CN110345159B - Magnetic fluid thrust cylindrical roller bearing and processing technology thereof - Google Patents
Magnetic fluid thrust cylindrical roller bearing and processing technology thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN110345159B CN110345159B CN201910667222.1A CN201910667222A CN110345159B CN 110345159 B CN110345159 B CN 110345159B CN 201910667222 A CN201910667222 A CN 201910667222A CN 110345159 B CN110345159 B CN 110345159B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
- B23P15/003—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass bearings
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C32/00—Bearings not otherwise provided for
- F16C32/04—Bearings not otherwise provided for using magnetic or electric supporting means
- F16C32/0406—Magnetic bearings
- F16C32/0408—Passive magnetic bearings
- F16C32/041—Passive magnetic bearings with permanent magnets on one part attracting the other part
- F16C32/0417—Passive magnetic bearings with permanent magnets on one part attracting the other part for axial load mainly
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C32/00—Bearings not otherwise provided for
- F16C32/06—Bearings not otherwise provided for with moving member supported by a fluid cushion formed, at least to a large extent, otherwise than by movement of the shaft, e.g. hydrostatic air-cushion bearings
- F16C32/0629—Bearings not otherwise provided for with moving member supported by a fluid cushion formed, at least to a large extent, otherwise than by movement of the shaft, e.g. hydrostatic air-cushion bearings supported by a liquid cushion, e.g. oil cushion
- F16C32/0633—Bearings not otherwise provided for with moving member supported by a fluid cushion formed, at least to a large extent, otherwise than by movement of the shaft, e.g. hydrostatic air-cushion bearings supported by a liquid cushion, e.g. oil cushion the liquid being retained in a gap
- F16C32/0637—Bearings not otherwise provided for with moving member supported by a fluid cushion formed, at least to a large extent, otherwise than by movement of the shaft, e.g. hydrostatic air-cushion bearings supported by a liquid cushion, e.g. oil cushion the liquid being retained in a gap by a magnetic field, e.g. ferrofluid bearings
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
- F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
- F16C33/58—Raceways; Race rings
- F16C33/583—Details of specific parts of races
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/80—Technologies aiming to reduce greenhouse gasses emissions common to all road transportation technologies
- Y02T10/86—Optimisation of rolling resistance, e.g. weight reduction
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Rolling Contact Bearings (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of roller bearings, and discloses a magnetic fluid thrust cylindrical roller bearing which sequentially comprises a shaft ring, a roller retainer, a seat ring and a static frame from top to bottom, wherein rollers are sequentially arranged in the middle of the roller retainer, the roller retainer and the rollers are arranged in an annular raceway above the seat ring together, magnetic fluid is injected into the annular raceway of the seat ring, and an annular gasket and an annular axial permanent magnet are arranged in an annular groove below the seat ring; its preparing process is also disclosed. The invention adopts the magnetic fluid as the thrust bearing lubricant, can realize the bearing operation requirements of low friction, micro vibration and high bearing capacity, sets the seat ring as the annular roller path for the magnetic fluid and the roller lubricating system, and adopts the permanent magnet as the external magnetic field applying source to be arranged at the lower part of the magnetic fluid, has reasonable structural design and is particularly suitable for precise instruments with strict operation conditions.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of roller bearings, in particular to a magnetic fluid thrust cylindrical roller bearing and a processing technology thereof.
Background
Roller bearings are one type of rolling bearings, and are one of the components widely used in modern machinery. It relies on rolling contact between the primary elements to support the rotating parts. Roller bearings are now mostly standardized. The roller bearing has the advantages of small moment required by starting, high rotation precision, convenience in selection and the like. Rolling bearings are classified into ball bearings and roller bearings according to rolling elements.
Roller bearings rely on rolling contact between primary parts to support rotating parts. Different roller bearings may be subjected to different radial and axial forces. In selecting a roller bearing, the choice will be made according to the particular operating conditions. The roller bearing mainly comprises a self-aligning roller bearing, a thrust self-aligning roller bearing, a tapered roller, a cylindrical roller bearing and other structural types.
The traditional bearing lubricant and the lubricating elements thereof are attenuated along with time, the bearing is easy to be locked due to uncontrollable property in the attenuation process, serious consequences can be caused, and the service life of the bearing is difficult to predict and becomes an engineering hidden danger gradually.
