CN110302739A - 选择性吸附含氮有机染料的InVO4吸附剂的制备方法及其应用 - Google Patents
选择性吸附含氮有机染料的InVO4吸附剂的制备方法及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种选择性吸附含氮有机染料的InVO4吸附剂的制备方法,其步骤包括将In(NO3)3·4.5H2O水溶液,NH4VO3水溶液滴加到CTAB的水溶液中,搅拌均匀后滴加氨水至pH为9‑10,得到黄色沉淀物;继续搅拌1‑2h后,静置倒去上清液,倒入无水乙醇搅拌10‑15h后抽滤,干燥得到黄色固体;将得到的固体冷却,研磨,倒入聚四氟乙烯反应釜中,加入丙酮水热反应,得到黑色固体粉末;将该黑色固体粉末焙烧得到黄色粉末状的InVO4吸附剂。采用本发明所述的溶剂热合成法制备了正交相InVO4,以CV为目标污染物进行吸附,发现制备的InVO4对CV的饱和吸附量达到134.25 mg/g,单位比表面积吸附量是5.734 mg/m2,为活性炭的11倍。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种对含氮有机染料的吸附剂,具体涉及一种选择性吸附含氮有机染料的InVO4吸附剂的制备方法及其应用。
背景技术
自1856年合成染料发明以来,人类已经合成出了超过1×105种不同的染料,年产量超过7×105吨,形形色色的染料给人们带来缤纷多彩的生活并产生巨大经济效益的同时,也产生了大量的染料废水排放到自然水体中,造成对环境水体的污染。
从我国生态环境部2017年发布的《2015年环境统计年报》统计结果来看, 2015年,全国废水排放量为735.3亿吨,同比2014年增加2.7%,其中工业污水排放量达到199.5亿吨,占废水排放总量的27.1%。在调查统计的41个工业行业中,废水排放量位于前4位的行业依次为化学原料和化学制品制造业,造纸和纸制品业,纺织业,煤炭开采和洗选业。4个行业的废水排放量为82.6亿吨,占重点调查工业企业废水排放总量的45.5%。4个行业中染料废水既是纺织业的主要废水来源,又是化学原料和化学制品制造业废水的一部分,这意味着我国排放的工业废水中,染料废水占据了很大的一部分。纺织业废水排放量前5位的省份依次是浙江、江苏、广东、山东和福建,5个省份纺织业废水排放量为15.5 亿吨,占该行业重点调查工业企业废水排放量的83.9%。这5个省份都位于沿海或沿江区域,意味这些染料废水更加容易进入到自然水体中,造成严重水体污染。
有机染料被认为是一种危险的污染物,在非常低的浓度下(低于1ppm)即会对水体的色度,透明度和气体溶解度产生严重影响,不但会对水中生物的生存环境产生不利因素,同样也对人类健康产生危害。以往的研究显示,偶氮染料中的直接红80和橙II的毒性会对眼睛和皮肤产生刺激,从而导致虚弱和头晕;蒽醌染料中的分散蓝180以及蒽醌紫染料混合物与染料化工工厂中工人的癌症高发率有紧密关系,且对水生生物具有非常显著的致癌致畸作用;三苯甲烷染料中的孔雀石绿对鱼类的卵孵化和幼鱼培育的致死率有显著影响,当孔雀石绿浓度增加2倍时,鱼类的卵孵化和幼鱼培育的致死率增加超过20倍。此外,无论是偶氮染料还是蒽醌和三苯甲烷染料,均已发现对人类和其他生物具有致癌、致畸、致突变的三致作用;尤其是含氮有机染料,因其化学性质稳定,结构复杂,在具有很强的生物毒性的同时往往又难以根除,对生态环境和人类健康产生危害。吸附法来去除废水中的有机染料是一种最简单而经济的方法。由于大多数吸附剂可以再生,能够多次重复使用,节约成本,提高经济效益,因此应用非常地广泛。目前市面上研究较多的吸附剂为括活性炭、金属纳米材料和低成本吸附材料(例如生物质、植物残渣与岩土)。其中活性炭作为一种用于从废水中去除各种有机染料的常规吸附剂,因其高表面积(高达3000m2/g)而闻名,对有机染料具有很强的吸附能力。Yu等以废弃聚酯织物为原料,ZnCl2为活化剂,通过热解法制备出对亚甲基蓝具有高吸附性能的活性炭,饱和吸附量可以达到504mg/g,约是市售活性炭的6倍。金属纳米材料具有比表面积大,扩散阻力小,吸附能力强,吸附速度快的优点。Giri等人使用铁矿尾矿(一种钢铁工业产生的废物),合成出了磁铁矿纳米粒子,不但对亚甲基蓝和刚果红两种染料都显示出了的85%以上的去除率,且对铁矿尾矿的处理提出了新的思路。