CN110284844A - A kind of plough auger stem - Google Patents
A kind of plough auger stem Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN110284844A CN110284844A CN201910624697.2A CN201910624697A CN110284844A CN 110284844 A CN110284844 A CN 110284844A CN 201910624697 A CN201910624697 A CN 201910624697A CN 110284844 A CN110284844 A CN 110284844A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- drilling rod
- plough
- helicla flute
- rod ontology
- auger stem
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 83
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 241001074085 Scophthalmus aquosus Species 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000007790 scraping Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003818 cinder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002929 anti-fatigue Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013036 cure process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002173 cutting fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004233 talus Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
- E21B17/02—Couplings; joints
- E21B17/04—Couplings; joints between rod or the like and bit or between rod and rod or the like
- E21B17/042—Threaded
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
- E21B17/22—Rods or pipes with helical structure
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of plough auger stems, belong to drilling tool technical field, including drilling rod ontology cylindrical and the water hole being provided at its inner portion;One end of drilling rod ontology is equipped with external screw thread, and the other end is equipped with the internal screw thread matched with external screw thread;It is in the helicla flute of plough type that drilling rod ontology, which has at least one section, and helicla flute is equidistant and the hand of spiral is unanimously arranged on the outer wall of drilling rod ontology, and one end of helicla flute from drilling rod ontology extends to the other end of drilling rod ontology;The intersection of helicla flute and drilling rod ontology is formed with the blade for ploughing the landwaste for falling to settle and be adhered to hole wall.The present apparatus on drilling rod ontology by being arranged the helicla flute that several sections are in plough type, not only increase the damage capability to collapse hole section landwaste, also improve the conveying capacity of landwaste, solve the problems, such as in the prior art armful of brill and collapse hole section dredging low efficiency, the problem that the drilling construction period is long and drilling is at high cost.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to drilling tool technical fields, are related to a kind of plough auger stem.
Background technique
During constructing firedamp taking-out discharging drilling, since coal seam and its close stratum have mostly, intensity is low, joint hair
Educate, poor continuity, complicated stress the features such as, the phenomenon that frequently encountering borehole collapse, then draws so that drilling be caused to block
Hair, which is embraced to bore, even falls brill accident.Collapse hole blocks and causes the severity for embracing brill related with the compaction rate of talus deposit, landwaste
Accumulation is more closely knit, and the interaction force between landwaste is stronger, causes the degree for embracing brill more serious.
Currently, drilling rod used by drilling construction includes: outer flush drill stem, Three-edged drill stem, wide blade screw drilling rod, groove spiral shell
Rotary drill bar.Outer flush drill stem lacks the function of being stirred to landwaste, handles the ability of collapse hole very since body of rod section is circle
It is weak;Three-edged drill stem can not convey collapse hole section landwaste due to not having helical duct, and when rotary drill rod, drilling rod can make rock
Bits are gradually compacted, and are unfavorable for drilling dredging instead;Wide blade screw drilling rod is similar with its action principle of groove coil drilling rod, all
Be collapse hole section landwaste is stirred and is conveyed by approximate rectangular helicla flute, but in its transmission process to the guidance of landwaste and
It is very weak to the damage capability of active force between landwaste, cause transfer efficiency not high, and rectangular channel is easily filled up by rock slag, leads to it
It stirs the forfeiture of function and forms the almost deslagging effect as outer flush drill stem.
Existing drilling construction is very weak with dredging ability of the drilling rod to collapse hole section itself, frequently results in embrace in collapse hole and bores thing
Therefore most common processing method is that reaming solves the problems, such as to embrace brill to bit freezing point by the way of set milling, handles the period of accident
Long, success rate is low.
When the existing easy collapse hole stratum of drilling rod construction, the quick of collapse hole section often cannot achieve by the rotation of drill string itself and dredge
It is logical, generally require the additional back work for carrying out for a long time hole flushing repeatedly.The hole flushing time is longer, bigger to the disturbance of hole wall, meeting
Cause collapsing again for drilling, and hole flushing time longer blocking section landwaste can be tamped by gradually vibration, the active force meeting to drilling tool
It is gradually increased, then causes drilling tool that can not rotate and cause to embrace brill accident.It is subsequent to embrace brill problem by the way of set milling to handle
Complex procedures, and easy initiation second accident when milling is covered, construction efficiency is low, the period is long, at high cost.
