CN110316879A - 一种去除渔业水体中拟除虫菊酯类农药的方法 - Google Patents
一种去除渔业水体中拟除虫菊酯类农药的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种去除渔业水体中拟除虫菊酯类农药的方法，属于渔业水域环境保护领域。其在养殖前期对池塘底部进行清淤晒干，然后泼洒生石灰；后期在养殖过程，一方面通过增氧机保持水体溶氧处于正常水平，一方面通过过碳酸钠或次氯酸钠的氧化作用，使得可能进入渔业水体的拟除虫菊酯类农药被迅速氧化和降解。在本发明生产过程中所用到的设备和原料，均为水产养殖过程必不可少的常见的设备和环境改良剂，利用这些设备和环境改良剂来去除拟除虫菊酯类农药，没有额外增加生产成本，不产生二次污染，保证了各种水产品的质量安全。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种去除渔业水体中拟除虫菊酯类农药的方法，属于渔业水域环境保护领域。
背景技术
拟除虫菊酯是由除虫菊酯衍生的一类合成有机杀虫剂，常用的有甲氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯等。自20世纪80年代被开发合成以来，它们在世界范围内得到了广泛的应用。
作为一种高效的杀虫剂，拟除虫菊酯因其对哺乳动物和鸟类毒性较低，被广泛地应用于农业生产及日常生活中害虫的防治，但是它们对鱼类等水生生物却有很强的毒性作用。拟除虫菊酯类农药对鱼类作用的特殊性表现为高鱼毒性，且作用迅速、死亡率高，对鱼的毒性是对哺乳动物和鸟类毒性的10-1000倍。例如，溴氰菊酯对鱼的半致死浓度约1微克/升。大量实验证实鱼类在受到拟除虫菊酯毒害时表现为典型的神经中毒症状：异常兴奋、身体抽搐、扭曲、瘫痪等，直接影响到鱼的游动、觅食、迁徙和繁殖，进而影响鱼类对生态环境的适应性。
因为拟除虫菊酯具有疏水性，所以很容易被鱼鳃吸收；拟除虫菊酯还是一类亲脂很强的化合物，甚至在水中浓度很低时，也可被鱼鳞强烈吸收；另外由于鱼体内缺乏水解菊酯类物质的酶，拟除虫菊酯在鱼体内的代谢主要靠氧化作用，致使对鱼类的毒性作用远大于对哺乳动物和鸟类。
农药往往不单是在原位富集，而且会随着污水排放、大气运输和地表径流等原因被运输到周遭甚至更远的地方。由于农药在自然环境中的运输，水域环境成为农药最易富集的区域，渔业水域环境更是成为需要防控拟除虫菊酯类农药的重点区域。
目前，去除水体中拟除虫菊酯类农药的方式主要有氧化法、生物降解法和膜分离法等，但以上方法成本高，需要专门的设施和设备。将该类方法运用于渔业水体中时更易产生二次污染的问题，不利于水产品质量安全的保障和提升。因此，需要研发一种处理方法简单、效率高，而且不会产生二次污染的方法来去除渔业水体中的拟除虫菊酯类农药。
发明内容
本发明的目的是克服上述不足之处，提供一种效率高、成本低，没有产生二次污染的去除渔业水体中拟除虫菊酯类农药的方法。
本发明公开了一种渔业水体中去除拟除虫菊酯类农药的方法，在养殖前期对池塘底部进行清淤，晒干，可将养殖生态系统中的原有农药类等污染物清理掉。然后泼洒生石灰可将生态系统中底部及水体中的酸碱度（pH）进行整体提升，并维持在碱性水平。后期在养殖过程，一方面通过增氧机保持水体溶氧处于正常水平，一方面通过过碳酸钠或次氯酸钠的氧化作用，使得可能进入渔业水体的拟除虫菊酯类农药被迅速氧化和降解。
具体步骤如下：
（1）前处理：开展水产养殖活动前，将池塘水体全部排出，清空池底淤泥，并利用阳光晒干池底，然后均匀地撒上生石灰；
（2）注水：在池塘中注入水体，维持水深1-1.5m，通过增氧机的方式为池塘水体增氧；
（3）养殖：按照养殖种类，每隔2-3周，在池塘中泼洒次氯酸钠或过碳酸钠。
进一步地，步骤（1）中生石灰泼撒量是每亩池底10-15kg。
进一步地，步骤（2）中通过增氧机的方式将池塘水体的溶氧水平总体维持在6.8-7.5mg。
进一步地，步骤（3）中当养殖鱼类为硬骨鱼纲时，每隔2-3周，在池塘中泼洒一定量的次氯酸钠；当养殖水产品种时，每隔2-3周，在池塘中泼洒一定量的过碳酸钠。
进一步地，所述硬骨鱼纲具体为鲤鱼或青鱼；所述水产品种具体为虾或蟹。
进一步地，所述次氯酸钠的用量是每亩池塘水体泼洒27-30kg。
进一步地，所述过碳酸钠的用量是每亩池塘水体泼洒20-25kg。
本发明的有益效果：在本发明生产过程中所用到的设备和原料，如生石灰、增氧机、次氯酸钠和过碳酸钠等，均为水产养殖过程必不可少的常见的设备和环境改良剂。本发明利用这些设备和环境改良剂来去除拟除虫菊酯类农药，没有额外增加生产成本，不产生二次污染，保证了各种水产品的质量安全。
附图说明
图1是不同过碳酸钠泼洒量对渔业水体中氰戊菊酯农药的去除率。
图2是不同次氯酸钠泼洒量对渔业水体中氰戊菊酯农药的去除率。
具体实施方式
实施例1
（1）前处理：开展水产养殖活动前，将池塘水体全部排出，清空池底淤泥，并利用阳光晒干池底，然后按照每亩池底10-15kg的用量均匀地撒上生石灰；
（2）注水：在池塘中注入水体，维持水深1-1.5m，通过增氧机的方式为池塘水体增氧，将池塘水体的溶氧水平总体维持在6.8-7.5mg；
