CN110286421B - Method for modeling natural fractures of tight sandstone reservoir - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a modeling method for natural fractures in a tight sandstone reservoir, which comprises the following steps: 1) identifying the internal structure of the single-well fracture and fault fracture zone; 2) based on sedimentary facies control and fracture seismic interpretation, a matrix geological model under lithofacies-structure coupling is established by adopting a modeling method combining determinacy and various randomness algorithms; 3) under the restraint of a lithofacies-tectonic coupling matrix geological model, a three-dimensional heterogeneous rock mechanical model is established by adopting a trend modeling method combining sequential indication simulation with a vertical probability body; 4) carrying out finite element numerical simulation on the three-dimensional inhomogeneous rock mechanical model to obtain a three-dimensional space stress field model; 5) and establishing a fracture model by establishing a relation between a stress field and fracture parameters and adopting a discrete fracture network modeling method. The method can accurately describe the spatial distribution of the natural fractures in the underground, and can be widely applied to the field of unconventional reservoir fracture modeling.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of unconventional reservoir characterization and modeling, in particular to a modeling method for natural fractures in a tight sandstone reservoir.
Background
In the compact sandstone reservoir, the pore throat radius is small, the pore space is limited, and natural fractures become channels and places for oil and gas migration and storage in the unconventional reservoir. Therefore, the method for establishing the fracture-matrix model has the advantages that the spatial distribution of the natural fractures in the underground reservoir is determined to be the core content, the modeling of the natural fractures is the most three-dimensional and visual means for showing the spatial distribution of the natural fractures, and meanwhile, the accurate fracture-matrix model is established for numerical reservoir simulation in the later period. Natural fracture modeling has been a difficult problem in the world, and today, identifying and modeling subsurface natural fractures by geophysical means is the most direct method. However, due to the fact that the cracks have the problem of multiple scales, modeling by a geophysical method is limited to a single well, and meanwhile, the cracks with the larger scales can be identified in space. The method is a method for establishing a natural fracture network model under a real stratum from a mechanism angle.
Finite element numerical simulation is carried out, and an accurate heterogeneous rock mechanical model is the key. Starting from the angle of simultaneously controlling the formation of a reservoir stratum from the deposition-structure, firstly establishing a matrix geological model under the lithofacies-structure coupling, and constraining a heterogeneous rock mechanical model. In a compact sandstone reservoir, natural fractures often develop in structural part regions such as faults, so the internal structure of a fault fracture zone restricts the spatial development of the natural fractures; meanwhile, the development of natural cracks is controlled by the difference of rock mechanical properties far away from the fault area, and the control effect of lithofacies is obvious. In the conventional model, more attention is paid to describing the deposition or the space zonal characterization of lithofacies in more detail, and the fault exists only as a two-dimensional fault. In the method, the fault is considered as an adult, the zonation of a fault fracture zone is coupled with the zonation of lithofacies distribution, and a matrix geological model under lithofacies-structure coupling is established.
In the traditional continuity attribute modeling process, a sequential Gaussian simulation algorithm based on sedimentary facies phasing is often adopted, and the problems of overlarge control range of facies banding boundary conditions and low vertical resolution exist. In the method, under the restraint of a matrix geological model under lithofacies-tectonic coupling, a sequential Gaussian algorithm with a better plane simulation effect and a vertical probability body method with a better vertical simulation effect are integrated by a trend modeling method to establish an accurate heterogeneous rock mechanical model.
In the past, finite element numerical simulation is carried out on a geological model, and the geological model is mostly carried out by a method of uniform rock mechanical distribution or special assignment only at a fault. The mechanical model is established by a three-dimensional heterogeneous rock mechanical model obtained in the early stage through a grid value assigning method, the spatial distribution of a stress field in a heterogeneous reservoir state is simulated, and the spatial distribution state of underground stress is reflected more truly.
And establishing a relation between the strain energy released during rock fracture and the newly added surface area during rock fracture through energy conservation, further performing stress field-based spatial calculation on parameters such as fracture density and the like, and finally establishing a fracture model by adopting a discrete fracture network modeling method. The method really draws the spatial distribution of the cracks from the viewpoint of the mechanical mechanism of crack formation.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to establish a fracture modeling method based on stress field simulation for a strong heterogeneous reservoir formed under the common control of deposition and construction. The spatial distribution of underground natural fractures can be described more accurately, and a fracture model which is more in line with the actual geological condition is established.
The invention is realized by the following steps:
step one, identifying internal structures of cracks and fault fracture zones. And quantitatively describing the internal structures of the single well fracture and the fracture zone through a rock core and well logging, and determining fracture density parameters and the internal structure pattern of the fracture zone. Acquiring fracture density parameters mainly according to observation and measurement on a rock core; the internal structure of the fracture zone is characterized in that the fracture zone is judged by combining the crack density mainly according to the strength of the dolomitic lithology effect.
