4 is coated with chitosan, plant source preparation and titanium dioxide film.
FIG. 3 shows the results of the VC content measurement of grapes in five different film coating treatment groups; wherein, FIG. 3-1 is a standard working curve diagram of VC; fig. 3-2 is a graph of the distribution of VC content of grapes for five different film coating treatments, wherein: control is a blank set of no coating; the treat1 is a chitosan-coated membrane group; the waste 2 is a chitosan-plant source preparation film coating group; the waste 3 is a chitosan-titanium dioxide film coating group; the waste 4 is coated with chitosan, plant source preparation and titanium dioxide film.
FIG. 4 shows the measurement results of polyphenol content of grapes in different film coating treatment groups; wherein, FIG. 4-1 is a standard working curve of polyphenol; fig. 4-2 is a graph of the content distribution of grape polyphenols for five different film coating treatments, wherein: control is a blank set of no coating; the treat1 is a chitosan-coated membrane group; the waste 2 is a chitosan-plant source preparation film coating group; the waste 3 is a chitosan-titanium dioxide film coating group; the waste 4 is coated with chitosan, plant source preparation and titanium dioxide film.
FIG. 5 shows the results of measuring the flavone content of grapes in different film-coating treatment groups; wherein, FIG. 5-1 is a standard working curve of flavone; fig. 5-2 is a graph showing the content distribution of flavone in grapes treated by five different coating treatments, wherein: control is a blank set of no coating; the treat1 is a chitosan-coated membrane group; the waste 2 is a chitosan-plant source preparation film coating group; the waste 3 is a chitosan-titanium dioxide film coating group; the waste 4 is coated with chitosan, plant source preparation and titanium dioxide film.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the total acid content of grapes in different film coating treatment groups; wherein: control is a blank set of no coating; the treat1 is a chitosan-coated membrane group; the waste 2 is a chitosan-plant source preparation film coating group; the waste 3 is a chitosan-titanium dioxide film coating group; the waste 4 is coated with chitosan, plant source preparation and titanium dioxide film.
FIG. 7 shows the results of the measurement of reducing sugar content of grapes in different film coating treatment groups; wherein, FIG. 7-1 is a standard working curve of reducing sugar; FIG. 7-2 is a graph of reducing sugar content profiles for five different film-coated grapes, wherein: control is a blank set of no coating; the treat1 is a chitosan-coated membrane group; the waste 2 is a chitosan-plant source preparation film coating group; the waste 3 is a chitosan-titanium dioxide film coating group; the waste 4 is coated with chitosan, plant source preparation and titanium dioxide film.
FIG. 8 shows the results of the measurement of soluble solid content of grapes in different film coating treatment groups; wherein: control is a blank set of no coating; the treat1 is a chitosan-coated membrane group; the waste 2 is a chitosan-plant source preparation film coating group; the waste 3 is a chitosan-titanium dioxide film coating group; the waste 4 is coated with chitosan, plant source preparation and titanium dioxide film.
FIG. 9 shows the measurement results of the grain weight of grapes in different film coating treatment groups; wherein: control is a blank set of no coating; the treat1 is a chitosan-coated membrane group; the waste 2 is a chitosan-plant source preparation film coating group; the waste 3 is a chitosan-titanium dioxide film coating group; the waste 4 is coated with chitosan, plant source preparation and titanium dioxide film.
FIG. 10 shows the results of the diameter measurements of grapes coated with different coatings; wherein, FIG. 10-1 shows the results of the detection of the transverse diameter of the fruit; FIG. 10-2 shows the results of measuring the longitudinal diameter of the fruit; wherein: control is a blank set of no coating; the treat1 is a chitosan-coated membrane group; the waste 2 is a chitosan-plant source preparation film coating group; the waste 3 is a chitosan-titanium dioxide film coating group; the waste 4 is coated with chitosan, plant source preparation and titanium dioxide film.
FIG. 11 shows the measurement results of the hardness of grapes in different film coating treatment groups; wherein: control is a blank set of no coating; the treat1 is a chitosan-coated membrane group; the waste 2 is a chitosan-plant source preparation film coating group; the waste 3 is a chitosan-titanium dioxide film coating group; the waste 4 is coated with chitosan, plant source preparation and titanium dioxide film.
Detailed Description
The terms as used herein:
"prepared from … …" is synonymous with "comprising". The terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," "has," "having," "contains," "containing," or any other variation thereof, as used herein, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a composition, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, process, method, article, or apparatus.
When an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter is expressed as a range, preferred range, or as a range of upper preferable values and lower preferable values, this is to be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formed from any pair of any upper range limit or preferred value and any lower range limit or preferred value, regardless of whether ranges are separately disclosed. For example, when the range "1 ~ 5" is disclosed, the ranges described should be construed to include the ranges "1 ~ 4", "1 ~ 3", "1 ~ 2 and 4 ~ 5", "1 ~ 3 and 5", and the like. When a range of values is described herein, unless otherwise stated, the range is intended to include the endpoints thereof and all integers and fractions within the range.
