CN110453016B - Sulfur-free clarification and decoloration method for sugarcane squeezed juice - Google Patents
Sulfur-free clarification and decoloration method for sugarcane squeezed juice Download PDFInfo
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- CN110453016B CN110453016B CN201811139914.0A CN201811139914A CN110453016B CN 110453016 B CN110453016 B CN 110453016B CN 201811139914 A CN201811139914 A CN 201811139914A CN 110453016 B CN110453016 B CN 110453016B
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- C13—SUGAR INDUSTRY
- C13B—PRODUCTION OF SUCROSE; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- C13B20/00—Purification of sugar juices
- C13B20/12—Purification of sugar juices using adsorption agents, e.g. active carbon
- C13B20/123—Inorganic agents, e.g. active carbon
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for clarifying and decoloring squeezed sugarcane juice without sulfurPre-ashing with alkaline clay, and adjusting the pH to a required condition under the condition of stirring; then adding a proper amount of hydrogen peroxide and vitamin C modified bentonite in sequence; stirring for a certain time to fully perform oxidation decoloration and adsorption; filtering the sugarcane juice mixed solution to obtain a filtrate, namely sugarcane clear juice, and performing evaporation and concentration; the concentrated juice obtained after evaporation and concentration is further processed by H2O2‑VCAnd (4) carrying out secondary decolorization by using the composite decolorizer, and finally crystallizing and separating honey to obtain the finished product white sugar. The filter cake is bentonite rich in organic matters, and the bentonite is sent to an organic fertilizer workshop to prepare organic fertilizer. The process can realize the clarification and the decoloration of the sugarcane juice at a lower temperature, overcomes the adverse effects of the traditional high-temperature clarification method, has few side reactants, low energy consumption, no sulfur in the process, good clarification effect and reduced clarification cost, and the used additive is obtained by modifying and compounding natural minerals and is natural and nontoxic.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for clarifying and decoloring squeezed sugarcane juice without sulfur, and belongs to the field of clarifying and decoloring sugarcane juice.
Background
The sugarcane is squeezed to extract juice to obtain sugarcane juice (sugarcane juice for short), which is a typical colloidal solution consisting of multiple components and has quite complex components and properties. In addition to sucrose, cane juice contains reducing sugars, various polysaccharides, proteins, various amino acids and amides, organic acids, pectins and other colloids, cane fat and cane waxes, various pigments, and miscellaneous cane trash and slime. The traditional sugar production process of the sugarcane comprises the working procedures of extracting juice, clarifying, evaporating, crystallizing, separating honey, drying and the like. Wherein the clarification process is the most key link in the sugar making process and aims to remove non-sugar such as colloid, pigment and the like in the cane juice. The cane juice clarifying effect directly influences the quality of cane sugar products and the sugar recovery rate, and meanwhile, the consumption of the clarifying process accounts for a large proportion in the whole sugar making process, so that the cane juice clarification is always the focus of attention of the sugar making industry and is also a difficult point of the sugar making industry. At present, the domestic sugar cane sugar production process mainly comprises a lime method, a sulfurous acid method and a carbonic acid method according to different clarification processes, and the clarification treatment steps in the method mainly comprise three processes: heating cane juice, adding a clarifying agent, and separating precipitates.
