CN110407519A - A kind of modified ardealite well lid and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

A kind of modified ardealite well lid and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
CN110407519A
CN110407519A CN201910617112.4A CN201910617112A CN110407519A CN 110407519 A CN110407519 A CN 110407519A CN 201910617112 A CN201910617112 A CN 201910617112A CN 110407519 A CN110407519 A CN 110407519A
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China
Prior art keywords
ardealite
well lid
modified
powder
filler
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CN201910617112.4A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
阮朝晖
赵建波
朱美诗
朱东辉
陈恒发
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Guizhou Guicheng Shunyuan Environmental Protection Technology Co Ltd
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Guizhou Guicheng Shunyuan Environmental Protection Technology Co Ltd
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Priority to CN201910617112.4A priority Critical patent/CN110407519A/en
Publication of CN110407519A publication Critical patent/CN110407519A/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B18/00—Use of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse, specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
    • C04B18/04—Waste materials; Refuse
    • C04B18/0445—Synthetic gypsum, e.g. phosphogypsum
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B20/00—Use of materials as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone according to more than one of groups C04B14/00 - C04B18/00 and characterised by shape or grain distribution; Treatment of materials according to more than one of the groups C04B14/00 - C04B18/00 specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Expanding or defibrillating materials
    • C04B20/02—Treatment
    • C04B20/023—Chemical treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
    • C04B2201/50—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the mechanical strength
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Soil Conditioners And Soil-Stabilizing Materials (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to technical field of resource comprehensive utilization, especially a kind of modified ardealite well lid and preparation method thereof, by will be after phosphogypsum modification, after being configured to filler with coarse whiting, black powder, phthalocyanine blue, the material composition made in well lid is added, so that the toughness of well lid has obtained significantly improving, enhance the bending strength of well lid, anti- folding, compression strength, and the comprehensive utilization of ardealite waste material is realized, reduce well lid cost of manufacture.

Description

A kind of modified ardealite well lid and preparation method thereof
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of resource comprehensive utilization, especially a kind of modified ardealite well lid and preparation method thereof.
Background technique
For well lid as one of infrastructure essential in urban construction, mostly metal material, character is rectangular or circle Drainage hole would generally be also arranged on well lid in shape.Since well lid is prepared using metal material, often occur being tampered phenomenon, meanwhile, Drainage hole is opened up on well lid, it may appear that the legs and feet of children or pet are fallen into or some small articles are fallen into, and there are security risks, are given People bring greatly constant.For this purpose, there is researcher to make research, such as number of patent application for the defect in the prior art It is real mainly using iron casting waste as raw material for the method for 201710819228.7 iron casting waste manufacture well lid The utilization for having showed waste reduces the cost of well lid manufacture, realizes comprehensive utilization of resources.
But solid waste of the ardealite as output in production process of phosphoric acid, every production 1t phosphoric acid, will output 5- 6t ardealite causes a large amount of ardealite solid wastes so that a large amount of ardealite solid waste is difficult to effectively be dissolved Object stockpiling.Contain a large amount of acidic materials and harmful element in ardealite, so that easily causing environment dirty during stockpiling Dye.For this purpose, in the prior art, a large number of researchers have carried out ardealite comprehensive utilization of resources, to reduce the volume of cargo in storage of ardealite； But it is most of in the prior art to concentrate on being prepared into the construction materials such as building block, insulating brick for ardealite as raw material；Or by phosphorus Filler is used as after gypsum modification；And urban infrastructure being applied to for ardealite --- the correlation in well lid production is ground Study carefully and has not been reported.
In consideration of it, this researcher is applied on the Research foundation of well lid production in the prior art about solid waste, Filler when ardealite is made as well lid improves well lid performance purpose to reach, mentions for ardealite comprehensive utilization of resources New approaches are supplied.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve the above technical problems existing in the prior art, the present invention provide a kind of modified ardealite well lid and its Preparation method.