In these examples, the parts and percentages are by mass unless otherwise indicated.
"part by mass" means a basic unit of measure indicating a mass ratio of a plurality of components, and 1 part may represent any unit mass, for example, 1g or 2.689 g. If we say that the part by mass of the component A is a part by mass and the part by mass of the component B is B part by mass, the ratio of the part by mass of the component A to the part by mass of the component B is a: b. alternatively, the mass of the A component is aK and the mass of the B component is bK (K is an arbitrary number, and represents a multiple factor). It is unmistakable that, unlike the parts by mass, the sum of the parts by mass of all the components is not limited to 100 parts.
"and/or" is used to indicate that one or both of the illustrated conditions may occur, e.g., a and/or B includes (a and B) and (a or B).
The chitosan-plant source preparation antibacterial agent provided by the invention comprises the following components of chitosan and a plant source preparation, wherein the chitosan (g): the plant source preparation (ml) is 1-2: 0.05-1, including but not limited to 1:0.05, 1:0.1, 1:0.5, 1:1, 1.5:0.7, 2:0.05, 1.7:0.9, 2:1, etc.; the plant source preparation is a plant active glycoside peptide bactericide or a preparation containing the plant active glycoside peptide bactericide; the plant active glycoside peptide bactericide is disclosed in the Chinese patent application No. 201010123942.0.
In some embodiments, the plant-derived preparation is selected from the following commercial products:
trade name: 4, preparing fruit-beautifying medicine;
registration certificate number: agricultural fertilizer (2013) standard 3232;
the execution standard is as follows: NY/T1974-2010;
the manufacturer: weifang Aofeng crop virus prevention and treatment technology service company Limited;
the effective components are as follows: the alkaloid and geniposide are more than or equal to 2.6 percent;
the preparation formulation is as follows: a water aqua.
In some embodiments, the plant-derived preparation is a dilution of the plant-active glycoside peptide fungicide or a preparation comprising the plant-active glycoside peptide fungicide diluted 1000-fold; preferably 500-fold.
The preparation method of the chitosan-plant source preparation antibacterial agent comprises the following steps:
dissolving chitosan in a proper amount of weak acid (such as acetic acid, etc.) (capable of completely dissolving chitosan to form at least saturated solution), and stirring at 50-60 deg.C (including but not limited to 50 deg.C, 53 deg.C, 58 deg.C, 60 deg.C, etc.) until completely dissolving; adding glycerol and malic acid, stirring to mix well, and removing bubbles; adding plant source preparation into the obtained chitosan solution, mixing, and removing foam.
The invention also provides a chitosan-plant source preparation antibacterial film which is obtained by forming the chitosan-plant source preparation antibacterial agent into a film; preferably, the chitosan-plant source preparation antibacterial agent is spread by spraying, brushing or pouring, and dried to form a film.
In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agent of the present invention further comprises titanium dioxide (i.e., is a chitosan-botanical agent-titanium dioxide antimicrobial agent); the chitosan (g): the plant-derived preparation (ml): the titanium dioxide (ml) is 1-2: 0.05-1: 0.2 to 0.4, including but not limited to 1: 0.1: 0.2, 1: 0.05: 0.2, 1: 1: 0.4, 2: 0.05: 0.4, 2: 1: 0.2, 1.3: 0.7: 0.3, etc.
In some embodiments, the source of the constituent titanium dioxide includes, but is not limited to, a 0.4 mass percent titanium dioxide solution.
The preparation method of the chitosan-plant source preparation-titanium dioxide antibacterial agent comprises the following steps:
dissolving chitosan in weak acid (such as acetic acid) to completely dissolve chitosan, and stirring at 50-60 deg.C (including but not limited to 50 deg.C, 53 deg.C, 58 deg.C, 60 deg.C, etc.) to completely dissolve chitosan; adding glycerol and malic acid, mixing, and removing bubbles;
adding plant source preparation, mixing, and removing foam;
slowly adding titanium dioxide by times, and performing ultrasonic treatment to obtain the product.
In some embodiments, the mass ratio of chitosan to weak acid is 4: 1.
In some embodiments, the mass ratio of chitosan to malic acid is 1: 0.008.
In some embodiments, the mass to volume ratio of chitosan (g) to glycerol (ml) is 1: 0.3.
In some embodiments, the titanium dioxide component is added in 1-2 portions with 1-2min intervals, and at a rate of 2-3 drops per second (about 0.05-0.07 ml/drop).