Jia等以产自安徽马鞍山的一种名为蒲苇的禾本科植物为原料,通过简单的马弗炉加热制得生物质纤维材料,不但对亚甲基蓝的吸附量可以达到114.81mg/g,且成本低廉,制作工艺简单。可以说,吸附法在有机染料的去除技术中,是一种比较具有优势的处理技术。然而,以上吸附剂无论活性炭、金属氧化物或矿物等一般都不具备选择性吸附的能力,这主要是由于其吸附原理主要是通过吸附剂具有高比表面积和丰富的孔径,通过物理吸附如毛细管虹吸等作用下对底物进行吸附。这种吸附能力的大小主要取决于吸附剂表面位点的数目的多少,因此对底物的吸附无选择性。然而,无选择性地吸附同时也意味着对吸附剂是一种巨大浪费,因为很多无毒或低毒的其他底物会占据和牺牲掉吸附位点,为了实现对目标物的有效吸附,就需要投加更多的吸附剂,这在一定程度上提高了处理的经济成本,还可能带来因吸附剂量大等二次污染。因此,选择性吸附可以有效地提高吸附剂的单位处理量。此外,通过对含氮有机染料的选择性吸附还有利于提高其回收再利用率,实现对某些有机含氮染料的绿色循环,实现更多的经济价值。
发明内容
本发明涉及选择性吸附含氮有机染料的InVO4吸附剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)将In(NO3)3·4.5H2O水溶液,NH4VO3水溶液滴加到CTAB的水溶液中,搅拌均匀后滴加氨水至pH为9-10,得到黄色沉淀物;
(2)继续搅拌1-2h后,静置倒去上清液,倒入无水乙醇搅拌10-15h后抽滤,干燥得到黄色固体;
(3)将得到的固体冷却,研磨,倒入聚四氟乙烯反应釜中,加入丙酮水热反应,得到黑色固体粉末;
(4)将该黑色固体粉末焙烧得到黄色粉末状的InVO4吸附剂。
所述的In(NO3)3·4.5H2O、NH4VO3、CTAB的摩尔比为1:0.8-1.2:0.8-1.2。
优选方案中,In(NO3)3·4.5H2O、NH4VO3、CTAB的摩尔比为1:1:1。
所述的步骤(3)中水热反应条件为150-200℃条件下加热反应20-30h;优选方案中,水热反应条件为180℃条件下加热反应24h。
所述的步骤(4)中焙烧条件为380-450℃下烧结8-15h;优选方案为400℃下烧结10h。
本发明将所制备得到的选择性吸附含氮有机染料的InVO4吸附剂在吸附溶液中的有机染料结晶紫上的应用。
进一步的,本发明将所制备得到的选择性吸附含氮有机染料的InVO4吸附剂在吸附溶液中的有机染料磺酰罗丹明B上的应用。
进一步的,本发明将所制备得到的选择性吸附含氮有机染料的InVO4吸附剂在吸附溶液中的有机染料罗丹明B上的应用。
进一步的,本发明将所制备得到的选择性吸附含氮有机染料的InVO4吸附剂在吸附溶液中的有机染料亚甲基蓝上的应用。
表1所选染料性质对比
采用本发明所述的溶剂热合成法制备了正交相InVO4,以CV为目标污染物进行吸附,发现制备的InVO4对CV的饱和吸附量达到134.25mg/g,单位比表面积吸附量是5.734mg/m2,为活性炭的11倍。其吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温式,准二级动力学模型,考察了pH,温度,吸附时间等反应条件对吸附效果的影响,结果表明InVO4对CV的具有超强吸附能力。
附图说明
图1为InVO4吸附剂的XRD图。
图2为InVO4吸附剂的SEM图。
图3为InVO4的EDS图谱。
图4为InVO4的N2吸附-脱附等温线。
图5为活性炭、硅胶、TiO2、Al2O3对CV的吸附等温线图,其中,(a)活性炭对CV的吸附等温线图,(b)硅胶对CV的吸附等温线图,(c)TiO2对CV的吸附等温线图,(d)Al2O3对CV的吸附等温线图。
图6为InVO4对CV的吸附等温线图及吸附动力学曲线,其中,(a)InVO4对 CV的吸附等温线图,(b)InVO4吸附CV的吸附动力学曲线。
图7为不同温度下InVO4对CV的吸附等温线。
图8为InVO4吸附CV的拟合曲线,其中,(a)InVO4吸附CV的准一级,(b) 准二级动力学曲线拟合,303K下InVO4吸附CV的Langmuir(c)和Freundlich (d)吸附等温线模型拟合。
图9为InVO4吸附剂在混合染料体系中对CV的选择性吸附。
具体实施方式
实施例1
InVO4的制备
