CN110426672B - Double-iteration positioning system based on interval analysis and application thereof - Google Patents
Double-iteration positioning system based on interval analysis and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
- G01S5/02—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
- G01S5/10—Position of receiver fixed by co-ordinating a plurality of position lines defined by path-difference measurements, e.g. omega or decca systems
Abstract
The invention discloses a double-iteration positioning system based on interval analysis and application thereof, belonging to the technical field of target positioning. The invention provides a double-iteration positioning system based on interval analysis for positioning a moving source on the basis of arrival time difference and arrival frequency difference. Unlike the conventional gaussian error model, the position of the radiation source and the TDOA-FDOA measurement are calculated only over the envelope interval. The algorithm adopts a double-iteration strategy to alternately obtain a position box and a speed box containing a positioned moving source, and takes a midpoint as a point estimation value. The effectiveness and the accuracy of the method are shown by a simulation experiment.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a double-iteration positioning system based on interval analysis and application thereof, belonging to the technical field of target positioning.
Background
Time difference of arrival (TDOA) and frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) measurements have been widely used in passive positioning systems such as radar, navigation, etc. The location of the mobile source based on TDOA-FDOA measurements becomes very complex due to the non-linear relationship of TDOA and FDOA.
For many years, various algorithms have been proposed to solve this problem. In particular, Ho and Xu convert a nonlinear TDOA and FDOA equation set into a quasi-linear equation set by introducing a set of pseudo-linearity parameters, and a two-step weighted least squares algorithm is proposed (k. c.ho and w.xu, "An Accurate algebratic Solution for moving source Location Using TDOA and FDOA measures," IEEE trans. signal process, vol.52, No.9, pp.2453-2463, sep.2004.). The solution of this method is closed and the lower cramer limit is reached at low noise. Ho and Lu in turn extend the TS-WLS method for use in positioning systems where sensor position errors exist (k.c. Ho, x.lu and l.kovavisearch, "Source Localization Using TDOA and FDOA measures in the Presence of the sensor Localization errors: Analysis and Solution," IEEE trans.signal process, vol.55, No.2, pp.684-696, feb.2007.). Later, Foy proposed a Taylor series method whose main idea was to solve for the first order Taylor expansion around the initial measurement and solve the objective function by iteration (W.H. Foy, "Position-location solution by Taylor-series estimation," IEEE trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol.AES-12, pp.187C194, Mar.1976.). In the article by Zhu, he proposed a dual-iteration localization algorithm based on TODA-FDOA measurements that brings estimates of position sources into solution for velocity values, thereby reducing computational cost (G.Zhu and D.Feng, "Bi-iterative method for moving source localization using TDOA and FDOA measures," Electron.Lett. vol., vol.51, No.1, pp.8-10, Jan.2015.).
However, the above methods all assume gaussian error models and can only provide point estimates of the source position and cannot provide confidence intervals.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a double-iteration positioning method based on interval analysis, which is characterized in that a positioning system is used for positioning a moving source, the positioning system comprises a movable external radiation source for emitting signals and an observation station fixed at an origin position, two pairs of antennas are simultaneously distributed on the observation station, one pair of antennas is used for receiving direct signals from the external radiation source, and the other pair of antennas is used for receiving reflected signals of a positioning target source, and the method comprises the following steps:
the first process is as follows:
3) construction of TDOA and FDOA model mo=[do,fo]T∈[mo]Initial position box [ u ] brought into the source of movement to be positioned]And initial velocity boxAnd is provided with QrIs an identity matrix;
4) calculating a position box of the positioned mobile source, wherein the weighted least square estimation value of the position box is as follows:
the second process:
3) the position box [ u ] of the positioned moving source calculated by the first process is usedo]And initial velocityBoxModel m substituting TDOA and FDOAo=[do,fo]T∈[mo]In and is provided with QrIs an identity matrix.
4) Calculating the velocity box of the positioned moving source, wherein the weighted least square estimation value is as follows:
updating the location Box [ u ] of the initial Source of movement]Speed boxAnd recalculating the matrix Q by the updated position bin and velocity binrAnd
repeating the two processes until the modulus of the estimation difference of the previous and subsequent two times is less than a given threshold value to obtain the position estimation and the speed estimation of the mobile source;
wherein c is the speed of light,andis an interval measure of TDOA and FDOA by vector mo]To representAndset of (a) um=mid([u]),Position box [ u ]]Speed of mixingMeasuring boxThe initial value of the positioning target is obtained by the maximum coverage area of the external radiation source and the maximum speed of the positioned moving source respectively, the initial speed box is set as the maximum speed of the positioning target, and the initial position box is set as the maximum coverage area of the external radiation source.
