CN110302686A - A kind of high performance nanofiltration membrane preparation method based on building Multi-network - Google Patents
A kind of high performance nanofiltration membrane preparation method based on building Multi-network Download PDFInfo
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- CN110302686A CN110302686A CN201910508532.9A CN201910508532A CN110302686A CN 110302686 A CN110302686 A CN 110302686A CN 201910508532 A CN201910508532 A CN 201910508532A CN 110302686 A CN110302686 A CN 110302686A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
- B01D67/0002—Organic membrane manufacture
- B01D67/0006—Organic membrane manufacture by chemical reactions
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
- B01D69/125—In situ manufacturing by polymerisation, polycondensation, cross-linking or chemical reaction
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/66—Polymers having sulfur in the main chain, with or without nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only
- B01D71/68—Polysulfones; Polyethersulfones
Abstract
The present invention is intended to provide a kind of high performance nanofiltration membrane preparation method based on building Multi-network, first coats dopamine and water-soluble macromolecule mixed solution in counterdie before water phase coats, therefore construct three-dimensional network on counterdie.The preparation process of this high performance nanofiltration membrane must first coat the aqueous phase solution containing dopamine and one or more water soluble polymers on polysulfones counterdie, so that dopamine autohemagglutination forms a film, water soluble polymer, which is mixed, forms three-dimensional net structure in poly bar amine film, it is coated with the aqueous phase solution containing polyamine, it is coated with the oil-phase solution that polynary acyl chlorides is dissolved in IsoparL (a kind of Isopars), nanofiltration membrane is prepared by interfacial polymerization.By the way that coating liquid each component and type are in optimized selection, post-processing temperature is regulated and controled, high-performance nanofiltration membrane has been prepared.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to Nano filtering composite membrane technical fields, and in particular to a kind of high-performance based on building Multi-network
Nanofiltration membrane preparation method.
Technical background
Nanofiltration (nanofiltration, NF) is a kind of novel pressure driving UF membrane between reverse osmosis between ultrafiltration
Process, because its seperation film is mostly from reverse osmosis membrane derivation, and operating pressure is lower, and be otherwise known as " low pressure reverse osmosis " in early days
Or " loose reverse osmosis ".Nanofiltration membrane generally by being constituted with highly selective cortex with the porous sub-layer to play a supportive role, but its
Generally there are very big differences for chemical composition.Currently, commercialization nanofiltration membrane material mainly have it is polyamide-based (FilmTec, Toray,
ATM, Trisep), polyvinyl alcohol-polyamide-based (Hydranautics, NittoDenko), sulfonated polysulfone class (NittoDenko)
With acetate fiber class (Toray, Trisep) etc..Aromatic polyamide nanofiltration membrane is that sale at most, is industrially answered currently on the market
With widest a kind of nanofiltration membrane, compound film properties depend primarily on the structures such as duct, thickness, roughness and the hydrophily of film
The chemical characteristics such as characteristic and the degree of cross linking, functional group and chemical bond.The different of monomer directly determine composite membrane in interfacial polymerization process
Comprehensive performance design the list different from synthesis therefore in order to prepare the nanofiltration membrane with ideal membrane structure and separating property
Body is widely studied.Nanofiltration membrane is mainly used for water process and sewage treatment, and compound nanometer filtering membrane of polyamide is formed by 3 layers: super
Thin polyamide active layer；Poroid polysulfones (PSf) supporting layer；Non-woven fabrics mechanical support layer.Fine and close surface-active layer provides
Excellent separating property, polysulfone supporting layer provide good platform for surface-active layer, and mechanical support layer provides good mechanics
Support.Relative to other nanofiltration membranes, compound nanometer filtering membrane of polyamide has apparent advantage, but still faces several in terms of each and every one
Relationship, film surface pollution and oxychloride for being limited mutually between problem, especially flux and salt ion rejection etc..Polyamide is received
There is the relationship to check and balance (Trade-off) between the flux and salt ion rejection of filter membrane: constant in operating pressure
Under the premise of, the flux of film can be realized by reducing the degree of cross linking and the thickness of aramid layer, but the raising of membrane flux can drop
Less salt ion rejection rate.The flux and salt ion rejection for improving film simultaneously by the modification to film, are current polyamide reverse osmosis
The bottleneck problem that saturating composite membrane faces, this is also an importance for reducing its energy consumption.The present invention passes through in function point
Absciss layer constructs extremely hydrophilic network structure, not only increases the water flux of composite membrane, also increases various salt ions in a network
By resistance, increase the rejection of composite membrane.The net different, of the invention from traditional network structure of polyamide separating layer
Before network structure is implemented in water phase coating, one layer of three-dimensional net structure is just constructed before polysulfones counterdie coats water phase, this is not only advantageous
Be impregnated in the deep layer of water phase so that generate polyamide separating layer it is finer and close with it is complete, moreover, because construct network structure
And its it is hydrophilic, compensate for the water flux lost since aramid layer is too fine and close.