The invention also provides an antibacterial film containing the chitosan-botanical preparation-titanium dioxide antibacterial agent, which is obtained by forming a film from the chitosan-botanical preparation-titanium dioxide antibacterial agent; preferably, the chitosan-plant source preparation-titanium dioxide antibacterial agent is spread by spraying, brushing or pouring, and is dried to form a film.
The chitosan-plant source preparation antibacterial agent or chitosan-plant source preparation-titanium dioxide antibacterial agent and the chitosan-plant source preparation antibacterial film or chitosan-plant source preparation-titanium dioxide antibacterial film can be applied to the protection of fruits before picking. The antibacterial agent can be directly sprayed and brushed on the surfaces of fruits, or the fruits are immersed in the antibacterial agent, so that the antibacterial agent is fully distributed on the surfaces of the fruits, the fruits are taken out, and the antibacterial agent is dried on the surfaces of the fruits to form a film. The antibacterial film can be directly coated around the fruits or made into a bag shape to cover the fruits.
Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to specific examples, but those skilled in the art will appreciate that the following examples are only illustrative of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. The examples, in which specific conditions are not specified, were conducted under conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products available commercially.
Example 1
Preparation of the chitosan-botanical preparation antibacterial agent of the invention:
dissolving 2g chitosan in 100mL 0.5% acetic acid, stirring at 50 deg.C with magnetic stirrer at 600/min, adding 0.6mL glycerol and 0.016g malic acid, stirring for 30min, and removing bubbles;
to the resulting chitosan solution, 0.2mL of a plant-derived preparation was added, followed by stirring for 30min and defoaming.
The plant source preparation is a diluent which is obtained by diluting the commercially available Liangguan by 500 times.
Example 2
Preparing the chitosan-plant source preparation-titanium dioxide antibacterial agent of the invention:
dissolving 2g chitosan in 100mL 0.5% acetic acid, stirring at 50 deg.C with magnetic stirrer at 600/min, adding 0.6mL glycerol and 0.016g malic acid, stirring for 30min, and removing bubbles;
adding 0.2mL of plant source preparation into the obtained chitosan solution, stirring for 30min, and removing bubbles;
adding the obtained chitosan-plant source preparation antibacterial solution 1-2 times at an interval of 1.5min, adding 0.4mL titanium dioxide at a speed of 3 drops per second, and treating with ultrasonic cleaner (trade name: Louis ultrasonic cleaner, model: YL-020S) for 30min to obtain suspension emulsion.
The plant source preparation is a diluent which is obtained by diluting the commercially available Liangguan by 500 times.
Comparative example 1
Chitosan antibacterial agent: dissolving 2g chitosan in 100mL 0.5% acetic acid, stirring at 50 deg.C with magnetic stirrer at 600/min, adding 0.6mL glycerol and 0.016g malic acid, stirring for 30min, and removing bubbles.
Comparative example 2
Chitosan-titanium dioxide antimicrobial agent:
(1) preparing a chitosan solution: dissolving 2g chitosan in 100mL 0.5% acetic acid, stirring at 50 deg.C with magnetic stirrer at 600/min, adding 0.6mL glycerol and 0.016g malic acid, stirring for 30min, and removing bubbles;
(2) preparing chitosan-titanium dioxide antibacterial liquid: adding the chitosan membrane solution obtained in the step (1) for 1-2 times at an interval of 1.5min, adding 0.4mL of titanium dioxide at a speed of 3 drops per second, and treating for 30min with an ultrasonic cleaner (trade name: Louis ultrasonic cleaner, model: YL-020S).
The experimental method comprises the following steps:
1. design of experiments
The experiment selects seedless summer black grapes as a main research object, and discusses the influence of the coating on the use quality and the disease resistance effect. The test adopts single-factor completely random test, 5 kinds of coating treatment are adopted, and the blank (control) that the coating is not coated and chemical pesticide is sprayed is adopted; treatment group 1(treat 1): coating chitosan solution (comparative example 1); treatment group 2(treat 2): coating chitosan + botanical agent antimicrobial (example 1); treatment group 3(treat 3): coating chitosan + titanium dioxide antibacterial liquid (comparative example 2); treatment group 4(treat 4): chitosan + botanical agent + titanium dioxide antimicrobial agent (example 2) was applied. Each process was repeated 3 times for a total of 15 cells. The eating quality of the grapes is measured every five days in one month before picking, such as the measurement of reducing sugar, anthocyanin, polyphenol, flavone, vitamin C, hardness and the like, and whether the coating has influence on the eating quality of the grapes is discussed.
2. Antibacterial film performance and fruit quality determination
Preparing an antibacterial film: the antibacterial agents of the above examples 1, 2, 1 and 2 were poured on casting plates (6X 20cm), respectively, and dried at 50 ℃ to form films for use.
