CN110264224A

CN110264224A - A kind of approaches to IM of item object, device, equipment and medium

Info

Publication number: CN110264224A
Application number: CN201910532360.9A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 荆博; 魏菱; 张晋豪
Original assignee: Beijing Baidu Netcom Science and Technology Co Ltd
Current assignee: Baidu Online Network Technology Beijing Co Ltd; Beijing Baidu Netcom Science and Technology Co Ltd
Priority date: 2019-06-19
Filing date: 2019-06-19
Publication date: 2019-09-20

Abstract

The embodiment of the invention discloses a kind of approaches to IM of item object, device, equipment and media.Wherein, this method is executed by information acquisition terminal, this method comprises: at least one link in the circulation chain of item object, acquires the information collection of current link, and obtain the chip identification for the chip being fixedly installed on the item object；Using the corresponding management private key of the item object, sign to the chip identification and the information collection；Information after signature is published in block chain network and is stored.The technical solution provided through the embodiment of the present invention may be implemented to the reliable corresponding of effective storage and management of item object information and information and item object.

Description

A kind of approaches to IM of item object, device, equipment and medium

Technical field

The present embodiments relate to based on block chain data processing technique more particularly to a kind of message tube of item object Manage method, apparatus, equipment and medium.

Background technique

In existing mahogany furniture industry, fraud gimmick is various, is flooded with phenomenon just to make up the number, consumer is to mahogany furniture Distrust, while redwood material is increasingly rare, good mahogany furniture is traced to the source as industry core demand, is promoted by tracing to the source Consumer confidence promotes Brand Buying power.

Traditional mahogany furniture tracing technology, is usually realized using papery two dimensional code mode, and papery two dimensional code is pasted It is attached on mahogany furniture, consumer links the enterprise servers of control mahogany furniture by scanning the two-dimensional code, and therefrom inquires red The production and circulation information of wooden furniture.

But information can be distorted by the system of centralization at any time in this enterprise servers, because without having public letter Power.Even if information is not tampered with, since papery two dimensional code is easy to be transferred replacement, but also the reliability of information is not high.

Summary of the invention

The embodiment of the present invention provides approaches to IM, device, equipment and the medium of a kind of item object, to realize to object The effective storage and management and information of product object information are reliable corresponding with item object.

In a first aspect, the embodiment of the invention provides a kind of approaches to IM of item object, by information acquisition terminal It executes, this method comprises:

At least one link in the circulation chain of item object, acquires the information collection of current link, and obtain institute State the chip identification for the chip being fixedly installed on item object；

Using the corresponding management private key of the item object, sign to the chip identification and the information collection；

Information after signature is published in block chain network and is stored.

Second aspect, the embodiment of the invention also provides a kind of approaches to IM of item object, are inquired eventually by information End executes, this method comprises:

Chip identification is obtained from the chip that item object is fixedly installed；

Based on the chip identification, from block chain network and/or the chip, the corresponding label of the item object are read Information after name；

Using the corresponding management public key of the item object, signature verification is carried out to information after the signature；

If signature verification passes through, according to the chip identification, from the article pair is obtained after the signature in information The information collection of elephant.

The third aspect, the embodiment of the invention also provides a kind of apparatus for management of information of item object, are configured at information and adopt Collect terminal, which includes:

Data obtaining module acquires current link at least one link in the circulation chain of item object Information collection, and obtain the chip identification for the chip being fixedly installed on the item object；

Signature blocks, for using the corresponding management private key of the item object, to the chip identification and the information Collection is signed；

Information issuing module is published in block chain network for information after signing and stores.

Fourth aspect, the embodiment of the invention also provides a kind of apparatus for management of information of item object, are configured at information and look into Terminal is ask, which includes:

Identifier acquisition module, for obtaining chip identification from the chip that item object is fixedly installed；

Information reading module from block chain network and/or the chip, reads institute for being based on the chip identification State information after the corresponding signature of item object；

Signature verification module, for being carried out to information after the signature using the corresponding management public key of the item object Signature verification；

Information collection obtains module, according to the chip identification, to be believed if passed through for signature verification after the signature The information collection of the item object is obtained in breath.