The research hotspot that current material surface modifying is had become from poly- complex technique of dopamine (DOPA) bionic adhesion,
But network structure is constructed using this technology, and the research for further preparing nanofiltration membrane is less.The present invention is utilized from poly- compound
Technology, under alkaline environment, DOPA and water-soluble macromolecule mixed solution can form strength in surface of solids auto polymerization, DOPA and adhere to
In the PDOPA layer of counterdie, and long chain macromolecule is mixed at PDOPA layers, forms three-dimensional net structure.Then polyamides is prepared again
Amine nanofiltration membrane and retention and the flux for improving reverse osmosis membrane, have obtained high-performance Nano filtering composite membrane.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is intended to provide a kind of high performance nanofiltration membrane preparation method based on building Multi-network.This research
Dopamine and water-soluble macromolecule mixed solution first are coated in counterdie before water phase coats, therefore constructs three-dimensional network on counterdie.
The preparation process of this high performance nanofiltration membrane must first coating contains dopamine and one or more water-soluble on polysulfones counterdie
Property high molecular aqueous phase solution so that dopamine autohemagglutination forms a film, water soluble polymer mix formed in poly bar amine film it is three-dimensional
Network structure is coated with the aqueous phase solution containing polyamine, is coated with polynary acyl chlorides and is dissolved in IsoparL (a kind of isoparaffin is molten
Agent) in oil-phase solution, nanofiltration membrane is prepared by interfacial polymerization.By the way that coating liquid each component and type are in optimized selection,
Post-processing temperature is regulated and controled, high-performance nanofiltration membrane has been prepared.
The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
A kind of high performance nanofiltration membrane preparation method based on building Multi-network, it is characterized in that: first at polysulfones bottom
The aqueous solution containing dopamine and one or more water soluble polymers is coated on film, so that dopamine autohemagglutination forms a film, it is water-soluble
Macromolecule, which is mixed, forms three-dimensional net structure in poly bar amine film, after drying in the shade, is coated with the aqueous phase solution containing polyamine, yin
After dry, it is coated with the oil-phase solution that polynary acyl chlorides is dissolved in IsoparG (a kind of Isopars), it then will be by coating
Film post-processed at a certain temperature, finally obtained nanofiltration membrane.
Preferably, the aqueous solution of dopamine and water soluble polymer contains dopamine in above-mentioned preparation method, and contain
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethyleneimine (PEI), one of polyethylene glycol (PEG) or a variety of.
Preferably, the macromolecule contained in aqueous phase solution in above-mentioned preparation method has m-phenylene diamine (MPD) (MPD), piperazine
(PIP), one of polyethyleneimine or a variety of, and the high molecule mass percentage in water phase is 0.1-5.0%.As more preferably
Selection, the macromolecule of aqueous phase solution is piperazine (PIP), and piperazine (PIP) mass percent is 0.1-3%.
