CN110296841A - A kind of entrucking oblique attitude formula engine automatically online cold test method, cold test mechanism and application - Google Patents
A kind of entrucking oblique attitude formula engine automatically online cold test method, cold test mechanism and application Download PDFInfo
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- CN110296841A CN110296841A CN201810240981.5A CN201810240981A CN110296841A CN 110296841 A CN110296841 A CN 110296841A CN 201810240981 A CN201810240981 A CN 201810240981A CN 110296841 A CN110296841 A CN 110296841A
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- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000003032 molecular docking Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 3
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- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M15/00—Testing of engines
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M15/00—Testing of engines
- G01M15/02—Details or accessories of testing apparatus
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Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of automatically online cold test method, mechanism and the application of entrucking oblique attitude formula engine, this method comprises: 1, engine direct be placed on pallet be transported to test station；2, pallet gives rise to certain altitude；3, engine cylinder body rear end face is positioned；4, pallet decline is detached from engine, and engine is kept not interfere when rotating around crankshaft；5, engine is driven to rotate around crankshaft center line using clamping position rotating mechanism, until simulated engine inclining test state；6, the driving mechanism of the rotating mechanism is arranged in its axis direction other side and passes through rotating mechanism and connect with engine flywheel, and each mechanism for testing is docked with Engine Block Test mouth；7, it is rotated using the driving mechanism dragging engine flywheel of the rotating mechanism around crankshaft center line；8, it tests；9, each mechanism for testing is retracted after testing, and engine goes back to upright state, and pallet rises, and is cancelled and being clamped to engine, engine is put back to pallet and is let pass.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to engine cold test technical field more particularly to a kind of entrucking oblique attitude formula engine are full-automatic
Online cold test method, cold test mechanism and application.
Background technique
Existing engine tilts testing equipment is semiautomatic equipment, needs artificial clamping and manually docks each mechanism for testing,
To positioning accuracy and running accuracy no requirement (NR), be adapted to the heat examination of engine tilts heat examination rack and engine, that is, pass through by
Engine ignition is tested, and creates a condition that can be lighted a fire to engine on rack, and engine oneself is allowed to run, then
It is monitored by rack and throws away detection two ways, detect the assembling quality of engine.Engine thermal testing bench rack is semi-automatic rack,
It is accomplished manually docking and test result determines, engine operates power resources in itself, as obtained by burns gasoline, when to test
Clamping precision no requirement (NR), to test beat no requirement (NR).
And the cold examination of engine with heat examination on the contrary, when cold test, does not need fuel to run, it be need it is external to starting
After machine positioning is fixed, each mechanism for testing tests mouth together with sensor automatic butt engine accordingly, passes through external drive mechanism
Dragging engine flywheel rotates at different rates, while external each test macro acquires inlet pressure, row by data
Data on the sensors such as outlet pressure, engine oil pressure, crankshaft rotation torque, engine luggine, pass through testboard professional software
Analyzed, be then compared with the limiting value that testboard has been set analysis result, so that it is determined that engine whether by
Correct assembly.Because to compare automatically with standard parameter, the test consistency of engine will be got well, and this requires engine cold tests
When engine positioning accuracy not only want high, but also want clamping reliable, especially engine crankshaft requires the drive with rack dragging
Motivation structure concentricity tolerance wants small, while productive temp will meet the requirement of the fast beat of entire assembly line, automation.In view of working as
Modern automobile production manufacturer increasingly focuses on product quality, environmental protection and cost, and cold test replaces heat examination to also become trend and trend,
Therefore have very fast beat, better quality detection level, compared with low production cost engine cold test be us required for.
In entrucking oblique attitude formula engine cold test, because engine sump tank shape, oil pump oil suction take oil level
Setting is designed for entrucking lateral attitude, and therefore, when engine is placed on technique pallet with upright posture, machine oil pumps oil
Mouth takes less than machine oil.In engine cold test, when dragged in order to avoid engine, engine interior lack of lubrication, table
It is now too low or there is no engine oil pressure for engine oil pressure, in the prior art through frequently with the technology mode for adding machine oil, after cold examination
Station again extracts extra machine oil out, and the process of machine oil filling and extraction easily causes the secondary pollution of machine oil.Such technique side
Formula will cause increased costs and extraction secondary pollution problems occur.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem to be solved by the present invention lies in the above-mentioned deficiency for overcoming the prior art, a kind of entrucking posture is provided and is inclined
The full-automatic online cold test method of inclined engine.