The magnetic fluid lubricant under the condition of an external magnetic field can obviously reduce friction and abrasion phenomena in a mechanical system, compared with a bearing in a traditional lubricating mode, the magnetic fluid lubricating bearing is low in working noise and high-temperature resistant, a magnetic fluid lubricating oil film also has certain vibration absorption capacity, friction loss and surface abrasion can be greatly reduced, even abrasion is eliminated, the magnetic fluid lubricating bearing is very beneficial to improving the running stability and running precision of the bearing, however, in the existing magnetic fluid thrust cylindrical roller bearing, the magnetic field is difficult to distribute and control, and the magnetic fluid cannot be uniformly distributed in a rolling bearing raceway, so that the engineering application of the magnetic fluid bearing is seriously influenced, and therefore, further improvement is needed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a magnetic fluid thrust cylindrical roller bearing and a processing technology thereof, and aims to solve the problems in the background technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
the magnetic fluid thrust cylindrical roller bearing sequentially comprises a shaft ring, a roller retainer, a seat ring and a static frame from top to bottom, wherein rollers are sequentially arranged in the middle of the roller retainer, the roller retainer and the rollers are arranged in an annular roller path above the seat ring together, a magnetic fluid is injected into the annular roller path of the seat ring, and an annular gasket and an annular axial permanent magnet are arranged inside an annular groove below the seat ring.
As a further scheme of the invention: the annular gasket and the annular axial permanent magnet are fixed inside the annular groove through the fixing helicoids.
As a further scheme of the invention: and the notch of the annular groove is provided with threads matched with the fixed helicoid.
As a further scheme of the invention: the shaft ring is provided with an opening rolling groove matched with the roller.
As a further scheme of the invention: the whole bearing is fixed on the static frame through a seat ring.
A processing technology of a magnetic fluid thrust cylindrical roller bearing comprises the following steps:
step 1, processing a shaft ring, namely rough processing of a stainless steel bar material, finish turning, forming of an inner ring and an outer ring, turning a rolling groove, wherein the outer diameter of the shaft ring is 60mm, the inner diameter is 30mm, the thickness of the shaft ring is 4mm, the width of the rolling groove is 9mm, the depth of the rolling groove is 1mm, the tolerance is 0.02mm, and turning chamfers are arranged on the inner ring and the outer ring at an angle of 0.2 × 45 degrees;
step 2, processing the roller retainer: rough machining and finish turning of a copper bar, wherein the inner diameter and the outer diameter of an outer ring of the retainer are respectively 58.6mm and 60.2mm, the inner diameter and the outer diameter of an inner ring of the retainer are respectively 39.8mm and 60.3mm, the two rings are in interference fit, the roughness of a rolling groove (the diameter is 8.02mm and the depth is 8.2 mm) of a linear cutting roller is 0.8, and the diameter tolerance of the roller assembled on the roller retainer is not more than 0.02 mm;
step 3, machining a seat ring, namely rough machining of a stainless steel bar material, finish turning, forming of an inner ring and an outer ring of the seat ring, grinding, cutting an upper annular raceway and a lower annular raceway (the outer ring diameter of the two raceways is 61mm, the inner ring diameter is 40mm, the upper raceway is 4mm deep, and the lower raceway is 12mm deep) of the seat ring by wire cutting, wherein the tolerance is 0.02mm, chamfering is carried out, the chamfer size of the inner ring and the outer ring is 0.5 × 45 degrees, and the chamfer size of the raceway is 0.2 × 45 degrees;
step 4, roller processing, namely, stainless steel bar material finish turning, grinding and processing, wherein the roughness is 0.8, the diameter of the roller (5) is 8mm, the length is 8mm, the tolerance is 0.02mm, chamfers are turned on two end faces, and the chamfer size is 0.2 × 45 degrees;
step 5, carrying out heat treatment on the shaft ring, the seat ring and the roller;
step 5.1, high-temperature quenching and preheating treatment, namely putting the processed and formed bearing material into a high-temperature furnace, heating to 760-780 ℃, and preheating for about 50 minutes;
step 5.2, continuing heating until the temperature reaches 840-880 ℃, and keeping the temperature in the furnace for about 2 hours;
step 5.3, taking out the bearing material, and cooling the bearing material to the normal temperature in normal-temperature mechanical oil for about 3 hours;
step 5.4, aging treatment, low-temperature tempering, namely putting the bearing material into a high-temperature furnace, heating to about 130 ℃, and keeping the temperature for about 2 hours;
and 5.5, additionally tempering, heating to about 160 ℃, preserving heat for 2 hours, and finally naturally cooling in a furnace.