Summary of the invention
In view of this, the application's is designed to provide a kind of plough auger stem, if by being arranged on drilling rod ontology
Dry section is in the helicla flute of plough type, not only increases the damage capability to collapse hole section landwaste, also improves the conveying capacity of landwaste,
Solve the problems, such as that in the prior art armful of brill and collapse hole section dredging low efficiency, the drilling construction period is long and drilling is at high cost
Problem.
In order to achieve the above objectives, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
A kind of plough auger stem, including drilling rod ontology cylindrical and the water hole being provided at its inner portion, the brill
One end of bar body is equipped with external screw thread, and the other end is equipped with the internal screw thread matched with external screw thread;
The drilling rod ontology is equipped with the helicla flute that at least one section is in plough type.
Optionally, the helicla flute is equidistant and the hand of spiral is unanimously arranged on the outer wall of drilling rod ontology, the spiral
One end of slot from drilling rod ontology extends to the other end of drilling rod ontology;
Optionally, the intersection of the helicla flute and drilling rod ontology is formed with for ploughing sedimentation and being adhered to the rock of hole wall
The blade of bits.
Optionally, the section of the plough type includes mutually perpendicular two lines section and the circular arc for connecting two lines section.
Optionally, the lead of the helicla flute is 300~1500mm.
Optionally, the phase tolerance of the helicla flute is not more than ± 5 °.
Optionally, the helicla flute is three.
Optionally, the external screw thread is with tapered trapezoidal thread.
Optionally, the thread form angle of the trapezoidal thread is 29~60 °, and the taper of trapezoidal thread is 1:6~1:30.
Optionally, the thread form angle of the trapezoidal thread is 30 °, the taper 1:8 of trapezoidal thread.
Optionally, the surface of the helicla flute has hardened layer.
Optionally, the surface of the trapezoidal thread carries out antirust and Wear-resistant Treatment.
Optionally, the rotation direction of the helicla flute is dextrorotation.
The beneficial effects of the present invention are:
1. the plough auger stem that the present invention records, by the way that the helicla flute that section is in plough type is arranged on drilling rod ontology,
Blade can block section close to the landwaste of drilling-rod external wall with plow and carry out local helical conveying in drilling rod rotary course, lasting rotation
Turn that landwaste can be made gradually to become loose condition (of surface) from the state being passively compacted, to reduce landwaste to the enclasping force of drilling rod, most
The dredging of blocking section may be implemented eventually, bore to avoid embracing and fall to bore the generation of accident.
2. the plough auger stem that the present invention records, in near-horizontal hole drilling, section is in the helicla flute of plough type in drilling rod
When rotation, spiral negative pressuren zone is formed in helicla flute, can enter in helicla flute and be got rid of with the landwaste deposited in pilot bore hole
Into the core high velocity stream area of helicla flute, is conducive to improve chip removal efficiency, avoids the accumulation of landwaste.
3. the plough auger stem that the present invention records, by the way that the trapezoidal thread with taper is arranged at the both ends of drilling rod ontology,
The not only good seal performance in connection, can also effectively reduce the linear loss of deslagging pressure medium, improve deslagging effect and bore
The anti-fatigue ability of bar.
4. the plough auger stem that the present invention records, drilling rod guard aperture face is continuous helical face body, in blade scraping hole Nei Yan
After bits, what is followed is that continuous helical face squeezes hole wall and to make hole wall fairing preferably protects hole wall.
5. the plough auger stem that the present invention records, by carrying out antirust and Wear-resistant Treatment, enhancing to acme thread surface
The resistance to bond and wearability of drilling rod.
6. the plough auger stem that the present invention records increases drilling rod ontology by using modifier treatment to drilling rod ontology
Toughness;Surface hardening treatment has been carried out again after modifier treatment to helicla flute, has locally been carried out again using first whole modifier treatment
The heat treatment mode of cure process not only increases the hardness and wearability of blade, so that the scraping ability of blade enhances, and not
The toughness for changing drilling rod ontology, extends the service life of drilling rod.