It is achieved particular by following technical scheme:
The first purpose of the invention is to provide modified ardealite well lid, and material composition is resin 28kg by weight, mixed Close rouge 18kg, glass fibre 25kg, release agent 3kg, calcium hydroxide 0.2kg, curing agent 0.3kg, filler 150.13kg；Described Resin is epoxy resin；The mixing rouge is phenyl salicylate and polyamide according to mass ratio be 0.8-1:1 mixing and At；The release agent is paraffin；The curing agent is cement；The filler is dicalcium powder 75kg, modified ardealite Powder 75kg, black powder 0.1kg, phthalocyanine blue 0.03kg are mixed；The modified phosphogypsum powder is to be added to have in ardealite Account for the quick lime of phosphogypsum quality 5%.
It is preferred that the black powder is iron black powder and/or carbon black powder.
It is preferred that the modified phosphogypsum powder is that ardealite is added by quick lime hydration process and then thereto first It is uniformly mixed.
The second purpose of the invention is to provide above-mentioned modified ardealite well lid preparation method, including following step It is rapid:
(1) ardealite is added by quick lime hydration process and then thereto to be uniformly mixed, obtains modified ardealite；
(2) modified ardealite, dicalcium powder, black powder, phthalocyanine blue are sequentially added into mixing, stirred evenly, filler is made；
(3) phenyl salicylate and polyamide are uniformly mixed, obtain mixing rouge；
(4) resin, mixing rouge, glass fibre, sodium hydroxide, curing agent, filler are mixed, obtains mixture, and will mix It closes object to be placed in closed container, be uniformly mixed using decompression, the humidity for adjusting mixed material reaches 40-55%, by release agent It is applied to mould inside, will be stirred to obtain mixture and be filled into mold, well lid green body is pressed into, conserves 10-20 days, obtain To finished product well lid.
Compared with prior art, the technical effect of the invention is embodied in:
By after being configured to filler with coarse whiting, black powder, phthalocyanine blue, adding the original made in well lid for after phosphogypsum modification Expect ingredient, so that the toughness of well lid has obtained significantly improving, enhances the bending strength of well lid, anti-folding, compression strength, and And the comprehensive utilization of ardealite waste material is realized, reduce well lid cost of manufacture.
It is to use mass percentage for the modified phosphorus of 5% quick lime during the invention is passed through to phosphogypsum modification Gypsum treatment makes the maximum dry density of ardealite and optimal water absorption rate be improved, enhances modified ardealite product Flintiness and bending and compressive strength outside, additionally it is possible to improve water suction, seepage rate, avoid carrying out well lid the mode of punching setting, Enhance the function of well lid.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 makes a living lime-crushed stone pile to maximum dry density relational graph.
Fig. 2 makes a living lime-crushed stone pile to optimum moisture content relational graph.
Fig. 3 makes a living lime-crushed stone pile to comperssibility influence relational graph.
Fig. 4 makes a living lime-crushed stone pile to high pressure consolidation influence relational graph.
Fig. 5 makes a living lime-crushed stone pile to internal friction angle relational graph.
Fig. 6 is calcium carbonate distributional pattern figure in modified ardealite.
Fig. 7 is that the invention is commercialized well lid product quality examining report.
Specific embodiment
It is limited below with reference to specific embodiment technical solution of the present invention is further, but claimed Range is not only limited to made description.
Lime modified ardealite research:
Test 1
1, raw material
Quick lime: calcining resulting quick lime using Anshun City, Guizhou Province area, and carries out analyzing it to the lime and belong to low magnesium Lime, wherein calcium oxide content is 68.2%, content of magnesia≤1.2%；The digestion rate of quick lime is 3-5min, is belonged to quickly Lime is digested, quicklime slaking temperature can reach 90 DEG C or more；
Ardealite: opening the ardealite of phosphorylcholine group output using Guizhou Province Kaiyang County, and main chemical compositions are as shown in table 1 below:
Table 1
P2O3 SO3 CaO SiO2 Al2O3 MgO Fe2O3 TiO2
3.726 43.74 31.56 3.07 0.27 0.04 0.03 0.007
As it can be seen that also containing other metallic ore substances, di-iron trioxide, three oxygen in ardealite other than containing calcium sulphate dihydrate Change two aluminium, magnesia etc., also it can be found that the presence of P element, weapons are mainly with (H2PO4)-The form of ion exists, and is phosphorus stone The main reason for cream is at acidity.
2, sample preparation
Quick lime adds ardealite and evenly mixes first after aquation, then air-dries under natural environment to get sample.It is added Ardealite be the ardealite that constant weight is baked to by 40 DEG C of temperature.