5th aspect, the embodiment of the invention also provides a kind of equipment, which includes:

One or more processors；

Storage device, for storing one or more programs；

When one or more of programs are executed by one or more of processors, so that one or more of processing Device realizes the approaches to IM of item object any described in first aspect, or realizes any described in second aspect The approaches to IM of item object.

6th aspect, the embodiment of the invention also provides a kind of storage mediums, are stored thereon with computer program, the program The approaches to IM of any item object in first aspect is realized when being executed by processor, or realizes second aspect In the item object approaches to IM.

Approaches to IM, device, equipment and the medium of item object provided in an embodiment of the present invention, by using article The corresponding management private key of object, to the information of the current link of at least one link acquisition in the circulation chain of item object The chip identification for the chip being fixedly installed on collection and the item object obtained is signed, and is then published to information after signature Block chain network is stored.Compared to existing technical solution, this programme is difficult to tamper with based on block chain and high reliablity Information after signature is stored in block chain by characteristic, realizes effective storage and management to item object information；Meanwhile base It signs in chip identification, it is ensured that be stored in the reliable corresponding of item object information in chip and item object.

Detailed description of the invention

Fig. 1 is a kind of flow chart of the approaches to IM of the item object provided in the embodiment of the present invention one；

Fig. 2 is a kind of flow chart of the approaches to IM of the item object provided in the embodiment of the present invention two；

Fig. 3 is a kind of flow chart of the approaches to IM of the item object provided in the embodiment of the present invention three；

Fig. 4 is a kind of flow chart of the approaches to IM of the item object provided in the embodiment of the present invention four；

Fig. 5 is a kind of flow chart of the approaches to IM of the item object provided in the embodiment of the present invention five；

Fig. 6 is a kind of flow chart of the approaches to IM of the item object provided in the embodiment of the present invention six；

Fig. 7 is a kind of structural block diagram of the apparatus for management of information of the item object provided in the embodiment of the present invention seven；

Fig. 8 is a kind of structural block diagram of the apparatus for management of information of the item object provided in the embodiment of the present invention eight；

Fig. 9 is a kind of structural schematic diagram of the equipment provided in the embodiment of the present invention nine.

Specific embodiment

The present invention is described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.It is understood that this place is retouched The specific embodiment stated is used only for explaining the present invention rather than limiting the invention.It also should be noted that in order to just Only the parts related to the present invention are shown in description, attached drawing rather than entire infrastructure.

Embodiment one

Fig. 1 is a kind of flow chart of the approaches to IM of the item object provided in the embodiment of the present invention one, wherein object Product object can be understood as a kind of commodity, such as can be mahogany furniture, can also be that other have the high-value items of identification demand, Such as jewelry or craftwork etc..

The present embodiment is applicable to the case where being managed to item object information, is particularly suitable for answering block chain technology For being only managed by centralized server for solving existing item object information in item object information management scenarios Public credibility is low, and the papery two dimensional code being attached on item object be easy to be transferred replacement there are article object information can The problems such as not high by property.

The block chain being applicable in can be shared chain, alliance's chain or privately owned chain.Optionally, by multiple sections in the present embodiment It may include the stronger node device of public credibility in block chain network constructed by point device, such as industrial and commercial bureau, the Supreme People's Court It can also include node device provided by the enterprise dedicated for management article object with State Administration of Taxation etc., and can be with Terminal device such as smartwatch, mobile phone, personal computer etc. including loading lightweight node.

The approaches to IM of a whole set of item object can be by information acquisition terminal, information inquiry terminal and block link network The mutual cooperations such as network execute.Wherein, information acquisition terminal, which refers to, can be used for acquiring item object information and acquisition chip mark The terminal device of knowledge can be interacted with block chain node；Information inquiry terminal, which refers to, can be used for inquiring item object information Terminal device can also be interacted with block chain node.Optionally, information acquisition terminal and information inquiry terminal can be block chain In store transaction data ordinary node, be also possible to lightweight node, can also be based on client end interface or webpage etc. Jump to the server for carrying block chain technology.

Wherein, lightweight node refers to the deployment data for being deployed with block chain, such as intelligent contract, common recognition mechanism, still The block chain network node of not stored or storage section block data and Transaction Information, the transactions requests that can participate in block chain are handed over Mutual process.Lightweight node can be generally deployed in terminal device (such as information acquisition terminal, information inquiry terminal), such as can be added It is loaded in the operating system of terminal device, is also used as an independent third party application and is installed in terminal device, (application program interacted with lightweight node) etc. can also be loaded into a certain application program of terminal device.