(2.1) mechanical characterization
The film was cut into a sample strip having a length of 100mm and a width of 10mm, and subjected to tensile measurement using a universal testing machine WDT-1 model of Shenzhen Keanqianly, wherein the tensile rate was 15mm/min, and the test conditions were 25 ℃ and 65% RH. The maximum load applied and the maximum deformation of the film at break were recorded.
(2.2) measurement of light transmittance
The sample to be tested is cut into a rectangle, the rectangle is pasted on the surface of a cuvette, the light transmittance under 660nm is measured by an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, the empty cuvette is taken as a reference, and the test conditions are 25 ℃ and 65% RH. Three samples were measured for each film and then averaged and recorded.
(2.3) measurement of hygroscopicity
A film sample of the same size was taken, 93% (saturated KNO)3Solution) for 72 hours, measuring the change of the self-mass of the membrane to represent the hygroscopicity, and calculating by the following calculation formula:
w absorption [ (M end-M start)/M start ] × 100%
In the formula: m Final-the mass of the film was kept at 93% relative humidity for 72 h;
m-film dried to constant mass.
(2.4) thickness measurement
And (3) placing the dried film in an environment with 25 ℃ and 65% RH for 3h, taking the relatively uniform film, randomly selecting 10 points on the film by using a micrometer to measure the thickness of the film, and calculating the average value.
(2.5) measurement of grape diseases
Counting the number of the diseases of the grouped grapes, and calculating the disease rate.
(2.6) appearance measurement
The fruit is planted for sale, the appearance of the fruit is important, after each treatment is coated, grapes growing nearly as much as possible are found, the grapes are photographed every 7 days, the observation time is one month, the pictures are arranged, and the pictures are analyzed.
(2.7) determination of anthocyanin
Taking 5g of sample for each treatment, adding 5g of water, adding 20mL of acidic ethanol solution, extracting in water bath at 40 ℃ for 2h until the extract is colorless, and filtering for later use. Measuring the content of anthocyanin by a pH differential method.
(2.8) measurement of VC content
Weighing a proper amount of the sample, placing the sample into a juicer, squeezing the sample into homogenate, weighing 5g of the homogenate, adding 3mL of 1% hydrochloric acid, uniformly mixing, transferring the homogenate into a 50mL volumetric flask, adding distilled water to a constant volume, standing for 5min, and filtering for later use. And (3) measuring the VC content by a colorimetric method.
(2.9) measurement of Polyphenol content
Respectively weighing 1.00g of sample in a triangular flask, adding 25mL of 70% ethanol solution, shaking up, leaching in ultrasonic water bath for 30min, centrifuging at 6000r/min for 15min, taking supernatant, adding 25mL of 70% ethanol solution into filter residue, and performing water bath and centrifugation under the same conditions. The two supernatants are combined, and the volume is determined to be 100mL by using 70% ethanol. And determining the polyphenol content of the sample by adopting a Folin phenol method.
(2.10) measurement of flavone content
Respectively weighing 1.00g of sample in a triangular flask, adding 25mL of 70% ethanol solution, shaking up, leaching in ultrasonic water bath for 30min, centrifuging at 6000r/min for 15min, taking supernatant, adding 25mL of 70% ethanol solution into filter residue, and performing water bath and centrifugation under the same conditions. The two supernatants were combined and made up to 50mL with 70% ethanol. Referring to GB/T20574-2006, the content of brass in the sample is determined by a colorimetric method.
(2.11) measurement of Total acid content
Smashing grapes into homogenate by using a juicer, taking 10g of the grape homogenate, transferring the 10g of the grape homogenate into a 100mL volumetric flask, fixing the volume to a scale mark by using carbon dioxide-free distilled water, shaking up, standing for 30min, and filtering to obtain filtrate for later use. Referring to GB/T12456-.
(2.12) measurement of reducing sugar content
Smashing grapes into homogenate by a juicer, diluting grape juice samples by proper times, and measuring the content of reducing sugar in the samples by a DNS method, wherein the content of the reducing sugar is measured by glucose.
(2.13) measurement of soluble solid matter
In the growth cycle 1 month before harvesting grapes, clusters at the same position (middle part) in the same direction as the tree body were randomly selected from each treatment every 5 days, 1 fruit was harvested from each of the upper, middle and lower parts of the cluster, and the soluble solids were measured by a hand-held sugar meter method, and then the average value was taken.
(2.14) measurement of fruit particle size
In the growth cycle of 1 month before harvesting of the grape fruits, 3 clusters of the materials of the treatment group and the control group were selected from each plant every 5 days, 1 fruit was taken on each cluster of the clusters, respectively at the upper, middle and lower parts, the total number of 54 fruits was counted, the sizes of the fruits were measured with an analytical balance, and the average value was recorded.
