CN110505220B - Method and device for supporting OPC protocol to realize dual-computer hot standby and communication terminal - Google Patents

Method and device for supporting OPC protocol to realize dual-computer hot standby and communication terminal Download PDF

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CN110505220B
CN110505220B CN201910740001.2A CN201910740001A CN110505220B CN 110505220 B CN110505220 B CN 110505220B CN 201910740001 A CN201910740001 A CN 201910740001A CN 110505220 B CN110505220 B CN 110505220B
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standby
equipment
information
communication
data
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CN110505220A (en
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冯全宝
黄敏
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Beijing Winicssec Technologies Co Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L41/00Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
    • H04L41/06Management of faults, events, alarms or notifications
    • H04L41/0654Management of faults, events, alarms or notifications using network fault recovery
    • H04L41/0663Performing the actions predefined by failover planning, e.g. switching to standby network elements
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L41/00Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
    • H04L41/08Configuration management of networks or network elements
    • H04L41/0803Configuration setting
    • H04L41/0823Configuration setting characterised by the purposes of a change of settings, e.g. optimising configuration for enhancing reliability
    • H04L41/0836Configuration setting characterised by the purposes of a change of settings, e.g. optimising configuration for enhancing reliability to enhance reliability, e.g. reduce downtime
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/02Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for separating internal from external traffic, e.g. firewalls
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L69/00Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
    • H04L69/22Parsing or analysis of headers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L69/00Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
    • H04L69/26Special purpose or proprietary protocols or architectures

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Computing Systems (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a method, a device and a communication terminal for supporting an OPC protocol to realize dual-computer hot standby, wherein the method comprises the following steps: acquiring an OPC protocol message transmitted between terminal equipment during communication through main equipment, identifying the OPC protocol message to obtain dynamic port information, and transmitting the dynamic port information to standby equipment; acquiring first data transmitted by a dynamic port on terminal equipment, analyzing the first data, and judging whether the first data contains an interface operation message or not; when the first data contains the interface operation message, the context ID information in the interface operation message is obtained, and the context ID information is transmitted to the standby equipment.

Description

Method and device for supporting OPC protocol to realize dual-computer hot standby and communication terminal
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of communication, in particular to a method, a device and a communication terminal for supporting an OPC protocol to realize dual-computer hot standby.
Background
The dual-computer hot standby is one of the basic functions of the traditional firewall and is an advanced characteristic of the firewall. The dual-computer hot standby is mainly used for solving the problem of high reliability and ensuring that communication is still available and safe when the main equipment fails. However, compared with the conventional firewall, the industrial firewall has significantly different requirements for certain characteristics, for example, in the aspect of application layer control, the industrial firewall focuses more on the security protection of the network usage protocol in the industrial production field, so that the implementation method of the industrial firewall that needs to be considered when implementing dual-computer hot standby is different from the conventional firewall. For example, in industrial control, an OPC protocol is often used for data communication, which is a typical data communication protocol used in an industrial field and proposed by microsoft to implement standardization of industrial automation, and at least includes sub-protocols of Data Acquisition (DA), alarm and event (a & E), Historical Data Acquisition (HDA), and the like, and the OPC protocol negotiates a data channel in a dynamic port manner, which may cause that a conventional firewall cannot exactly exchange communication between a host device and a standby device, and even if a dual-computer hot standby function can be implemented by releasing all services, the firewall loses its protection effect. In addition, the OPC protocol does not directly transmit information corresponding to the operation instruction in the subsequent transmission process, but refers to an interface of operation by a field called "context _ ID (context ID information)", and if the context ID information cannot be synchronized to the standby device, the dual-computer hot-standby function still cannot be realized.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, embodiments of the present invention provide a method, an apparatus and a communication terminal for supporting an OPC protocol to implement dual-computer hot standby, so as to solve the problem that an industrial control system based on the OPC protocol cannot implement the dual-computer hot standby function.
According to a first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for supporting an OPC protocol to implement dual-host hot standby, including: acquiring an OPC protocol message transmitted between terminal equipment during communication through main equipment, identifying the OPC protocol message to obtain dynamic port information, and transmitting the dynamic port information to standby equipment; acquiring first data transmitted by a dynamic port on the terminal equipment, analyzing the first data, and judging whether the first data contains an interface operation message; and when the first data contains the interface operation message, acquiring context ID information in the interface operation message, and transmitting the context ID information to the standby equipment.
