CN110397072A - A kind of heavy wall concrete cylindrical basis and its construction method with spiral perforation device - Google Patents
A kind of heavy wall concrete cylindrical basis and its construction method with spiral perforation device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN110397072A CN110397072A CN201910684054.7A CN201910684054A CN110397072A CN 110397072 A CN110397072 A CN 110397072A CN 201910684054 A CN201910684054 A CN 201910684054A CN 110397072 A CN110397072 A CN 110397072A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- perforation device
- spiral perforation
- bucket foundation
- spiral
- screw pile
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D27/00—Foundations as substructures
- E02D27/10—Deep foundations
- E02D27/12—Pile foundations
- E02D27/14—Pile framings, i.e. piles assembled to form the substructure
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D27/00—Foundations as substructures
- E02D27/32—Foundations for special purposes
- E02D27/42—Foundations for poles, masts or chimneys
- E02D27/425—Foundations for poles, masts or chimneys specially adapted for wind motors masts
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
- E02D5/22—Piles
- E02D5/56—Screw piles
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D13/00—Assembly, mounting or commissioning of wind motors; Arrangements specially adapted for transporting wind motor components
- F03D13/20—Arrangements for mounting or supporting wind motors; Masts or towers for wind motors
- F03D13/22—Foundations specially adapted for wind motors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D13/00—Assembly, mounting or commissioning of wind motors; Arrangements specially adapted for transporting wind motor components
- F03D13/20—Arrangements for mounting or supporting wind motors; Masts or towers for wind motors
- F03D13/25—Arrangements for mounting or supporting wind motors; Masts or towers for wind motors specially adapted for offshore installation
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/727—Offshore wind turbines
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/728—Onshore wind turbines
Abstract
The heavy wall concrete cylindrical basis and its construction method that the invention discloses a kind of with spiral perforation device, the device is implanted into several spiral auxiliary piles in bucket foundation side wall, it is rotated in mud face by controlling helical blade, generate downward penetrating power, the penetrating power is transferred to bucket foundation by flange and circular steel plate, to drive the downward injection of bucket foundation, sinking to predetermined position.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to field of ocean engineering, and in particular to a kind of heavy wall concrete tube with spiral perforation device
Type basis and its construction method.
Background technique
Mankind's in the 21st century, energy crisis becomes increasingly conspicuous, and wind energy on the sea becomes as a kind of reproducible clean energy resource
Alleviate the new direction of global energy anxiety situation.Bucket foundation is as a kind of novel offshore platform foundation form, substantially
A kind of plectane basis with skirtboard reduces project amount since it has, reduces investment outlay, shortens construction time, reusable etc.
Advantage, just gradually applied in the foundation engineering of offshore wind farm.
The sinking technique and correlation theory of steel thin-wall bucket foundation have been mature on the whole, but its own infrastructure cost mistake
Height is not easy to be promoted on a large scale；Infrastructure cost can be effectively reduced using the thick-walled cylinder type foundation of Reinforced Concrete Materials, mention
The economic benefit of high bucket foundation is the Main way of the following bucket foundation development.
Thick-walled cylinder type foundation at home and abroad there is no successfully the precedent of sinking, difficult point as a kind of novel base form
Be barrel thicken and the change of material, increase cylinder end resistance and side of the bucket foundation in penetration process significantly
Wall frictional resistance.Traditional bucket foundation generallys use the immersion method of negative pressure injection, but this method is acting on thick-walled cylinder type base
It is difficult to provide enough power when plinth to guarantee that bucket foundation being capable of smooth, safely injection to projected depth.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art and provide a kind of heavy wall coagulations with spiral perforation device
Native bucket foundation and its construction method, the device are implanted into several spiral auxiliary piles in bucket foundation side wall, by controlling helical-blade
Piece rotates in mud face, generates downward penetrating power, which is transferred to bucket foundation by flange and circular steel plate, thus
Drive the downward injection of bucket foundation, sinking to predetermined position.