Step 6, assembling a bearing: firstly, an annular axial permanent magnet, an annular gasket and a fixed spiral ring are arranged in an annular raceway below a seat ring, then the seat ring is arranged on a static frame, magnetic fluid is injected into the annular raceway on the seat ring to form a layer of magnetic fluid lubricating film, 12 rollers are arranged in a roller retainer once and are arranged in the annular raceway on the seat ring together, and finally a shaft ring is arranged on a roller circumferential row.
As a still further scheme of the invention: the stainless steel bar is 316 stainless steel, is high temperature resistant and can reach 1200-1300 ℃ at most.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention realizes the bearing operation requirements of low friction, micro vibration and high bearing capacity, sets the seat ring as an annular roller path for the magnetic fluid and the roller lubricating system, adopts the permanent magnet as an external magnetic field applying source and is arranged at the lower part of the magnetic fluid, has reasonable structural design and is particularly suitable for precise instruments with strict operation conditions.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a 3/4 perspective structural view of a magnetic fluid cylindrical roller thrust bearing.
Fig. 2 is a plan sectional view of a magnetic fluid thrust cylindrical roller bearing.
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a roller running system of a magnetofluid cylindrical roller thrust bearing.
In the figure: 1-shaft ring, 2-roller retainer, 3-seat ring, 4-static frame, 5-roller, 6-magnetofluid, 7-permanent magnet, 8-gasket and 9-fixed helicoid.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1 to 3, in the embodiment of the present invention, a magnetic fluid thrust cylindrical roller bearing includes, from top to bottom, a shaft ring 1, a roller retainer 2, a race 3, and a stationary frame 4, rollers 5 are sequentially arranged in the middle of the roller retainer 2, the roller retainer 2 and the rollers 5 are disposed in an annular raceway above the race 3, a magnetic fluid 6 is injected into the annular raceway of the race 3, the magnetic fluid 6 is injected into the annular raceway of the race 3 as a bearing lubricant, an annular gasket 8 and an annular axial permanent magnet 7 are disposed in an annular groove below the race 3, the annular gasket 8 and the annular axial permanent magnet 7 are fixed in the annular groove by a fixing coil 9, a groove opening of the annular groove is provided with a thread that is engaged with the fixing coil 9, the shaft ring 1 is provided with an open rolling groove that is engaged with the rollers 5, the bearing is integrally fixed on a static frame 4 through a seat ring 3.
The machining process of the magnetic fluid thrust cylindrical roller bearing is implemented by the following steps:
step 1, processing a shaft ring 1
Roughly processing a stainless steel bar, finely turning, forming an inner ring and an outer ring, turning a rolling groove, wherein the outer diameter of a shaft ring 1 is 60mm, the inner diameter is 30mm, the thickness is 4mm, the width of the rolling groove is 9mm, the depth of the rolling groove is 1mm, the tolerance is 0.02mm, and turning chamfers are arranged on the inner ring and the outer ring at an angle of 0.2 × 45 degrees;
step 2, processing the roller retainer 2
Rough machining and finish turning of a copper bar, wherein the inner diameter and the outer diameter of an outer ring of the retainer are respectively 58.6mm and 60.2mm, the inner diameter and the outer diameter of an inner ring of the retainer are respectively 39.8mm and 60.3mm, the two rings are in interference fit, the roughness of a rolling groove (the diameter is 8.02mm and the depth is 8.2 mm) of a linear cutting roller is 0.8, and the diameter tolerance of the roller assembled on the roller retainer is not more than 0.02 mm;
step 3, machining the seat ring 3
Rough machining of a stainless steel bar, finish turning, forming of an inner ring and an outer ring, grinding and machining, wherein the outer diameter, the inner diameter and the thickness of the seat ring 3 are 60mm, 32mm and 20mm, the upper annular raceway and the lower annular raceway (the outer ring diameter and the inner ring diameter of the two raceways are 61mm and 40mm, the upper raceway is 4mm deep and the lower raceway is 12 mm) of the seat ring 3 are cut by a wire, the tolerance is 0.02mm, chamfering is carried out, the chamfer size of the inner ring and the outer ring is 0.5 8545 degrees, and the chamfer size of the raceway is 0.2 ×;