In one embodiment of the invention, 10 of an initial iteration speed bin and a position bin are set-6Multiple a given threshold.
In one embodiment of the invention, the true measurement value moAt um=mid([u]) A first order Taylor expansion of the vicinity of
In one embodiment of the invention, uoIs a least squares estimate of
Wherein QrIs the covariance matrix of the TDOA measurements.
In one embodiment of the present invention, let moIs [ m ]o]Then, then
In one embodiment of the invention, J is used1,m=mid([J1]) As [ J1]Is estimated value ofThen, the position box for positioning the moving source is:
in one embodiment of the invention, it is assumed that the position of the mobile source being located is approximately uo m=mid([uo]) Then the true measured value moIn thatA first order Taylor expansion of the vicinity of
jacobian matrix J2Is shown as
In one embodiment of the invention, the velocity of the moving source being positionedIs a least squares estimate of
In one embodiment of the present invention, let moIs [ m ]o],
In one embodiment of the invention, J is used2,m=mid([J2]) Approximate estimate [ J2]Then, then
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention provides a double-iteration positioning system based on interval analysis for positioning a moving source on the basis of arrival time difference and arrival frequency difference, which comprises a movable external radiation source for transmitting signals and an observation station fixed at an origin position, wherein two pairs of antennas are simultaneously distributed on the positioning system, one pair is used for receiving direct signals from the external radiation source, and the other pair is used for receiving reflected signals of a positioning target source. The observation station at the origin can simultaneously detect the signal from the moving external radiation source and the reflected signal from the moving external radiation source by the positioned moving source. The time difference of arrival of the two signals at the observation station exists, and an equation of the distance difference between the moving external radiation source and the positioned moving source can be constructed through the principle. Similarly, according to the Kepler frequency shift effect, the observation station can obtain a frequency equation between the positioned mobile source and the external emitting source. Unlike the conventional Gaussian error model, the position of the radiation source and the TDOA-FDOA measurements are calculated only by a closed solution. In the system, a double iteration strategy is adopted to alternately obtain a position box and a speed box containing a positioned moving source, and a midpoint is used as a point estimation value. The simulation experiment shows the stability and accuracy of the method.
Drawings
FIG. 1: deviation of the algorithm provided by the present application, the two-step weighted least squares algorithm, from the maximum likelihood algorithm when the located mobile source is located at (280,325,275) meters.
FIG. 2: RMSE of the algorithm, two-step weighted least squares algorithm and maximum likelihood algorithm provided herein when the located mobile source is located at (280,325,275) meters.
FIG. 3: the proposed algorithm estimates the position boundaries.
FIG. 4: the proposed algorithm estimates the velocity boundary.
Detailed Description
Embodiment 1 double-iteration positioning method based on interval analysis
Introducing variables: assuming that there are M moving external radiation sources in a given three-dimensional space, their positions and velocities are respectively represented asAndthe 1 observation station is fixed at the origin position, and two pairs of antennas are simultaneously distributed on the observation station, wherein one pair of antennas is used for receiving direct signals from an external radiation source, and the other pair of antennas is used for receiving reflected signals of a positioning target source. The positioned target source is randomly deployed at any position u in the spaceo=[xo,yo,zo]And at a speedAnd (6) moving. Based on TDOA and FDOA measurement signals acquired by the observation station, the time difference between the jth mobile radiation source signal and the positioning target source reflection signal reaching the observation station can be obtained asDoppler frequency difference of Since the propagation speed of the signal is fixed, the distance difference and the speed difference,
whereinIndicating the distance of the jth external radiation source from the positioning target source,is differentiated with respect to time to obtain| | represents the euclidean distance, and ρ represents the unitized operation of the vector. Ro=||uo| represents the distance from the observation station from which the positioning target originates,is composed ofThe result of the derivation of the time is obtained,to locate the range of the target from the observation station,the same can be obtained. c represents the signal propagation speed, approximately the speed of light.
