CN110384498A - EEG biofeedback training system and training method - Google Patents
EEG biofeedback training system and training method Download PDFInfo
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- CN110384498A CN110384498A CN201810361466.2A CN201810361466A CN110384498A CN 110384498 A CN110384498 A CN 110384498A CN 201810361466 A CN201810361466 A CN 201810361466A CN 110384498 A CN110384498 A CN 110384498A
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- electroencephalograph
- game
- attention
- training
- organism
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
- A61B5/316—Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
- A61B5/369—Electroencephalography [EEG]
- A61B5/375—Electroencephalography [EEG] using biofeedback
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
- A61B5/6801—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be attached to or worn on the body surface
- A61B5/6813—Specially adapted to be attached to a specific body part
- A61B5/6814—Head
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63F—CARD, BOARD, OR ROULETTE GAMES; INDOOR GAMES USING SMALL MOVING PLAYING BODIES; VIDEO GAMES; GAMES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- A63F13/00—Video games, i.e. games using an electronically generated display having two or more dimensions
- A63F13/20—Input arrangements for video game devices
- A63F13/21—Input arrangements for video game devices characterised by their sensors, purposes or types
- A63F13/212—Input arrangements for video game devices characterised by their sensors, purposes or types using sensors worn by the player, e.g. for measuring heart beat or leg activity
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63F—CARD, BOARD, OR ROULETTE GAMES; INDOOR GAMES USING SMALL MOVING PLAYING BODIES; VIDEO GAMES; GAMES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- A63F13/00—Video games, i.e. games using an electronically generated display having two or more dimensions
- A63F13/40—Processing input control signals of video game devices, e.g. signals generated by the player or derived from the environment
- A63F13/42—Processing input control signals of video game devices, e.g. signals generated by the player or derived from the environment by mapping the input signals into game commands, e.g. mapping the displacement of a stylus on a touch screen to the steering angle of a virtual vehicle
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63F—CARD, BOARD, OR ROULETTE GAMES; INDOOR GAMES USING SMALL MOVING PLAYING BODIES; VIDEO GAMES; GAMES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- A63F2300/00—Features of games using an electronically generated display having two or more dimensions, e.g. on a television screen, showing representations related to the game
- A63F2300/10—Features of games using an electronically generated display having two or more dimensions, e.g. on a television screen, showing representations related to the game characterized by input arrangements for converting player-generated signals into game device control signals
- A63F2300/1012—Features of games using an electronically generated display having two or more dimensions, e.g. on a television screen, showing representations related to the game characterized by input arrangements for converting player-generated signals into game device control signals involving biosensors worn by the player, e.g. for measuring heart beat, limb activity
Abstract
The present invention, which relates to, discloses EEG biofeedback training system, comprising: electroencephalograph, for acquiring organism in thinking processes, and the biological electric wave of body surface generation;Brainwave feedback instrument, for receiving the biological electric wave of electroencephalograph acquisition and generating fluctuating picture;Display screen, the fluctuating picture generated for showing brainwave feedback instrument;Central processing unit, the fluctuating picture for generating brainwave feedback instrument are converted to 5 kinds of control signals;Game model is acted for receiving the control signal of central processing unit conversion by the different corresponding differences for completing game model of control signal;Game result analytical unit, for being analyzed the completeness of game and exporting training result.Pass through the training brain mode of Noninvasive, acquire brain wave activity signal, it is converted into image and voice signal, pass through the brain wave activity to draw oneself up, help brain self-control, reach more efficient operating state, to improve brain various functions such as attention, concentration, memory, creativity, adjusting force.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to attention training technique fields, refer specifically to EEG biofeedback training system and training method.
Background technique
Pay attention to being direction and concentration of the psychological activity to certain object.It is along with sensory perception, memory, thinking, imagination etc.