A kind of entrucking oblique attitude formula engine automatically online cold test method, including following operating procedure:
1) engine to be tested is placed on pallet with upright unfixed posture, is automatically transported to testboard survey
Trial work position；
2) positioning, is carried out to pallet and gives rise to certain altitude, after lift height meets pallet decline, engine rotation with
There is no interference for pallet；
3), positioning clamping is carried out using rear end of the cylinder block face of the cold test stand frame to engine；
4), pallet declines and completely disengages engine, and after keeping engine to decline when rotating around crankshaft center line with it
Height is not interfered；
It 5) is together, axis rotation around crankshaft center using clamping position rotating mechanism to drive engine, until simulation is started
Machine inclination reaches installation angle or close installation angle measurement state；
6) driving mechanism for clamping position rotating mechanism, is arranged in clamping position rotating mechanism axis direction
The other side, and pass through the clampings position rotating mechanism and connect with engine flywheel, and will test the mechanism that blocks of needs and
The docking of Engine Block Test mouth；
7) it, is rotated using the driving mechanism dragging engine flywheel for clamping position rotating mechanism around crankshaft center line；
8) it, tests；
9), test terminates, and driving mechanism stops dragging engine flywheel around the rotation of crankshaft center line, and mechanism for testing retracts,
The clamping position rotating mechanism drives engine to go back to upright state, and pallet rises, and cancels the clamping to engine, will start
Machine puts back to pallet, clearance engine.
As the online cold test further improvements in methods, clamping position rotating mechanism described in step 6) includes a rotation
Shaft is held, and suit is provided with single-revolution set on the bearing, and the driving mechanism of the cold test stand frame passes through the revolving sleeve and institute
State engine flywheel connection.
Also the online cold test further improvements in methods are used as, the mechanism that test needs described in step 6) blocks includes
Pressure at expulsion mechanism for testing, intake vacuum mechanism for testing, engine oil pressure mechanism for testing, vibration-testing mechanism and the docking of each harness
Mechanism.
The full-automatic online cold test method of entrucking oblique attitude formula engine by adopting the above technical scheme has following excellent
Point:
1, entrucking lateral attitude engine is not necessarily to add machine oil in cold examination, it is more environmentally friendly；
2, solve the problems, such as that simulated engine entrucking lateral attitude carries out cold test；
3, expansion is strong, while adapting to the cold examination of traditional upright entrucking posture engine；
4, mechanism is reliable, accurate positioning；
5, assembly line station is reduced, productive temp is saved, saves engine producer cost.
Another technical problem to be solved by this invention is to provide a kind of entrucking oblique attitude formula engine and automatically exists
Line cold test mechanism, technical problem to be solved can be implemented by the following technical programs.
A kind of entrucking oblique attitude formula engine automatically online cold test mechanism, an including testboard, the testboard
With a cold test stand frame, which is characterized in that being installed on one on the cold test stand frame can drag what engine was rotated around crankshaft center line
Clamping and rotating system is positioned, the positioning clamping and rotating system includes a hold-down support, is provided with an axis on the hold-down support
It holds, suit is provided with revolving sleeve on the bearing, and the revolving sleeve is fixedly connected with the inner ring of the bearing, outside the bearing
Circle is fixedly connected with the hold-down support；The revolving sleeve is connected with the engine positioning holding plate for being held tightly oil cylinder driving, institute
It states engine positioning and holds the engine that plate is used to clamp and position quasi- test tightly；The cold test stand frame has a driving mechanism, institute
The driving mechanism for stating cold test stand frame passes through the revolving sleeve and connect with the flywheel of the engine of quasi- test.