step 4, processing the roller 5
Finish turning and grinding the stainless steel bar, wherein the roughness is 0.8, the diameter of the roller 5 is 8mm, the length of the roller is 8mm, the tolerance is 0.02mm, chamfers are turned on two end faces, and the chamfer angle is 0.2 × 45 degrees;
step 5, heat treatment of the shaft ring 1, the race 3 and the roller 5
Step 5.1, high-temperature quenching and preheating treatment, namely putting the processed and formed bearing material into a high-temperature furnace, heating to 760-780 ℃, and preheating for about 50 minutes;
step 5.2, continuing heating until the temperature reaches 840-880 ℃, and keeping the temperature in the furnace for about 2 hours;
step 5.3, taking out the bearing material, and cooling the bearing material to the normal temperature in normal-temperature mechanical oil for about 3 hours;
step 5.4, aging treatment, low-temperature tempering, namely putting the bearing material into a high-temperature furnace, heating to about 130 ℃, and keeping the temperature for about 2 hours;
and 5.5, additionally tempering, heating to about 160 ℃, preserving heat for 2 hours, and finally naturally cooling in a furnace.
Step 6, assembling the bearing
Firstly, an annular axial permanent magnet 7, an annular gasket 8 and a fixed helicoid 9 are arranged in an annular raceway below a seat ring 3, then the seat ring 3 is arranged on a static frame 4, a magnetic fluid 6 is injected into the annular raceway above the seat ring 3 to form a layer of magnetic fluid lubricating film, 12 rollers 5 are arranged in a roller retainer 2 at one time and are arranged in the annular raceway above the seat ring 3 together, and an axial ring 1 is arranged on the circumference of the rollers.
The stainless steel bar is 316 stainless steel, which is high temperature resistant and can reach 1200-1300 ℃ at most.
The working principle of the invention is as follows: when the bearing is used, the whole bearing is arranged on the static frame 4 through the stainless steel seat ring 3, the rotating shaft penetrates through the bearing and is arranged on the stainless steel shaft ring 1 vertical to the horizontal plane, the shaft ring 1 bears axial load, the shaft neck is in interference fit with the inner diameter of the shaft ring, and the rotating shaft cannot contact with the lower part of the bearing to cause friction and abrasion because the inner diameter of the shaft ring is smaller than that of the seat ring; the shaft ring 1 is connected with the seat ring 3 through a 12 stainless steel rollers 5 and a copper roller 5 retainer operation system, the magnetic fluid 6 lubricant is uniformly distributed in an annular raceway of the seat ring 3, when the rollers 5 roll, a small part of the magnetic fluid 6 lubricant is attached to the surfaces of the rollers 5 to generate a wall surface non-slip phenomenon, so that the interior of the roller operation system is always filled with a lubricating medium, a permanent magnet 7 below the seat ring 3 provides a saturated uniform magnetic field, the viscosity of the magnetic fluid 6 lubricant is increased, the bearing capacity of the magnetic fluid is improved, and the friction and abrasion phenomena in a mechanical system are reduced; meanwhile, the magnetic fluid 6 has good sealing performance, and impurities can be prevented from entering the bearing.
It will be evident to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the details of the foregoing illustrative embodiments, and that the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein. Any reference sign in a claim should not be construed as limiting the claim concerned.
Furthermore, it should be understood that although the present description refers to embodiments, not every embodiment may contain only a single embodiment, and such description is for clarity only, and those skilled in the art should integrate the description, and the embodiments may be combined as appropriate to form other embodiments understood by those skilled in the art.