The signals will receive various interferences during the transmission process, so the measured signals obtained by TDOA and FDOA have errors, and d in the measurement process is determined by assuming that the measurement errors follow a Gaussian distributionjoAnd fjoIs equal to
Wherein deltadAnd deltafObeying a gaussian distribution.
According to the 3 delta principle, the true measured value has more than 96% possibility of being positioned in the range of +/-3 delta of the average value, and the measured value can be approximately estimatedAndincluded within a range of ± 3 δ, averaged with actual measurements.
Wherein [ Delta d]And [ Delta d ]]Being the gaussian error boundary of TDOA and FDOA,andis an interval measurement value of TDOA and FDOA. For symbol simplification, use the vector mo]To representAnda set of [ m ]o]=[[do]T,[fo]T]TWhereinTrue TDOA and FDOA measurements mo=[do,fo]T∈[mo]。
The main purpose of the following algorithm is to measure [ m ] by the interval of TDOA and FDOAo]And obtaining a position box and a speed box containing the real position and the speed value of the positioned target source.
(II) TDOA and FDOA dual-iteration positioning algorithm flow based on interval analysis:
the first step process:
1) construction of TDOA and FDOA models (m)o=[do,fo]T∈[mo]) The initial position box brought into the positioned moving source is [ u ]]And initial velocity boxAnd is provided with QrIs an identity matrix.
2) Calculating the velocity box of the positioned moving source, and then weighting the least square estimation value:the specific derivation process is as follows.
The second step is as follows:
5) the position box [ u ] of the positioned moving source calculated in the first step is usedo]And initial velocity boxModel m substituting TDOA and FDOAo=[do,fo]T∈[mo]In and is provided withIs a unit array.
6) Calculating the velocity box of the positioned moving source, wherein the weighted least square estimation value is as follows:
Updating the location Box [ u ] of the initial Source of movement]Speed boxAnd recalculates the matrix Q by the position bin and the velocity binrAnd
repeating the above two processes until the modulus of the estimated difference between the previous and next two times is less than a given threshold or the iteration number is reached (the specific threshold and the iteration number are related to the environmental factors), and considering the environmental factors, the method selects 10 of the initial iteration speed box and the position box-6The multiple is a given threshold, and the iteration times are converted according to the given threshold. The application selects 10 with threshold values of initial iteration speed box and position box-6And stopping the iteration process and obtaining the position and the speed of the moving source.
The algorithm firstly adopts a strategy of a double iteration positioning algorithm, namely, estimation operation is carried out on the position and the speed of a positioned target source alternately. Velocity box [ u ]]Speed boxCan be obtained by a priori knowledge, for example, the maximum coverage area of the external radiation source and the maximum velocity of the moving source being positioned. Finally obtained position box [ u ]o]Speed boxIs included in the initial value u]Andin (1).
Derivation one: from the formulas (2), (3), (5), (6), moAnd a mobile source position box [ u ]o]In a non-linear relationship. First assume [ u ]]Equivalent to um=mid([u]) Then the true measured value moAt um=mid([u]) A first order Taylor expansion of the vicinity of
Jacobian matrix J1Is shown as
According to the formula (8), uoIs a least squares estimate of
Wherein QrIs the covariance matrix of the TDOA measurements.
It can be derived from the above formula that u can be obtained only by acquiring the true position of the external radiation source and the accurate TDOA and FDOA measured valuesoThe value is obtained. Because m iso∈[mo]So that m in the formula (8)oIs [ m ]o]At this time, it can be
When solving equation (10), it is necessary to calculate an interval matrixThis would greatly increase the computational complexity. Therefore, this application adopts J1,m=mid([J1]) As [ J1]The position box of the positioned moving source can be obtained by the following formula:
derivation two: by equation (11), it can be assumed that the position of the positioned mobile source can be approximated as uo m=mid([uo]) Then the true measured value moIn thatA first order Taylor expansion of the vicinity of
Jacobian matrix J2Is shown as
From equation (12), the velocity of the moving source to be located can be obtainedIs a least squares estimate of
And solve for [ uo]The process of (a) is similar to (b), moIs replaced by [ mo]The following formula can be obtained
Then further using J2,m=mid([J2]) Approximate estimate [ J2]Then, then
Through the derivation, the algorithm of the application adopts an initial position box u]Speed boxAs an initial input. First assume the velocity of the moving source being locatedIt is known that the location box of the located mobile source can be updated using equation (11). The velocity box of the positioned moving source can then be updated by equation (16). Repeating the above two steps until the widths and the middle points of the position box and the speed box converge. The point estimate for the position and velocity of the moving source being located can be approximated by the midpoint of the bin.