The scheme of the embodiment of the present invention can be executed by information acquisition terminal.This method can be provided by the embodiment of the present invention The apparatus for management of information of item object execute, which can be used hardware and/or the mode of software is realized, and can be integrated in In information acquisition terminal.Referring to Fig. 1, this method be can specifically include:

S110, at least one link in the circulation chain of item object, acquires the information collection of current link, and obtain Take the chip identification for the chip being fixedly installed on item object.

In the present embodiment, circulation chain is the process of circulation in the entire life of item object, can be by production ring Multiple links such as section, logistics links and sales section are constituted.Optionally, the item object information of different links is different, wherein Each link item object information can include but is not limited to Item Information, link information and acquisition side's information；The present embodiment In, each link item object information can be used as an information collection.Item Information can be information relevant to article, can wrap Include picture and character introduction etc.；Link information may include link title and handle the information of article such as in the link The relevant information of article is produced in production link；Acquisition side's information is the letter that the user of Item Information and link information is written Breath, may include at least one of the side's of acquisition title, acquisition time and collecting location.

Optionally, for production link, Item Information may include article raw material picture, article finished product picture, object The name of an article claims and at least one of goods attribute introduction, and wherein goods attribute introduction is used to briefly introduce the function and use of article Way etc.；The link information of production link may include in producer information, production time, production site and production process information At least one, wherein producer information includes but is not limited to producer title (such as manufacturing enterprise's title), producer prestige, production Square customer grade and producer scale etc., production process information are that article raw material are manufactured to the mistake of article finished product Information involved in journey.

For logistics links, Item Information may include at least one in article finished product picture and physical state picture A, wherein physical state picture may include article finished product and text printed words etc., and text printed words can be " shipped ", " fortune In defeated ", " in sending with charge free " etc.；The link information of logistics links may include logistics side's information, logistics time, logistics place and logistics At least one of procedural information, wherein logistics side's information can include but is not limited to logistics side's title (such as loglstics enterprise name Claim), logistics side's prestige and logistics side set up time limit etc., logistics time includes article delivery availability and E.T.A etc., Logistics place may include article place of delivery and article place of receipt etc., and logistics progress information may include article from delivery Place reaches the transfer information etc. of article in the route information and whole process of place of receipt.

For sales section, Item Information may include in article finished product picture and items sold state picture at least One, wherein may include article finished product and text printed words etc. in items sold state picture, text printed words, which can be, " not to be sold Sell ", " in sale ", " sale " etc.；The link information of sales section may include seller information, selling time, market At least one of point, selling price and sales process information, wherein seller information may include seller title (such as pin Sell enterprise name), sales process information may include information involved in process of exchange between seller and purchaser etc..

In the present embodiment, information acquisition terminal can provide user's access port, carry out article for the user for different links The write-in of object information.Illustratively, user's access port can be with client, small routine, two dimensional code, near field communication interface, product The forms such as card embody before board prefecture and search.For example, user can pass through pre-registered account name and password login client End can then initiate the object of current link by client (option is written in the production link information in such as click client) Product object information acquisition instructions after information acquisition terminal detects item object information collection instruction, show article to user Object information be written interface, obtain user by be manually entered or voice input etc. in the form of be written current link link information, Text information in acquisition side's information and Item Information, while the photographic device on the held terminal device of user can be called to obtain Take the picture in Item Information, and then information acquisition terminal can collect the Item Information of current link, link information and adopt Collection side's information, and can be as information collection.

In addition, user can also be whole by having sweeping in the client for sweeping the tool of sweeping to sweep tool scans information collection Two dimensional code provided by holding, which enters, shows that interface is written in item object information, carry out the Item Information of current link, link information and The write-in etc. of acquisition side's information.

Optionally, the chip being fixed on item object is the chip realized based near field communication (NFC) function, and the core Piece can be implanted into the inside of item object in the producing initial stage of item object or be fixed on the outer side surface of item object.The present embodiment In, the item object information write-in of at least one link in the circulation chain of item object can be fixed at by user in advance In chip on item object, the near field communication (NFC) function in openable the held terminal device of user, and the held terminal of use later Equipment sweeps the chip for sweeping and being fixed on item object, and then information acquisition terminal can be by near field communication interface from chip Middle Item Information, link information and the acquisition side's information for obtaining current link, and as information collection, while chip can be obtained Chip identification.Wherein, chip identification refers to the identifier for a certain chip of unique identification.