Claims (6)
1. The utility model provides a processing technology of magnetic current body thrust cylinder roller bearing, roller bearing from the top down includes axle ring (1), roller holder (2), seat circle (3) and static frame (4) in proper order, roller holder (2) middle part is arranged in proper order has roller (5), roller holder (2) and roller (5) together set up in the annular raceway of seat circle (3) top, and it has magnetic current body (6) to pour into in the annular raceway of seat circle (3), the inside annular gasket (8) and annular axial permanent magnet (7) that are equipped with of ring channel of seat circle (3) below, inside annular gasket (8) and annular axial permanent magnet (7) are fixed in the ring channel through fixed helicoid (9), its characterized in that includes following step:
1) processing a shaft ring (1), namely rough processing of a stainless steel bar material, finish turning, forming of an inner ring and an outer ring, turning a roll groove with the width of 9mm, the depth of 1mm and the tolerance of 0.02mm, and chamfering the inner ring and the outer ring at 0.2 × 45 degrees, wherein the outer diameter of the shaft ring (1) is 60mm, the inner diameter is 30mm, the thickness is 4 mm;
2) processing a roller retainer (2): roughly processing a copper bar, finely turning, wherein the inner diameter and the outer diameter of an outer ring of the retainer are respectively 58.6mm and 60.2mm, the inner diameter and the outer diameter of an inner ring of the retainer are respectively 39.8mm and 60.3mm, the two rings are in interference fit, a roller rolling groove is cut linearly, the diameter is 8.02mm, the depth is 8.2mm, the roughness is 0.8, and the diameter tolerance of a roller assembled on the roller retainer is not more than 0.02 mm;
3) machining a seat ring (3), namely rough machining of a stainless steel bar, finish turning, forming an inner ring and an outer ring, grinding, cutting an upper annular raceway and a lower annular raceway of the seat ring (3) by a wire, wherein the outer diameter of the seat ring (3) is 60mm, the inner diameter of the seat ring is 32mm, the thickness of the seat ring is 20mm, the outer diameter of the outer ring of the two raceways is 61mm, the diameter of the inner ring of the two raceways is 40mm, the depth of the upper raceway is 4mm, the depth of the lower raceway is 12mm, the tolerance is 0.02mm, turning chamfers, the chamfer size of the inner ring and the outer ring is 0.5;
4) processing a roller (5), namely finely turning stainless steel bars, grinding and processing the stainless steel bars to obtain a roughness of 0.8, wherein the diameter of the roller (5) is 8mm, the length of the roller is 8mm, the tolerance of the roller is 0.02mm, chamfering is carried out on two end surfaces, and the size of the chamfering is 0.2 × 45 degrees;
5) carrying out heat treatment on the shaft ring (1), the seat ring (3) and the roller (5);
6) assembling a bearing: firstly, an annular axial permanent magnet (7), an annular gasket (8) and a fixed spiral ring (9) are arranged in an annular raceway below a seat ring (3), then the seat ring (3) is arranged on a static frame (4), a magnetic fluid (6) is injected into the annular raceway on the seat ring (3) to form a layer of magnetic fluid lubricating film, then 12 rollers (5) are arranged in a roller retainer (2) at one time and are arranged in the annular raceway on the seat ring (3) together, and finally a shaft ring (1) is arranged on a roller circumferential row.
2. The machining process of the magnetic fluid thrust cylindrical roller bearing according to claim 1, wherein the notch of the annular groove is provided with threads matched with the fixed helicoid (9).
3. A machining process of a magnetic fluid thrust cylindrical roller bearing according to claim 1, characterized in that the shaft ring (1) is provided with an open rolling groove which is matched with the roller (5).
4. The machining process of the magnetic fluid thrust cylindrical roller bearing according to claim 1, wherein the whole bearing is fixed on a static frame (4) through a seat ring (3).
5. The machining process of the magnetic fluid thrust cylindrical roller bearing, according to claim 1, is characterized in that in the step 1), the stainless steel bar is 316 stainless steel.
6. The machining process of the magnetic fluid thrust cylindrical roller bearing according to claim 1, wherein in the step 5), the heat treatment mode is as follows: high-temperature quenching and preheating treatment, namely putting the processed and formed bearing material into a high-temperature furnace, heating to 760-780 ℃, and preheating for about 50 minutes; continuing heating until the temperature reaches 840-880 ℃, and keeping the temperature in the furnace for 2 hours; taking out the bearing material, and cooling the bearing material to the normal temperature in normal-temperature mechanical oil; aging treatment, low-temperature tempering, namely putting the bearing material into a high-temperature furnace, heating to 130 ℃, and preserving heat for 2 hours; additional tempering, heating to 160 ℃, keeping the temperature for 2 hours, and finally naturally cooling in a furnace.
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