Preferably, the macromolecule contained in oil-phase solution in above-mentioned preparation method has pyromellitic trimethylsilyl chloride (TMC), oneself two
Acyl chlorides (APC), one or more, and the solute polymer mass percent in oily phase of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI)
For 0.1-4.0%.As more preferably selecting, the macromolecule in oil-phase solution is pyromellitic trimethylsilyl chloride (TMC), and TMC mass percentage
Than for 0.1-3.5%.
Preferably, the post-processing temperature of composite membrane is 100 DEG C -150 DEG C in above-mentioned preparation method.As more preferably selecting,
The post-processing temperature of reverse osmosis membrane is 110 DEG C -130 DEG C.
In the present invention, polysulfones counterdie can be the counterdie that any producer provides, the type of the performance difference of counterdie, counterdie
Result of the invention is had no and is directly affected, therefore can choose business polysulfones counterdie or self-control, this is also of the invention general
Logical applicable, progress commercial applications provide possibility.
In the present invention, the raw material of this nanofiltration film preparation is easy to get, and water phase each component is all highly soluble in water, is producing
Any one production technology for changing production line is completely dispensed in line production process, thus also for it is of the invention it is generally suitable, into
Row commercial applications provide possibility.
The post-processing temperature of nanofiltration membrane can be controlled by baking oven, and especially at 110 DEG C -130 DEG C, performance is more excellent
More.
The utility model has the advantages that using this patent the method, first coating contains dopamine and one or more on polysulfones counterdie
The aqueous phase solution of water soluble polymer, so that dopamine autohemagglutination forms a film, water soluble polymer is mixed to be formed in poly bar amine film
Three-dimensional net structure is coated with the aqueous phase solution containing polyamine, is coated with polynary acyl chlorides and is dissolved in IsoparL (a kind of isomeric alkane
Hydrocarbon solvent) in oil-phase solution, nanofiltration membrane is prepared by interfacial polymerization and had not only maintained good rejection, but also to greatly improve water logical
Amount, reproducibility is preferable, and preparation cost is cheap.
Specific embodiment
A specific embodiment of the invention is illustrated below:
Following embodiment provides a kind of high performance nanofiltration membrane preparation method based on building Multi-network.Following realities
It applies example and is merely provided as explanation rather than limiting the invention.
Polysulfones counterdie used in following embodiment is self-control counterdie.The film date of manufacture to experiment the date less than 30 days, the phase
Between be stored in 2% aqueous solution of sodium bisulfite.Before carrying out interfacial reaction and preparing composite membrane, for 24 hours in advance by polysulfones counterdie
It is soaked in pure water.
A kind of film properties of high performance nanofiltration membrane based on building Multi-network are made in following embodiment and being commented
Valence: magnesium sulfate salt rejection rate and water flux.Test pressure when performance evaluation is 1.05MPa, and concentrated water flow is 1.0L/min, environment
Temperature is 25 DEG C, and concentrated water pH value is 6.5~7.5, and concentrated water is magnesium sulfate solution, concentration 1000ppm.
In following embodiment, salt rejection rate is defined as concentrated water and produces the difference of the concentration of water divided by concentrated water concentration；Water flux definition
For water volume of the unit time through unit area composite separating film, unit L/m in above-mentioned test process2·h(LMH)。
Each of the above data point is averaged to obtain by 9 samples.
Comparative example
Counterdie is coated without dopamine and water soluble polymer mixed liquor, directly coats water phase, and oil is coated with after drying in the shade
Phase solution, is prepared for polyamide nanofiltration membrane.It is tested by experiment, prepared nanofiltration membrane is to 1000ppm magnesium sulfate solution
Rejection is up to 99.2%, and water flux is up to 60LMH.Test pressure when performance evaluation is 1.05MPa, and concentrated water flow is
1.0L/min, environment temperature are 25 DEG C, and concentrated water pH value is 6.5~7.5, and concentrated water is magnesium sulfate solution, and concentration is
1000ppm。
Embodiment 1
The PVA aqueous solution of the DOPA of configuration quality score 0.5% and 0.5% is coated on polysulfones counterdie in advance.It dries in the shade
Afterwards, the piperazine aqueous solution of configuration quality score 0.15% and the sodium camphorsulfonate of mass fraction 0.5% is added, is uniformly mixed,
It is even to be coated on diaphragm.After drying in the shade, it is reconfigured 0.2% pyromellitic trimethylsilyl chloride (TMC) oil-phase solution, is coated uniformly on diaphragm
On, and 5min is heat-treated in 120 DEG C of baking ovens.Thus the high-performance nanofiltration membrane based on new buffer system of method preparation is being tested
Pressure is 1.05MPa, and concentrated water flow is 1.0L/min, and environment temperature is 25 DEG C, and concentrated water pH value is 6.5~7.5, and concentrated water is
Magnesium sulfate solution, concentration are under the experiment condition of 1000ppm, and measuring its water flux is 70LMH, salt rejection rate 99.5%.