(2.15) measurement of fruit diameter
In the growth cycle of 1 month before harvesting the grape fruits, 3 clusters of the materials of the treatment group and the control group are selected on each plant every 5 days, 1 fruit is respectively taken on the upper part, the middle part and the lower part of each cluster of the clusters, the total number of 54 fruits is calculated, the longitudinal and transverse diameters and the longitudinal diameter are measured by a vernier caliper, and the average value of the longitudinal and transverse diameters is calculated.
(2.16) measurement of fruit hardness
In the growth cycle of 1 month before harvesting of the grape fruits, 3 clusters of the materials of the treatment group and the control group were selected from each plant every 5 days, 1 fruit was taken on each cluster of the clusters, respectively on the upper, middle and lower parts, the total number of 54 fruits was counted, the hardness thereof was measured by a fruit hardness meter, and the average value thereof was calculated.
3. Analysis of Experimental results
(3.1) mechanical characterization of the film
The mechanical property is an important index of the membrane material and is mainly reflected in two aspects: tensile strength and elongation at break. The tensile strength reflects the mechanical property of the material, and the elongation at break reflects the extensibility and brittleness of the material. Film mechanical characterization, in addition to being related to film thickness, can also be affected by the material of the film. As can be seen from the test results in Table 1, the elongation at break of the antibacterial film added with titanium dioxide is 109.16% at most, while the tensile strength of the chitosan film is 17.53% at most. The chitosan film is hard, so the tensile strength is high. The chitosan film added with titanium dioxide has better extensibility. The membrane added with titanium dioxide is subjected to ultrasonic treatment, ultrasonic waves can enable the membrane structure to generate cavitation, chemical bonds of macromolecules in membrane liquid are broken, and particle sizes are reduced. Therefore, compared with chitosan film, the chitosan film added with titanium dioxide has more tiny cavities, the structure compactness is reduced, and the hardness is reduced and the extensibility is enhanced.
Table 1: mechanical characterization results of the antibacterial film
(3.2) analysis of light transmittance of film
Table 2: measurement results of light transmittance of four films
| Kind of antibacterial film | a | b | c | d |
| Light transmittance | 46.24％±1.38 | 52.00％±1.43 | 10.47％±1.16 | 15.21％±1.37 |
Note that: a is chitosan film; b is chitosan and plant source preparation film; c is chitosan and titanium dioxide film; d is chitosan, plant source preparation and titanium dioxide film.
As can be seen from table 2, the light transmittance was best for the chitosan-plant derived preparation film, and worst for the chitosan + titanium dioxide film. The addition of titanium dioxide reduces the light transmission of the film, mainly because the titanium dioxide particles are not fused with the chitosan film, but are merely mixed physically. The plant source preparation is prepared by extracting various Chinese herbal medicines, such as alkaloid, saponin, organic acid and the like. Therefore, when the plant-derived preparation is added into the chitosan, some substances in the plant-derived preparation can physically or chemically react with the chitosan to influence the refractive index of the film, so that the light transmittance of the film is changed.
(3.3) analysis of disease Rate of grape
Table 3: disease rate measurement results of grapes
| |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Disease rate | 1.43±0.25％ab | 1.45±0.14％b | 1.42±0.12％a | 1.44±0.23％ab | 1.43±0.18％ab |
Note that: 1 is control treatment; 2, chitosan film treatment; 3, performing film treatment on the chitosan-plant source preparation; 4, treating the chitosan-titanium dioxide film; 5, treating chitosan-plant source preparation-titanium dioxide film.
As can be seen from Table 3, the control treatment (grapes grown by spraying chemical pesticide) has no significant difference with the disease rates of the other four film treatments, and the film coating treatment isolates the grapes from the external environment, thereby reducing the probability of disease pollution. Chitosan itself is also a natural antimicrobial agent with antimicrobial effect. The results show that the film coating treatment can replace the use of chemical pesticides, and can also prevent diseases of grape fruit trees. The disease rate of chitosan film treatment is higher than that of the other three films, and the chitosan-titanium dioxide film is used, so that the application of the plant source preparation improves the disease resistance effect of the antibacterial film/antibacterial agent.