称取2.5mmol(In(NO3)3·4.5H2O)溶于25ml水中形成A液,2.5mmol NH4VO3溶于25ml60℃热水中形成B液,2.5mmol CTAB溶于50ml水中形成C液,将 A溶液和B溶液缓慢滴加到快速搅拌的C溶液当中,搅拌均匀后缓慢滴加氨水至pH为9-10,此时出现黄色沉淀;继续搅拌60min,然后静置倒去上清液,倒入无水乙醇搅拌12h,抽滤,在100℃下干燥4h,得到黄色固体。相同方法制备6组前驱体,冷却,研磨,倒入聚四氟乙烯反应釜中,再加入80mL丙酮在180℃条件下加热反应24h,得到黑色固体粉末;再分别以400℃、焙烧10h,得到InVO4黄色粉末吸附剂。
InVO4的表征
采用AXSD8型X射线衍射仪(Bruker公司,德国)对样品进行物相鉴定,扫描速度6°/min,扫描范围10°~90°。对样品表面进行了喷碳处理后,采用JSM-7500F 型冷场发射扫描电子显微镜(Jeol公司,日本)进行宏观表面形貌分析;采用 Nano-ZS90型Zeta电位仪(Malvern公司,英国)对样品表面电荷进行测定;采用JW-BK112型比表面及孔径分析仪(精微高博科学技术有限公司,中国)对样品比表面积分布进行分析,以N2为吸附质,吸附温度为77K.衰减全反射红外光谱测量(Attenuated Total Reflectance,ATR)使用ThermoNicolet 6700红外光谱仪(Thermo公司,美国)测量,10mg的InVO4样品以及吸附CV后的InVO4 样品被放置在ATR附件上进行测量,扫描范围为400到4000cm-1,分辨率为4 cm-1,平均扫描次数为32次。
吸附动力学实验
取浓度为50mg/L的CV溶液50mL于250mL的锥形瓶中加入10mg InVO4,置于恒温振荡器中,在298K下以速度120r/min振荡0、12、24、36、48、60h 时取样,过滤,采用Lambda紫外可见分光光度计(Perkin Elmer,美国)于589 nm处测定滤液中的CV浓度。根据公式(eq.1)计算t时间的吸附量qt(mg/g),并作图t~qt。对吸附进行准一级和准二级动力学模型模拟,并作图t~log(qe-qt) 和t~t/qt,同时根据公式(eq.2和3)计算动力学模型各参数。
式中:qe和qt分别为吸附达到平衡和时间t时,吸附剂对底物的吸附量(mg/g); C0和Ct分别为吸附前和时间t时的CV浓度(mg/L);V为溶液体积(L);m 为吸附剂质量(g);k1是准一级动力学吸附速率常数(/h);k2是准一级动力学吸附速率常数(g/mmol/h)。
不同吸附剂对CV饱和吸附量实验
在250mL的锥形瓶中加入初始浓度分别为10、15、20、25、30、40和50mg/L 的CV溶液50mL,并加入10mg InVO4,再置于恒温振荡器中,在298K下以 120r/min的速度振荡48h后取样,过滤,测定滤液中的CV浓度。计算此时的饱和吸附量qe(mg/g),并计算溶液中的剩余量Ce(mg/g),作吸附等温线图Ce~qe。对吸附等温线进行Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温线模型模拟,并作图Ce~Ce/qe 和lnCe~lnqe。同时根据公式(eq.5和6)计算吸附等温线模型各参数。在上述饱和吸附量实验中,其他条件不变,选择合适的CV底物浓度,将吸附剂换成活性炭、三氧化铝、二氧化钛粉末,分别计算不同吸附剂对CV的饱和吸附量qe (mg/g)。
式中:Ce(mg/L)为吸附达到平衡时溶液中剩余的底物的浓度;kL(L/g)和aL (L/mg)为Langmuir吸附等温线常数;kF为Freundlich吸附等温线常数(L/mg); nF为常数。
反应条件对InVO4吸附CV的影响
温度影响
取3份初始浓度为50mg/L的CV溶液50mL于250mL的锥形瓶中加入10mg InVO4,置于恒温振荡器中,温度分别设置为298、303和308K,以120r/min 的速度振荡48h后取样,过滤,测定滤液中的CV浓度.用Gibbs方程和van't Hoff 方程计算出InVO4对CV吸附的Gibbs自由能(ΔG),吸附焓(ΔH)和吸附熵(ΔS)。
ΔH=ΔG+TΔS
式中:R(8.314J/K/mol)为摩尔气体常量,T为开尔文温度。
InVO4物相、形表面貌与特性分析