Embodiment 2
The PVA aqueous solution of the DOPA of configuration quality score 0.5% and 0.8% is coated on polysulfones counterdie in advance.It dries in the shade
Afterwards, the piperazine aqueous solution of configuration quality score 0.15% and the sodium camphorsulfonate of mass fraction 0.5% is added, is uniformly mixed,
It is even to be coated on diaphragm.After drying in the shade, it is reconfigured 0.2% pyromellitic trimethylsilyl chloride (TMC) oil-phase solution, is coated uniformly on diaphragm
On, and 5min is heat-treated in 120 DEG C of baking ovens.Thus the high-performance nanofiltration membrane based on new buffer system of method preparation is being tested
Pressure is 1.05MPa, and concentrated water flow is 1.0L/min, and environment temperature is 25 DEG C, and concentrated water pH value is 6.5~7.5, and concentrated water is
Magnesium sulfate solution, concentration are under the experiment condition of 1000ppm, and measuring its water flux is 73LMH, salt rejection rate 99.5%.
Embodiment 3
The PVA aqueous solution of the DOPA of configuration quality score 0.8% and 0.5% is coated on polysulfones counterdie in advance.It dries in the shade
Afterwards, the piperazine aqueous solution of configuration quality score 0.15% and the sodium camphorsulfonate of mass fraction 0.5% is added, is uniformly mixed,
It is even to be coated on diaphragm.After drying in the shade, it is reconfigured 0.2% pyromellitic trimethylsilyl chloride (TMC) oil-phase solution, is coated uniformly on diaphragm
On, and 5min is heat-treated in 120 DEG C of baking ovens.Thus the high-performance nanofiltration membrane based on new buffer system of method preparation is being tested
Pressure is 1.05MPa, and concentrated water flow is 1.0L/min, and environment temperature is 25 DEG C, and concentrated water pH value is 6.5~7.5, and concentrated water is
Magnesium sulfate solution, concentration are under the experiment condition of 1000ppm, and measuring its water flux is 73LMH, salt rejection rate 99.5%.
Embodiment 4
The PVA aqueous solution of the DOPA of configuration quality score 0.5% and 0.5% is coated on polysulfones counterdie in advance.It dries in the shade
Afterwards, the piperazine aqueous solution of configuration quality score 0.10% and the sodium camphorsulfonate of mass fraction 0.5% is added, is uniformly mixed,
It is even to be coated on diaphragm.After drying in the shade, it is reconfigured 0.2% pyromellitic trimethylsilyl chloride (TMC) oil-phase solution, is coated uniformly on diaphragm
On, and 5min is heat-treated in 120 DEG C of baking ovens.Thus the high-performance nanofiltration membrane based on new buffer system of method preparation is being tested
Pressure is 1.05MPa, and concentrated water flow is 1.0L/min, and environment temperature is 25 DEG C, and concentrated water pH value is 6.5~7.5, and concentrated water is
Magnesium sulfate solution, concentration are under the experiment condition of 1000ppm, and measuring its water flux is 79LMH, salt rejection rate 99.1%.