China is the third world of the world, the annual output of sugar is more than 1000 million tons in recent years, more than 90 percent of sugar is produced by using cane as a raw material and using a sulfurous acid method clarification process, namely SO2Ca as a clarifying agent with lime milk2+The reaction generates CaSO with strong adsorption impurity removal3Precipitating, namely adsorbing non-sugar components such as colloid, pigment and the like in the cane juice to form precipitates, and then removing the precipitates by a solid-liquid separation technology to improve the purity of the cane juice and reduce the color value of the cane juice; with SO2Has reducibility, and can perform addition reaction with coloring matter with unsaturated bond such as sucrose juice phenolic pigment and reducing sugar alkaline decomposition intermediate product, to bleach and inhibit new pigment generation. Thus SO2The method is always in an irreplaceable position in the sugar production by a sulfurous acid method. However, in the clarification process of sulfurous acid method, the cane juice is controlled in the neutral range in the whole clarification process, and SO2H formed by dissolving water2SO3Under the condition, secondary ionization and Ca are difficult to completely occur2+Formation of CaSO3Precipitation, and therefore unavoidable part of the SO2Residual clear juice; meanwhile, the cane juice is a system with complex components and strong variability, and the contained colloidal substances can block SO2With Ca2+Increase SO in the clear juice2And (4) content. SO contained in cane juice2During the boiling process of the syrup, the sugar can be absorbed and wrapped by the sucrose crystals and enter the white granulated sugar crystals, SO that the white granulated sugar SO2The content exceeds the standard. SO (SO)2The food can damage respiratory tract and eyesEye, digestive system, liver tissue and lymphatic system, SO white sugar SO2The content of the white granulated sugar is related to the safety of the sugar, China has strict requirements on the index, if the white granulated sugar SO2The product is forbidden to leave factory when the content exceeds 30 mg/kg. At the same time, the food and beverage of the famous brand at home and abroad can play the role of white granulated sugar SO2The content requirement is always strict, SO2The content of the SO-containing catalyst can not be higher than 15mg/kg, and even the SO-containing catalyst does not contain2Therefore, most of white granulated sugar in China can not enter the huge market at present, the market competitiveness of the white granulated sugar in China is weakened to a great extent, and the development of the sugar industry in China is influenced. Therefore, how to reduce the color value of the white granulated sugar and reduce the SO thereof2The content is one of the research hotspots in the sugar manufacturing world in China.
Chinese patent 201611249195.9 discloses a compound decolorizer for sugar juice and a method for decolorizing sugar juice, wherein the compound decolorizer is prepared from hydrogen peroxide (hydrogen peroxide, H)2O2) And vitamin C (ascorbic acid), under the action of vitamin C, H2O2The sugar juice is decomposed into hydroxyl free radicals (OH), so that double bonds of pigment molecules in the sugar juice are oxidized by the hydroxyl free radicals to be broken, and colored substance molecules in the cane sugar are broken to generate substances which have lower molecular weight and less double bonds and can not be condensed into colored substances. Therefore, the color value of the sugar juice can be greatly reduced, and basically no sulfur dioxide remains. However, the method is lack of adsorption function, colored substance molecules cannot be adsorbed and removed, the decolorizing means is single, the vitamin C used by the composite decolorizing agent is expensive, and the decolorizing cost is high due to the large-scale use of the vitamin C.
Bentonite is also called montmorillonite or bentonite, is a natural layered mineral material, has rich reserves, low price, no toxicity or pollution, and has wide application in the field of food. Bentonite has a series of valuable properties such as cation exchange property, water absorption property, expansibility, thixotropy, adsorbability and the like. In order to improve the adsorption capacity of the bentonite to organic matters, metal ions and the like, modification treatment is often carried out on the bentonite, the interlayer spacing of the modified montmorillonite is increased, and the adsorption capacity of the bentonite to the metal ions and the organic matters can be effectively enhanced. The Chinese invention patent CN200710027154.X discloses organic acid bentonite and a preparation method thereof, wherein different types of organic acids (such as stearic acid, benzoic acid, gluconic acid and the like) and alkaline bentonite (for short, alkaline clay is prepared by the method of Chinese patent 200510101332. X) are adopted as raw materials, and alkaline calcium bentonite and organic acid react in an organic dehydration solvent and are subjected to water diversion to prepare a series of organic acid bentonite with different functions. The structure of the organic acid bentonite is still the layered structure of the bentonite material, and calcium ions between layers of the organic acid bentonite are combined with organic acid radicals in an ionic bond mode.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: a process for clarifying and decolouring the squeezed juice of sugarcane without sulfur includes such steps as pre-ashing with alkaline argil, sequentially adding hydrogen peroxide and VC modified bentone for oxidizing, decolouring and adsorbing, removing most of coloured substances by oxidizing and adsorbing, evaporating and concentrating the filtered juice, and adding small amount of H2O2-VCCarrying out secondary decolorization by using the composite decolorizing agent; the process can realize the clarification and the decoloration of the sugarcane juice at a lower temperature, overcomes the adverse effect of the traditional high-temperature clarification method, reduces the clarification cost and has good clarification effect.
