CN110501568B - Non-invasive equipment load monitoring method based on graph signal processing - Google Patents

Non-invasive equipment load monitoring method based on graph signal processing Download PDF

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CN110501568B
CN110501568B CN201910606143.XA CN201910606143A CN110501568B CN 110501568 B CN110501568 B CN 110501568B CN 201910606143 A CN201910606143 A CN 201910606143A CN 110501568 B CN110501568 B CN 110501568B
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赵生捷
张冰
张荣庆
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Tongji University
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Abstract

The invention relates to a non-invasive equipment load monitoring method based on graph signal processing, which comprises three steps of data preprocessing, initial point acquisition and target function integral optimization, wherein the data is preprocessed firstly, and a proper time period is selected for each known equipment to be used as a training set; then determining a target function, and solving the minimum value of the regularization item of the target function to obtain an analytic solution; and finally, taking the obtained analytic solution as a starting point, and executing a gradient projection optimization algorithm to carry out overall optimization solution on the objective function. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages of improving the algorithm performance, obtaining a better power separation result, realizing the load monitoring of the non-invasive equipment with higher precision and the like.

Description

Non-invasive equipment load monitoring method based on graph signal processing
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of non-intrusive equipment load monitoring, in particular to a non-intrusive equipment load monitoring method based on graph signal processing.
Background
Non-intrusive application Load Monitoring (NILM), that is, the total power consumption of a household at a certain moment measured by a total circuit ammeter is given, and the actual power consumption of each electrical equipment corresponding to the moment is obtained by applying some analysis and calculation modes. In this process, the power consumption of a particular device need not be measured by means of a power meter. Therefore, the NILM has the advantages of easy use, low cost, no equipment interference, no influence on family life, and the like. From the viewpoint of energy saving, NILM plays an irreplaceable important role. For common household users, the NILM can help the users to know the power consumption conditions of various household appliances, and the users can timely turn off the high-power-consumption appliances on the basis, so that the saving consciousness of people is invisibly aroused. For policy makers, NILM can help them to develop a more macroscopic and in-depth understanding of home electricity usage, helping them to make more reasonable energy feedback mechanisms and demand response strategies.
In the existing research, when the Graph Signal processing is applied to the NILM field, the definition of the Graph Signal (Graph Signal) is a discrete function with values of-1, 0 and 1, so that the final objective function is a discrete and non-derivable function, and the use of an optimization algorithm is limited. Meanwhile, the objective function is a discrete and non-derivable function, so most of the existing methods regard the objective function as two parts, and then carry out segmentation and step processing. Firstly, solving the minimum value of the regularization term which is taken as the second part of the target function, then, taking the solution as a starting point, and optimizing the first part of the target function by adopting heuristic algorithms such as simulated annealing and the like, so that the calculation is complex, and the accuracy of the electric power separation result is not high.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention is directed to overcoming the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art and providing a non-intrusive device load monitoring method based on graph signal processing.
The purpose of the invention can be realized by the following technical scheme:
a non-invasive equipment load monitoring method based on graph signal processing comprises three steps of data preprocessing, initial point obtaining and target function integral optimization, wherein data are preprocessed firstly, and proper time periods are selected for known equipment to serve as training sets; then determining a target function, and solving the minimum value of the regularization item of the target function to obtain an analytic solution; and finally, taking the obtained analytic solution as a starting point, and executing a gradient projection optimization algorithm to carry out overall optimization solution on the objective function.