In sample preparation procedure, quick lime and phosphogypsum quality are incited somebody to action than controlling the mixture for being 1%, 5%, 10%, 15% The mixture of above-mentioned mixing mass ratio carries out compaction test, compression test (compactness 95%), shearing test, and then postgraduate's stone The influence to ardealite mechanical property is added in ash.
Compaction test: being that be modified doing for ardealite according to ardealite dry density detection method in the prior art close Degree, optimum moisture content detection, and relational graph is drawn according to the weight ratio between quick lime and ardealite, as depicted in figs. 1 and 2.
Compression test: it is the compressed coefficient detection according to ardealite sample in the prior art, is modified the pressure of ardealite The detection of compression pressure coefficient, and relational graph is drawn according to the weight ratio between quick lime and ardealite, as shown in Figure 3, Figure 4.
Shearing test: being the internal friction angle progress according to ardealite sample in the prior art when compactness is 95% Detection, and relational graph is drawn according to the weight ratio between quick lime and ardealite, as shown in Figure 5.
3, test result
Compaction test results are as depicted in figs. 1 and 2, and the hydrated lime of every increase by 5%, the optimum moisture content of modified ardealite about increases Add 1.2% or so, and when it is 5% that slaked lime ash quantity, which is added, the dry density of modified ardealite is maximum, and about 1.53g/ cm3；And pass through and the specific gravity of ardealite and quick lime is analyzed, the specific gravity of ardealite is about 2.5, and quick lime specific gravity is about 2.38, quick lime specific gravity is less than the specific gravity of ardealite, it is seen that the increase of the ardealite maximum dry density of 5% quick lime is added not It is caused by the specific gravity variation after being added as quick lime, but ardealite nature is changed；Meanwhile with raw stone Grey additive amount > 5%, then the dry density of modified ardealite is gradually reduced, it is seen then that has wherein been remained aquation quick lime ingredient, has been caused The chemical property of modified ardealite changes, and causes phosphogypsum modification increased costs, therefore, for phosphogypsum modification process In, for control quick lime additive amount at 5%, there is preferably dry density.
Compression test result is as shown in Figure 3, Figure 4, and the compressibility of modified ardealite reduces, In with the increase of quick lime Controlling compaction Control is 95%, and when maximum consolidation pressure is 400kPa, changing for 5%, 10%, 15% quick lime is contained in ardealite The compressed coefficient of property ardealite is respectively 0.1-1MPa, 0.09-1MPa, 0.05-1MPa；As it can be seen that the identical compactness the case where Under, lime content will high degree influence modified ardealite compression performance, in the case that high pressure consolidation, 5% life is added The final void ratio of lime modified ardealite is slightly less than ardealite itself.
Shearing test result, with the increase of quick lime content, is modified phosphorus stone as shown in figure 5, in 95% compactness The internal friction angle of cream gradually increases；And from figure 5 it can be seen that for 5% quick lime be added modified ardealite interior friction Angle is less than the internal friction angle of ardealite itself；And it rubs in the modified ardealite that 15% quick lime, 10% quick lime is added Wipe the internal friction angle that angle is significantly greater than ardealite itself；Therefore, for the comprehensive of the modified ardealite of 5% quick lime is added Can be more excellent, the bending and compressive strength of sample can be enhanced, improve flintiness.
Test 2
To test the sample for the modified ardealite that 5% quick lime is added in 1, modified ardealite to the sample and before modified phosphorus Soluble fluorine, Leaching Properties of Soluble Phosphorus and total phosphorus in gypsum test and analyze, analysis method are as follows:
The measurement of solvable fluorine content uses ELIT9804 ion-selective electrode: the accurate supernatant liquor for taking out ardealite adds The total ionic strength of pH6.0 is coordinated buffer, inserts people's fluoride ion selective electrode and pH electrode, solution equilibria current potential is measured, by work Composition line computation obtains the content of soluble fluorine；
Phosphorus yield uses PLASMA300 thermocouple plasma emission spectrometer, and solvable phosphorus yield is equally pipetted with soluble fluorine Ardealite supernatant liquor, then its content is measured with ICP method；
Total phosphorus yield uses alkali solution technique, i.e., is melted at 650 C with ardealite with sodium hydroxide, heating water, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid Dissolution, ICP method survey total phosphorus content.