The technical scheme for solving the technical problems is as follows: a method for sulfur-free clarification and decoloration of sugarcane squeezed juice comprises the steps of squeezing sugarcane to obtain initial squeezed juice, adjusting the pH value to 5-11 by using alkaline clay under the condition of stirring, then sequentially adding hydrogen peroxide and vitamin C modified bentonite for primary adsorption and decoloration, wherein the addition amount of the hydrogen peroxide is calculated by adding 0.025-0.075 mL of hydrogen peroxide into 1mL of the initial squeezed juice, the addition amount of the vitamin C modified bentonite is calculated by adding 2.5-10 mg of vitamin C modified bentonite into 1mL of the initial squeezed juice, the primary adsorption and decoloration time is 30-60 min, and the primary adsorption and decoloration temperature is 30-60 ℃; filtering the obtained sugarcane juice mixed solution after the primary adsorption decoloration is finished, evaporating and concentrating the obtained filtrate which is sugarcane clear juice to obtain concentrated juice, and adding H2O2-VCAdding the composite decolorant into the thick juice for secondary decoloration until the decoloration rate reaches more than 90 percent, and obtaining the clear juice.
The sugar degree of the thick juice is 65-70 degrees Bx.
Said H2O2-VCThe compound decolorant is the sugar juice compound decolorant described in Chinese patent No. 201611249195.9.
The alkaline clay is alkaline calcium bentonite prepared by the method in Chinese patent No. 200510101332. X.
The vitamin C modified bentonite is organic acid bentonite prepared by the method in Chinese patent No. 200710027154.X, and the organic acid in the method in the patent No. 200710027154.X adopts ascorbic acid.
The filter cake obtained by filtering is bentonite rich in organic matters, and the organic fertilizer is prepared.
In order to reduce the cost and overcome the adverse effect of the traditional high-temperature clarification method, the invention firstly loads vitamin C on alkaline calcium bentonite to obtain vitamin C modified bentonite (the preparation method of the vitamin C modified bentonite refers to Chinese invention patent CN2007100271717154. X), and then clarifies sugarcane juice by combining the vitamin C modified bentonite with hydrogen peroxide, wherein the vitamin C modified bentonite promotes H2O2Can adsorb the molecules of the colored substances while rapidly decomposing into hydroxyl free radicals. In addition, in order to increase the adsorption effect, alkaline calcium bentonite (namely alkaline clay, prepared by referring to the method of Chinese patent 200510101332. X) is adopted to replace lime in the sugarcane juice pre-gray scale section before the addition of the vitamin C modified bentonite and the hydrogen peroxide, and after the clarification treatment by the addition of the vitamin C modified bentonite and the hydrogen peroxide, the sugarcane juice is simply filtered, so that the clarification and the decoloration of the sugarcane juice at a lower temperature can be realized. The porous bentonite can be changed into a good filter aid in the filtering process, so that the sugarcane juice which has higher viscosity and is difficult to filter becomes easy to filter.
The principle of the invention is as follows:
bentonite is a 2: 1 layered phyllosilicate clay whose unit cell is composed of two layers of silicon-oxygen tetrahedra sandwiching a layer of aluminum-oxygen octahedra, and oxygen atoms shared between the tetrahedra and octahedra form a highly ordered quasi-two-dimensional sheet. Among tetrahedra and octahedra, the high valence silicon ion (Si)4+) And aluminum ion (A1)3+) QuiltOther lower cations (e.g. Mg)2+、Fe2+) The displacement, and therefore the sheet, is negatively charged and can adsorb metal ions in the medium to neutralize the negatively charged metal ions. The interlayer spacing of the modified bentonite is increased, and the adsorption capacity of the bentonite on metal ions and organic matters can be effectively enhanced. In the process of cane juice clarification, the non-sugar in cane juice is adsorbed and occluded, thereby achieving the purpose of strengthening clarification under the condition of low temperature. The bentonite modified by vitamin C has interlaminar calcium ions ionically bonded with organic acid (ascorbic acid) radicals. The principle that vitamin C modified bentonite is combined with hydrogen peroxide to clarify sugarcane juice is as follows: vitamin C and H in vitamin C modified bentonite2O2Reaction takes place to promote H2O2Rapidly decomposed into hydroxyl free radicals, and meanwhile, the vitamin C modified bentonite can adsorb and remove colored substance molecules.