The common psychological characteristics of noematic one kind.An important factor for attention is intelligence, attention is higher, and intellectual level is higher,
The maximum feature of supernormal child is exactly that attention is very strong, so France biologist George Ju Weiye says that " talent is note first
Meaning power." attention is most basic learning ability, it is memory, understands, the pre-requisite abilities of observation, thinking, does not have without attention
There is study.According to the investigation of profession, when there are 75% students in middle and primary schools in China in study, attention is difficult to concentrate, or is unable to reach
Practise it is due require degree, so as to cause difficulty of learning.Attention difference simultaneously thus caused careless, dilatory, absent-minded etc. has been
Students in middle and primary schools' three major issues behavior the most serious in the study.
The symptom of attention-deficient: 1, it is easy to divert one's attention: cannot attentively do something, attention is difficult to concentrate, and doing things often has
Begin endless.2, difficulty of learning: attending class and do not pay attention to the class attentively, and easily absent-minded, school grade is unstable, and amnesia is weary of studying, in operation, examination
Often malfunction because of careless general idea.3, hyperactivity: in any occasion all can not be quiet, trick does not stop or constantly interrupts, does
The activity of adult is disturbed, is usually walked rapid, is often rushed and run chaotically without purpose, do not listen dissuasion.4, impulsion is wilful: emotional instability,
Easily variation, usually without thinking it is concluded that, consequence is not scrupled in behavior.5, autocontrol force is poor: not abidance by rules order, does not listen old
The instruction of teacher, parent, random rafferty of doing things, causually, all are let matters drift, and cannot cooperate very well with others, be easy and he
People clashes.Attention is basis and the premise of study, so, if attention can not or be reluctant to concentrate, it just will affect
Habit ability and efficiency.
Early in 1998, attention problem was just classified as the head for causing global children for learning obstacle by UNESCO
Want factor.The child of gold period in study could not be solved if there is scatterbrained situation and in time,
Will cause more serious harm: it is such as inflammable, lose topic fall topic, cut classes play truant, school grade decline.It can be seen that parents
The scatterbrained problem of child must not be ignored, for current technology is horizontal, brainwave feedback technology is applied to solution
Certainly in the absent minded problem of child, effect is fine.Attention training institution of the source boat education as profession, by brainwave feedback
Technological perfectionism is applied in attention training, significant effect.
According to the data obtained for a long time, various scatterbrained types after analysis: physiological reason -- since child is big
Brain growth is not perfect, nervous system excitement and process of inhibition disparate development, so ability of self control is poor.This is normal, as long as
Breeding is done in the proper way, and with advancing age, most children can accomplish that attention is concentrated.There are slight brains by causes for pathological -- children
Histologic lesion, intracerebral neurotransmitter metabolism are abnormal, in addition, there is the child of the sense of hearing or dysopia that can also be takeed for filling ear not
It hears, does not listen to carefully or show no concern for.Environment reason -- many candies, the beverage containing caffeine or mixed with artificial color, addition
Agent, preservative food, the mood of child can be stimulated, influence attentively to spend.In addition, the academic environment of child is chaotic, noisy, interference
It excessively also will affect the attention of child.Reason-nuclear family and urbanization life are brought up, so that children's activity range becomes smaller, greatly
People dominates child's overprotection, everything, and the chance for causing child to start is reduced, children's body-sensing experience missing;Parent is too busy,
It teaches less and causes the right brain stimulus to the sense organ of child insufficient;Child creeps less or interferes excessive;Nurse or old man with child, only examine
Consider fed to appetite child, and have ignored the other ability of culture etc., it can all cause child's attention to lack.
The therapeutic process of hyperactivity is an incremental process, and the therapy of existing treatment hyperactivity, is logical mostly
Cross parental control and drug therapy.However above-mentioned treatment method effect is not largely effective, the basic reason of hyperactivity is patient
Itself attention cannot be concentrated for a long time, mainly patient itself the problem of, therefore, in order to solve this from the angle of patient itself
One problem, the present invention is specifically proposed.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is insufficient according to prior art, proposes a kind of EEG biofeedback training system and training method, passes through
The brain wave activity how study draws oneself up helps brain self-control, reaches more efficient operating state, each to improve brain
The abilities such as item function such as attention, concentration, creativity, adjusting force.