Further, the method specifically comprises the following steps:
s1, acquiring the total load active power p of the user equipment in the set time period from 1 to NiAs monitoring data; obtaining the single active power of each device in a set time period 1-n
Figure BDA0002120812750000021
As training data, where N and N are positive integers and N is less than N, i is a time, m is the number of the device, and all devices constitute a device set
Figure BDA0002120812750000022
S2, calculating the average power consumption of each device based on the training data
Figure BDA0002120812750000023
And according to average power consumption
Figure BDA0002120812750000024
Arranging in descending order from big to small;
s3, according to the monitoringData obtaining total load active power change value delta p at each momentiConstructing a graph for each device m by graph signal processing
Figure BDA0002120812750000025
Figure BDA0002120812750000026
A vertex set comprising a plurality of vertexes, each vertex corresponds to an active power variation value delta piA is a weighted adjacency matrix with a weight Ai,jFor corresponding vertex viAnd vjThe weights of the connecting edges between, i and j represent different time instants;
s4, obtaining the individual active power change value of each device at each moment according to the training data
Figure BDA0002120812750000027
Based on constructed graphs
Figure BDA0002120812750000028
Calculating all graph signals within 1-N time
Figure BDA0002120812750000029
The calculation expression is as follows:
Figure BDA00021208127500000210
wherein, ThrmIs a threshold value for determining whether the device m has changed the operation state,
Figure BDA00021208127500000211
is the single active power change value of the device m in a set time period 1-n;
s5, according to all graph signals within 1-n time
Figure BDA00021208127500000212
Calculating and acquiring graph signals from N +1 time to N time
Figure BDA00021208127500000213
By passing
Figure BDA00021208127500000214
And
Figure BDA00021208127500000215
mapping between the devices to obtain the actual operation power consumption change value of each device;
s6, repeating the steps S3 to S5, and removing the average power consumption of the running state of the equipment in the monitoring data after separating one equipment each time until all the equipment is separated;
s7, separating all the devices to obtain a starting point Pn+1,...,PNWherein
Figure BDA00021208127500000216
S8, obtaining the starting point Pn+1,...,PNSolving the optimization model to obtain and output the optimized time from N +1 to N
Figure BDA00021208127500000217
Further, in step S3, the adjacency matrix a is weightedi,jThe calculation expression of (a) is:
Figure BDA0002120812750000031
wherein, Δ piRepresenting the value of the change in the active power of the total load at time i, Δ pjAnd expressing the change value of the active power of the total load at the moment j, and expressing a scaling factor.
Further, in step S5, the graph signal
Figure BDA0002120812750000032
The calculation expression of (a) is:
Figure BDA0002120812750000033
where L is the graph laplacian matrix, which is calculated from the graph adjacency weight matrix a.
Further, in step S7, the mapping process is as follows:
if it is not
Figure BDA0002120812750000034
It is judged that the device m has changed the operation state at the time i when Δ piIf < 0, the judgment device is turned off at the moment i, then
Figure BDA0002120812750000035
When Δ piWhen the current time is more than 0, the judgment device is turned on at the moment i, and then
Figure BDA0002120812750000036
If it is not
Figure BDA0002120812750000037
It is judged that the device m does not change the operation state and accordingly
Figure BDA0002120812750000038
Further, in step S8, the expression of the optimization model is:
Figure BDA0002120812750000039
wherein, Δ piRepresenting the value of the total load active power change at the moment i,
Figure BDA00021208127500000310
and the active power change value of the equipment m at the moment i is represented, and omega represents a regularization term weight parameter.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
the invention uses the graph signal processing technology to establish a model for the NILM problem, and adopts an optimization algorithm to solve an objective function so as to obtain an optimal solution and realize the separation of the total power consumption of the electric power. The invention improves the definition of the graph signal, and defines the graph signal as a continuous function with the value in the range of [ -1,1], so that the final objective function is a continuously derivable function. Therefore, after the solution of the minimized regularization term is obtained by the objective function, the objective function can be used as a starting point to execute a gradient projection method, the objective function is optimized and solved integrally, the algorithm performance is improved, a better power separation result is obtained, and the load monitoring of the non-invasive equipment with higher precision is realized.
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FIG. 1 is a schematic overall flow diagram of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the figures and specific embodiments. The present embodiment is implemented on the premise of the technical solution of the present invention, and a detailed implementation manner and a specific operation process are given, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments.
As shown in fig. 1, the present embodiment provides a non-intrusive device load monitoring method based on graph signal processing. The method mainly comprises three steps of data preprocessing, initial point acquisition and target function overall optimization. Firstly, preprocessing data, and selecting a proper time period for each known device as a training set; then determining a target function, and solving the minimum value of the regularization item of the target function to obtain an analytic solution; and finally, taking the obtained analytic solution as a starting point, and executing a gradient projection optimization algorithm to carry out overall optimization solution on the objective function.
The solving of the NILM problem by applying the graph signal processing technology is to regard the NILM as a classification problem, that is, to the change of the total power consumption at a certain time, it is determined which known device caused the change, so that the operation state of the device can be determined. The embodiment selects suitable data as the training set.