Other advantages, target and feature of the invention will be illustrated in the following description to a certain extent, and
And to a certain extent, based on will be apparent to those skilled in the art to investigating hereafter, Huo Zheke
To be instructed from the practice of the present invention.Target of the invention and other advantages can be realized by following specification and
It obtains.
Detailed description of the invention
To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention is made below in conjunction with attached drawing excellent
The detailed description of choosing, in which:
Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram of plough auger stem of the invention;
Fig. 2 is the cross-sectional view of plough auger stem of the invention.
Appended drawing reference: drilling rod ontology 1, external screw thread 2, helicla flute 3, water hole 4, blade 5.
Specific embodiment
Illustrate embodiments of the present invention below by way of specific specific example, those skilled in the art can be by this specification
Other advantages and efficacy of the present invention can be easily understood for disclosed content.The present invention can also pass through in addition different specific realities
The mode of applying is embodied or practiced, the various details in this specification can also based on different viewpoints and application, without departing from
Various modifications or alterations are carried out under spirit of the invention.It should be noted that diagram provided in following embodiment is only to show
Meaning mode illustrates basic conception of the invention, and in the absence of conflict, the feature in following embodiment and embodiment can phase
Mutually combination.
Wherein, the drawings are for illustrative purposes only and are merely schematic diagrams, rather than pictorial diagram, should not be understood as to this
The limitation of invention;Embodiment in order to better illustrate the present invention, the certain components of attached drawing have omission, zoom in or out, not
Represent the size of actual product;It will be understood by those skilled in the art that certain known features and its explanation may be omitted and be in attached drawing
It is understood that.
The same or similar label correspond to the same or similar components in the attached drawing of the embodiment of the present invention;It is retouched in of the invention
In stating, it is to be understood that if there is the orientation or positional relationship of the instructions such as term " on ", "lower", "left", "right", "front", "rear"
To be based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, be merely for convenience of description of the present invention and simplification of the description, rather than indicate or
It implies that signified device or element must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, therefore is described in attached drawing
The term of positional relationship only for illustration, is not considered as limiting the invention, for the ordinary skill of this field
For personnel, the concrete meaning of above-mentioned term can be understood as the case may be.
Embodiment 1
FIG. 1 to FIG. 2 is please referred to, a kind of plough auger stem including drilling rod ontology 1 cylindrical and is provided at its inner portion
Water hole 4;One end of drilling rod ontology 1 is equipped with external screw thread 2, and the other end is equipped with the internal screw thread matched with external screw thread 2;Drilling rod sheet
Body 1 is equipped with the helicla flute 3 that three sections are in plough type, and helicla flute 3 is equidistant and drilling rod ontology 1 is unanimously arranged in the hand of spiral
On outer wall, one end of helicla flute 3 from drilling rod ontology 1 extends to the other end of drilling rod ontology 1, and the phase tolerance of helicla flute 3 is little
In ± 5 °, the rotation direction of helicla flute 3 is dextrorotation;The intersection of helicla flute 3 and drilling rod ontology 1, which is formed with, falls sedimentation and adherency for ploughing
In the blade 5 of the landwaste of hole wall;The section of plough type includes mutually perpendicular two lines section and the circular arc for connecting two lines section;
The surface of helicla flute 3 has hardened layer;The surface of internal screw thread and external screw thread 2 carries out antirust and Wear-resistant Treatment;The lead of helicla flute
For 300~1500mm.
Embodiment 2
Unlike the first embodiment, internal screw thread and external screw thread 2 are the trapezoidal thread with taper, and the tooth form of trapezoidal thread
Angle is 29-60 °, and the taper of trapezoidal thread is 1:6~1:30.
Preferably, the thread form angle of trapezoidal thread is 29 °, and the taper of trapezoidal thread is 1:30.
Preferably, the thread form angle of trapezoidal thread is 30 °, and the taper of trapezoidal thread is 1:8.