In order to enhance the adsorption effect on non-sugar components in the sugarcane juice, at the pre-liming stage of the sugarcane juice before decolorization and clarification, alkaline calcium bentonite (prepared by the method of Chinese patent No. 200510101332) is adopted to replace lime to adjust the pH value of the sugarcane juice and adsorb and remove about 20% of colored substances.
After the clarification treatment by adding vitamin C modified bentonite and hydrogen peroxide, the mixed sugarcane juice is filtered, and the clarification and the decoloration of the sugarcane juice at a lower temperature can be realized. The porous bentonite becomes a good filter aid in the filtering process, so that the filtering process of the sugarcane juice which is high in viscosity and difficult to filter becomes very easy. The filter cake is bentonite rich in organic matters and is an excellent raw material for producing organic fertilizers.
The application of the method of the invention has the following advantages:
(1) the cane juice is clarified at a lower temperature, the cane juice does not need to be heated to a high temperature, side reactants are few, and the energy consumption is low.
(2) The additive is obtained by modifying and compounding natural minerals, is natural and nontoxic, and can completely decompose hydrogen peroxide by vitamin C without residue.
(3) Because the microstructure of the bentonite is a porous layered substance, the bentonite can be used as a good filter aid, the liquid-solid separation can be realized by using a conventional filtering method, and the problems of high viscosity and difficult direct filtration of the sugarcane juice are solved.
(4) Short flow, simple operation and no sulfur in the process.
(5) The bentonite with filter cakes rich in organic matters can be used as an organic fertilizer and is a good soil modifier.
The technical characteristics of the method for the sulfur-free clarification and decoloration of the pressed sugarcane juice are further explained in the following by combining the attached drawings and an embodiment.
Drawings
FIG. 1: the invention relates to a process flow chart.
Detailed Description
Description of the flow: the sugarcane is pressed to obtain initial pressed juice, then is pre-ashed by alkaline clay, and the pH is adjusted to the required condition under the condition of stirring; then adding a proper amount of hydrogen peroxide and vitamin C modified bentonite in sequence; stirring for a certain time to fully perform oxidation decoloration and adsorption; filtering the sugarcane juice mixed solution to obtain a filtrate, namely sugarcane clear juice, and performing evaporation and concentration; the concentrated juice obtained after evaporation and concentration is further processed by H2O2-VCAnd (4) carrying out secondary decolorization by using the composite decolorizer, and finally crystallizing and separating honey to obtain the finished product white sugar. The filter cake is bentonite rich in organic matters, and the bentonite is sent to an organic fertilizer workshop to prepare organic fertilizer.
Example 1: adjusting the pH value of 40mL of cane juice solution to 5-11 by using alkaline clay, and sequentially adding 2mLH2O20.3g of vitamin C modified bentonite, reacting at 30 ℃ for 30min, filtering to obtain clear juice with the decolorization rate of 60-70%, evaporating and concentrating until the sugar degree is 65 DEG Bx to obtain concentrated juice, and adopting H2O2-VCAnd (5) decolorizing the compound decolorizing agent for the second time until the decolorizing rate reaches more than 90 percent to obtain clear juice.
Example 2: adjusting pH of 40mL of cane juice solution to 11 with alkaline clay, and sequentially adding 2mLH2O20.3g of vitamin C modified bentonite, reacting for 30min at the temperature of 30-60 ℃, filtering to obtain clear juice with the decolorization rate of 54-71%, evaporating and concentrating until the sugar degree is 65-70 degrees Bx to obtain concentrated juice, and adopting H2O2-VCAnd (5) decolorizing the compound decolorizing agent for the second time until the decolorizing rate reaches more than 90 percent to obtain clear juice.