Specifically, at least one link in the circulation chain of item object, information acquisition terminal can be mentioned by it Item Information, link information and the acquisition side's information of user's access port acquisition current link of confession, and as information collection, together When can pass through near field communication interface obtain chip chip identification.

Further, in order to guarantee the safety of links item object information, information acquisition terminal can to different links Different user's access ports is provided.Such as, it is possible to provide different client, small routine, two dimensional code etc..

S120 signs to chip identification and information collection using the corresponding management private key of item object.

In the present embodiment, managing public and private key can be in creation block chain Shi Shengcheng, and manages public key and can be stored in the area Chuan Shi In block；Can also in entire block chain process dynamic generation according to actual needs, and manage public key and can be stored in more new block In.Further, it is also possible to be that management public key is supplied to relevant party after block chain network produces the public and private key of management, so as to It is enough stored in the chip of item object, or management public key is stored in other equipment etc., the present embodiment is without limitation.

Optionally, management public key is used to verify management private key for subsequent；Manage private key be used for chip identification and Information collection is signed.Due to managing the particularity of private key, management such as management private key on line can be carried out to management private key and is stored in In the cloud server of management article object, can also carry out managing under line can such as be stored in management private key information collection end End is local, or is stored in the equipment of trust, such as can store the logistics company in trust or the terminal device of sales company It is medium.It further, can be to the number for using management private key in order to guarantee the safety for managing private key under lower way to manage online It is limited with the time and using the user right etc. of management private key.Optionally, the mode for obtaining management private key depends on pipe The way to manage of private key is managed, different management Private key management modes can correspond to different acquisition management private key strategies, following implementations Example will be described in greater detail.

Specifically, the corresponding management private key of the available item object of information acquisition terminal, then uses item object pair The management private key answered signs to chip identification and information collection.

It should be noted that chip is fixed at item object by the producing initial stage in the present embodiment in item object On, it is ensured that the integrality of links item object information.Meanwhile being signed based on chip identification, so that fixation is set Setting the chip on item object cannot arbitrarily be replaced, and ensure that the item object information being stored in chip and item object Reliable correspondence.

Information after signature is published in block chain network and stores by S130.

Optionally, it if information acquisition terminal is ordinary node or lightweight node in block chain network, will will sign Information, which is published in block chain network store, afterwards may is that the directly transmission by information carrying after signature in transactions requests To block chain network or it is sent directly to current block generation node, to request the current block in block chain network to generate node It is stored in information after signature as Transaction Information in block chain.

If information acquisition terminal is not the node in block chain network, information after signature is published in block chain network Carrying out storage may is that the data interaction platform (such as client end interface or webpage) provided by block chain node, will sign Information carrying afterwards is sent to block chain node in transactions requests, using information after requesting block chain node that will sign as number of transactions According to being stored in block chain.

If the executing subject of the present embodiment is the client in information acquisition terminal, and the client can be configured at letter Lightweight node in breath acquisition terminal interacts, then information after signature is published in block chain network carry out storage can be with It is: by the block chain lightweight node being locally configured, information after signature is carried in transactions requests, into block chain network Transmission, to request block chain node to be stored in information after signature in block chain as Transaction Information.

Technical solution provided in an embodiment of the present invention, by using the corresponding management private key of item object, in article pair Fixation is set on the information collection of current link and the item object of acquisition of at least one link acquisition in the circulation chain of elephant The chip identification for the chip set is signed, and information after signature is then published to block chain network and is stored.Compared to existing Some technical solutions, this programme is difficult to tamper with based on block chain and the characteristic of high reliablity, and information after signature is stored in block In chain, effective storage and management to item object information are realized；Meanwhile being signed based on chip identification, it is ensured that deposit It is stored in the reliable corresponding of item object information in chip and item object.

Embodiment two

Fig. 2 is a kind of flow chart of the approaches to IM of the item object provided in the embodiment of the present invention two, this implementation Example is on the basis of the above embodiments, further to optimize.Referring to fig. 2, this method can specifically include:

S210, at least one link in the circulation chain of item object, acquires the information collection of current link, and obtain Take the chip identification for the chip being fixedly installed on item object.