The present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions:
A kind of heavy wall concrete cylindrical basis with spiral perforation device, including bucket foundation and several it is set to circle
On the basis of spiral perforation device；
The prefabricated casing for being used to be inserted into spiral perforation device of perforation is provided in the bucket foundation barrel；
The spiral perforation device includes screw pile superstructure, screw pile substructure and circular steel plate；The spiral
Circular steel plate is clipped in the middle by flange arrangement between stake superstructure and screw pile substructure, the screw pile lower junction
Structure lower end is provided with helical blade；
The spiral perforation device is inserted in each prefabricated casing of bucket foundation, covers circular steel plate in the upper of prefabricated casing
Side (is located at bucket foundation upper surface), and the diameter of the circular steel plate is greater than the internal diameter of prefabricated casing, entire spiral perforation device
It can be freely rotated in prefabricated casing.
In the above-mentioned technical solutions, each prefabricated casing (spiral perforation device) is located at the circle concentric with bucket foundation
On sideline.
In the above-mentioned technical solutions, the quantity of the spiral perforation device be more than or equal to 2, and each spiral perforation device with
The center of circle of bucket foundation is centrosymmetric.
In the above-mentioned technical solutions, the diameter of the spiral perforation device is less than the diameter of the prefabricated casing of bucket foundation, with
Frictional resistance of the spiral perforation device in rotation is reduced, the torque of required application in installation process is reduced.
In the above-mentioned technical solutions, heavy wall concrete cylindrical basis further includes for spiral perforation device to be screwed in soil
Intracorporal external connection power mechanism, external connection power mechanism is by applying torsion on spiral perforation device top
In the above-mentioned technical solutions, the external counterweight for generating down force is placed on the bucket foundation.
In the above-mentioned technical solutions, the hanging ring for handling is provided on the bucket foundation.
A kind of construction method on the heavy wall concrete cylindrical basis with spiral perforation device carries out as steps described below:
Step 1: being assembled by land to spiral perforation device and bucket foundation: screw pile substructure is put into cylinder
In the prefabricated casing on type basis, make to clamp circular steel plate between screw pile superstructure and screw pile substructure, and pass through method
Orchid is fixedly connected；Circular steel plate is set to be located at the upper surface of prefabricated casing；
Step 2: by bucket foundation together with spiral perforation device be hoisted to target place waters, by self weight or it is external
Counterweight effect makes spiral perforation device part injection mud face or less；
Step 3: making each screw pile generate the rotation for surrounding its rotary shaft, injection mud under the driving of external motive device
The helical blade of face part generates downward penetrating power under rotary action, and bucket foundation is made in the penetrating power and the joint of self weight
With lower injection to predetermined depth.
The advantages and benefits of the present invention are:
A kind of heavy wall concrete cylindrical basis and its construction method with spiral perforation device, mainly makees in the present invention
Downward penetrating power is generated with the rotation for being screw pile, bucket foundation ontology is transferred to via dependency structure, bucket foundation is sunk
It puts to predetermined position.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is a kind of top view on heavy wall concrete cylindrical basis with spiral perforation device；
Fig. 2 is a kind of front view on heavy wall concrete cylindrical basis with spiral perforation device；
Fig. 3 is the sectional view of A-A ' in Fig. 1；
Fig. 4 is the top view of bucket foundation；
Fig. 5 is the front view of screw pile superstructure；
Fig. 6 is the top view of screw pile superstructure；
Fig. 7 is the front view of screw pile substructure；
Fig. 8 is the top view of screw pile substructure；
Fig. 9 is the front view of flange arrangement；
Figure 10 is the top view of flange arrangement；
Figure 11 is the top view of circular steel plate；
Figure 12 is the sectional view of B-B ' in Fig. 7；
In above-mentioned figure: 1 is bucket foundation；1-1 is bucket foundation ontology；1-2 is prefabricated casing；2 tie for screw pile top
Structure；2-1 is screw pile superstructure ontology；2-2 is upper flange；3 be screw pile substructure；3-1 is screw pile substructure
Ontology；3-2 is lower flange；3-3 is helical blade；4 be flange arrangement；5 be circular steel plate；6 be bolt and nut structure.
It for those of ordinary skill in the art, without creative efforts, can be according to above attached
Figure obtains other relevant drawings.
Specific embodiment
In order to enable those skilled in the art to better understand the solution of the present invention, combined with specific embodiments below furtherly
Bright technical solution of the present invention.
Embodiment 1
It is a kind of control barrel-shaped foundation sinking sinking spiral perforation device, including bucket foundation 1, screw pile superstructure 2,
Screw pile substructure 3 and external power device are it is characterized in that prefabricated casing 1-2 in the side wall of bucket foundation ontology 1-1；Spiral shell
Rotation stake superstructure ontology 2-1 lower edge has welded a upper flange 2-2；Edge has welded one on screw pile substructure ontology 3-1
A lower flange 3-2, lower weld helical blade 3-3.Upper flange 2-2 and lower flange 3-2 will be justified using bolt and nut structure 6
Shape steel plate 5 is clipped in the middle position, a pair of of flange arrangement 4 has been collectively constituted, by screw pile superstructure 2 and screw pile substructure
3 are connected as one.The diameter of flange arrangement 4 should be less than the diameter of bucket foundation casing 1-2, with reduce screw pile rotation when
Frictional resistance, reduces the torque of required application in installation process, and the diameter of circular steel plate 5 should be greater than circular foundation grouting sleeve
The diameter of 1-2, the penetrating power to generate screw pile pass to bucket foundation 1.The penetration load that helical blade 3-3 is generated is logical
It crosses screw pile substructure ontology 3-1, lower flange 3-2 and circular steel plate 5 and passes to bucket foundation 1, it can so that basis is whole
Injection is to predetermined position.
Embodiment 2
, should be upright by screw pile substructure 3 first with loop wheel machine when the present apparatus assembles by land, and utilize other structures object
It is constrained, makes it to the state of being kept upright；It recycles loop wheel machine to sling bucket foundation 1, and enables the grouting set on bucket foundation 1
Pipe 1-2 passes through screw pile substructure 3；Finally screw pile superstructure 2 is sling using loop wheel machine, and by screw pile superstructure
The lower flange 3-2 on edge and circular steel plate 5 are mutually coincide in the upper flange 2-2 structures of 2 lower edges, screw pile substructure 3, utilize people
Work method tightens the screw bolt and nut 6 at flange 4, combines screw pile superstructure 2 and 3 rigidity of screw pile substructure.Land
The drive of circular foundation 1 spiral pilework should be lifted to waters by loop wheel machine after the completion of over-assemble, the transportation by driving after convenience.
Embodiment 3
The present apparatus is in sinking, after structure is entirely through transportation by driving or lifting to predetermined intended site, by self weight or outside
Setting counterweight effect makes screw pile part injection mud face hereinafter, screw pile can be generated around it under the driving of external motive device
The helical blade 3-3 of the rotation of rotary shaft, injection mud face part can generate downward penetrating power under rotary action, the penetrating power
It passes sequentially through screw pile substructure ontology 3-1, flange 3-2 and circular steel plate 5 and is transferred to bucket foundation 1, drive bucket foundation 1
Sinking is to predetermined depth；It can be by changing screw pile rotation speed at different location, to control bucket foundation 1 during sinking
Inclined degree, guarantee that 1 top cover bottom surface of bucket foundation and seabed mud face completely attach to after the completion of sinking, i.e. energy is completed in construction
Guarantee that bucket foundation 1 has good load-carrying properties.The quantity of screw pile, the spacing of size and helical blade 3-3, size answer root
According to the soil body physico-mechanical properties of 1 size of bucket foundation and working region, i.e., required maximum penetrating power is designed；But spiral
Auxiliary pile 2 should be uniformly distributed using the central axis of bucket foundation ontology 1 as symmetrical centre, to guarantee that bucket foundation ontology 1 exists
Relative settlement is not generated during sinking.