Measurement result is as shown in table 2 below:
2 unit of table: %
Total phosphorus Titanium pigment Soluble fluoride
Before modified 3.276 0.172 0.0502
It is modified 2.564 0.002 0.0152
It is shown by the data of table 2 as it can be seen that the quick lime using 5% is added, enables to great amount of soluble phosphorus in ardealite, solvable Property fluorine reduce, effectively avoid titanium pigment, soluble fluoride give environment bring pollution, the acid for reducing ardealite of high degree Property value so that modified ardealite tends to alkalinity avoid a large amount of cation dissociations in water, cause the double electricity in modified ardealite surface The relatively thin phenomenon of layer, promotes the formation of modified ardealite surface electric double layer, enhances the compactness of modified ardealite, improve The intensity and hardness of modified ardealite stuffing product.
After quick lime prehydration processing, so that quick lime, which meets water, generates Ca (OH)2Preheating is realized simultaneously； Ardealite is added into the quick lime after aquation again, so that Ca (OH)2It reacts with acid, eliminates with the ginseng in ardealite The acidity of ardealite, so that mixture becomes neutral or alkalescent；And under preheating quantity effect, energy is provided, phosphorus is promoted Cation in gypsum, which is constantly betrayed, to be come, and lamination forms electric double layer on ardealite surface, is improved ardealite and is hit real intensity and pressure Contracting performance increases the maximum dry density of ardealite, ensures that the intensity of modified ardealite application resulting product is more excellent.
It, can be with aluminum oxide, silica, two water in ardealite after quick lime aquation in the invention Pozzolanic reaction occurs for calcium sulfate etc., and specific response situation is as follows:
xCa (OH) 2+SiO2+nH2O→xCaO•SiO2•(n +x) H2O y；
Ca (OH) 2+Al2O3+nH2O→yCaO•A l 2O3•(n+y) H2O。
When there are a lot, the reaction product of active aluminum oxide will be by trithiophenol salt type calcium for calcium sulphate dihydrate in ardealite Aluminite (A F t) is replaced, and reactional equation is as follows:
CaO•Al2O3+3CaSO4•2H2O+26H2O=3CaO•Al2O3•3CaSO4•32H2O5。
As shown in fig. 6, extra calcium hydroxide can generate calcium carbonate, the calcium carbonate of generation with the carbon dioxide reaction in water It is covered on dihydrate gypsum crystal surface, forms one layer of unstable coating, and calcium hydroxide fine grained can enter two water In gap between calcium sulphate crystal, to increase the compactness of ardealite, but during mixing and stirring, need it is more from By water；And in above-mentioned reaction process, the trithiophenol salt type entringite (A F t) of generation, calcium carbonate etc. do not participate in the calcium hydroxide of reaction Mixture particle that can be more hard with ardealite together performance, and then enhance the intensity of ardealite.
Well lid preparation research
Preparation method:
(1) ardealite is added by quick lime hydration process and then thereto to be uniformly mixed, obtains modified ardealite；
(2) modified ardealite, dicalcium powder, black powder, phthalocyanine blue are sequentially added into mixing, stirred evenly, filler is made；
(3) phenyl salicylate and polyamide are uniformly mixed, obtain mixing rouge；
(4) resin, mixing rouge, glass fibre, sodium hydroxide, curing agent, filler are mixed, obtains mixture, and will mix It closes object to be placed in closed container, be uniformly mixed using decompression, the humidity for adjusting mixed material reaches 40-55%, by release agent It is applied to mould inside, will be stirred to obtain mixture and be filled into mold, well lid green body is pressed into, conserves 10-20 days, obtain To finished product well lid.
1 well lid raw material of embodiment is prepared
Resin 28kg, mixing rouge 18kg, glass fibre 25kg, release agent 3kg, calcium hydroxide 0.2kg, curing agent 0.3kg, filler 150.13kg；The resin is epoxy resin；The mixing rouge is phenyl salicylate and polyamide according to mass ratio It is mixed for 0.8-1:1；The release agent is paraffin；The curing agent is cement；The filler is dicalcium powder 75kg, modified phosphogypsum powder 75kg, black powder 0.1kg, phthalocyanine blue 0.03kg are mixed；The modified phosphogypsum powder be Being added in ardealite has the quick lime for accounting for phosphogypsum quality 5%.Black powder is iron black powder.Carbon black powder can also be used.