As the further improvement of the online cold test mechanism, which further includes having to clamp rotation for limiting the positioning
The zero degree position block of rotation mechanism rotational angle, the first limit angle position stop and the second limit angle position stop；Relatively
In the rotary shaft of the positioning clamping and rotating system, the first limit angle position stop and the second limit angle position stop
Between to be formed by angle be any one fixed angle；I.e. the mechanism, which can design, is applicable in any two fixation installation angles.
Further, rotation of the first limit angle position stop relative to the zero degree position block in turning circumference
Angle is 60 degree, and the second limit angle position stop is located at the interposition of 60 degree of angles.
Also as the further improvement of the technical program, the engine of quasi- test is positioned at described through more than one positioning pin
Engine positioning is held tightly on plate.
As the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the revolving sleeve bottom is equipped with spring bearing.
Automatically online cold test mechanism, clamping are fixed for the entrucking oblique attitude formula engine by adopting the above technical scheme
Position rotating mechanism has a characteristic that
1, mechanism can be rotated around spindle axis；
2, the rotation of mechanism is using cylinder as execution component；
3, mechanism is rotated in place and resets using block mode；
4, mechanism rotates to multi-angle；
5, positioning accuracy is good, and gap is adjustable, meets automatic test station demand；
6, driving mechanism may pass through mechanism, dragging engine flywheel crankshaft rotation.
Another technical problem to be solved by this invention is to provide a kind of aforementioned mechanism for testing in entrucking posture vertical type
The engine automatically application in online cold test.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is engine tilts cold test test platform structure schematic diagram in the present invention, after engine holding is illustrated in figure
State；
Fig. 2 is the structural schematic diagram of the tight self-turning mechanism of inventive engine locating clip；
Fig. 3 is the centre of gyration cross-sectional view of the tight self-turning mechanism of engine locating clip in Fig. 2
Fig. 4 is the structure composition decomposition diagram of the tight self-turning mechanism of engine locating clip in Fig. 2；
Fig. 5 is the structural representation of another angle of Fig. 4 (figure middle and upper part has part to cut)；
Fig. 6 is that (there are sanction in top and the bottom to the tight self-turning mechanism of engine locating clip in figure with main shaft tractor front view
It cuts)；
Fig. 7 is the tight self-turning mechanism of engine locating clip and main shaft tractor top view；
Fig. 8 passes through the tight self-turning mechanism of engine locating clip for main shaft tractor and firmly grasps engine flywheel cross-sectional view；
Fig. 9 is that engine enters vertically into test storehouse positioning clamping status diagram (figure middle and upper part has part to cut)；
Figure 10 is that state I status diagram is rotated after engine clamps (figure middle and upper part has part to cut)；
Figure 11 is that state I I state schematic diagram is rotated after engine clamps (figure middle and upper part has part to cut)；
Specific embodiment
A specific embodiment of the invention is described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawing.
The present invention provides a kind of entrucking oblique attitude formula engine automatically online cold test method and cold test mechanisms.
As shown in Figure 1 to 11；This cold test mechanism structure composition is as follows:
In figure, component 1 is engine positioning clamping plate, and component 2 is scotch I, and component 3 is zero degree position block, component 4
For angle I position stop, component 5 is clamping cylinder, and component 6 is revolving sleeve, and component 7 is bearing, and component 8 is cylinder I, component 9
For hold-down support, component 10 is engine positioning pin I, and component 11 is engine positioning pin II, and component 12 is the position angle II gear
Block, component 13 are scotch II, and component 14 is cylinder I I, and component 15 is engine positioning plate, and component 16 is engine flywheel drive
Dynamic system authority, component 17 are engine flywheel, and component 18 is spring bearing.