Example 2 simulation experiment
The experiment assumes that the positioning system consists of 5 mobile external radiation sources, the radiation source positions being given in table 1. In the simulations that follow, we define the position of the positioned moving source in m and the velocity in m/s. For experimental convenience, the experiment assumed that the TDOA and FDOA signals were independent of each other, and the measured values of the signals were generated by adding true values to white Gaussian noise. Thus measuring TDOA andFDOA covariance matrix is δ2Q and 0.1. delta2Q, wherein Q is 0.5(I + I)TI) I is the identity matrix and δ is the noise variance. As the measurement error increases, the estimation bias and accuracy vary.
TABLE 1 radiation source location
The present application performs 5000 Monte Carlo experiments, and for algorithm comparisons, defines the positional deviation of the positioned mobile source asSimilarly positioned the moving source velocity offset is positioned asThe position accuracy based on the root mean square error is defined asThe position accuracy is defined asBy varying the value of delta, variations in the measurement that cause noise can be achieved. With the increase of delta, the positioning deviation and the positioning precision of the algorithm and the two comparison algorithms are increased. However, as can be seen from fig. 1 and fig. 2, the algorithm provided by the present application can still maintain superior positioning deviation and positioning accuracy under high noise compared to the two-step weighted least square algorithm and the maximum likelihood algorithm.
The superiority of the algorithm relative to the point estimation result is verified by comparing with a two-step weighted least square algorithm and a maximum likelihood estimation algorithm. In addition, the point estimation and covariance matrix of the motion source can be obtained by using the least square method. The covariance matrix is then used to calculate the standard deviation of the position and velocity of the moving source being located. Finally, the position and velocity bins of the positioned moving source are obtained according to the 3-sigma principle. Fig. 3 and 4 show the positioning results of the position bin and the velocity bin obtained by the proposed algorithm. It can be seen that the upper and lower bounds of the position estimate and velocity estimate are very close to the true values of the located mobile source position and velocity before the noise power is 30 DB. When the measurement noise is greater than 30DB, the upper and lower bounds of the velocity and position estimates deviate from their true values, but their velocity and position estimation boxes still surround the true values. This shows that the algorithm can provide a range of position and velocity estimates, including real values, even under high noise conditions.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood that various changes and modifications can be made therein by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A double iteration positioning method based on interval analysis is characterized in that a positioning system is used for positioning a moving source, the positioning system comprises a movable external radiation source for emitting signals and an observation station fixed at an origin position, two pairs of antennas are simultaneously distributed on the observation station, one pair of antennas is used for receiving direct signals from the external radiation source, and the other pair of antennas is used for receiving reflected signals of a positioning target source, and the method comprises the following steps:
the first process is as follows:
1) construction of TDOA and FDOA model mo=[do,fo]T∈[mo]Initial position box [ u ] brought into the source of movement to be positioned]And initial velocity boxAnd is provided with QrIs an identity matrix;
2) calculating a position box of the positioned mobile source, wherein the weighted least square estimation value of the position box is as follows:
wherein, J1,m=mid([J1]) Is [ J1]Is determined by the estimated value of (c),while Is a Jacobian matrix;
the second process:
1) the position box [ u ] of the positioned moving source calculated by the first process is usedo]And initial velocity boxModel m substituting TDOA and FDOAo=[do,fo]T∈[mo]In and is provided withIs an identity matrix;
2) calculating the velocity box of the positioned moving source, wherein the weighted least square estimation value is as follows:
updating the location Box [ u ] of the initial Source of movement]Speed boxAnd recalculating the matrix Q by the updated position bin and velocity binrAnd
repeating the two processes until the modulus of the estimation difference of the previous and subsequent two times is less than a given threshold value to obtain the position estimation and the speed estimation of the mobile source;
6. the dual-iteration localization method of claim 1, wherein the position of the localized mobile source is assumed to be approximately uo m=mid([uo]) Then the true measured value moIn thatA first order Taylor expansion of the vicinity of
jacobian matrix J2Is shown as
10. The method of any one of claims 1-9, setting 10 an initial iteration speed bin and a position bin-6Multiple a given threshold.
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