Optionally, the item object in the present embodiment is mahogany furniture.Corresponding, in the Item Information of production link object Product raw material picture can be the grain pattern of redwood raw material；The Item Information of production link, logistics links and sales section In article finished product picture can be mahogany furniture appearance picture, and in appearance picture include grain pattern.

In the present embodiment, by will include that the Item Information of article raw material picture and/or article finished product picture is stored in In block chain, institute in diagram technology, with links can be known based on intelligence on the basis of the grain pattern stored in block chain later Verifying is compared in grain pattern in the mahogany furniture appearance picture of acquisition, it is ensured that wooden in the entire life process of mahogany furniture Material amount is credible.

S220 signs to chip identification and information collection using the corresponding management private key of item object.

Information after signature is published in block chain network and stores by S230.

Information after signature is written in chip and is stored by S240.

In the present embodiment, chip identification and information collection are carried out signing it using item object corresponding management private key Afterwards, it can also will be stored in information write-in chip after signature, so that follow-up inquiry terminal needs to believe after obtaining signature It when breath, without being read from block chain network, directly can quickly be read from chip, provide under a kind of off-line state quickly side Just the mode of information after signing is obtained.

Optionally, information acquisition terminal can be communicated with the server apparatus of managing chip, and then will be believed after signature It is stored in breath write-in chip.The client that information acquisition terminal can also control its offer shows to include " sweeping one to user Sweep chip " prompt informations of printed words, so that user sweeps chip with held terminal device, and then the held terminal device of user can be passed through Interface is written into information in chip, will be stored etc. in information write-in chip after signature.

It should be noted that S240 synchronous with S230 can be executed in the present embodiment, can also be executed before S230, this Embodiment is without limitation.

Technical solution provided in an embodiment of the present invention, is signed based on chip identification, it is ensured that is stored in chip Item object information is reliable corresponding with item object, and is stored in block chain by information after signing, and realizes pair Effective storage and management of item object information；Meanwhile will be stored in information write-in chip after signature, it is obtained for subsequent needs The terminal device of information after signature is taken to provide the quick and convenient mode for obtaining information after signature under a kind of off-line state.

Embodiment three

Fig. 3 is a kind of flow chart of the approaches to IM of the item object provided in the embodiment of the present invention three, this implementation Example on the basis of the above embodiments, further to using the corresponding management private key of item object, to chip identification and information collection Signature is carried out to be explained.Referring to Fig. 3, this method be can specifically include:

S310, at least one link in the circulation chain of item object, acquires the information collection of current link, and obtain Take the chip identification for the chip being fixedly installed on item object.

Chip identification and information collection are carried out Hash operation by S320.

In the present embodiment, since the data volume of information collection is larger, in order to reduce the data volume stored in block chain, can first it adopt Chip identification and information collection data essence can be made not to change with any in the prior art, but its data volume can be reduced Means handle chip identification and information collection.For example, can be pressed using compress technique chip identification and information collection Contracting processing can also carry out Hash operation etc. to chip identification and information collection using hash algorithm.Due to Hash operation have compared with High security feature, the present embodiment preferably use hash algorithm to carry out Hash operation to chip identification and information collection.

Optionally, multilayer Hash operation can be carried out to chip identification and information collection using hash algorithm.For example, can be first At least one layer of Hash operation is carried out to information collection using hash algorithm, obtains initial Hash operation result；Then again using Kazakhstan Uncommon algorithm carries out at least one layer of Hash operation to chip identification and initial Hash operation result, obtains final Hash operation knot Fruit.

S330 signs to Hash operation result using the corresponding management private key of item object.

Specifically, after chip identification and information collection are carried out Hash operation, the corresponding pipe of available item object Private key is managed, the corresponding management private key of item object is then used, signs to Hash operation result, and then after signature being obtained Information.Later, information after signature can be published in block chain network and is stored, while information after signature can also write Enter and is stored in the chip being fixedly installed on item object.

Information after signature is published in block chain network and stores by S340.

Technical solution provided in an embodiment of the present invention is then adopted by carrying out Hash operation to chip identification and information collection It is signed with the corresponding management private key of item object to Hash operation result, and information after signature is published to block chain network In stored, it is possible to reduce the data volume stored in block chain.