Embodiment 5
The PVA aqueous solution of the DOPA of configuration quality score 0.6% and 0.6% is coated on polysulfones counterdie in advance.It dries in the shade
Afterwards, the piperazine aqueous solution of configuration quality score 0.15% and the sodium camphorsulfonate of mass fraction 0.5% is added, is uniformly mixed,
It is even to be coated on diaphragm.After drying in the shade, it is reconfigured 0.2% pyromellitic trimethylsilyl chloride (TMC) oil-phase solution, is coated uniformly on diaphragm
On, and 5min is heat-treated in 120 DEG C of baking ovens.Thus the high-performance nanofiltration membrane based on new buffer system of method preparation is being tested
Pressure is 1.05MPa, and concentrated water flow is 1.0L/min, and environment temperature is 25 DEG C, and concentrated water pH value is 6.5~7.5, and concentrated water is
Magnesium sulfate solution, concentration are under the experiment condition of 1000ppm, and measuring its water flux is 77LMH, salt rejection rate 99.4%.
Embodiment 6
The PVA aqueous solution of the DOPA of configuration quality score 0.3% and 0.7% is coated on polysulfones counterdie in advance.It dries in the shade
Afterwards, the piperazine aqueous solution of configuration quality score 0.15% and the sodium camphorsulfonate of mass fraction 0.5% is added, is uniformly mixed,
It is even to be coated on diaphragm.After drying in the shade, it is reconfigured 0.2% pyromellitic trimethylsilyl chloride (TMC) oil-phase solution, is coated uniformly on diaphragm
On, and 5min is heat-treated in 110 DEG C of baking ovens.Thus the high-performance nanofiltration membrane based on new buffer system of method preparation is being tested
Pressure is 1.05MPa, and concentrated water flow is 1.0L/min, and environment temperature is 25 DEG C, and concentrated water pH value is 6.5~7.5, and concentrated water is
Magnesium sulfate solution, concentration are under the experiment condition of 1000ppm, and measuring its water flux is 76LMH, salt rejection rate 99.5%.
Embodiment 7
The PVA aqueous solution of the DOPA of configuration quality score 0.7% and 0.3% is coated on polysulfones counterdie in advance.It dries in the shade
Afterwards, the piperazine aqueous solution of configuration quality score 0.15% and the sodium camphorsulfonate of mass fraction 0.5% is added, is uniformly mixed,
It is even to be coated on diaphragm.After drying in the shade, it is reconfigured 0.2% pyromellitic trimethylsilyl chloride (TMC) oil-phase solution, is coated uniformly on diaphragm
On, and 5min is heat-treated in 120 DEG C of baking ovens.Thus the high-performance nanofiltration membrane based on new buffer system of method preparation is being tested
Pressure is 1.05MPa, and concentrated water flow is 1.0L/min, and environment temperature is 25 DEG C, and concentrated water pH value is 6.5~7.5, and concentrated water is
Magnesium sulfate solution, concentration are under the experiment condition of 1000ppm, and measuring its water flux is 80LMH, salt rejection rate 99.7%.
Embodiment 8
The PVA aqueous solution of the DOPA of configuration quality score 1.0% and 1.0% is coated on polysulfones counterdie in advance.It dries in the shade
Afterwards, the piperazine aqueous solution of configuration quality score 0.15% and the sodium camphorsulfonate of mass fraction 0.5% is added, is uniformly mixed,
It is even to be coated on diaphragm.After drying in the shade, it is reconfigured 0.2% pyromellitic trimethylsilyl chloride (TMC) oil-phase solution, is coated uniformly on diaphragm
On, and 5min is heat-treated in 120 DEG C of baking ovens.Thus the high-performance nanofiltration membrane based on new buffer system of method preparation is being tested
Pressure is 1.05MPa, and concentrated water flow is 1.0L/min, and environment temperature is 25 DEG C, and concentrated water pH value is 6.5~7.5, and concentrated water is
Magnesium sulfate solution, concentration are under the experiment condition of 1000ppm, and measuring its water flux is 66LMH, salt rejection rate 99.3%.