In order to better capture the running condition of each device and improve the decomposition precision, the selection principle of the device training set follows: the time period in which only the device operates alone is selected as its training set to reduce interference from unrelated operating devices. In addition, for each device with the selected training set, the training set is stored separately, when a new electrical device is installed, the training set is only required to be built for the new device, and the training sets of the rest known devices are not required to be updated again.
The present embodiment employs a REDD (reference energy decomposition data set) database containing data of total active power in a home and active power of each device. I.e. for a certain time i the total active power is piThe active power of a certain device m corresponding to the moment is
Figure BDA0002120812750000041
All known devices constitute a device set
Figure BDA0002120812750000042
The embodiment specifically includes the following steps:
step S1, obtaining the total load active power p of the user equipment in the set time period 1-NiAs monitoring data; obtaining the single active power of each device in a set time period 1-n
Figure BDA0002120812750000043
As training data, where N and N are both positive integers and N is less than N, and m is the number of the device.
Step S2, calculating the average power consumption of each device based on the training data
Figure BDA0002120812750000044
And to make the device power consumption on average
Figure BDA0002120812750000045
Arranged in descending order from large to small.
Step S3, obtaining the total load active power change value delta p at each moment according to the monitoring dataiObtaining the power change value delta p at each momenti＝pi+1-pi。
Step S4Construction diagram of signal processing technology using diagram
Figure BDA0002120812750000046
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0002120812750000047
a vertex set comprising a plurality of vertexes, each vertex corresponds to an active power variation value delta piA is a weighted adjacency matrix with a weight Ai,jFor corresponding vertex viAnd vjThe connecting edge weights between, i and j represent different time instants. Weight Ai,jThe value of (b) reflects the similarity of two adjacent vertices, i.e., the greater the weight, the higher the similarity between adjacent vertices. The weight calculation formula typically uses a gaussian kernel weight function, i.e.:
Figure BDA0002120812750000051
wherein, Δ piAnd Δ pjAnd respectively representing the change values of the active power of the total load corresponding to the time i and the time j, wherein sigma represents a scaling factor.
Step S5, based on constructed graph
Figure BDA0002120812750000052
Calculating all graph signals within 1-N time
Figure BDA0002120812750000053
Graph signal s is an important concept used in the present invention and is defined by a mapping of a set of vertices to a set of numbers, each vertex viMarking a picture signal si. Based on constructed graphs
Figure BDA0002120812750000054
Picture signal s of device mmFor a vector of length N, the values are defined as follows
Figure BDA0002120812750000055
Wherein, ThrmIs a threshold value used to determine whether device m has changed operating conditions, typically at a value of half the difference between the average powers of successive states of device m.
Figure BDA0002120812750000056
As class labels, in the training set (i ≦ n), the individual active power change value of device m at time i
Figure BDA0002120812750000057
Is known, so if the change in total power consumption at time i is caused by a change in state of device m, then there is
Figure BDA0002120812750000058
Approaching +1, otherwise
Figure BDA0002120812750000059
Approaching to-1; in the test set (N < i ≦ N),
Figure BDA00021208127500000510
is unknown, therefore
Figure BDA00021208127500000511
Temporarily set to 0.
Step S6, based on the graph total smoothness minimization, obtains an initial analytic solution. The overall smoothness of the graph signal is defined by the graph laplacian matrix as:
Figure BDA00021208127500000512
wherein, L is a graph laplacian matrix, defined as L ═ D-a, and is an N × N real symmetric matrix; d is a diagonal matrix, i.e. the value of the element on the diagonal is defined as Di,i＝∑j＝1:NAi,jAnd the off-diagonal element is 0. Based on the above definition, similar data points viAnd vjA connection weight value ofi,jIs large and itCorresponding map signal value siAnd sjAnd (4) approaching. Thus, for data classification, the graph signal constitutes a smooth signal, and when the graph signal is piecewise smooth, the overall graph smoothness value is small.
For the NILM problem to be solved by the present invention, the corresponding mathematical model is expressed as:
Figure BDA00021208127500000513
wherein n isiThe noise at the moment i mainly comprises the power consumption of a circuit-based load and the power consumption of other unknown devices. From the viewpoint of variation in power consumption, the formula (4) can be modified into the following form
Figure BDA00021208127500000514
For the training set (i ≦ n), Δ piAnd
Figure BDA0002120812750000061
are all known; for the test set (N < i ≦ N), Δ piIs known as
Figure BDA0002120812750000062
Is unknown.
Based on the graph signal processing technique, using the overall smoothness of the graph signal as the regularization term, the final NILM objective function is then defined as:
Figure BDA0002120812750000063
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0002120812750000064
smis the map signal of the corresponding device m. Therefore, the NILM task is used as an optimization problem to find the optimal solution, namely the power consumption change value of each device m at each moment i (N is more than i and less than or equal to N)
Figure BDA0002120812750000065
To obtain an initial point Pn+1,...,PNFor each device m, an optimization problem is required to be solved to obtain the smoothest solution. I.e., the regularization term corresponding to the minimization device m, is expressed as:
Figure BDA0002120812750000066
since the matrix L is diagonally symmetrical,
Figure BDA0002120812750000067
is a known constant vector, and utilizes a block matrix, and the solving process of the formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0002120812750000068
Figure BDA0002120812750000069
solved to obtain
Figure BDA00021208127500000610
Then through
Figure BDA00021208127500000611
And
Figure BDA00021208127500000612
can obtain the required starting point Pn+1,...,PN. The mapping process is as follows: if it is not
Figure BDA00021208127500000613
It can be concluded that device m has changed operating state at time i, otherwise device m has not changed operating state and is accordingly
Figure BDA00021208127500000614
If the device m changes its operating state, when Δ pi< 0, the inference device is turned off at time i, have
Figure BDA00021208127500000615
When Δ p is otherwiseiWhen > 0, the inference device is turned on at time i, have
Figure BDA00021208127500000616
The above process is repeated each time a device is separated according to its average operating power
Figure BDA00021208127500000617
In decreasing order. When a device is detached and gets the corresponding
Figure BDA00021208127500000618
The average power consumption of the device in the operating state is then subtracted from the total power consumption to minimize interference for subsequent device separation.
After the solution of the minimized regularization term is obtained as a starting point, a gradient projection method is executed to carry out optimization solution on the whole objective function (6), and the solution problem at the moment can be regarded as a constraint nonlinear programming problem and is expressed as a constraint nonlinear programming problem
Figure BDA0002120812750000071
Where Ω constrains the range of the solution set to ensure that the resulting solution, i.e., the power consumption of each device, does not vary beyond what is actually allowed. Finally obtaining the separation result
Figure BDA0002120812750000072
Evaluation of Performance
Commonly used performance evaluation criteria in the NILM field are Recall (RE), Precision (PR), and F1-score. Each of which is defined as follows
RE＝TP/(TP+FN)
PR＝TP/(TP+FP)
F1＝2×(PR×RE)/(PR+RE)，
Figure BDA0002120812750000073
Namely, tp (true positive) represents that the state change of the device is correctly recognized, fp (false positive) represents that the device is erroneously recognized as the state change, and fn (false negative) represents that the state change of the device is not correctly recognized.
Therefore, the recall Rate (RE) measures the proportion of correctly identified events in all device state change events, the accuracy rate (PR) measures the correct rate of identification of device state change events, and F1-score is a trade-off between the two, with higher values indicating better separation performance of the method.
The performance of the method proposed in this example was verified by performing experiments on House 1 and House 2 of the REDD data set. Tables 1 and 2 are a comparison of the performance of the present invention with 3 other prior NILM methods, Graph Signal Processing (GSP) -based, Hidden Markov Model (HMM) -based, and Decision Tree (DT) -based. As can be seen from tables 1 and 2, the accuracy of the power data separation result of the method of the present invention is better.
Table 1 comparison of REDD House 1 power data separation results F1 performance values
Figure BDA0002120812750000081
Table 2 comparison of REDD House 2 power data separation results F1 performance values
Figure BDA0002120812750000082
The foregoing detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention has been presented. It should be understood that numerous modifications and variations could be devised by those skilled in the art in light of the present teachings without departing from the inventive concepts. Therefore, the technical solutions available to those skilled in the art through logic analysis, reasoning and limited experiments based on the prior art according to the concept of the present invention should be within the scope of protection defined by the claims.