InVO4的XRD如图1所示,从图中可以看出2θ分别为31.070°,35.207°,51.040°,60.959°的衍射峰为正交晶相InVO4的特征衍射峰,分别与(220),(130),(042), (242)晶面对应(PDF#48-0898),表明成功制备得到InVO4吸附剂。制备的 InVO4形貌采用SEM(图2)观察,可以发现,InVO4形成的颗粒有部分聚集成片层状结构。根据InVO4的EDS谱定量分析结果(图3),In、V、O的原子百分比接近1∶1∶4(表1),进一步证明制得吸附剂为纯InVO4。InVO4的N2吸附-脱附等温线如图4所示,合成样品在较宽压力范(P/P0=0.2~0.9)达到吸附平衡,样品对N2吸附行为为可逆吸附;在低(P/P0=0.2~0.5)时,吸附量不大,而当P/P0增加至0.6时,吸附量急剧增加,表明样品中微孔较少,主要以介孔为主。样品的N2吸附-脱附等温线属于Ⅳ吸附等温线,并且在(P/P0=0.6~0.9) 中存在明显的H3型回滞环,而H3型回滞环常见于片层状结构的聚合体,这一般由狭缝的介孔产生。由BET计算样品的比表面积为23.41m2/g,孔容为0.068 cm3/g,由BJH计算得到样品的平均孔径为11.65nm,CV分子直径计算为0.488 nm,说明CV分子可以轻易的进入InVO4的的孔径中。
表1 InVO4的EDS分析
不同吸附剂对CV的饱和吸附量实验
选择活性炭(Activated Carbon,AC)、硅胶(SiO2)、氧化铝(Al2O3)、二氧化钛(TiO2)四种常用的吸附剂,分别测量其比表面积(表2);在温度为303K条件下进行CV吸附实验(图5),计算其单位比表面积吸附量。结果发现,AC的比表面积最大,为603.386m2/g,其次是Al2O3(303.865m2/g),SiO2(154.431),较小的是TiO2(47.096m2/g),最小的是InVO4(23.41m2/g)。从各种吸附剂对CV的饱和吸附量来看,InVO4对CV的吸附量(134.25mg/g)远大于TiO2(6.05 mg/g)、SiO2(33.88mg/g)与Al2O3(14.45mg/g),但远低于AC(303.54mg/g)。这是由于AC的比表面积约为InVO4的近300倍。在通过计算比表面积当量下的吸附量后发现,InVO4的比表面积当量下的吸附量(5.734mg/m2)是AC(0.503 mg/m2)11倍。说明,InVO4对CV具有更好的吸附性能,这种吸附性能除了与比表面积有关外,InVO4与CV还可能存在着其他的吸附机理。
表2 303K下各吸附剂对CV吸附特性
InVO4对CV吸附的吸附动力学
图6显示了InVO4对CV吸附的吸附等温线和吸附动力学曲线。可以看出,48h 小时振荡仅带来7%CV的减少。而InVO4对CV的吸附过程可以分成两个阶段:首先发生的是快速吸附,吸附量随吸附时间增加迅速增大;之后是慢速吸附,随着吸附时间增加,吸附量缓慢增大,最终达到吸附平衡。通过准一级动力学和准二级动力学对实验数据进行拟合,结果如表3所示,准二级动力学方程拟合实验数据的回归系数R2(0.9978)要大于准一级动力学方程(0.9783),并且平衡吸附量qecal的计算值与实验所测的实测值qeexp也更为接近,因此该吸附过程的动力学实验数据更符合准二级动力学方程。准二级动力学从理论上暗示这是一种化学吸附,该过程可能涉及到吸附底物与吸附剂之间的电子转移或电子共用的过程,可能在吸附过程中产生了新的化学键作用。
表3 InVO4吸附CV的吸附动力学方程及拟合参数
注:qecal为计算平衡吸附量,qeexp为实验所得平衡吸附量
反应条件对InVO4吸附CV的影响
不同温度与吸附等温线和吸附热力学行为
不同温度下InVO4对CV的吸附等温线如图7所示,选择Langmuir和Freundlich 两种吸附等温线模型对实验数据进行拟合处理,得出两种模型所对应的拟合参数如表4所示,拟合图像如图8所示。在不同的温度下,Langmuir模型拟合吸附等温线的回归系数R2均为0.99以上,远大于Freundlich模型,因此,InVO4吸附CV的等温吸附模型与Langmuir模型较为符合。不同温度下各热力学函数值如表5所示,ΔG在不同温度条件下都小于0,并且随着温度的升高随之减小,表明在298K~308K的温度范围内,InVO4对CV的吸附是一个随温度升高而自发进行程度加大的自发过程。ΔS大于0,表明吸附过程中体系混乱程度增大,是个无序的过程有利于吸附的进行。ΔH大于0,表明该吸附过程是吸热过程,并且ΔH>40kJ/mol,说明在吸附过程中可能存在配位基交换力或化学键力作用。