Example 3: adjusting pH of 40mL of cane juice solution to 11 with alkaline clay, and sequentially adding 2mLH2O20.3g of vitamin C modified bentonite, the reaction temperature is 50 ℃, and the reaction time is as follows: 30-60 min, filtering to obtain clear juice with decolorization rate of 57-70%, evaporating and concentrating until sugar degree is 65 ° Bx to obtain concentrated juice, and using H2O2-VCAnd (5) decolorizing the compound decolorizing agent for the second time until the decolorizing rate reaches more than 90 percent to obtain clear juice.
Example 4: regulating pH value of 40mL of cane juice solution to 11 with alkaline clay, and sequentially adding 2mL of H2O20.1g to 0.4g of vitamin C modified bentonite, the reaction temperature is 50 ℃, and the reaction time is 50 min. The decolorization rate of the filtered clear juice is 50-70%, concentrated juice is obtained after evaporation and concentration until the sugar degree is 65-70 DEG Bx, and H is adopted2O2-VCAnd (5) decolorizing the compound decolorizing agent for the second time until the decolorizing rate reaches more than 90 percent to obtain clear juice.
Example 5: regulating pH value of 40mL of cane juice solution to 11 with alkaline clay, and sequentially adding 2mL of H2O20.3g of vitamin C modified bentonite, the reaction temperature is 50 ℃, and the reaction time is 50 min. The decolorization rate of the filtered clear juice is 68-70%, concentrated juice is obtained after evaporation and concentration until the sugar degree is 65 DEG Bx, and H is adopted2O2-VCAnd (5) decolorizing the compound decolorizing agent for the second time until the decolorizing rate reaches more than 90 percent to obtain clear juice.
In each embodiment of the invention, stirring is required in the primary decoloring and the secondary decoloring processes.
The clear juice obtained in each embodiment of the invention is crystallized and separated according to a conventional method to obtain the finished product white sugar.
The decolorization rate required by secondary decolorization is determined according to the required white sugar color value, and the higher the decolorization rate is, the higher the white sugar color value is. In order to obtain a better color value of the white sugar, secondary decolorization in each embodiment of the invention can also require that the decolorization rate is more than 95 percent and then filtration is carried out to obtain the final clear juice.
In each embodiment of the invention, the filter cake obtained by filtering is bentonite rich in organic matters, and the filter cake can be used for preparing organic fertilizers in an organic fertilizer workshop.
In the embodiments of the present invention, said H2O2-VCThe compound decolorant is the sugar juice compound decolorant described in Chinese patent No. 201611249195.9. H2O2-VCThe addition amount of the compound decolorizer is determined according to the color value of white sugar, and can also be determined according to the H described in Chinese patent No. 201611249195.92O2The mass ratio of the added amount of the-Vc composite reagent to the sugar juice is 10 multiplied by 10 -6～2×10-3And (4) adding.
The alkaline clay is alkaline calcium bentonite prepared by the method in Chinese patent No. 200510101332. X. The vitamin C modified bentonite is organic acid bentonite prepared by the method in Chinese patent No. 200710027154.X, and the organic acid in the method in the patent No. 200710027154.X adopts ascorbic acid.
Claims (5)
1. A method for clarifying and decoloring squeezed sugarcane juice without sulfur is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps of squeezing sugarcane to obtain initial-pressing juice, adjusting the pH value to 5-11 by using alkaline argil under the stirring condition, then sequentially adding hydrogen peroxide and vitamin C modified bentonite for primary adsorption and decoloration, wherein the adding amount of the hydrogen peroxide is calculated by adding 0.025-0.075 mL of hydrogen peroxide into 1mL of the initial-pressing juice, the adding amount of the vitamin C modified bentonite is calculated by adding 2.5-10 mg of vitamin C modified bentonite into 1mL of the initial-pressing juice, the primary adsorption and decoloration time is 30-60 min, and the primary adsorption and decoloration temperature is 30-60 ℃; filtering the obtained sugarcane juice mixed solution after the primary adsorption decoloration is finished, obtaining filtrate which is sugarcane clear juice, evaporating and concentrating to obtain thick juice, and adding H2O2-VCAdding the composite decolorant into the thick juice for secondary decoloration until the decoloration rate reaches more than 90 percent, and obtaining clear juice;
said H2O2-VCThe compound decolorizing agent is composed of H2O2And vitamin C2O2-Vc complexing agent, H2O2The mass ratio of the vitamin C to the vitamin C is 0.01-10.