It is herein component institute serialization number itself, such as " first ", " second " etc., is only used for distinguishing described object,
Without any sequence or art-recognized meanings.And " connection ", " connection " described in the application, unless otherwise instructed, include directly and
It is indirectly connected with (connection).In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that, term " on ", "lower", "front", "rear", " left side ",
The orientation of the instructions such as " right side ", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outside", " clockwise ", " counterclockwise " or position are closed
System is merely for convenience of description of the present invention and simplification of the description to be based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, rather than indicates
Or imply that signified device or element must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, therefore cannot understand
For limitation of the present invention.
In the present invention unless specifically defined or limited otherwise, fisrt feature in the second feature " on " or " down " can be with
It is that the first and second features directly contact or the first and second features pass through intermediary mediate contact.Moreover, fisrt feature exists
Second feature " on ", " top " and " above " but fisrt feature be directly above or diagonally above the second feature, or be merely representative of
First feature horizontal height is higher than second feature.Fisrt feature can be under the second feature " below ", " below " and " below "
One feature is directly under or diagonally below the second feature, or is merely representative of first feature horizontal height less than second feature.
Illustrative description has been done to the present invention above, it should explanation, the case where not departing from core of the invention
Under, any simple deformation, modification or other skilled in the art can not spend the equivalent replacement of creative work equal
Fall into protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of heavy wall concrete cylindrical basis with spiral perforation device, it is characterised in that: including bucket foundation and several
The spiral perforation device being set on circular foundation；
The prefabricated casing for being used to be inserted into spiral perforation device of perforation is provided in the bucket foundation barrel；
The spiral perforation device includes screw pile superstructure, screw pile substructure and circular steel plate；On the screw pile
Circular steel plate is clipped in the middle by flange arrangement between portion's structure and screw pile substructure, under the screw pile substructure
End is provided with helical blade；
The spiral perforation device is inserted in each prefabricated casing of bucket foundation, and circular steel plate is made to cover the top in prefabricated casing,
The diameter of the circular steel plate is greater than the internal diameter of prefabricated casing, and entire spiral perforation device can carry out freely turning in prefabricated casing
It is dynamic.
2. a kind of heavy wall concrete cylindrical basis with spiral perforation device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
Each prefabricated casing is located on the round sideline concentric with bucket foundation.
3. a kind of heavy wall concrete cylindrical basis with spiral perforation device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
The quantity of the spiral perforation device is more than or equal to 2, and each spiral perforation device is centrosymmetric with the center of circle of bucket foundation.
4. a kind of heavy wall concrete cylindrical basis with spiral perforation device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
The diameter of the spiral perforation device be less than the prefabricated casing of bucket foundation diameter, with reduce spiral perforation device rotation when
Frictional resistance reduces the torque of required application in installation process.
5. a kind of heavy wall concrete cylindrical basis with spiral perforation device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
Heavy wall concrete cylindrical basis further include for spiral perforation device to be screwed in the intracorporal external connection power mechanism of soil, it is external dynamic
Force mechanisms are by applying torsion on spiral perforation device top.
6. a kind of heavy wall concrete cylindrical basis with spiral perforation device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
The external counterweight for generating down force is placed on the bucket foundation.
7. a kind of heavy wall concrete cylindrical basis with spiral perforation device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
The hanging ring for handling is provided on the bucket foundation.