In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problem, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows:
A kind of EEG biofeedback training system, comprising:
Electroencephalograph, for acquiring organism in thinking processes, the biological electric wave of body surface generation;
Brainwave feedback instrument, for receiving the biological electric wave of electroencephalograph acquisition and generating fluctuating picture;
Display screen, the fluctuating picture generated for showing brainwave feedback instrument;
Central processing unit, the fluctuating picture for generating brainwave feedback instrument are converted to 5 kinds of control signals;
Game model is completed for receiving the control signal of central processing unit conversion by the way that different control signals is corresponding
The different movements of game model;
Game result analytical unit, for being analyzed the completeness of game and exporting training result.
Preferably, the brainwave feedback instrument is connected with storage unit, for storing biological wave data.
Preferably, the attention of organism is divided into 5 grades by the central processing unit, and fluctuating picture is corresponded to 5
A grade is respectively converted into 5 kinds of control signals.
Preferably, the electroencephalograph is worn on head in the form of hair band, head prefrontal lobe E.E.G is measured.
Preferably, the electroencephalograph is the electroencephalograph of 16 leads, 512 secondary pollutant electric waves of the electroencephalograph acquisition per second.
Preferably, being transmitted between the electroencephalograph and brainwave feedback instrument by wireless data communication.
Preferably, the wireless data communication transmission range is 10 meters.
Preferably, the wireless data communication transmission frequency is 2.4GHz.
The present invention also provides a kind of EEG biofeedback training method, step includes:
S1, organism is acquired in thinking processes by electroencephalograph, the biological electric wave that body surface generates;
S2, fluctuating picture by biological electric wave that electroencephalograph acquires and is generated by brainwave feedback instrument;
S3,5 kinds of control signals are converted to by the fluctuating picture that central processing unit brainwave feedback instrument generates;
S4, the different movement of the corresponding completion of game model is controlled by different control signals;
S5, according to game completeness, analyze and export the focus result of organism.
Preferably, being stored while generating fluctuating picture to it in the step S2.
Preferably, the step S3 includes:
Step S3a, the focus of organism is divided into 5 grades from high in the end;
Step S3b, the fluctuating picture for generating organism, respectively corresponds 5 grades according to the height of focus;
Step S3c, the fluctuating picture of different focus grades is respectively converted into 5 kinds of control signals.
Preferably, when the step S5 further includes the holding of the different completenesses of recording game completeness and game
Between.
Preferably, every other day training is primary by the step S1 to step S5, the training time is 25 minutes each time.
Preferably, being transmitted between the electroencephalograph and brainwave feedback instrument by wireless data communication.
Preferably, when the step S4 includes selection reaction, attention mobility, visual search, the attention span, paying attention to wink
De-, Mental rotation, memory re-recognize, any one in winconsin card sorting.
Preferably, carrying out loosening exercise for coordination simultaneously in the step S1, including provide lotus meditation, Alpha's Boeing
Pleasure is loosened, meditates space.
The present invention have the characteristics that it is following and the utility model has the advantages that
By adopting the above technical scheme, by the training brain mode of Noninvasive, by acquiring brain wave activity signal, by brain
Wave feedback apparatus is converted into image and voice signal known to us, organism is allowed to recognize the brain activity of oneself, by learning such as
The brain wave activity what draws oneself up helps brain self-control, reaches more efficient operating state, to improve brain various functions
Such as attention, concentration, memory, creativity, adjusting force ability.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to more clearly explain the embodiment of the invention or the technical proposal in the existing technology, to embodiment or will show below
There is attached drawing needed in technical description to be briefly described, it should be apparent that, the accompanying drawings in the following description is only this
Some embodiments of invention without any creative labor, may be used also for those of ordinary skill in the art
To obtain other drawings based on these drawings.
Fig. 1 is the principle of the present invention schematic diagram;
Fig. 2 is attention training effect figure of the invention;
Fig. 3 is comprehensive training effect figure of the invention.