表4不同温度下InVO4吸附CV的吸附等温线参数
表5 InVO4吸附CV的热力学参数
InVO4对其他含氮有机染料的吸附
选择三种常见染料MB,RhB和SRB作为底物,InVO4为吸附剂,在298K下进行了吸附实验,结果如表6所示。在pH=5.60,InVO4对SRB的饱和吸附量13.2 mg/g,此时SRB带负电荷,与同样带负电荷的InVO4相斥,因此吸附量较低。在pH=5.42,InVO4对RhB的饱和吸附量10.6mg/g,此时RhB带负电荷,与同样带负电荷的InVO4也会发生相斥作用,且其叔胺基上连接的是乙基,由于空间位阻作用使其难以和CV接触成键,因此其吸附量最低。在pH=5.93,InVO4对同样具有叔胺基结构的MB表现出了较高的吸附量,饱和吸附量为108.6mg/g,此时MB带正电荷,与带负电荷的InVO4会发生静电吸引作用,且MB的叔胺基结构上所连的基团为甲基,与CV一致,因此具有较高的吸附量。
表6 InVO4对不同染料的吸附量
InVO4对混合染料中CV的选择性吸附
在质量浓度为30mg/L的CV和其他有机染料(质量浓度为10mg/L SRB,RhB 和MB)混合成50mL溶液后,加入10mg InVO4吸附剂进行吸附,结果见图9。可以发现,经过12h吸附离心后的溶液仅仅呈现出SRB和RhB的红色,MB的浅蓝色,而深紫色的CV已经被选择性地吸附掉了。在这里,CV的浓度为其他染料的三倍,根据质量守恒定律,假设InVO4和物理吸附剂活性炭一样,那么在吸附完成后理应剩余质量浓度更大的CV的深紫色,而非浓度更低的其他染料。这就说明,InVO4是通过某种化学键能选择性吸附混合液中的CV。
Claims (9)
1.选择性吸附含氮有机染料的InVO4吸附剂的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(1)将In(NO3)3·4.5H2O水溶液,NH4VO3水溶液滴加到CTAB的水溶液中,搅拌均匀后滴加氨水至pH为9-10,得到黄色沉淀物;
(2)继续搅拌1-2h后,静置倒去上清液,倒入无水乙醇搅拌10-15h后抽滤,干燥得到黄色固体;
(3)将得到的固体冷却,研磨,倒入聚四氟乙烯反应釜中,加入丙酮水热反应,得到黑色固体粉末;
(4)将该黑色固体粉末焙烧得到黄色粉末状的InVO4吸附剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的选择性吸附含氮有机染料的InVO4吸附剂的制备方法,其特征在于,In(NO3)3·4.5H2O、NH4VO3、CTAB的摩尔比为1:0.8-1.2:0.8-1.2。
3.根据权利要求2所述的选择性吸附含氮有机染料的InVO4吸附剂的制备方法,其特征在于,In(NO3)3·4.5H2O、NH4VO3、CTAB的摩尔比为1:1:1。
4.根据权利要求1所述的选择性吸附含氮有机染料的InVO4吸附剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中水热反应条件为150-200℃条件下加热反应20-30 h;优选方案中,水热反应条件为180℃条件下加热反应24 h。
5.根据权利要求1所述的选择性吸附含氮有机染料的InVO4吸附剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(4)中焙烧条件为380-450℃下烧结8-15 h;优选方案为400℃下烧结10h。
6.权利要求1-5任一项制备得到的选择性吸附含氮有机染料的InVO4吸附剂在吸附溶液中的有机染料结晶紫上的应用。
7.权利要求1-5任一项制备得到的选择性吸附含氮有机染料的InVO4吸附剂在吸附溶液中的有机染料磺酰罗丹明B上的应用。
8.权利要求1-5任一项制备得到的选择性吸附含氮有机染料的InVO4吸附剂在吸附溶液中的有机染料罗丹明B上的应用。
9.权利要求1-5任一项制备得到的选择性吸附含氮有机染料的InVO4吸附剂在吸附溶液中的有机染料亚甲基蓝上的应用。
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