Engine positioning clamping plate 1, scotch I (marked as 2), clamping cylinder 5 are connected on revolving sleeve 6, can be by cylinder I
(marked as 8) driving is turned round with the inner ring of bearing 7, is zero degree when cylinder I retracts in place, is angle I or angle when stretching out in place
II (angle I and angle II circumferentially differ 90 degree).Angle is kept off by scotch I, zero degree position block 3, the position angle I in place
Block 4, angle II position stop 12 and scotch II (marked as 13) are controlled；When rotating angle I, the edge cylinder I I is retracted at this time
State-driven angle II position stop 12, scotch I and angle I position stop 4 are bonded, when rotating angle II, cylinder at this time
II (marked as 14) is in forward travel state, driving angle II position stop 12, angle II position stop 12 and scotch II fitting.
Because entrucking tilt angle on the market is mostly 30 degree or so, maximum to have 60 degree, therefore, mechanism optimized angle
Are as follows: both the first limit angle Relative Zero degree position is 60 degree, and the second limit angle is middle position.
There is dead limit because rotating each angle, the repeatable accuracy for adjusting rear angle can guarantee, in addition because of engine
Test point be distributed in the main body section of entire engine, positioning stationary engine can only be in the rear end face of cylinder body, engine matter
Far from clamp system, the tilting moment that gravity generates can amplify whole rotating mechanism down and generate gap to whole equipment precision the heart
Influence, to solve this problem, we 6 bottom of revolving sleeve arrange two groups of bearing assembly components (i.e. spring bearing 18), it
Mounting seat is designed as waist-shaped hole, can be needed to finely tune mounting height according to assembling and setting, while by adjusting floating bearing (i.e. axis
It holds and 7) reduces bearing clearance with the installation axial gap of inner ring.
After engine advances in place with shuttle plate, the rear end of the cylinder block face of engine and the hair in engine positioning clamping plate 1
Motivation positioning plate 15 is bonded, and engine positioning pin I (marked as 10) and engine positioning pin II (marked as 11) enters hair at this time
The positioning of motivation cylinder body pin hole, clamping cylinder 5 start to act, engine be clamped in engine positioning clamping plate 1, cylinder I is opened
Beginning contractive action, engine positioning clamping plate 1 are rotated around main-shaft core, and engine is rotated with engine positioning clamping plate 1,
Until engine rotates to required angle, engine flywheel drive system mechanism 16 firmly grasps engine flywheel 17, and dragging is started
Machine normally cold examination.
Engine circulation is upright unlocked state on pallet on assembly line, and whole flow process is as follows:
1, pallet and engine are automatically transported to up to cold test stand test station；
2, equipment carries out positioning to pallet and gives rise to certain altitude；
3, cold test stand frame carries out positioning clamping to the rear end of the cylinder block face of engine；
4, pallet decline completely disengages engine, and height ensures not interfere when engine is rotated around crankshaft；
5, clamping and rotating system drive engine, which rotates to together along crankshaft center for axis, needs angle；
6, the driving mechanism for clamping position rotating mechanism is arranged in the axis direction of its rotating mechanism, passes through the rotating mechanism
Inner cavity connect with engine flywheel, while each mechanism for testing (including pressure at expulsion mechanism for testing, intake vacuum test machine
The mechanism that structure, engine oil pressure mechanism for testing, vibration-testing mechanism, each harness docking mechanism and other tests need to block) and hair
Motivation tests mouth docking；
7, driving mechanism dragging engine flywheel crankshaft rotation；
8, test starts, and software is analyzed, and analysis result is compared with the limiting value that testboard has been set, will
The module for reading and writing that is corresponding to it is written in test result；
9, test terminates, and driving mechanism stops dragging engine flywheel crankshaft rotation, and clamping and rotating system drives engine
Upright state is gone back to, mechanism drives pallet to rise, and clamping and release, all mechanisms are retracted according to reverse sequence, clearance engine.
Above-mentioned test method has the characteristics that as follows:
1, engine is heeling condition when cold test.
2, engine is not necessarily to more filling engine oils when cold test.
3, engine is uprightly to enter this test storehouse, and test terminates recovery upright state and leaves test storehouse.
4, mechanism drives engine that must prolong crankshaft center rotation.
5, rack, which has, allows engine to be entirely detached from the enough height of pallet, this will highly meet engine and revolve around crankshaft center
Do not interfere with pallet during turning.