(3.4) Effect of different film coating treatments on grape appearance
The consumer's desire to purchase has a large impact on appearance, and fig. 1 shows the impact of different film coating treatments on the appearance of grapes. The difference evident from figure 1 is that each film coated grape was slightly brighter than the control treated grapes. In the five treatments, the grapes on day 1 were all cyan, the fruits remained mostly cyan on day 8 with only a small amount of the fruits starting to turn red, the grapes were mostly red on day 15 with a small amount of the grapes being cyan, and the grapes on day 22 started to turn dark red to purple. Five groups of treatments have no significant difference and have similar growth vigor, which indirectly shows that the film coating treatment does not influence the normal growth of the grapes, can prevent and treat the disease infection as the grapes which normally use pesticides, has disease resistance, but can avoid residual harm by using an antibacterial film, and is simpler and more convenient to operate than bagging. The grapes which are not processed by coating can generate fruit powder in the growing process, the fruit powder is some sugar alcohol substances which are generated by the grapes during the growing process, the sugar alcohol substances can be uniformly distributed on the surface of the peel, the real color of the peel can not be covered, and the grape fruit powder is non-toxic and harmless to human bodies. Fruit powder is not only found on grapes, like sugarcane, plums, blueberries. Because of the natural water-insoluble characteristic of the fruit powder, the fruit powder can form a protective effect on fruits, pathogenic bacteria and pollution can be separated from the fruits due to the existence of the fruit powder, and the fruit powder is also a self-protection mechanism for the fruits and can prevent the grapes from being damaged; in addition, the fruit powder can prevent the fruit from shrinking because the fruit loses water too fast after picking. However, because the fruit powder is fragile, the growth and adhesion of the fruit powder are easily affected by the illumination degree or the fertility of soil and the conditions of picking, subpackaging, transporting and the like, so that the protection effect of the fruit powder on fruits cannot be guaranteed. The grape coating film is thin, and performances such as printing opacity, hygroscopicity are fine, and the grape after the processing of coating film is filmed and is replaced fruit powder, has all protect function that fruit powder has, has overcome the defect that fruit powder is easily influenced by illumination degree, the fertility of soil and conditions such as picking, partial shipment, transportation moreover, has provided whole stable protection for the fruit. After the film is coated, the visual effect is bright, and the selling of the fruit is better. The ripened grapes are darker in color after film coating than the grapes which are not film coated, which also reflects some effect of film coating on fruit pigmentation. More importantly, the components of the antibacterial film are nontoxic and edible, the consumer does not need to wash and remove the residual flow with complex operation, and the consumption experience is better and safer.
(3.5) Effect of different coating treatments on anthocyanin of grape
The anthocyanin has high content in the grapes, has a plurality of health care effects, is hooked with the edible quality of the grapes, inspects whether the film coating treatment influences the synthesis of the grapes, and judges whether the film coating treatment influences the growth of the grapes.
As can be seen from FIG. 2, the overall trend of the change of anthocyanin in the grape growth process by different film treatments is that the early-stage growth is slow, the later-stage growth starts to be greatly increased, mainly the grape fruits enter the color conversion stage when the film is coated for about ten days, and the anthocyanin content is greatly increased. And the anthocyanin does not have obvious difference (P >0.5) in the blank group when the four medium membrane treated grapes are coated on different time points. Indicating that the film coating has no effect on the normal color change of the grapes and on anthocyanin synthesis.
(3.6) Effect of different film coating treatments on grape VC
(3.6.1) preparation of VC Standard Curve
Referring to FIG. 3, a standard curve is prepared as shown in FIG. 3-1 with the mass (ug) of the solution as the X-axis and the absorbance (OD) as the Y-axis, and a regression equation and a regression coefficient are obtained. The regression equation is: y is 0.00557A-8.36576, and a regression coefficient R is calculated20.99959, the linear range is 20ug-100 ug.
(3.6.2) measurement results of VC content in sample
Referring to fig. 3, vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid, and the VC content determines the quality of the grape. From fig. 3-2, it can be seen that the VC content gradually increases with time, the VC content of the control treatment is higher than that of the other four treatments at first, but at the time of mature fruit harvest, the control treatment group is significantly lower than that of the other four treatments, and vitamin C is extremely unstable and is easily degraded. The contrast treatment is conventional pesticide spraying, chemical pesticide has certain residue, and long-term use can affect the growth of the grapes, which shows that the film coating treatment has a protective effect on the synthesis of vitamin C in the growth process of the grapes.
(3.7) Effect of different film coating treatments on grape polyphenols
(3.7.1) preparation of Standard Curve for Polyphenol
Referring to FIG. 4, a standard curve is prepared as shown in FIG. 4-1 with the mass (ug) of the solution as the X-axis and the absorbance (OD) as the Y-axis, and a regression equation and a regression coefficient are obtained. The regression equation is: y is 0.01311A +0.00314, and a regression coefficient R is calculated2The linear range is 5ug-30ug, 0.99912.
(3.7.2) measurement results of polyphenol content in sample
Referring to fig. 4, the grape polyphenol has an antioxidant effect, so that the grape can be taken more to maintain beauty and keep young, and the growth condition of the grape can be inferred by measuring the change of the grape polyphenol content. Fig. 4-2 shows that the grape polyphenol content increases and then decreases with the maturity of grapes, the control group begins to decrease at the fifth day, and all of the other four film coating treatments begin to decrease at the tenth day, indicating that the film coating treatment group shifts the polyphenol turning point backward. At 30 days, the polyphenol content of the grapes has fallen to a minimum and the mainly polyphenols start to transform into other components.