8. a kind of construction method on the heavy wall concrete cylindrical basis with spiral perforation device, which is characterized in that according to following
Step carries out:
Step 1: being assembled by land to spiral perforation device and bucket foundation: screw pile substructure is put into cartridge type base
In the prefabricated casing of plinth, make to clamp circular steel plate between screw pile superstructure and screw pile substructure, and solid by flange
Fixed connection；Circular steel plate is set to be located at the upper surface of prefabricated casing；
Step 2: bucket foundation, which is hoisted to target together with spiral perforation device, places waters, pass through self weight or external counterweight
Effect makes spiral perforation device part injection mud face or less；
Step 3: making each screw pile generate the rotation for surrounding its rotary shaft, injection mud face under the driving of external motive device
The helical blade divided generates downward penetrating power under rotary action, and bucket foundation is under the synergy of the penetrating power and self weight
Injection is to predetermined depth.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910684054.7A CN110397072A (en) | 2019-07-26 | 2019-07-26 | A kind of heavy wall concrete cylindrical basis and its construction method with spiral perforation device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910684054.7A CN110397072A (en) | 2019-07-26 | 2019-07-26 | A kind of heavy wall concrete cylindrical basis and its construction method with spiral perforation device |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN110397072A true CN110397072A (en) | 2019-11-01 |
Family
ID=68326287
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910684054.7A Pending CN110397072A (en) | 2019-07-26 | 2019-07-26 | A kind of heavy wall concrete cylindrical basis and its construction method with spiral perforation device |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN110397072A (en) |
Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2004225414A (en) * | 2003-01-24 | 2004-08-12 | Building Research Institute | Construction method for foundation pile, and prefabricated pile with spiral blade |
| CN101668898A (en) * | 2007-04-09 | 2010-03-10 | 后藤常郎 | Spiral steel pipe pile |
| CN103195054A (en) * | 2013-04-03 | 2013-07-10 | 天津大学 | Prefabricated spiral pile head and auxiliary pile sinking construction method thereof |
| CN204212152U (en) * | 2014-10-30 | 2015-03-18 | 安阳宝毅科技有限公司 | For the spiral ground pile on Along Railway protective guard basis |
| CN104822884A (en) * | 2012-10-03 | 2015-08-05 | 后藤常郎 | Structural foundation |
| KR20150101742A (en) * | 2014-02-27 | 2015-09-04 | 주식회사휴플러스 | Deckroad using stand alone pile and installing method thereof |
| CN106192992A (en) * | 2016-09-08 | 2016-12-07 | 天津大学 | A kind of threaded bucket foundation and application thereof |
| CN108425642A (en) * | 2018-04-18 | 2018-08-21 | 邱实 | Drilling rod basis |
-
2019
- 2019-07-26 CN CN201910684054.7A patent/CN110397072A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2004225414A (en) * | 2003-01-24 | 2004-08-12 | Building Research Institute | Construction method for foundation pile, and prefabricated pile with spiral blade |
| CN101668898A (en) * | 2007-04-09 | 2010-03-10 | 后藤常郎 | Spiral steel pipe pile |
| CN104822884A (en) * | 2012-10-03 | 2015-08-05 | 后藤常郎 | Structural foundation |
| CN103195054A (en) * | 2013-04-03 | 2013-07-10 | 天津大学 | Prefabricated spiral pile head and auxiliary pile sinking construction method thereof |
| KR20150101742A (en) * | 2014-02-27 | 2015-09-04 | 주식회사휴플러스 | Deckroad using stand alone pile and installing method thereof |
| CN204212152U (en) * | 2014-10-30 | 2015-03-18 | 安阳宝毅科技有限公司 | For the spiral ground pile on Along Railway protective guard basis |
| CN106192992A (en) * | 2016-09-08 | 2016-12-07 | 天津大学 | A kind of threaded bucket foundation and application thereof |
| CN108425642A (en) * | 2018-04-18 | 2018-08-21 | 邱实 | Drilling rod basis |
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| CB03 | Change of inventor or designer information |
Inventor after: Fu Dengfeng Inventor after: Liu Run Inventor after: Lian Jijian Inventor after: Wang Jiayu Inventor before: Wang Jiayu Inventor before: Fu Dengfeng Inventor before: Liu Run Inventor before: Lian Jijian Inventor before: Zhao Hao |
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