6, cold test stand frame has engine to position clamping and rotating system, and having can drive engine to upright state, can drive it
Installation angle is rotated to around crankshaft center and maintains the mechanism and function in this angle, and its precision reaches the demand of cold test.
7, the engine positioning clamping and rotating system of engine and engine clamped position must not influence other and cold must try
The acquisition of test item data, such as torque, inlet pressure, exhaust port pressure, machine oil mouth pressure, vibration-testing, that is, avoid
Each test point of engine.
8, engine enter testboard, to engine positioning and clamping, dragging rotary test and engine leave test storehouse it is whole
A rack action process is full-automatic.
9, the driving mechanism of cold test stand frame must pass through mechanism, dock with engine flywheel, driving engine flywheel crankshaft rotation
The ability turned.
10, each mechanism for testing is also inclination arrangement.
Cold test mechanism and method provided by the invention are suitable for the high hair of full-automatic testing rack, especially required precision
Motivation inclined online cold test, mechanism increase spin step on the basis of the cold test of general engine, analog hair
Motivation inclination reaches installation angle or close installation angle measurement state.The engine cold test for meeting entrucking oblique attitude needs
It asks.It in traditional cold examination testing procedure, increases and clamps position rotating mechanism, after positioning stationary engine, mechanism drives hair
The step of motivation rotates to installation angle around engine crankshaft.The driving mechanism of especially cold test stand frame passes through mechanism and engine
Flywheel or crankshaft docking, driving mechanism axis of rotation can be to guarantee its test essence with engine crankshaft axis coaxle, the design
The key of degree.
Certainly, which can also be applied to the full-automatic online cold test of entrucking posture vertival enegine.
Claims (9)
1. a kind of full-automatic online cold test method of entrucking oblique attitude formula engine, which is characterized in that including operating step as follows
It is rapid:
1) engine to be tested is placed on pallet with upright unfixed posture, is automatically transported to testing board work
Position；
2) positioning, is carried out to pallet and gives rise to certain altitude, after lift height meets pallet decline, engine rotation and pallet
There is no interference；
3), positioning clamping is carried out using rear end of the cylinder block face of the cold test stand frame to engine；
4), pallet declines and completely disengages engine, and keep engine when being rotated around crankshaft center line with its height after declining
Do not interfere；
It 5) is together, axis rotation around crankshaft center using clamping position rotating mechanism to drive engine, until simulated engine inclines
Tiltedly up to installation angle or close installation angle measurement state；
6) driving mechanism for clamping position rotating mechanism, is arranged in the another of the clamping position rotating mechanism axis direction
Side, and pass through the clamping position rotating mechanism and connect with engine flywheel, and test is needed the mechanism blocked and started
Machine tests mouth docking；
7) it, is rotated using the driving mechanism dragging engine flywheel for clamping position rotating mechanism around crankshaft center line；
8) it, tests；
9), test terminates, and driving mechanism stops dragging engine flywheel around the rotation of crankshaft center line, and mechanism for testing retracts, described
Clamping position rotating mechanism drives engine to go back to upright state, and pallet rises, and cancels the clamping to engine, engine is put
Return pallet, clearance engine.
2. the full-automatic online cold test method of entrucking oblique attitude formula engine according to claim 1, which is characterized in that
Clamping position rotating mechanism described in step 6) includes a swivel bearing, and suit is provided with single-revolution set on the bearing, described
The driving mechanism of cold test stand frame passes through the revolving sleeve and connect with the engine flywheel.
3. the full-automatic online cold test method of entrucking oblique attitude formula engine according to claim 1, which is characterized in that
It includes pressure at expulsion mechanism for testing, intake vacuum mechanism for testing, oil pressure that test described in step 6), which needs the mechanism blocked,
Power mechanism for testing, vibration-testing mechanism and each harness docking mechanism.