2. The method for the sulfur-free clarification and decoloration of the squeezed sugarcane juice according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the sugar degree of the thick juice is 65-70 degrees Bx.
3. A method of sulphur-free clarification and decolouration of sugar cane expressed juice according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: the alkaline clay is alkaline calcium bentonite, and the preparation method of the alkaline calcium bentonite comprises the following steps: the activated clay and calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide with the activity degree of 150-350 are used as raw materials, and the activated clay and the calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide are mixed and react in the presence of water to obtain the activated clay, and the preparation process comprises the following steps:
(1) mixing activated clay with water of which the mass is 1-6 times that of the activated clay to prepare slurry;
(2) adding calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide with the amount being 20-50% of the mass of the activated clay into the slurry, and uniformly mixing to obtain a reaction raw material;
(3) paving the reaction raw material to a thickness of 3-30 mm, and reacting at 40-80 ℃ for 10-36 hours to obtain reaction clinker;
(4) and washing the reaction clinker with water, removing unreacted calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide, and drying to obtain the alkaline calcium bentonite.
4. A method of sulphur-free clarification and decolouration of sugar cane expressed juice according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: the vitamin C modified bentonite is organic acid bentonite, the organic acid bentonite adopts alkaline calcium bentonite and organic acid as raw materials, the alkaline calcium bentonite reacts with the organic acid in an organic dehydration solvent and divides water, and the specific process comprises the following steps:
(1) putting alkaline calcium bentonite with anion exchange capacity of 0.5-3 mmol/g and granularity of 60-400 meshes into an organic dehydration solvent with the amount of 5-30 times of the mass of the alkaline calcium bentonite, heating to boil and maintaining the boiling state, and returning the organic dehydration solvent in steam generated by boiling to a reaction system after condensation and water separation;
(2) uniformly adding organic acid with the amount of 10-60% of the mass of the alkaline calcium bentonite within 0.5-2 hours, and continuously stirring for reaction and water separation for 1-6 hours after the acid is added;
(3) filtering the reaction solution, washing and drying a filter cake to obtain organic acid bentonite;
the organic acid in the method adopts ascorbic acid;
the organic dehydration solvent is one or more than one of alkane, aromatic hydrocarbon and alcohol, wherein the alkane is one or more than one of n-hexane, cyclohexane and octane, the aromatic hydrocarbon is one or more than one of benzene, toluene and xylene, and the alcohol is one or more than one of methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol.
5. A method of sulphur-free clarification and decolouration of sugar cane expressed juice according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: filter cakes obtained by the first adsorption, decoloration and filtration and the second adsorption, decoloration and filtration are bentonite rich in organic matters, and the organic fertilizer is prepared.
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Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1803294A (en) * | 2005-11-10 | 2006-07-19 | 广西大学 | Alkaline calcium bentonite and its preparation method |
| CN101049943A (en) * | 2007-03-09 | 2007-10-10 | 广西大学 | Bentonite of organic acid, and preparation method |
| CN108251564A (en) * | 2016-12-29 | 2018-07-06 | 广西科技大学 | A kind of method of syrup composite decoloring agent and sugar juice decoloring |
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Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1803294A (en) * | 2005-11-10 | 2006-07-19 | 广西大学 | Alkaline calcium bentonite and its preparation method |
| CN101049943A (en) * | 2007-03-09 | 2007-10-10 | 广西大学 | Bentonite of organic acid, and preparation method |
| CN108251564A (en) * | 2016-12-29 | 2018-07-06 | 广西科技大学 | A kind of method of syrup composite decoloring agent and sugar juice decoloring |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
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| 改性膨润土在制糖清净工艺中的应用;朱伟忠;《甘蔗糖业》;19970225(第1期);第54-57页 * |
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Effective date of registration: 20210719 Address after: 543200 Linjiang Road, Xinning Town, Fusui County, Chongzuo City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Patentee after: Guangxi East Asia Funan refined sugar Co.,Ltd. Address before: 545006 268 East Ring Road, Liuzhou, the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Patentee before: GUANGXI University OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY |