CN110383580B - Coprime optical transceiver array - Google Patents

Coprime optical transceiver array Download PDF

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CN110383580B
CN110383580B CN201880016993.8A CN201880016993A CN110383580B CN 110383580 B CN110383580 B CN 110383580B CN 201880016993 A CN201880016993 A CN 201880016993A CN 110383580 B CN110383580 B CN 110383580B
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array
elements
transceiver
receiver
transmitter
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CN110383580A (en
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阿鲁坦·哈恰图良
赛义德·阿里·哈吉米里
贝赫鲁兹·阿比里
赛义德·莫哈玛德扎·法特米
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California Institute of Technology CalTech
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
    • G01S7/481—Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements
    • G01S7/4811—Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements common to transmitter and receiver
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
    • G01S17/88—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S17/89—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
    • G01S7/481—Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements
    • G01S7/4814—Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements of transmitters alone
    • G01S7/4815—Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements of transmitters alone using multiple transmitters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
    • G01S7/481—Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements
    • G01S7/4817—Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements relating to scanning

Abstract

A co-prime transceiver achieves higher fill factor, improved sidelobe suppression, and higher lateral resolution per a given number of pixels. The coprime transceiver portion includes a transmitter array having a plurality of transmit elements and a receiver array having a plurality of receive elements. The distance between each pair of adjacent emitting elements is a first integer multiple of all or a portion of the optical wavelength. The distance between each pair of adjacent receiving elements is a second integer multiple of all or a portion of the wavelength of the optical signal. The first integer and the second integer are mutually prime numbers of each other. The transceiver can be fully implemented in a standard planar photonic platform in which the spacing between elements provides sufficient space for optical routing to internal elements.

Description

Coprime optical transceiver array
Cross Reference to Related Applications
This application claims the benefit of application serial No. 62/469,106 filed on 2017, 3, 9, according to 35USC119(e), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Technical Field
The present invention relates to silicon photonics, and more particularly to optical phased arrays.
Background
An optical phased array receiver is used to detect light arriving from a given direction. Optical phased array transmitters are used to shape and steer a narrow, low divergence beam over a relatively wide angle. Integrated optical phased array photonic chips typically include many components, such as lasers, photodiodes, optical modulators, optical interconnects, transmitters and receivers.
Optical phased arrays have been used for 3D imaging, mapping, distance sensing, driving projection systems (actuation projection systems), data communication, and other emerging technologies such as autonomous automotive and unmanned aerial vehicle navigation. A need continues to exist for improved optical phased arrays.
Brief description of the invention
According to one embodiment of the invention, a coprime transceiver comprises, in part: an emitter array having a plurality of emitting elements, wherein a distance between each pair of adjacent emitting elements is defined by a first integer multiple of all or a portion of a wavelength of the optical signal; and a receiver array having a plurality of receive elements, wherein a distance between each pair of adjacent receive elements is a second integer multiple of all or a portion of a wavelength of the optical signal. The first integer and the second integer are mutually prime numbers of each other.
In one embodiment, the transmitter array and the receiver array are one-dimensional arrays. In another embodiment, the receiver array and the transmitter array are two-dimensional arrays symmetrically arranged along a Cartesian coordinate system. In one embodiment
A co-prime transceiver according to one embodiment of the invention includes, in part, a transmitter array having a plurality of transmit elements symmetrically disposed along the circumference of a first set of one or more concentric circles and a receiver array having a plurality of receive elements symmetrically disposed along the circumference of a second set of one or more concentric circles. The radiation pattern (pattern) of the transmitter array and the response pattern of the receiver array overlap substantially at a single point in space.
According to one embodiment of the invention, a co-prime transceiver comprises, in part, a transmitter array having a plurality of transmit elements symmetrically disposed along the circumference of a first set of one or more concentric circles and a receiver array having a plurality of receive elements symmetrically disposed along the circumference of a second set of one or more concentric circles. The number and positions of the transmit and receive elements are selected such that the far field radiation pattern of the transmitter array and the far field response pattern of the receiver array overlap only along their main beams.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, a method of transmitting and receiving an optical signal includes, in part, transmitting the optical signal through a transmitter array comprising a plurality of transmit elements, wherein a distance between each pair of adjacent transmit elements is defined by a first integer multiple of a whole or part of a wavelength of the optical signal. The method also includes receiving the optical signal by a receiver array comprising a plurality of receive elements, wherein a distance between each pair of adjacent receive elements is a second integer multiple of all or a portion of a wavelength of the optical signal. The first integer multiple and the second integer multiple are mutually prime numbers of each other.
In one embodiment, each of the transmitter array and the receiver array is a one-dimensional array. In another embodiment, each of the transmitter array and the receiver array is a two-dimensional array symmetrically disposed along a Cartesian coordinate system.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, a method of transmitting and receiving an optical signal includes, in part, transmitting an optical signal through an emitter array comprising a plurality of emitting elements symmetrically disposed along a circumference of a first set of one or more concentric circles. The method also includes receiving the optical signal by a receiver array comprising a plurality of receive elements symmetrically disposed along a circumference of a second set of one or more concentric circles. The radiation pattern of the transmitter array and the response pattern of the receiver array overlap substantially at a single point in space.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, a method of transmitting and receiving an optical signal includes, in part, transmitting an optical signal through an emitter array comprising a plurality of emitting elements symmetrically disposed along a circumference of a first set of one or more concentric circles. The method also includes receiving the optical signal by a receiver array comprising a plurality of receive elements symmetrically disposed along a circumference of a second set of one or more concentric circles. The number and positions of the transmit and receive elements are selected such that the far field radiation pattern of the transmitter array and the far field response pattern of the receiver array overlap only along their main beams.
Brief Description of Drawings
Fig. 1 is a simplified top-level schematic diagram of an exemplary one-dimensional co-prime transceiver array in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2A illustrates a computer simulation response of a transmitter array of the transceiver of fig. 1 according to one embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 2B illustrates a computer simulation response of a receiver array of the transceiver of fig. 1 according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2C illustrates a computer simulation response of the transceiver of FIG. 1 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 illustrates computer simulation responses of the transceiver of FIG. 1 along different angular directions according to one embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a simplified top-level schematic diagram of an exemplary two-dimensional co-prime transceiver array in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a simplified schematic block diagram of a one-dimensional transceiver array in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a homodyne (homodyne) two-dimensional phased array in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 7 is a heterodyne (heterodyne) two-dimensional phased array in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 8 is a simplified top-level schematic diagram of an exemplary two-dimensional co-prime transceiver array, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 9A shows a computer simulation of the transmit patterns of the transmit array of the transceiver of fig. 8 in a cartesian coordinate system.
Fig. 9B shows a computer simulation of the response characteristics of the receiver array of the transceiver of fig. 8 in a cartesian coordinate system.
Fig. 9C shows a computer simulation of the characteristics of the phased array of fig. 8 in a cartesian coordinate system.
Detailed description of the invention
Embodiments of the invention include a coprime optical phased array transceiver. The pitch of the receiver array elements and/or the transmitter array elements is used to provide flexibility and enhance optical routing, thereby improving performance. The spacing also increases the aperture size of the receiver and/or transmitter as compared to a uniformly arranged and distributed array of receiving and/or transmitting elements. However, the spacing of the elements in the transmitter and receiver results in grating lobes in the response of both the transmitter and receiver and reduces the usable field of view of the transmitter and receiver to the spacing between two adjacent grating lobes. According to embodiments of the present invention, the pitch of the transmitter array elements and the receiver array elements is designed such that the combined system achieves improved performance and a large field of view compared to the individual performance of the transmitter array and the receiver array. Thus, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, the beamwidth of the beam, the size of the side lobes, the grating lobes, and other characteristics may be controlled and modified to further enhance the performance of the phased array transceiver.
An optical phased array receiver captures incident light through its aperture (formed using an array of receiving elements) and processes it to determine the direction of the incident light, etc., or to observe light from a particular point or direction and reject light from other points and directions.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, assume that an optical co-prime transceiver includes a transceiver having NrxReceiver with more than 2 receiving elements and NtxEmitter with more than 2 emitting elements. Spacing d between each pair of adjacent receiving elementsrxIs defined as drx＝nrxdxWherein d isxIs the unit spacing determined by the minimum optical routing spacing. Spacing d between each pair of adjacent radiating elementstxIs defined as dtx＝ntxdxAnd (4) spacing. Because according to thisIn the coprime transceiver of the embodiment of the invention, nrxAnd ntxAre relatively prime numbers of each other, so that the performance of a relatively prime transceiver is equivalent to having a uniform spacing dxN of (A)rxNtxThe performance of a conventional transceiver of receive-transmit elements. It is known that side-lobe suppression (side-lobe rejection) improves as the number of receive-transmit elements increases.
Having N transmitting or receiving elements and a transmitting/receiving element spacing dxConventional uniform transmitter or receiver array reconstruction
Figure BDA0002196014410000051
Field of view image until the spatial frequency resolution bandwidth is given by the maximum separation, at dxAt λ/2, the maximum distance is xn＝NdxWhere λ is the wavelength of the optical signal. However, a unit pitch of λ/2 is difficult to achieve due to planar routing constraints. Increasing the inter-element spacing beyond λ/2 to obtain improved resolution results in a reduction of the field of view. The coprime transceiver achieves improved resolution with a reduced number of elements without sacrificing field of view.
An optical co-prime transceiver with M transmit elements and N receive elements achieves performance comparable to that of a conventional transceiver with MN transmit-receive elements. Such a co-prime transceiver not only requires a smaller number of transmit-receive elements, but also achieves a significantly lower side lobe. By increasing the number of elements in the transmitter and receiver, a narrower beam and thus lower sidelobes is obtained. In one example, a co-prime transceiver with 2(N + M) transmit-receive elements may have much lower side lobes than a conventional uniform transceiver. Increasing the number of transmitter and receiver elements while keeping the distance between the transmitter and receiver elements constant will result in an improved performance of the co-prime array, which is also true for uniform arrays.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the distance between each pair of adjacent transmit elements of a co-prime phased array transceiver is defined by the distance dxIs a first integer multiple of T (i.e., Td)x) Defining, and co-prime, phased arraysThe distance between each pair of adjacent receiving elements of the transceiver is defined by the distance dxR (i.e., Rd)x) Definitions, where T and R are mutually prime numbers of each other. The number of transmit elements of the co-prime transceiver is P, the number of receive elements of the co-prime transceiver is Q, where P and Q are integers greater than or equal to 2, and dxMay be equal to lambda,
Figure BDA0002196014410000052
Or any other real factor of λ, λ being the wavelength of the optical signal being used. Thus, according to embodiments of the present invention, a co-prime phased array transceiver has more relaxed routing constraints. The greater the number of transmitter and receiver elements, the greater the spacing between receiver elements and between transmitter elements may be to allow signal routing of the elements in two dimensions.
The performance characteristics of a one-dimensional co-prime transceiver having P transmit elements and Q receive elements are substantially equivalent to the performance characteristics of a conventional homogeneous transceiver having PQ transmit-receive elements. Similarly, the performance characteristics of a two-dimensional co-prime transceiver having 2P transmit elements and 2Q receive elements is substantially equivalent to having 16(PQ)2Performance characteristics of a conventional uniform transceiver of transmit-receive elements.
Fig. 1 is a simplified top-level schematic diagram of an exemplary one-dimensional co-prime transceiver array 10 shown with 8 transmit elements 12 and 6 receive elements 14. The transmit elements 12 are shown as forming a transmit array 15 and the receive elements 14 are shown as forming a receive array 18. Assuming the distance d between each pair of adjacent radiating elementstIs equal to 3dxAnd assuming the distance d between each pair of adjacent receiving elementsrIs equal to 4dxWherein d is assumedxEqual to half the wavelength of light, i.e.
Figure BDA0002196014410000061
Curve 25 of fig. 2A shows a computer simulated response of transmitter array 15 of fig. 1, and curve 30 of fig. 2B shows a computer simulated response of receiver array 18 of fig. 1. Curve 35 of fig. 2C shows a computer simulated response of the transceiver array 10 of fig. 1. In fig. 2A the emitter array is shown illuminating in 5 directions and the receiver array is shown collecting light from 3 directions. However, at any given time, only one of the transmitter beam and the receiver beam is aligned, and the transceiver behaves as if only one transmitter and one receiver are illuminating and receiving from the same direction.