(3.8) Effect of different film coating treatments on grape flavones
(3.8.1) preparation of Standard Curve of Brass
Referring to FIG. 5, a standard curve was prepared as shown in FIG. 5-1 with the mass (. mu.g) of the solution as the X-axis and the absorbance (OD) as the Y-axis, and a regression equation and regression coefficients were obtained. The regression equation is: y is 0.41114A +0.00143, and a regression coefficient R is calculated2Linear range 0.2mg-1 mg-0.99902.
(3.8.2) measurement results of brass content in sample
Referring to fig. 5, flavones have antioxidant properties and are generally interconverted with phenolics, and changes in flavone content are closely related to physiological effects of grapes. As can be seen from FIG. 5-2, the flavonoids in grapes declined first, then rose, and then declined. The descending amplitude of the early stage is larger than that of the later stage, and the descending is slower as the maturity is closer. The flavonoids are actually a phenolic substance in fruits, when the grape polyphenols are measured, the total phenol content is found to be reduced at the later stage of grape maturation, which is exactly consistent with the overall reduction trend of the flavonoids, and the flavone content in the five treated grapes is not significantly different at 30 days, which indicates that the film coating treatment has no influence on the synthesis and metabolism of the flavonoids in the growth process of the grapes.
(3.9) Effect of different film coating treatments on Total grape acids
The total acid in the grapes is mainly organic acid, and the acidity value is the basis for judging the quality of the grapes. The grape with good taste has moderate sour and sweet degree and can be accepted by people. From fig. 6, it can be seen that during the growth of grape fruits, the acid in the fruits decreases with the increase of maturity, and mainly some organic acids are converted into other substances. Before the fruit is unripe, the content of organic acid in the fruit is high, and after the fruit is ripe, the organic acid can be converted into other substances under the action of enzyme, and the acid can be reduced. The grape fruits at the early stage are rapidly reduced, the grape fruits at the later stage are slowly reduced, and the acidity values of the last five treatments have no obvious difference, which shows that the film coating has no influence on the acidity values of the fruits.
(3.10) Effect of different film coating treatments on reducing sugars of grape
(3.10.1) preparation of reducing sugar Standard Curve
Referring to FIG. 7, a standard curve was prepared as shown in FIG. 7-1 with the mass (mg) of the solution as the X-axis and the absorbance (OD) as the Y-axis, and a regression equation and a regression coefficient were obtained. The regression equation is: y is 0.54314A +0.00271, and a regression coefficient R is calculated2Linear range 0.2mg-1 mg-0.99923.
(3.10.2) measurement results of reducing sugar content in sample
Referring to fig. 7, the grapes can produce glucose through photosynthesis to supply energy to themselves, and whether the fruits grow vigorously can be judged through sugar synthesis, and the sugar content also affects the taste of the grapes to people, so the sugar content can be used as a basis for judging the eating quality of the grapes. From fig. 7-2, it can be seen that the whole reducing sugar content of the reducing sugar in the growth process of the grapes is in an increasing trend, the increasing trend of the reducing sugar in the first ten days is steep, the reducing sugar is gentle in the first 10 days to the second 20 days, the reducing sugar rises sharply in the second 20 days to the third 30 days, the fruits grow quickly in the early stage, the reducing sugar is synthesized in a large amount, the fruits in the middle stage enter a color conversion stage and change the color, and it can be seen from the change curve of the anthocyanin content that the fruits in the later stage enter a maturation stage and the sugar begins to accumulate in a large amount, so that the increasing trend is presented. Remembering the results at the end of the harvest, it can be seen that the final sugar content of the five treatments did not differ significantly, indicating that the film had no effect on its photosynthesis, and did not affect the sugar content of the grapes.
(3.11) Effect of different film coating treatments on grape soluble solids
The soluble solids are measured by using the principle of light refraction to obtain a value, and are generally related to the sugar content of the fruit. As can be seen from fig. 8, the soluble solids changed greatly within one month, and the change tended to increase. The most obvious variation was in the chitosan + titanium dioxide treated group, which reached 2.29 times day 0 on day 30. At day 30, there was no significant difference between the control and the chitosan + plant derived preparation film groups, indicating that the film coating treatment had no effect on the soluble solids. There was no significant difference between the chitosan + titanium dioxide treated group and the chitosan membrane treated group, demonstrating that the addition of titanium dioxide did not affect its soluble solids. Overall, 4 coating treatments had little effect.