Embodiment 9
The PVA aqueous solution of the DOPA of configuration quality score 0.8% and 0.2% is coated on polysulfones counterdie in advance.It dries in the shade
Afterwards, the piperazine aqueous solution of configuration quality score 0.15% and the sodium camphorsulfonate of mass fraction 0.5% is added, is uniformly mixed,
It is even to be coated on diaphragm.After drying in the shade, it is reconfigured 0.2% pyromellitic trimethylsilyl chloride (TMC) oil-phase solution, is coated uniformly on diaphragm
On, and 5min is heat-treated in 120 DEG C of baking ovens.Thus the high-performance nanofiltration membrane based on new buffer system of method preparation is being tested
Pressure is 1.05MPa, and concentrated water flow is 1.0L/min, and environment temperature is 25 DEG C, and concentrated water pH value is 6.5~7.5, and concentrated water is
Magnesium sulfate solution, concentration are under the experiment condition of 1000ppm, and measuring its water flux is 81LMH, salt rejection rate 99.5%.
It should be noted that, in this document, relational terms such as first and second and the like are used merely to a reality
Body or operation are distinguished with another entity or operation, are deposited without necessarily requiring or implying between these entities or operation
In any actual relationship or order or sequence.Moreover, the terms "include", "comprise" or its any other variant are intended to
Non-exclusive inclusion, so that the process, method, article or equipment including a series of elements is not only wanted including those
Element, but also including other elements that are not explicitly listed, or further include for this process, method, article or equipment
Intrinsic element.
It although an embodiment of the present invention has been shown and described, for the ordinary skill in the art, can be with
A variety of variations, modification, replacement can be carried out to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention by understanding
And modification, the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of high performance nanofiltration membrane preparation method based on building Multi-network, which is characterized in that first at polysulfones bottom
The aqueous solution containing dopamine and one or more water soluble polymers is coated on film, so that dopamine autohemagglutination forms a film, it is water-soluble
Macromolecule, which is mixed, forms three-dimensional net structure in poly bar amine film, after drying in the shade, is coated with the aqueous phase solution containing polyamine, yin
After dry, it is coated with the oil-phase solution that polynary acyl chlorides is dissolved in Isopars, then by the film by coating certain
At a temperature of post-processed, finally obtained nanofiltration membrane.
2. a kind of high performance nanofiltration membrane preparation method based on building Multi-network according to claim 1,
It is characterized in that, the aqueous solution of dopamine and water soluble polymer contains dopamine, and contain polyvinyl alcohol, polyethyleneimine,
One of polyethylene glycol is a variety of.
3. a kind of high performance nanofiltration membrane preparation method based on building Multi-network according to claim 1,
It is characterized in that, the macromolecule contained in aqueous phase solution has a m-phenylene diamine (MPD), and piperazine, one of polyethyleneimine or a variety of, and
High molecule mass percentage in water phase is 0.1-5.0%.
4. a kind of high performance nanofiltration membrane preparation method based on building Multi-network according to claim 1,
It is characterized in that, the macromolecule of aqueous phase solution is piperazine, and piperazine mass percent is 0.1-3%.
5. a kind of high performance nanofiltration membrane preparation method based on building Multi-network according to claim 1,
It is characterized in that, the macromolecule contained in oil-phase solution has a pyromellitic trimethylsilyl chloride, Adipoyl Chloride, hexamethylene diisocyanate
It is one or more, and the solute polymer mass percent in oily phase is 0.1-4.0%.
6. a kind of high performance nanofiltration membrane preparation method based on building Multi-network according to claim 1,
It is characterized in that, the macromolecule in oil-phase solution is pyromellitic trimethylsilyl chloride, and TMC mass percent is 0.1-3.5%.
7. a kind of high performance nanofiltration membrane preparation method based on building Multi-network according to claim 1,
It is characterized in that, the post-processing temperature of composite membrane is 100 DEG C -150 DEG C.
8. a kind of high performance nanofiltration membrane preparation method based on building Multi-network according to claim 1,
It is characterized in that, the post-processing temperature of reverse osmosis membrane is 110 DEG C -130 DEG C.
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