Specific embodiment
Specific embodiments of the present invention will be further explained with reference to the accompanying drawing.It should be noted that for
The explanation of these embodiments is used to help understand the present invention, but and does not constitute a limitation of the invention.In addition, disclosed below
The each embodiment of the present invention involved in technical characteristic can be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.
The present invention provides a kind of EEG biofeedback training systems, as shown in Figure 1, comprising:
Electroencephalograph, for acquiring organism in thinking processes, the biological electric wave of body surface generation;
Brainwave feedback instrument, for receiving the biological electric wave of electroencephalograph acquisition and generating fluctuating picture;
Display screen, the fluctuating picture generated for showing brainwave feedback instrument;
Central processing unit, the fluctuating picture for generating brainwave feedback instrument are converted to 5 kinds of control signals;
Game model is completed for receiving the control signal of central processing unit conversion by the way that different control signals is corresponding
The different movements of game model;
Game result analytical unit, for being analyzed the completeness of game and exporting training result.
The principle of above-mentioned technical proposal: the multinomial of user is collected and recorded in real time using brain electric equipment in use
Electroencephalo signal.System, as front end EEG measuring equipment, can obtain the brain of user using portable brain electric equipment in real time
Electric data and many index parameter for reflecting user's psychological condition.Wherein, it is mono- to be based on advanced ThinkGear for E.E.G equipment
Chip brain wave acquisition Technology design has and wears the advantages such as many such as simple, easy to use, safe and comfortable, reliable and stable, can fit
It should be in various people and various surroundings.It, can be to making by composite record to eeg data and experimental data and analysis
User's concentration is more accurately evaluated.
It is converted by acquisition brain wave activity signal by brainwave feedback instrument by the training brain mode of Noninvasive
Image known to us and voice signal, allow organism to recognize the brain activity of oneself, pass through the brain for learning how to draw oneself up
Wave activity, helps brain self-control, reaches more efficient operating state, to improve brain various functions such as attention, be absorbed in
The abilities such as power, memory, creativity, adjusting force.
It should be understood that the present invention also provides powerful data analysis function is provided, automatically generate chart abundant and
Data analysis result, and training analysis can be automatically generated and report and the printing and output function of report are provided.System is to training
Data only check my training archives using classification protection of usage right, user, and administrator can check the training shelves of all personnel
Case.
The further setting of the present invention, brainwave feedback instrument are connected with storage unit, for storing biological wave data.Pass through
The biological wave data of different time stores, and the biological electric wave of different time can be compared, to get information about, biology
The training effect of body.
The attention of organism is divided into 5 grades by the further setting of the present invention, central processing unit, and by fluctuating picture
Corresponding 5 grades are respectively converted into 5 kinds of control signals.
By the completeness of game module, the result of organism focus is obtained.
The further setting of the present invention, electroencephalograph are worn on head in the form of hair band, measure head prefrontal lobe E.E.G.
The further setting of the present invention, electroencephalograph are the electroencephalograph of 16 leads, electroencephalograph acquisition per second 512 secondary pollutants electricity
Wave.
The further setting of the present invention is transmitted between electroencephalograph and brainwave feedback instrument by wireless data communication.
The further setting of the present invention, wireless data communication transmission range are 10 meters.
The further setting of the present invention, wireless data communication transmission frequency are 2.4GHz.
The present invention also provides a kind of EEG biofeedback training method, step includes:
S1, organism is acquired in thinking processes by electroencephalograph, the biological electric wave that body surface generates;
S2, fluctuating picture by biological electric wave that electroencephalograph acquires and is generated by brainwave feedback instrument;
S3,5 kinds of control signals are converted to by the fluctuating picture that central processing unit brainwave feedback instrument generates;
S4, the different movement of the corresponding completion of game model is controlled by different control signals;
S5, according to game completeness, analyze and export the focus result of organism.