Embodiment 3
Unlike the first embodiment, outer diameter is used as the drilling rod of φ 73mm, the lead S=600mm of helicla flute 3, the spiral shell
The lead of spin slot is in the case where comprehensively considering drilling rod outer diameter, quality, structure and feed speed and rotation speed, to conveying
In landwaste, cinder carry out the optimal value obtained on the basis of kinematics and Mechanics Calculation and analysis, the helicla flute tool of the lead
There is the feature that defeated slag is smooth, smooth, small to drill steel hits.
A kind of plough auger stem provided by the present application is applied to easy collapse hole stratum, deslagging efficiency can be improved, and prevents from embracing
The generation of brill accident.
Water hole 4 is equipped in drilling rod ontology 1 in the application, for conveying cutting fluid;It is processed on the outer wall of drilling rod ontology 1
Have at least one section in plough type helicla flute 3 (i.e. plough type section along lead be S=300~1500mm axial screw spin line sweep
It slightly forms);The profile in plough type section includes two mutually perpendicular intersecting lenses, and mutually and the junction of intersection uses fillet R transition,
The stress that fillet R can reduce junction is concentrated;The both ends of drilling rod ontology 1 are equipped with male and female screw thread, i.e. external screw thread 2 and internal screw thread,
For the connection between drilling rod.
The application by cylindrical drilling rod surface process helicla flute 3 so that the cylindrical surface of the outer surface of drilling rod ontology 1 with
The intersection of helicla flute 3 forms a blade 5, and plough falls sedimentation and the landwaste for being adhered to hole wall, and passes through 3 delivery outlet of helicla flute
Outside, to destroy or weaken the interaction force between blocking section landwaste, landwaste is reduced to the enclasping force of drilling rod, collapse hole section is improved and dredges
Logical efficiency, reaching prevents from embracing the function that brill accident occurs.
The plough auger stem of the application, in near-horizontal hole drilling, section is rotated in the helicla flute 3 of plough type in drilling rod
When, in helicla flute 3 formed spiral negative pressuren zone, can be entered in helicla flute 3 with the landwaste deposited in pilot bore hole and got rid of into
The core high velocity stream area of helicla flute 3 is conducive to improve chip removal efficiency, avoids the accumulation of landwaste.
The plough auger stem of the application, the helicla flute 3 between drilling rod connect into continuous helix, between adjacent drill pipes
The phase tolerance of helicla flute 3 is not more than ± 5 °.
For the application by the way that the helicla flute 3 that section is in plough type is arranged in cylindrical surface, the item number of setting can be according to drilling rod
Specification optimizes adjustment, on the basis of meeting drilling rod strength and stiffness, can optimize the depth dimensions H and knife in plough type section
Sword size W conveys more landwaste, cinder to improve, minimizes hole so that plough type area of section is maximized in the unit time
The accumulation of interior landwaste, cinder, to remain unobstructed in hole.
The selected trapezoidal thread connection structure of the application, not only the good seal performance in connection, can also effectively reduce
The linear loss of deslagging pressure medium improves the anti-fatigue ability of deslagging effect and drilling rod.In addition, trapezoidal thread surface carries out
The performances such as anti-stick and wear-resisting can be enhanced in antirust and Wear-resistant Treatment.
The drilling rod guard aperture face of the application is continuous helical face body, and in 5 scraping hole of blade after landwaste, what is followed is continuous helical
Face squeezes hole wall and preferably protects hole wall to make hole wall fairing.
The application increases the toughness of drilling rod ontology 1 by using modifier treatment to drilling rod ontology 1;Helicla flute is being adjusted
Surface hardening treatment has been carried out again after matter processing, has locally carried out the heat treatment side of cure process again using first whole modifier treatment
Formula not only increases the hardness and wearability of blade 5, so that the scraping ability of blade 5 enhances, and does not change drilling rod ontology 1
Toughness extends the service life of drilling rod.The blade 5 of the application is not easy indeformable long-term scraping, and wears small.