Although the transmitter array and the receiver array each have several side lobes, their combined response suppresses all side lobes. Sliding the response of the transmitter array across the response of the receiver array indicates that their combined response has minimal side lobes at any angle. As seen from fig. 2B, the transceiver array 10 has a peak response at an angle of 0 ° and has substantially the same response characteristics as a conventional uniform transceiver having 8x6 ═ 48 (the product of the number of transmit elements and the number of receive elements of a co-prime transceiver according to an embodiment of the present invention) receiver elements and a single transmit element, or having 48 transmitters and a single receiver.
Scanning the transceiver phased array to acquire signals from all directions produces the response shown in fig. 3. As can be seen from fig. 3, the homogeneous receiver array maintains a desired side lobe suppression ratio when acquiring signals from any given direction.
Fig. 4 is a simplified top-level schematic diagram of an exemplary two-dimensional coprime transceiver phased array 100 in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The coprime transceiver array 100 is shown with a receiver array 150 and a transmitter array 200. Receiver array 150 is shown with 36 receive elements 14 and transmitter array 200 is shown with 64 transmit elements 12. Assuming the distance d between each pair of adjacent receiving elements 14rIs 4dxAnd assume the distance d between each pair of adjacent radiating elements 12tIs 3dxWherein d is assumedxEqual to the wavelength of light used by the transceiver phased array 100. Receiver array 150 is shown with 36 receive elements and transmitter array 200 is shown with 64 elements. Thus, in the co-prime transceiver phased array 100, the parameter P equals 64 and the parameter Q equals 36.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a transmitter with N transmitters NtAnd a receiver NrA simplified schematic block diagram of a one-dimensional transceiver array of (a). The optical signal produced by the coherent electromagnetic source 802 is split into N signals by a splitter 804, where each signal is phase modulated by a different one of Phase Modulators (PMs) 806 and transmitted by a different one of the transmitters, which are collectively identified by reference numeral 800. The signal received by receive element 820 is in-phase modulated by PM 826 and detected by detector 828. The output signal of the detector is received by a control and processing unit 824, which control and processing unit 824 in turn controls the phase of the PMs 806 and 826.
The co-prime transmitter and receiver pairs will each have several sidelobes. However, their combined radiation pattern will have only one main lobe. Each transmitter and receiver needs to be arranged so that the relative phase between the elements increases linearly. Assume that the relative phase step of the transmitter is phitThe relative phase step of the receiver is phir. As a result, the transmitter and receiver phased arrays will have a central lobe pointing in a particular direction, which are uncorrelated with each other. However, their combined radiation pattern will have one main lobe. If phi istAnd phirFrom 0 to 2 pi, the combined main lobe will also sweep the entire field of view. The combined main lobe has a maximum amplitude when any two of the transmitter and receiver main lobes are aligned in substantially the same direction.
Thus, by setting a linear phase delay step between elements of each transmitter and receiver, and slowly varying the phase delay step of either the transmitter or receiver, a co-prime phased array is achieved that has a single main lobe and can sweep across the entire field of view.
In the one-dimensional array shown in FIG. 5, the control and processing unit 802 uses a phase modulator to adjust the relative phase between the elements such that the receiver elements have a linear relative phase difference (0, φ)r,2φr,3φr,…,(Nr-1)φr) And the transmitter elements have a linear relative phase difference of (0, phi)t,2φt,3φt,…,(Nt-1)φt). It should be understood that phir,φtMay have a range of [0,2 π]Any value within.
FIG. 6 is a graph having Nt×NtEmitter array and Nr×NrA simplified schematic block diagram of a two-dimensional transceiver array of receiver arrays. The two-dimensional transceiver shown in fig. 6 has a homodyne architecture, but is otherwise similar to the one-dimensional transceiver shown in fig. 5.
FIG. 7 is a graph having Nt×NtEmitter array and Nr×NrA simplified schematic block diagram of a heterodyne two-dimensional transceiver array for a receiver array. The two-dimensional transceiver architecture shown in fig. 7 is also shown to include an additional splitter 832 and a plurality of mixers 830. The signal detection scheme described above is also applicable to homodyne and heterodyne array architectures.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the array elements are symmetric in a polar coordinate system. Fig. 8 is a simplified top-level schematic diagram of an exemplary two-dimensional coprime transceiver phased array 300 in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The coprime transceiver array 300 is shown with a receiver array 325 and a transmitter array 350. Receiver array 325 is shown with 60 receive elements 12 and transmitter array 350 is shown with 30 transmit elements 14.