4. a kind of entrucking oblique attitude formula engine automatically online cold test mechanism, an including testboard, the testboard tool
There is a cold test stand frame, which is characterized in that be installed on one on the cold test stand frame and can drag engine and determine around what crankshaft center line rotated
Position clamping and rotating system, the positioning clamping and rotating system include a hold-down support, are provided with a bearing on the hold-down support,
Suit is provided with revolving sleeve on the bearing, and the revolving sleeve is fixedly connected with the inner ring of the bearing, the outer ring of the bearing
It is fixedly connected with the hold-down support；The revolving sleeve is connected with the engine positioning holding plate for being held tightly oil cylinder driving, described
The engine that plate is used to clamp and position quasi- test is held in engine positioning tightly；The cold test stand frame has a driving mechanism, described
The driving mechanism of cold test stand frame passes through the revolving sleeve and connect with the flywheel of the engine of quasi- test.
5. the full-automatic online cold test mechanism of entrucking oblique attitude formula engine according to claim 4, which is characterized in that
It further include zero degree position block, the first limit angle position gear having for limiting the positioning clamping and rotating system rotational angle
Block and the second limit angle position stop；Relative to the rotary shaft of the positioning clamping and rotating system, the first limit angle
Being formed by angle between position stop and the second limit angle position stop is fixed angle.
6. the full-automatic online cold test mechanism of entrucking oblique attitude formula engine according to claim 5, which is characterized in that
The rotation angle of the first limit relatively described zero degree position block of angle position stop in turning circumference is 60 degree, described the
Two limit angle position stops are located at the interposition of 60 degree of angles.
7. the full-automatic online cold test mechanism of entrucking oblique attitude formula engine according to claim 4, which is characterized in that
The engine of quasi- test is positioned at the engine positioning through more than one positioning pin and holds tightly on plate.
8. the full-automatic online cold test mechanism of entrucking oblique attitude formula engine according to claim 4, which is characterized in that
The revolving sleeve bottom is equipped with spring bearing.
9. mechanism for testing described in a kind of claim 4-8 any claim is automatically online in entrucking posture vertival enegine
Application in cold test.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810240981.5A CN110296841A (en) | 2018-03-22 | 2018-03-22 | A kind of entrucking oblique attitude formula engine automatically online cold test method, cold test mechanism and application |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810240981.5A CN110296841A (en) | 2018-03-22 | 2018-03-22 | A kind of entrucking oblique attitude formula engine automatically online cold test method, cold test mechanism and application |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN110296841A true CN110296841A (en) | 2019-10-01 |
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ID=68025716
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810240981.5A Withdrawn CN110296841A (en) | 2018-03-22 | 2018-03-22 | A kind of entrucking oblique attitude formula engine automatically online cold test method, cold test mechanism and application |
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| Country | Link |
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| CN (1) | CN110296841A (en) |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR20020005948A (en) * | 2000-07-11 | 2002-01-18 | 남민우 | Method of engine cold test |
| CN102528427A (en) * | 2012-02-28 | 2012-07-04 | 长城汽车股份有限公司 | Press fitting fixture for engine crankshaft sprocket |
| CN202547934U (en) * | 2012-03-09 | 2012-11-21 | 上海华依科技发展有限公司 | Engine fixing rotary device |
| CN202928803U (en) * | 2012-11-27 | 2013-05-08 | 凯迈(洛阳)机电有限公司 | Engine inclination testing stand |
-
2018
- 2018-03-22 CN CN201810240981.5A patent/CN110296841A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR20020005948A (en) * | 2000-07-11 | 2002-01-18 | 남민우 | Method of engine cold test |
| CN102528427A (en) * | 2012-02-28 | 2012-07-04 | 长城汽车股份有限公司 | Press fitting fixture for engine crankshaft sprocket |
| CN202547934U (en) * | 2012-03-09 | 2012-11-21 | 上海华依科技发展有限公司 | Engine fixing rotary device |
| CN202928803U (en) * | 2012-11-27 | 2013-05-08 | 凯迈(洛阳)机电有限公司 | Engine inclination testing stand |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 林巨广: "冷试技术在发动机装配质量在线检测中的应用", 组合机床与自动化加工技术, 20 December 2010 (2010-12-20), pages 73 - 75 * |
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Application publication date: 20191001 |