With reference to the first aspect, in a first implementation manner of the first aspect, after the transmitting the context ID information to the standby device, the method further includes: detecting whether a communication fault occurs in the main equipment; and when the communication fault occurs in the main equipment, switching the communication on the main equipment to the standby equipment.
With reference to the first aspect, in a second implementation manner of the first aspect, when the first data does not include the interface operation packet, the step of obtaining the first data transmitted by the dynamic port on the terminal device is performed in return.
With reference to the first aspect, in a third implementation manner of the first aspect, after the transmitting the context ID information to the standby device, the method further includes: and acquiring heartbeat messages transmitted between the terminal devices, and transmitting the heartbeat messages to the standby device.
With reference to the first implementation manner of the first aspect, in a fourth implementation manner of the first aspect, after switching the communication on the primary device to the standby device, the method further includes: detecting whether the communication of the main equipment is recovered to be normal; after the communication of the main equipment is recovered to be normal, the dynamic port information and the context ID information received by the standby equipment are transmitted to the main equipment; judging whether the priority of the main equipment is greater than that of the standby equipment; and when the priority of the main equipment is greater than that of the standby equipment, switching the communication on the standby equipment to the main equipment.
With reference to the first aspect, in a fifth implementation manner of the first aspect, after acquiring an OPC protocol packet transmitted during communication between terminal devices through a host device, the method further includes: after identifying the OPC protocol message to obtain default port information, acquiring second data transmitted by a default port on the terminal equipment, analyzing the second data, and judging whether the second data contains an interface operation message; and when the second data contains the interface operation message, acquiring context ID information in the interface operation message, and transmitting the context ID information to the standby equipment.
With reference to the second implementation manner of the first aspect, in a sixth implementation manner of the first aspect, after determining whether the second data includes the interface operation packet, the method further includes: and when the second data does not contain the interface operation message, returning to execute the step of acquiring the second data transmitted by the default port on the main equipment.
According to a second aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides an apparatus for supporting an OPC protocol to implement dual-computer hot standby, including: the message acquisition module is used for acquiring an OPC protocol message transmitted during communication between terminal equipment through main equipment, identifying the OPC protocol message to obtain dynamic port information, and transmitting the dynamic port information to the standby equipment; the message judging module is used for acquiring first data transmitted by a dynamic port on the terminal equipment, analyzing the first data and judging whether the first data contains an interface operation message or not; and the information acquisition module is used for acquiring the context ID information in the interface operation message and transmitting the context ID information to the standby equipment when the first data contains the interface operation message.
According to a third aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a communication terminal, including: the storage and the processor are communicatively connected to each other, the storage stores computer instructions, and the processor executes the computer instructions to execute the method for supporting the OPC protocol to implement the dual-computer hot standby in the first aspect or any one of the embodiments of the first aspect.
According to a fourth aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a computer-readable storage medium, where computer instructions are stored, and the computer instructions are configured to cause the computer to execute the method for supporting an OPC protocol to implement dual-computer hot-standby in the first aspect or any one of the implementation manners of the first aspect.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects: the negotiated dynamic port is obtained by analyzing the OPC protocol message, the corresponding dynamic port information is transmitted to the standby equipment for backup, the data transmitted by the dynamic port on the terminal equipment is analyzed to obtain the context ID information and is transmitted to the standby equipment for backup, when the communication of the main equipment fails, the communication can be switched to the standby equipment, the service communication on the terminal equipment is ensured to be continuous and uninterrupted, the dual-computer hot standby function is realized, and the safety protection function of a firewall cannot fail while the dual-computer hot standby function of the industrial control system based on the OPC protocol is realized.
Drawings
The features and advantages of the present invention will be more clearly understood by reference to the accompanying drawings, which are illustrative and not to be construed as limiting the invention in any way, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a flow chart illustrating a method for supporting an OPC protocol to implement dual-computer hot standby in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating a method for supporting an OPC protocol to implement dual-computer hot-standby in another embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an apparatus for supporting OPC protocol to implement dual-computer hot-standby according to another embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 shows a block diagram of a communication terminal in another embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "center", "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "inner", "outer", etc., indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of description and simplicity of description, but do not indicate or imply that the device or element being referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and "third" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly, e.g., as meaning either a fixed connection, a removable connection, or an integral connection; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in specific cases to those skilled in the art.