Finally, it is stated that the above examples are only used to illustrate the technical scheme of the present invention and are not limiting, although referring to compared with
Good embodiment describes the invention in detail, those skilled in the art should understand that, it can be to skill of the invention
Art scheme is modified or replaced equivalently, and without departing from the objective and range of the technical program, should all be covered in the present invention
Scope of the claims in.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of plough auger stem, including drilling rod ontology cylindrical and the water hole being provided at its inner portion, the drilling rod
One end of ontology is equipped with external screw thread, and the other end is equipped with the internal screw thread matched with external screw thread, it is characterised in that:
The outer wall of the drilling rod ontology is equipped with the helicla flute that at least one section is in plough type.
2. a kind of plough auger stem according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the helicla flute is equidistant and spiral side
To being unanimously arranged on the outer wall of drilling rod ontology, one end of the helicla flute from drilling rod ontology extends to the another of drilling rod ontology
End.
3. a kind of plough auger stem according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the friendship of the helicla flute and drilling rod ontology
The blade for ploughing the landwaste for falling to settle and be adhered to hole wall is formed at remittance.
4. a kind of plough auger stem according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the section of the plough type includes hanging down mutually
Straight two lines section and the circular arc for connecting two lines section.
5. a kind of plough auger stem according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the lead of the helicla flute be 300~
1500mm。
6. a kind of plough auger stem according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the helicla flute is three.
7. a kind of plough auger stem according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the external screw thread is with tapered ladder
Shape screw thread.
8. a kind of plough auger stem according to claim 7, it is characterised in that: the thread form angle of the trapezoidal thread is 29
~60 °, the taper of trapezoidal thread is 1:6~1:30.
9. a kind of plough auger stem according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the surface of the helicla flute has hardening
Layer.
10. a kind of plough auger stem according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the surface of the trapezoidal thread carries out
Antirust and Wear-resistant Treatment.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CN201910624697.2A CN110284844A (en) | 2019-07-11 | 2019-07-11 | A kind of plough auger stem |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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CN201910624697.2A CN110284844A (en) | 2019-07-11 | 2019-07-11 | A kind of plough auger stem |
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CN110284844A true CN110284844A (en) | 2019-09-27 |
Family
ID=68022101
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CN201910624697.2A Pending CN110284844A (en) | 2019-07-11 | 2019-07-11 | A kind of plough auger stem |
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Citations (6)
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---|---|---|---|---|
WO2009095794A2 (en) * | 2008-02-01 | 2009-08-06 | Aquatic Company | Spiral ribbed aluminum drillpipe |
CN203925377U (en) * | 2014-06-24 | 2014-11-05 | 中国石油集团渤海钻探工程有限公司 | Twin-stage for the rear sleeve annex of cementing the well bores except clearing apparatus |
CN207066777U (en) * | 2017-08-23 | 2018-03-02 | 李文广 | A kind of mining exploration device of Coal Exploitation |
CN207194810U (en) * | 2017-06-06 | 2018-04-06 | 李�杰 | A kind of colliery driving drill bit device |
CN207499819U (en) * | 2017-08-08 | 2018-06-15 | 中煤科工集团重庆研究院有限公司 | A kind of screw type drilling rod |
CN208467349U (en) * | 2018-06-20 | 2019-02-05 | 浙江永盛工具有限公司 | Drill bit with drill lip |
-
2019
- 2019-07-11 CN CN201910624697.2A patent/CN110284844A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2009095794A2 (en) * | 2008-02-01 | 2009-08-06 | Aquatic Company | Spiral ribbed aluminum drillpipe |
CN203925377U (en) * | 2014-06-24 | 2014-11-05 | 中国石油集团渤海钻探工程有限公司 | Twin-stage for the rear sleeve annex of cementing the well bores except clearing apparatus |
CN207194810U (en) * | 2017-06-06 | 2018-04-06 | 李�杰 | A kind of colliery driving drill bit device |
CN207499819U (en) * | 2017-08-08 | 2018-06-15 | 中煤科工集团重庆研究院有限公司 | A kind of screw type drilling rod |
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李世京等: "《钻孔灌注桩施工技术》", 30 November 1990, 地质出版社 * |
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