Embodiment 2 compares well lid and prepares
On the basis of embodiment 1, ardealite is without modification, directlys adopt dehydration and is ground into the grayish powders of 200 mesh and adds Enter.
Sample well lid (thick 2cm, diameter 10cm) is prepared in embodiment 1, embodiment 2 and carries out anti-folding, compression strength inspection It surveys, and its permeability performance is detected, result is as shown in table 3 below.
Table 3
It is shown by the data of table 3 as it can be seen that the invention in the sample well lid that laboratory is prepared by comparing, using changing Property ardealite addition prepare filler, prepared for the resulting sample well lid of filler compared to ardealite addition is directlyed adopt, it is anti-folding, Compression strength is more excellent.
Moreover, after the well lid that this researcher prepares embodiment 1 carries out product marketization manufacture, by it according to current The production of thickness, diameter progress well lid that city manhole cover parameter index designs, and sent Guizhou Province's building material product quality Supervision and inspection institute examines, and obtains its finder charge and reaches 240kN, the residual deformation of permission is specifically shown in shown in Fig. 7 in 0.59mm Survey report.
Detection between sample well lid and marketization manufacture well lid has differences the analysis of causes: due to sample well lid and commodity Change manufacture well lid there are size difference, cause to have greatly changed in terms of stress, bearing capacity, cause in laboratory into The capable detection of sample well lid and quality testing institute exists centainly between the data obtained between commercialization well lid quality testing Difference, the difference are that this field related personnel can meet and know.
The invention unaccomplished matter, relevant technical staff in the field are referred to technology contents disclosed in the prior art And general knowledge known in this field and conventional technical means are subject to operation.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto, Anyone skilled in the art in the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, according to the technique and scheme of the present invention and its Inventive concept is subject to equivalent substitution or change, should be covered by the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (4)

1. a kind of modified ardealite well lid, which is characterized in that material composition is resin 28kg, mixing rouge 18kg, glass by weight Glass fiber 25kg, release agent 3kg, calcium hydroxide 0.2kg, curing agent 0.3kg, filler 150.13kg；The resin is epoxy Resin；It according to mass ratio is what 0.8-1:1 was mixed that the mixing rouge, which is phenyl salicylate and polyamide,；Described Release agent is paraffin；The curing agent is cement；The filler is dicalcium powder 75kg, modified phosphogypsum powder 75kg, black powder 0.1kg, phthalocyanine blue 0.03kg are mixed；The modified phosphogypsum powder is to be added to account for phosphogypsum quality in ardealite 5% quick lime.
2. modified ardealite well lid as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the black powder is iron black powder and/or carbon black Powder.
3. modified ardealite well lid as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the modified phosphogypsum powder is will to give birth to first Lime hydration handles and then ardealite is added thereto and is uniformly mixed.
4. modified ardealite well lid preparation method as described in any one of claims 1-3, which is characterized in that including following step It is rapid:
(1) ardealite is added by quick lime hydration process and then thereto to be uniformly mixed, obtains modified ardealite；
(2) modified ardealite, dicalcium powder, black powder, phthalocyanine blue are sequentially added into mixing, stirred evenly, filler is made；
(3) phenyl salicylate and polyamide are uniformly mixed, obtain mixing rouge；
(4) resin, mixing rouge, glass fibre, sodium hydroxide, curing agent, filler are mixed, obtains mixture, and will mix It closes object to be placed in closed container, be uniformly mixed using decompression, the humidity for adjusting mixed material reaches 40-55%, by release agent It is applied to mould inside, will be stirred to obtain mixture and be filled into mold, well lid green body is pressed into, conserves 10-20 days, obtain To finished product well lid.
CN201910617112.4A 2019-07-10 2019-07-10 A kind of modified ardealite well lid and preparation method thereof Pending CN110407519A (en)

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CN113072334A (en) * 2020-01-06 2021-07-06 北华大学 Method for manufacturing anti-freezing resin concrete ultrathin well cover

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CN113072334A (en) * 2020-01-06 2021-07-06 北华大学 Method for manufacturing anti-freezing resin concrete ultrathin well cover

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