Claims (3)

1. A non-invasive equipment load monitoring method based on graph signal processing is characterized by comprising three steps of data preprocessing, initial point obtaining and target function integral optimization, wherein data are preprocessed firstly, and proper time periods are selected for known equipment to serve as training sets; then determining a target function, and solving the minimum value of the regularization item of the target function to obtain an analytic solution; finally, taking the obtained analytic solution as a starting point, and executing a gradient projection optimization algorithm to carry out overall optimization solution on the objective function; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
s1, acquiring the total load active power p of the user equipment in the set time period from 1 to NiAs monitoring data; obtaining the single active power of each device in a set time period 1-n
Figure FDA0002596310120000011
As training data, where N and N are positive integers and N is less than N, i is a time, m is the number of the device, and all devices constitute a device set
Figure FDA0002596310120000012
S2, calculating the average power consumption of each device based on the training data
Figure FDA0002596310120000013
And according to average power consumption
Figure FDA0002596310120000014
Arranging in descending order from big to small;
s3, obtaining the total load active power change value delta p at each moment according to the monitoring dataiFor each device mConstructing a graph by graph signal processing
Figure FDA0002596310120000015
Figure FDA0002596310120000016
A vertex set comprising a plurality of vertexes, each vertex corresponds to an active power variation value delta piA is a weighted adjacency matrix with a weight Ai,jFor corresponding vertex viAnd vjThe weights of the connecting edges between, i and j represent different time instants;
s4, obtaining the individual active power change value of each device at each moment according to the training data
Figure FDA0002596310120000017
Based on constructed graphs
Figure FDA0002596310120000018
Calculating all graph signals within 1-N time
Figure FDA0002596310120000019
The calculation expression is as follows:
Figure FDA00025963101200000110
wherein, ThrmIs a threshold value for determining whether the device m has changed the operation state,
Figure FDA00025963101200000111
is the single active power change value of the device m in a set time period 1-n;
s5, according to all graph signals within 1-n time
Figure FDA00025963101200000112
Calculating and acquiring graph signals from N +1 time to N time
Figure FDA00025963101200000113
By passing
Figure FDA00025963101200000114
And
Figure FDA00025963101200000115
mapping between the devices to obtain the actual operation power consumption change value and graph signal of each device
Figure FDA00025963101200000116
The calculation expression of (a) is:
Figure FDA00025963101200000117
Figure FDA00025963101200000118
wherein, L is a graph Laplace matrix which is obtained by calculating an adjacent weight matrix A of the graph;
s6, repeating the steps S3 to S5, and removing the average power consumption of the running state of the equipment in the monitoring data after separating one equipment each time until all the equipment is separated;
s7, separating all the devices to obtain a starting point Pn+1,...,PNWherein
Figure FDA0002596310120000021
S8, obtaining the starting point Pn+1,...,PNSolving the optimization model to obtain and output the optimized time from N +1 to N
Figure FDA0002596310120000022
The expression of the optimization model is as follows:
Figure FDA0002596310120000023
wherein, Δ piRepresenting the value of the total load active power change at the moment i,
Figure FDA0002596310120000024
and the active power change value of the equipment m at the moment i is represented, and omega represents a regularization term weight parameter.
2. The non-invasive device load monitoring method based on graph signal processing according to claim 1, wherein in step S3, the adjacency matrix a is weightedi,jThe calculation expression of (a) is:
Figure FDA0002596310120000025
wherein, Δ piRepresenting the value of the change in the active power of the total load at time i, Δ pjAnd expressing the change value of the active power of the total load at the moment j, and expressing a scaling factor.
3. The method for non-intrusive device load monitoring based on graph signal processing as defined in claim 1, wherein in step S5, the mapping procedure is as follows:
if it is not
Figure FDA0002596310120000026
It is judged that the device m has changed the operation state at the time i when Δ piIf < 0, the judgment device is turned off at the moment i, then
Figure FDA0002596310120000027
When Δ piWhen the current time is more than 0, the judgment device is turned on at the moment i, and then
Figure FDA0002596310120000028
If it is not
Figure FDA0002596310120000029
It is judged that the device m does not change the operation state and accordingly
Figure FDA00025963101200000210
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