And step two, constructing a matrix geological model under the deposition-structure coupling. In terms of construction, rather than building a fault into a surface, it is built into a body. Establishing a fault fracture zone model according to the identified internal structure of the fault fracture zone; in the aspect of deposition, a lithofacies model under the control of a sedimentary facies belt is established by considering that lithofacies difference is a main factor causing rock mechanical space difference. The model is established by changing the processing mode of constructing the fault of the model in the past, really restoring the real state of the model, coupling the zonation caused by construction and the zonation caused by deposition, and reflecting the real reservoir heterogeneity characteristics.
And step three, establishing a three-dimensional heterogeneous rock mechanical model. And under the constraint of a matrix geological model under the deposition-structure coupling, establishing a three-dimensional heterogeneous rock mechanical model by adopting a plurality of random simulation algorithms. On the plane, adopting a sequential Gaussian simulation algorithm, carrying out constraint on different deposition-structure coupling phase bands, taking the arithmetic mean after multiple times of simulation, and establishing a plane model; in the vertical direction, a probability body modeling method is adopted to build probability distribution for different rock mechanical properties (density, Poisson ratio and Young modulus) to restrict, and the vertical resolution of the model is increased; and fusing the sequential indication and the probability body by adopting a trend modeling method, and establishing a three-dimensional heterogeneous rock mechanical model capable of reflecting the real underground condition.
And fourthly, carrying out finite element numerical simulation on the three-dimensional heterogeneous rock mechanical model. On the basis of a rock mechanical model, grid division, load application and displacement constraint are sequentially carried out, and finally finite element solution is carried out to obtain the distribution of a spatial stress field.
And step five, establishing a relation between the stress field and the crack density by using the energy conservation principle based on the strain energy and surface energy theory. And (5) taking the density obtained by solving and calculating as an input parameter, and establishing a crack model by adopting a discrete crack network modeling method.
In the above technical solution, in the first step, the internal structure of the fault fracture zone includes a fault core portion, induced fracture zones on two sides, and an undisturbed formation.
In the above technical solution, in the second step, a segmented modeling method is adopted for establishing the fault body, the middle plane is subjected to boundary division, and the grid of the fault body region is encrypted; the non-fault area adopts a phase control mode and adopts a sedimentary microfacies boundary condition to control the distribution of lithofacies.
In the above technical solution, in the third step, all the stochastic simulation methods are based on single-well rock mechanics interpretation of a dense well pattern, and the sequential indication algorithm simulation modeling is performed first, then the probability body modeling is performed, and finally the two models are fused by using a multiple linear regression method in the trend modeling.
In the above technical solution, in the fourth step, the Mechanical APDL module in the large finite element software Ansys is used to organically combine the geological model, the Mechanical model and the mathematical model together, so as to realize finite element solution of the complex strong heterogeneous geologic body.
In the above technical solution, in the fifth step, because the research area has both open cracks and shear cracks, different crack types follow different fracture criteria, open cracks follow griffiths fracture criteria, and shear cracks follow coulomb-mol fracture criteria. Therefore, when calculating the fracture density, the calculation is performed for different fracture types.
The method for modeling the natural fractures of the compact sandstone reservoir has the following benefits: the reservoir heterogeneity under the common control of deposition and structure is really modeled, the idea that the structural fault is only simplified into a surface in the prior art is changed, the internal structure of a fault fracture zone is accurately constructed and is coupled with a lithofacies model under the deposition control of a non-fault zone, the reservoir heterogeneity is more reasonably described, and a more accurate rock mechanics model is provided for finite element numerical simulation in the later period. Meanwhile, starting from the aspect of a crack formation mechanical mechanism, the spatial crack density distribution is calculated and obtained by utilizing the relation between the energy released instantly when the rock is cracked and the newly increased surface area of the crack. Starting from the cause, the distribution of the fractures under various scales is better represented, the accuracy of reservoir fracture prediction and modeling is improved, and the later-stage hydraulic fracturing and well location deployment are facilitated.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a method for modeling a natural fracture of a tight sandstone reservoir;
FIG. 2 is a geologic concept model of fracture zone in the tight sandstone reservoir natural fracture modeling method of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a sedimentary-tectonic coupling matrix geological model constructed in the tight sandstone reservoir natural fracture modeling method of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a three-dimensional heterogeneous rock mechanics model established under the constraint of FIG. 3 in the tight sandstone reservoir natural fracture modeling method of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a stress cloud chart obtained by performing finite element numerical simulation on the graph 4 in the method for modeling the natural fractures of the tight sandstone reservoir according to the invention;
FIG. 6 is a fracture density model obtained by establishing a relationship between a stress field and fracture density based on the simulation result of FIG. 5 in the tight sandstone reservoir natural fracture modeling method of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a discrete fracture network model established in the tight sandstone reservoir natural fracture modeling method of the present invention;
Detailed Description
The following is a more detailed description of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the description of the invention as applied thereto, and this example should not be taken to limit the invention.
Fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a method for modeling a natural fracture of a tight sandstone reservoir, as shown in fig. 1, the method comprises the following steps:
identifying internal structures of a crack and a fault fracture zone;
step two, constructing a deposition-structure coupling matrix geological model;
step three, establishing a three-dimensional heterogeneous rock mechanical model;
step four, carrying out finite element numerical simulation;
establishing a relation between a stress field and the crack density;
sixthly, modeling a discrete fracture network;
each of the above steps will be explained with reference to specific examples.
Firstly, according to field outcrop investigation, core observation of a core well, study of logging and seismic response characteristics, and the internal structure of a fault fracture zone is shown in figure 2; the typical 'binary structure' is divided, and comprises a fault nucleus part in the middle and induction crack zones on two sides, wherein the outer sides of the induction crack zones are undisturbed formation areas. Combining outcrop, coring and well logging fracture interpretation data, and in a fault core region, the rock stratum breaking degree is large, and the fracture development density is medium; in the induced fracture zone area, the rock stratum is not obviously broken, and the fracture development density is high; at the position of an undisturbed stratum, according to the distance from a fault slip plane, the fracture density is in an inverse relation, and meanwhile, the development degree of the fracture is different under different lithologies, the phenomenon that the finer the granularity of rock particles is, the better the development degree of the fracture is appears, and the condition of sandstone development fracture is better than that of mudstone on the whole.
And step two, dividing an internal zonal structure of the fault fracture zone by using two boundaries, coupling the internal zonal structure with the boundaries of the sedimentary facies, and establishing a complete sedimentary-tectonic coupling combined model by adopting a deterministic modeling method. In a non-fault area, five sedimentary facies types (riverway, braided riverway, front sand dam of the riverway, leaf body and half-depth lake facies) are divided, a sequential indication simulation algorithm is adopted to establish a lithofacies model under a sedimentary facies phase control, and six lithofacies types are mainly divided, wherein the six lithofacies types are respectively: and finally, establishing a sedimentary-tectonic coupled matrix geological model map 3 by using mudstones, siltstones, fine sandstones, medium and coarse sandstones and conglomerates.
And step three, establishing a rock mechanical model by combining geological constraint with a plurality of random modeling methods. Under the constraint of a deposition-structure coupled matrix geological model, sequential Gaussian random simulation, probability body modeling and trend modeling are sequentially carried out. Sequential Gaussian random simulation adopts a method of taking arithmetic mean from multiple simulation results; the probability body modeling highlights the advantage of high vertical resolution to establish a vertical probability body; and fusing a sequential Gaussian random simulation result and a probability body modeling result through linear fitting of trend modeling, and establishing a three-dimensional heterogeneous rock mechanical model diagram 4 with higher planar and vertical precision.
And fourthly, carrying out finite element numerical simulation on the established heterogeneous rock mechanical model to obtain a stress field model diagram 5. Firstly, grid division is carried out, Soild187 is selected as a unit type, fine division of small step length is carried out on a fault fracture zone and a junction of the fracture zone and an undisturbed stratum, division of larger step length is selected for other areas, and therefore the overall operation time is shortened; then, applying boundary conditions, dividing the boundary conditions into two parts, namely load application and displacement constraint; in order to simulate the force state borne by the main sewing period, 32MPa force is applied to the left upper boundary and the right lower boundary of the model when load is applied, and 68MPa force is applied to the left lower boundary and the right upper boundary; meanwhile, in order to simulate the right-handed shear stress, a group of shear forces which are vertical to the direction of the maximum main stress are applied to the upper left corner and the lower right corner of the model, wherein the shear forces are 9 MPa; simultaneously applying self gravity, and the gravity acceleration is 9.8m/s2(ii) a In the case of displacement constraint, in order to prevent rigid displacement from occurring after the model is loaded, the bottom surface of the model is subjected to displacement constraintAnd adding displacement constraint in the Z direction, and applying displacement constraint in the X and Y directions to the left angle and the right angle of the model.