In above-mentioned technical proposal, the multinomial brain electricity of user is collected and recorded in real time using brain electric equipment in use
Physiological signal.System, as front end EEG measuring equipment, can obtain the brain electricity number of user using portable brain electric equipment in real time
Accordingly and reflection user's psychological condition many index parameter.Wherein, E.E.G equipment is based on advanced ThinkGear single-chip
Brain wave acquisition Technology design has and wears the advantages such as many such as simple, easy to use, safe and comfortable, reliable and stable, is adaptable to
Various people and various surroundings.It, can be to user by composite record to eeg data and experimental data and analysis
Concentration is more accurately evaluated.
It is converted by acquisition brain wave activity signal by brainwave feedback instrument by the training brain mode of Noninvasive
Image known to us and voice signal, allow organism to recognize the brain activity of oneself, pass through the brain for learning how to draw oneself up
Wave activity, helps brain self-control, reaches more efficient operating state, to improve brain various functions such as attention, be absorbed in
The abilities such as power, memory, creativity, adjusting force.
It should be understood that the present invention also provides powerful data analysis function is provided, automatically generate chart abundant and
Data analysis result, and training analysis can be automatically generated and report and the printing and output function of report are provided.System is to training
Data only check my training archives using classification protection of usage right, user, and administrator can check the training shelves of all personnel
Case.
Further, it is stored while generating fluctuating picture in the step S2.Pass through different time
Biological wave data storage, can be compared the biological electric wave of different time, to get information about, the training effect of organism
Fruit.
Further, the step S3 includes:
Step S3a, the focus of organism is divided into 5 grades from high in the end;
Step S3b, the fluctuating picture for generating organism, respectively corresponds 5 grades according to the height of focus;
Step S3c, the fluctuating picture of different focus grades is respectively converted into 5 kinds of control signals.
Further, when the step S5 further includes the holding of the different completenesses of recording game completeness and game
Between.
Further, it is transmitted between the electroencephalograph and brainwave feedback instrument by wireless data communication.
Further, when the step S4 includes selection reaction, attention mobility, visual search, the attention span, pay attention to wink
De-, Mental rotation, memory re-recognize, any one in winconsin card sorting.
Further, it carries out loosening exercise for coordination simultaneously in the step S1, including lotus meditation, Alpha's Boeing is provided
Pleasure is loosened, meditates space.
Training result of the invention, once, the training time is each time for the step S1 to step S5 every other day training
25 minutes.
Specifically, after to the children training of two batch different people numbers, effect statistics.
As shown in Fig. 2, first batch, participates in 500 people of student (7-12 years old), training is primary every other day substantially, 25 minutes every time
Left and right analyzes the promotion effect of the training attention of different classes time;
As shown in figure 3,400 students (8-12 years old) of second lot, basic training 25 minutes or so daily, according to training
Time span, achievement is improved, attention is promoted, pace of learning is promoted, understandability is promoted, anxiety improves, more dynamic is improved
The analysis according to statistics of equal various dimensions.
Specific training method of the invention:
1, pay attention to range: in the i.e. same time it will be noted that object quantity.
Result of study shows that within 0.1 second time, adult can generally hold 8~9 black dots, holds 4~6
The foreign letter not being associated and 4~5 Chinese characters being not in contact with.This proves that the attention span has certain limit.
2, the stability of attention: the time for noticing that an object maintains is longer, pays attention to more stable.
Pay attention to fix for a long time on one point, the moment is changing, but purposefully movable, and does will effort, can be with
It is that attention is relatively stable.
3, the transfer paid attention to: paying attention to being transferred to another object up by a kind of object, and transfer velocity is faster, indicates to pay attention to
The easier concentration of power.
4, the distribution paid attention to: within the same time, the ability that can pay attention to different objects when two or more activities simultaneously is carried out.