(3.12) Effect of different film coating treatments on the grain weight of grapes
The grain weight can be seen by naked eyes of people, mainly influences the appearance image of the grapes, and is an important standard for judging the quality of the grapes. As can be seen from fig. 9, the overall trend is rising, the earlier stage rises rapidly, and the later stage rises more slowly, and the reason for this phenomenon is that the earlier stage is the expansion stage of the grapes, the grapes expand rapidly by absorbing the nutrients in the soil and the photosynthesis of the grapes, the grain weight increases, and the later stage grapes grow to a certain degree to be saturated and grow slowly. At day 30, the control treatment was significantly different from the other four treatments, the control treatment was lighter in weight than the other treatments, because the grapes after film coating had some hygroscopicity due to the film, resulting in an increase in grape grain weight.
(3.13) Effect of different film coating treatments on grape fruit diameter
The fruit diameter is similar to the grain weight, the appearance of the grape is directly influenced, the fruit diameter is also an important standard for judging the quality of the grape, and the detection result of the fruit diameter is shown in a figure 10. As can be seen from both FIGS. 10-1 and 10-2, the overall tendencies of transverse diameter and longitudinal diameter of grape are both rising, the change is consistent with the grain weight, the change at the early stage is steep, and the change at the later stage is gentle, mainly because the fruit is in the fruit expansion stage at the early stage, the volume growth of the fruit is rapid, the fruit is saturated at the later stage, and the fruit elongation rate is slowed down. This phenomenon is consistent with the grain weight results, with the control treatment showing a significant difference from the other four treatments at day 30, and the control treatment having a smaller fruit diameter than the other treatments, because the grapes coated with the film have a certain hygroscopicity and the film thickness becomes larger after moisture absorption, resulting in an increase in the fruit diameter of the grapes.
(3.14) Effect of different film coating treatments on grape hardness
The storage resistance and the mouthfeel of the grapes are determined by the hardness of the grapes, and the growth condition of the grapes can be known by measuring the hardness. It is seen from fig. 11 that the hardness is lower and lower with the rise of maturity, the general trend can be divided into two sections, the early stage is decreased quickly, the later stage is decreased slowly, the change of the fruit hardness is mainly due to the fact that pectin on the surface of the pericarp is arranged closely, so that the fruit hardness is higher in the early stage, the pectin is slowly decomposed under the action of pectinase along with the change of time, the texture of the fruit is softened, and the fruit hardness measured in the later stage is lower. On day 30, it can be seen that the hardness of the chitosan-plant derived preparation-titanium dioxide treated group and the chitosan-titanium dioxide treated group is significantly greater than that of the other three treated groups, and the main difference is whether titanium dioxide is added, that is, the hardness value of grape can be increased by titanium dioxide. On the 30 th day, the four treatments coated with the film have higher hardness than that of the blank control, on one hand, the grape peel becomes thicker after the film coating, so that the pressure resistance only becomes larger, and the measured hardness value also becomes larger; on the other hand, the whole fruit is protected by coating treatment, the contact with air is reduced, the reduction of the activity of the pectinase is reduced, and the hardness value is increased.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and not to limit the same; while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; and the modifications or the substitutions do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions depart from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Moreover, although some embodiments herein include some features included in other embodiments instead of others, combinations of features of different embodiments are meant to be within the scope of the invention and form different embodiments. As in the claims above, any of the claimed embodiments may be used in any combination. The information disclosed in this background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person skilled in the art.
Claims (8)
1. An antibacterial agent, characterized in that the components of the antibacterial agent comprise chitosan, a plant-derived agent and titanium dioxide; the plant source preparation is a plant active glycoside peptide bactericide or a preparation containing the plant active glycoside peptide bactericide; the chitosan (unit is g): the plant source preparation (unit is ml): the titanium dioxide (unit is ml) is (1-2): (0.05-1): (0.2-0.4).
2. The antimicrobial agent according to claim 1, wherein the plant-derived preparation is a diluted solution of the plant-derived active glycoside peptide fungicide after being diluted by a factor of 300-fold and 1000-fold.
3. The antimicrobial agent of claim 1, wherein the source of titanium dioxide comprises a 0.4% by weight titanium dioxide solution.
4. The process for producing the antibacterial agent according to claim 1, characterized by comprising the following operations:
completely dissolving chitosan in weak acid; adding glycerol and malic acid, and mixing; adding plant source preparation, and mixing; then adding titanium dioxide solution and mixing uniformly.
5. The method for producing the antibacterial agent according to claim 4, wherein the titanium dioxide solution is added at a rate of 2 drops per second to 3 drops per second 1 to 2 times.
6. An antibacterial film obtained by the antibacterial agent of claim 1 through a film forming operation.
7. Use of the antimicrobial agent of claim 1 on pre-harvest fruit.
8. Use of the antibacterial film according to claim 6 for pre-harvest fruits.
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