And step five, establishing a relation between the stress field and the fracture density, and calculating to obtain a fracture density model diagram 6. After finite element numerical simulation, the spatial distribution of stress, strain and energy of the whole model can be obtained. The method is characterized in that the energy is accumulated in the body before the rock is fractured, and strain energy is released during fracture to offset the relation between newly-increased fracture surface areas, so that the fracture density is calculated. The calculation process is mainly divided into two steps, firstly, the strain energy density accumulated in the rock is calculated:
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
is strain energy density, J/m3；
Mu is Poisson's ratio and is dimensionless;
σ1,σ2,σ3maximum, intermediate and minimum principal stresses, MPa, respectively;
when the rock is subjected to brittle fracture, strain energy can be released, the dissipation of newly-added crack surface energy and elastic wave energy is counteracted, the tiny elastic wave energy is ignored, the energy conservation law is applied, and the crack density is as follows:
in the formula, DvfIs the fracture bulk density, m2/m3；
J is the energy required for generating a crack per unit area, i.e. the surface energy of the crack, J/m2；
SfFor newly formed fracture surface area, m2；
and a and b are correlation coefficients.
And step six, carrying out discrete fracture network modeling on the graph 7. Taking the crack density model obtained by calculation as an input parameter, setting the crack form to be a rectangular sheet with the number of edges being 4 and the elongation rate being 2, wherein the length of the crack obeys Power law; setting the fracture state, wherein the azimuth obeys the stress field simulation horizontal maximum main stress direction, the inclination angle obeys a Kent model, the average inclination angle is set to be 78 degrees and the concentration ratio is set to be 40 degrees based on core statistics; setting the fracture opening degree to obey Power law based on the fracture opening degree data of the rock core and the slice, and setting the fracture permeability to be related to the opening degree; the spatial distribution of the cracks obeys a crack density model; and (4) setting random seed points 17861, and establishing a discrete fracture network model.
The natural fracture model established by the invention can represent the spatial distribution of the natural fractures in the strong heterogeneous reservoir more accurately. Moreover, starting from the fracture mechanics forming mechanism, the influence of the coupling effect of deposition and structure on the natural fracture space distribution is well reflected. Therefore, an accurate natural fracture model is provided for later-stage hydraulic fracturing and well position deployment.
The matters and concrete examples described in the description may be modified or varied by those skilled in the art, and do not limit the scope of the invention. Modifications, variations, etc. may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, and the invention also includes such modifications and variations.
Claims (5)
1. A tight sandstone reservoir natural fracture modeling method is characterized by further comprising the following steps:
(1) identifying the internal structure of the single-well fracture and fault fracture zone;
(2) on the basis of deposition phase control and fracture interpretation, a matrix geological model under deposition-structure coupling is established by adopting a modeling method combining determinacy and randomness;
(3) under the constraint of a matrix geological model under deposition-structure coupling, establishing a three-dimensional heterogeneous rock mechanical model by adopting a trend modeling method combining sequential indication simulation with a vertical probability body; the sedimentary-tectonic coupled matrix geological model is subjected to constraint by different phase zones and is used for performing boundary control on spatial distribution of single-well rock mechanics, a sequential Gaussian simulation algorithm with superiority to planar simulation and a probability body modeling method with superiority to vertical simulation are comprehensively applied by a linear fitting method of trend modeling, and a three-dimensional heterogeneous rock mechanics model is established;
(4) carrying out finite element numerical simulation on the three-dimensional heterogeneous rock mechanical model to obtain a three-dimensional space stress field model;
(5) and establishing a fracture model by establishing a relation between a stress field and fracture parameters and adopting a discrete fracture network modeling method.
2. The modeling method for natural fractures of tight sandstone reservoirs according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the internal structures of single-well fractures and fault fracture zones are identified, and the internal structures of the fractures and fault fracture zones are quantitatively identified and divided according to core and logging information and on the basis of statistical values of the strength of the dolomite diagenesis and the density and the opening degree of the fractures.
3. The tight sandstone reservoir natural fracture modeling method of claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the sedimentary model is coupled with the structural model, and the spatial zonal characteristics of the sedimentary model are coupled with the zonal characteristics of the internal structure of the fault fracture zone; and combining the determinacy with a stochastic modeling method to establish a matrix geological model under the coupling of deposition and construction.
4. The modeling method for the natural fractures of the tight sandstone reservoir as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the three-dimensional heterogeneous rock mechanics model is subjected to grid division, load application and displacement constraint, and then finite element solution is performed to obtain the three-dimensional main stress field spatial distribution of the heterogeneous rock mechanics model.
5. The modeling method for the natural fractures of the tight sandstone reservoir according to claim 4, wherein in the step (5), stress-strain and fracture density parameters are related based on rock strain energy and surface energy theory, and a fracture density spatial distribution model is obtained by calculation on the basis of the three-dimensional main stress field spatial distribution; and establishing a fracture model by adopting a discrete fracture network modeling technology based on the fracture density spatial distribution model.
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