In conjunction with attached drawing, the embodiments of the present invention are described in detail above, but the present invention is not limited to described implementations
Mode.For a person skilled in the art, in the case where not departing from the principle of the invention and spirit, to these embodiments
A variety of change, modification, replacement and modification are carried out including component, are still fallen in protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of EEG biofeedback training system characterized by comprising
Electroencephalograph, for acquiring organism in thinking processes, the biological electric wave of body surface generation;
Brainwave feedback instrument, for receiving the biological electric wave of electroencephalograph acquisition and generating fluctuating picture;
Display screen, the fluctuating picture generated for showing brainwave feedback instrument;
Central processing unit, the fluctuating picture for generating brainwave feedback instrument are converted to 5 kinds of control signals;
Game model completes game by the way that different control signals is corresponding for receiving the control signal of central processing unit conversion
The different movements of model;
Game result analytical unit, for being analyzed the completeness of game and exporting training result.
2. EEG biofeedback training system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that, which is characterized in that the E.E.G
Feedback apparatus is connected with storage unit, for storing biological wave data.
3. EEG biofeedback training system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that it is characterized in that, the center
The attention of organism is divided into 5 grades by processor, and corresponding 5 grades of fluctuating picture are respectively converted into 5 kinds of control letters
Number.
4. EEG biofeedback training system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the electroencephalograph is in the form of hair band
It is worn on head, measures head prefrontal lobe E.E.G;The electroencephalograph is the electroencephalograph of 16 leads, the electroencephalograph acquisition per second
512 secondary pollutant electric waves;It is transmitted between the electroencephalograph and brainwave feedback instrument by wireless data communication.
5. EEG biofeedback training system according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the wireless data communication transmission
Distance is 10 meters, and the wireless data communication transmission frequency is 2.4GHz.
6. a kind of EEG biofeedback training method, which is characterized in that step includes:
S1, organism is acquired in thinking processes by electroencephalograph, the biological electric wave that body surface generates;
S2, fluctuating picture by biological electric wave that electroencephalograph acquires and is generated by brainwave feedback instrument;
S3,5 kinds of control signals are converted to by the fluctuating picture that central processing unit brainwave feedback instrument generates;
S4, the different movement of the corresponding completion of game model is controlled by different control signals;
S5, according to game completeness, analyze and export the focus result of organism.
7. EEG biofeedback training method according to claim 6, which is characterized in that it is characterized in that, the step
It is stored while generating fluctuating picture in S2.
8. EEG biofeedback training method according to claim 6, which is characterized in that it is characterized in that, the step
S3 includes:
Step S3a, the focus of organism is divided into 5 grades from high in the end;
Step S3b, the fluctuating picture for generating organism, respectively corresponds 5 grades according to the height of focus;
Step S3c, the fluctuating picture of different focus grades is respectively converted into 5 kinds of control signals.
9. EEG biofeedback training method according to claim 6, which is characterized in that the step S5 further includes record
The retention time of game completeness and the different completenesses of game;Every other day training is primary by the step S1 to step S5,
The training time is 25 minutes each time.
10. EEG biofeedback training method according to claim 6, which is characterized in that the step S4 includes selection
When reaction, attention mobility, visual search, the attention span, pay attention to re-recognizing in wink de-, Mental rotation, memory, winconsin card sorting
In any one;It carries out loosening exercise for coordination simultaneously in the step S1, including the meditation of offer lotus, Alpha's Boeing pleasure are put
Pine, meditation space.
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN111420215A (en) * | 2020-04-22 | 2020-07-17 | 厦门萤火相连教育科技有限公司 | Method for exercising personal concentration ability through brain wave acquisition equipment |
CN111530081A (en) * | 2020-04-17 | 2020-08-14 | 成都数字天空科技有限公司 | Game level design method and device, storage medium and electronic equipment |
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2018
- 2018-04-20 CN CN201810361466.2A patent/CN110384498A/en active Pending
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN111530081A (en) * | 2020-04-17 | 2020-08-14 | 成都数字天空科技有限公司 | Game level design method and device, storage medium and electronic equipment |
CN111420215A (en) * | 2020-04-22 | 2020-07-17 | 厦门萤火相连教育科技有限公司 | Method for exercising personal concentration ability through brain wave acquisition equipment |
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