In addition, the technical features involved in the different embodiments of the present invention described below may be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.
The invention is suitable for an industrial control system for data transmission based on an OPC protocol, namely a small and medium computer or a microcomputer in the system is used as a client (terminal device) for data transmission through the OPC protocol, and because a traditional firewall cannot acquire dynamic port information and context ID information transmitted between the terminal devices, the dual-computer hot standby function cannot be realized.
An embodiment of the present invention provides a method for supporting an OPC protocol to implement dual-computer hot standby, as shown in fig. 1, the method includes:
step S101: acquiring an OPC protocol message transmitted between terminal equipment during communication through main equipment, identifying the OPC protocol message to obtain dynamic port information, and transmitting the dynamic port information to standby equipment; specifically, an OPC protocol packet transmitted between terminal devices is acquired through a firewall device, the OPC protocol packet is analyzed through a deep packet inspection technology, a dynamic port is determined to be negotiated between the terminal devices, corresponding information of the dynamic port is acquired, and the dynamic port information is synchronously transmitted to a standby device through a backup link for backup.
Step S102: acquiring first data transmitted by a dynamic port on terminal equipment, analyzing the first data, and judging whether the first data contains an interface operation message or not; specifically, first data transmitted by a dynamic port negotiated between terminal devices is further obtained through firewall devices, the first data is analyzed through a deep packet analysis technology, whether corresponding operation is generated or not is identified, and whether an interface operation message is contained in the first data or not is judged;
step S103: when the first data contains an interface operation message, acquiring context ID information in the interface operation message, and transmitting the context ID information to the standby equipment; specifically, when the first data contains an interface message, the context ID information appearing in the interface operation message is further analyzed, and is transmitted to the standby device through the backup link for backup. When the first data does not contain the interface operation message, returning to execute the step of acquiring the first data transmitted by the dynamic port on the terminal equipment; specifically, the interface operation packet is not included in the first data analyzed by the deep packet inspection technology, and if it is indicated that no corresponding operation is generated, the content in step S102 is returned to be executed until the transmitted first data includes the interface operation packet.
By implementing the method for supporting the OPC protocol to realize the dual-computer hot standby in the embodiment of the invention, the OPC protocol message and the first data received by the dynamic port on the terminal equipment are analyzed by the deep packet inspection technology to obtain the dynamic port information and the context ID information, the dynamic port information and the context ID information are transmitted to the standby equipment for backup, once the communication of the main equipment or the communication of the dynamic port on the main equipment fails, the communication on the main equipment can be switched to the standby equipment, and thus the problem that the industrial control system based on the OPC protocol cannot realize the dual-computer hot standby function can be solved.
Optionally, in some embodiments of the present invention, as shown in fig. 2, after step S103 in the above embodiments, the method further includes: step S104: detecting whether a communication fault occurs in the main equipment; step S105: when the communication fault occurs in the main device, the communication on the main device is switched to the standby device, specifically, because the port of the main device has a fault or the hardware of the main device has a fault, the communication between the terminal devices is interrupted, that is, the communication fault occurs in the main device is judged, and the communication on the main device is switched to the standby device.
Optionally, in some embodiments of the present invention, after the step of switching the communication on the master device to the standby device in the above embodiments, the method further includes: detecting whether the communication of the main equipment is recovered to be normal; after the communication of the main equipment is recovered to be normal, the dynamic port information and the context ID information received by the standby equipment are transmitted to the main equipment; judging whether the priority of the main equipment is higher than that of the standby equipment; and when the priority of the main equipment is higher than that of the standby equipment, switching the communication on the standby equipment to the main equipment. Specifically, whether the communication of the main device is recovered to normal is detected, after the main device is recovered to normal, the standby device transmits the received dynamic port information and the context ID information to the main device for backup, and then judges whether a preemption module is set, that is, whether the priority of the main device is higher than that of the standby device is judged, and when the priority of the main device is higher than that of the standby device, the communication on the standby device is switched back to the main device.
Optionally, in some embodiments of the present invention, after step S103 in the above embodiments, the method further includes: and acquiring a heartbeat message sent to the main equipment by the terminal equipment, and transmitting the heartbeat message to the standby equipment. Specifically, a service heartbeat message received by the main device when receiving a data message of an OPC protocol or not receiving the data message is obtained through the industrial firewall, and the service heartbeat message is transmitted to the standby device, so that a dynamic port established between the terminal devices is in an active state after communication on the main device is switched to the standby device.