（3）对照：在步骤（2）所得溶氧水中添加浓度为20μg·L-1的氰戊菊酯；取样作为空白组进行对照，命名为C对照组；另取三个水样分别添加0.3 mg·L-1、3 mg·L-1和30mg·L-1的过碳酸钠，分别命名为T1、T2和T3实验组；间隔一定时间对测试组和实验组进行取样，测算其中的氰戊菊酯含量，根据测试结果绘制氰戊菊酯去除率曲线，具体结果如图1所示。
由图1可知，过碳酸钠添加量为每亩池塘水体泼洒20-25kg时效果最佳。
实施例2
（1）前处理：开展水产养殖活动前，将池塘水体全部排出，清空池底淤泥，并利用阳光晒干池底，然后按照每亩池底10-15kg的用量均匀地撒上生石灰；
（2）注水：在池塘中注入水体，维持水深1-1.5m，通过增氧机的方式为池塘水体增氧，将池塘水体的溶氧水平总体维持在6.8-7.5mg；
（3）对照：在步骤（2）所得溶氧水中添加浓度为20μg·L-1的氰戊菊酯；取样作为空白组进行对照，命名为C对照组；另取三个水样分别添加0.4 mg·L-1、4 mg·L-1和40mg·L-1的次氯酸钠，分别命名为T4、T5和T6实验组；间隔一定时间对测试组和实验组进行取样，测算其中的氰戊菊酯含量，根据测试结果绘制氰戊菊酯去除率曲线，具体结果如图2所示。
由图2可知，次氯酸钠添加量为每亩池塘水体泼洒27-30kg时效果最佳。
实施例3
（1）前处理：开展水产养殖活动前，将池塘水体全部排出，清空池底淤泥，并利用阳光晒干池底，然后按照每亩池底10-15kg的用量均匀地撒上生石灰；
（2）注水：在池塘中注入水体，维持水深1-1.5m，通过增氧机的方式为池塘水体增氧，将池塘水体的溶氧水平总体维持在6.8-7.5mg；
（3）养殖：养殖水产品为虾，每隔2-3周，在池塘中泼洒20-25kg的过碳酸钠。
实施例4
（1）前处理：开展水产养殖活动前，将池塘水体全部排出，清空池底淤泥，并利用阳光晒干池底，然后按照每亩池底10-15kg的用量均匀地撒上生石灰；
（2）注水：在池塘中注入水体，维持水深1-1.5m，通过增氧机的方式为池塘水体增氧，将池塘水体的溶氧水平总体维持在6.8-7.5mg；
（3）养殖：养殖水产品为鲤鱼，每隔2-3周，在池塘中泼洒27-30kg的次氯酸钠。
Claims (7)
1.一种去除渔业水体中拟除虫菊酯类农药的方法，其特征是步骤如下：
（1）前处理：开展水产养殖活动前，将池塘水体全部排出，清空池底淤泥，并利用阳光晒干池底，然后均匀地撒上生石灰；
（2）注水：在池塘中注入水体，维持水深1-1.5m，通过增氧机的方式为池塘水体增氧；
（3）养殖：按照养殖种类，每隔2-3周，在池塘中泼洒次氯酸钠或过碳酸钠。
2.如权利要求1所述去除渔业水体中拟除虫菊酯类农药的方法，其特征是：步骤（1）中生石灰泼撒量是每亩池底10-15kg。
3.如权利要求1所述去除渔业水体中拟除虫菊酯类农药的方法，其特征是：步骤（2）中通过增氧机的方式将池塘水体的溶氧水平总体维持在6.8-7.5mg。
4.如权利要求1所述去除渔业水体中拟除虫菊酯类农药的方法，其特征是：步骤（3）中当养殖鱼类为硬骨鱼纲时，每隔2-3周，在池塘中泼洒一定量的次氯酸钠；当养殖水产品种时，每隔2-3周，在池塘中泼洒一定量的过碳酸钠。
5.如权利要求4所述去除渔业水体中拟除虫菊酯类农药的方法，其特征是：所述硬骨鱼纲具体为鲤鱼或青鱼；所述水产品种具体为虾或蟹。
6.如权利要求4所述去除渔业水体中拟除虫菊酯类农药的方法，其特征是：所述次氯酸钠的用量是每亩池塘水体泼洒27-30kg。
7.如权利要求4所述去除渔业水体中拟除虫菊酯类农药的方法，其特征是：所述过碳酸钠的用量是每亩池塘水体泼洒20-25kg。
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| WO2006128797A1 (en) * | 2005-05-31 | 2006-12-07 | Solvay (Société Anonyme) | Ex situ and in situ remediation with activated persulfate |
| CN106800361A (zh) * | 2017-03-08 | 2017-06-06 | 江苏省淡水水产研究所 | 一种菊酯类药害池塘修复及河蟹养殖方法 |
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| WO2006128797A1 (en) * | 2005-05-31 | 2006-12-07 | Solvay (Société Anonyme) | Ex situ and in situ remediation with activated persulfate |
| CN106800361A (zh) * | 2017-03-08 | 2017-06-06 | 江苏省淡水水产研究所 | 一种菊酯类药害池塘修复及河蟹养殖方法 |
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| 张敬卫等: "水产养殖常规管理活动对农药氰戊菊酯及其顺反异构体消除规律影响的研究", 《中国农学通报》 * |
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