The operating wavelength of the exemplary transceiver 300 is 1550 nm. The transmitter array 350 is also shown with 4 radiator rings. The rings from the innermost ring to the outermost ring have 3, 6, 9, 12 radiating elements placed on concentric circles with radii of 6um, 12um, 18um, 24um, respectively. The receiver array 325 is shown as concentric rings having 5 receive elements. The rings from the innermost ring to the outermost ring have 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 elements placed on concentric circles with radii of 13um, 26um, 39um, 52um and 65um, respectively.
In the embodiment shown in fig. 8, the transmitter and receiver array beams overlap at a single point in space. The relative spacing between the transmit and receive elements determines the far-field radiation pattern associated with phased array 300. The relative spacing between the transmit and receive elements may be arbitrarily distributed, or distributed based on uniform element placement, so long as the transmitter and receiver radiation patterns overlap substantially at a single point in space.
Fig. 9A shows the transmission pattern of the array 300 of transceivers 300 assuming the use of isotropic transmit elements. As seen from fig. 9A, the emission pattern has two grating lobes 405, 410. Fig. 9B shows the far-field response pattern of the receiver array 325 of the transceiver 300. Several strong sidelobes with amplitudes 5dB below the peak power appear in fig. 9B.
Fig. 9C shows the radiation pattern of transceiver 300, which is the product of the patterns shown in fig. 14A and 14B. As seen in fig. 9C, the radiation pattern of transceiver 300 suppresses the strong grating lobes of the transmitter and attenuates the strong side lobes of the receiver, resulting in a system radiation pattern that is superior in performance to the respective patterns of the transmitter and receiver. As can be seen, the transmitter and receiver beam patterns overlap only in the broadside direction along an angle of zero degrees.
The above-described embodiments of the present invention are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. Embodiments of the present invention are not limited by the size of the aperture or the number of elements in the array of transmitters or receivers. The above-described embodiments of the present invention are not limited by the wavelength of light. The above-described embodiments of the present invention are not limited by the number of semiconductor substrates that may be used to form an array of transmitters, receivers, or transceivers. Other modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art and are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims (8)

1. A coprime optical transceiver, comprising:
an emitter array comprising a plurality of emitting elements, wherein a distance between each pair of adjacent emitting elements is defined by a first integer multiple of a length characterized by a wavelength of the optical signal;
a receiver array comprising a plurality of receive elements, wherein a distance between each pair of adjacent receive elements is a second integer multiple of a length defined by the length, wherein the first integer and the second integer are mutually prime numbers of each other;
a plurality of detectors adapted to detect signals received by the receiver array to generate a plurality of detection signals; and
a plurality of phase modulators adapted to control the phase of signals transmitted by the transmitter array in accordance with the plurality of detection signals.
2. The coprime optical transceiver of claim 1, wherein each of the transmitter array and the receiver array is a one-dimensional array.
3. The coprime optical transceiver of claim 1, wherein each of the transmitter array and the receiver array is a two-dimensional array symmetrically disposed along a cartesian coordinate system.
4. The coprime optical transceiver of claim 1, wherein the length is a fraction of a wavelength of the optical signal.
5. A method of transmitting and receiving optical signals, the method comprising:
transmitting the optical signal through an emitter array comprising a plurality of emitting elements, wherein a distance between each pair of adjacent emitting elements is defined by a first integer multiple of a length characterized by a wavelength of the optical signal; and
receiving the optical signal by a receiver array comprising a plurality of receive elements, wherein a distance between each pair of adjacent receive elements is a second integer multiple of a length defined by the length, wherein the first and second integers are mutually prime numbers of each other;
detecting signals received by the receiver array to generate a plurality of detected signals; and
controlling a phase of a signal transmitted by the transmitter array according to the detection signal.
6. The method of transmitting and receiving optical signals according to claim 5, wherein each of the transmitter array and the receiver array is a one-dimensional array.
7. The method of transmitting and receiving optical signals according to claim 5, wherein each of the transmitter array and the receiver array is a two-dimensional array symmetrically disposed along a Cartesian coordinate system.
8. The method of transmitting and receiving optical signals according to claim 5, wherein the length is a fraction of a wavelength of the optical signal.
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