Optionally, in some embodiments of the present invention, after acquiring the OPC protocol packet transmitted between the terminal devices in the above embodiments, the method further includes: identifying an OPC protocol message to obtain default port information, acquiring second data transmitted by a default port on the main equipment, analyzing the second data, and judging whether the second data contains an interface operation message; and when the second data contains the interface operation message, acquiring the context ID information in the interface operation message, and transmitting the context ID information to the standby equipment. Specifically, the communication between the terminal devices may also be data transmission through a default protocol port, after the OPC protocol packet is analyzed by the deep packet inspection technology to obtain default port information, the industrial firewall obtains second data transmitted through the default port, further analyzes the obtained context ID information, and transmits the context ID information to the standby device through the backup link for backup, and once the communication failure occurs in the main device, the communication on the main device may be switched to the standby device.
Optionally, in some embodiments of the present invention, after determining whether the second data contains the interface operation packet in the above embodiment, the method further includes: and when the second data does not contain the interface operation message, returning to execute the step of acquiring the second data transmitted by the default port on the main equipment.
An embodiment of the present invention further provides a device for supporting an OPC protocol to implement dual-computer hot standby, as shown in fig. 3, the device includes: a message obtaining module 101, configured to obtain an OPC protocol message transmitted during communication between terminal devices through a host device, identify the OPC protocol message to obtain dynamic port information, and transmit the dynamic port information to a standby device, where the detailed process refers to the content of step S101 in the foregoing method embodiment; a message determining module 102, configured to obtain first data transmitted by a dynamic port on the terminal device, analyze the first data, and determine whether the first data contains an interface operation message, where the detailed process refers to the content of step S102 in the foregoing method embodiment; an information obtaining module 103, configured to obtain context ID information in the interface operation packet when the first data includes the interface operation packet, and transmit the context ID information to the standby device, where the detailed process refers to the content of step S103 in the foregoing method embodiment.
By implementing the device for supporting the OPC protocol to realize the dual-computer hot standby in the embodiment of the invention, the OPC protocol message and the first data received by the dynamic port on the terminal equipment are analyzed by the deep packet inspection technology to obtain the dynamic port information and the context ID information, the dynamic port information and the context ID information are transmitted to the standby equipment for backup, once the communication of the main equipment or the communication of the dynamic port on the main equipment fails, the communication on the main equipment can be switched to the standby equipment, and thus the problem that the industrial control system based on the OPC protocol cannot realize the dual-computer hot standby function can be solved.
An embodiment of the present invention further provides a communication terminal, as shown in fig. 4, the communication terminal may include a processor 51 and a memory 52, where the processor 51 and the memory 52 may be connected by a bus or in another manner, and fig. 4 takes the connection by the bus as an example.
The processor 51 may be a Central Processing Unit (CPU). The Processor 51 may also be other general purpose processors, Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) or other Programmable logic devices, discrete Gate or transistor logic devices, discrete hardware components, or combinations thereof.
The memory 52 is a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, and can be used to store non-transitory software programs, non-transitory computer-executable programs, and modules, such as program instructions/modules (e.g., the message acquiring module 101, the message determining module 102, and the information acquiring module 103 shown in fig. 3) corresponding to the method for supporting the OPC protocol to implement dual-computer hot standby in the embodiment of the present invention. The processor 51 executes various functional applications and data processing of the processor by running non-transitory software programs, instructions and modules stored in the memory 52, that is, implementing the method for implementing dual-computer hot standby by supporting the OPC protocol in the above method embodiments.
The memory 52 may include a storage program area and a storage data area, wherein the storage program area may store an operating system, an application program required for at least one function; the storage data area may store data created by the processor 51, and the like. Further, the memory 52 may include high speed random access memory, and may also include non-transitory memory, such as at least one magnetic disk storage device, flash memory device, or other non-transitory solid state storage device. In some embodiments, the memory 52 may optionally include memory located remotely from the processor 51, and these remote memories may be connected to the processor 51 via a network. Examples of such networks include, but are not limited to, the internet, intranets, local area networks, mobile communication networks, and combinations thereof.
The one or more modules are stored in the memory 52, and when executed by the processor 51, perform the method for supporting the OPC protocol to implement dual-device hot-standby in the embodiment shown in fig. 1.
The details of the communication terminal may be understood by referring to the corresponding descriptions and effects in the embodiments shown in fig. 1 to fig. 3, which are not described herein again.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that all or part of the processes of the methods of the embodiments described above can be implemented by a computer program, which can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium, and when executed, can include the processes of the embodiments of the methods described above. The storage medium may be a magnetic Disk, an optical Disk, a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a Random Access Memory (RAM), a Flash Memory (Flash Memory), a Hard Disk (Hard Disk Drive, abbreviated as HDD), a Solid State Drive (SSD), or the like; the storage medium may also comprise a combination of memories of the kind described above.
Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, those skilled in the art may make various modifications and variations without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and such modifications and variations fall within the scope defined by the appended claims.

Claims (8)

1. A method for supporting OPC protocol to realize dual-computer hot standby is characterized by comprising the following steps:
acquiring an OPC protocol message transmitted between terminal equipment during communication through main equipment, identifying the OPC protocol message to obtain dynamic port information, and transmitting the dynamic port information to standby equipment;
acquiring first data transmitted by a dynamic port on the terminal equipment, analyzing the first data, and judging whether the first data contains an interface operation message;
when the first data contains the interface operation message, acquiring context ID information in the interface operation message, and transmitting the context ID information to the standby equipment;
after transmitting the context ID information to the standby device, the method further comprises:
detecting whether a communication fault occurs in the main equipment;
when the communication fault occurs in the main equipment, switching the communication on the main equipment to the standby equipment;
after transmitting the context ID information to the standby device, the method further comprises:
and acquiring heartbeat messages transmitted between the terminal devices, and transmitting the heartbeat messages to the standby device.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein when the first data does not contain the interface operation packet, the step of obtaining the first data transmitted by the dynamic port on the terminal device is performed.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein after switching communication on the master device to the standby device, the method further comprises:
detecting whether the communication of the main equipment is recovered to be normal;
after the communication of the main equipment is recovered to be normal, the dynamic port information and the context ID information received by the standby equipment are transmitted to the main equipment;
judging whether the priority of the main equipment is greater than that of the standby equipment;
and when the priority of the main equipment is greater than that of the standby equipment, switching the communication on the standby equipment to the main equipment.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein after acquiring the OPC protocol packet transmitted during the communication between the terminal devices, the method further comprises:
after identifying the OPC protocol message to obtain default port information, acquiring second data transmitted by a default port on the terminal equipment, analyzing the second data, and judging whether the second data contains an interface operation message;
and when the second data contains the interface operation message, acquiring context ID information in the interface operation message, and transmitting the context ID information to the standby equipment.
5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein after determining whether the second data contains the interface operation packet, the method further comprises:
and when the second data does not contain the interface operation message, returning to execute the step of acquiring the second data transmitted by the default port on the main equipment.
6. An apparatus for supporting OPC protocol to realize dual-computer hot standby, comprising:
the message acquisition module is used for acquiring an OPC protocol message transmitted during communication between terminal equipment through main equipment, identifying the OPC protocol message to obtain dynamic port information, and transmitting the dynamic port information to the standby equipment;
the message judging module is used for acquiring first data transmitted by a dynamic port on the terminal equipment, analyzing the first data and judging whether the first data contains an interface operation message or not;
the information acquisition module is used for acquiring context ID information in the interface operation message when the first data contains the interface operation message, and transmitting the context ID information to the standby equipment;
the device supporting the OPC protocol to realize the dual-computer hot standby is also used for:
detecting whether a communication fault occurs in the main equipment;
when the communication fault occurs in the main equipment, switching the communication on the main equipment to the standby equipment;
the device supporting the OPC protocol to realize the dual-computer hot standby is also used for:
and acquiring heartbeat messages transmitted between the terminal devices, and transmitting the heartbeat messages to the standby device.
7. A communication terminal, comprising:
a memory and a processor, the memory and the processor are communicatively connected with each other, the memory stores computer instructions, and the processor executes the computer instructions to execute the method for supporting the OPC protocol to realize the dual-computer hot-standby according to any one of claims 1 to 5.
8. A computer-readable storage medium storing computer instructions for causing a computer to execute the method for supporting OPC protocol to implement dual-computer hot-standby according to any one of claims 1 to 5.
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