Example IV

Fig. 4 is a kind of flow chart of the approaches to IM of the item object provided in the embodiment of the present invention four, this implementation Example on the basis of the above embodiments, further to using the corresponding management private key of item object, to chip identification and information Collection carries out signature and is explained.Referring to fig. 4, this method can specifically include:

S410, at least one link in the circulation chain of item object, acquires the information collection of current link, and obtain Take the chip identification for the chip being fixedly installed on item object.

S420 obtains pre-stored management private key from the local of information acquisition terminal, using the corresponding pipe of item object Private key is managed, is signed to chip identification and information collection.

In the present embodiment, information acquisition terminal can obtain management private key using line upper type such as from block chain network, And management private key is stored in local；Private key can also be managed using acquisition is negotiated under line under type such as line, and private key will be managed It is stored in local etc..Further, if information acquisition terminal is the node in block chain network, the local of information acquisition terminal can To be that can also be in local block chain and be stored in local etc. independently of block chain.

Specifically, information acquisition terminal is collecting information collection, and after getting chip identification, can be obtained from local Pre-stored management private key is taken, item object corresponding management private key then can be used, chip identification and information collection are signed Name.Alternatively, Hash operation first can also be carried out to chip identification and information collection using hash algorithm, item object pair is used later The management private key answered signs to Hash operation result.

Information after signature is published in block chain network and stores by S430.

Technical solution provided in an embodiment of the present invention is being needed by the way that management private key is stored in local in advance using pipe When reason private key signs to chip identification and information collection, do not influenced by factors such as network environments on line, it can be directly from local Quick obtaining management private key signs to chip identification and information collection.

Optionally, using the corresponding management private key of item object, chip identification and information collection are signed and can also be wrapped Include following at least one situations:

1) by pre-assigned account, cloud server is logged in, request manages private key, corresponding using item object Management private key, sign to chip identification and information collection.

In the present embodiment, cloud server refers to the service platform for supervising item object, and equipment can be block Node in chain network, may not be.Optionally, after creative management public private key pair, block chain network can will be managed Private key is distributed to cloud server and is stored, while the equipment such as the logistics company trusted or sales company that can be trusted to it The distribution account such as terminal device or directly distribution manage private key etc..

If what the equipment trusted in advance to it was distributed is account, user can be in client provided by information acquisition terminal In interface, with pre-assigned Account Logon cloud server, into service platform provided by cloud server after can be with It clicks management private key and obtains option, manage private key acquisition request to generate, to request cloud server feedback management private key, in turn Information acquisition terminal is available to management private key.Information acquisition terminal can use the corresponding management private key of item object later It signs to chip identification and information collection, or Hash first can also be carried out to chip identification and information collection using hash algorithm Operation later signs to Hash operation result using the corresponding management private key of item object.

2) by pre-assigned account, cloud server is logged in, chip identification and information collection are sent to cloud service Device, and cloud server is received using the corresponding management private key of item object, after signing to chip identification and information collection Signature after information.

In order to guarantee to manage the safety of private key, the permission of management private key can be defined.Optionally, if information collection Terminal do not have using management private key permission, then user can in client end interface provided by information acquisition terminal, with Pre-assigned Account Logon cloud server, later can be by chip identification into service platform provided by cloud server It is sent to cloud server with information collection, to request cloud server using the corresponding management private key of item object to chip identification It is signed and is fed back with information collection, and then information acquisition terminal can receive information after the signature that cloud server is fed back.

Embodiment five

Fig. 5 is a kind of flow chart of the approaches to IM of the item object provided in the embodiment of the present invention five, this implementation The case where example is applicable to be managed item object information and (specially inquire), optionally, the acquisition of item object information Storage can the item object as provided by any embodiment in above-described embodiment one to four approaches to IM realize, the present invention The scheme of embodiment can be executed by information inquiry terminal.This method can be by the letter of item object provided in an embodiment of the present invention Managing device is ceased to execute, which can be used hardware and/or the mode of software is realized, and can be integrated in information inquiry terminal In.Referring to Fig. 5, this method be can specifically include:

S510 obtains chip identification from the chip that item object is fixedly installed.

In the present embodiment, information inquiry terminal also can provide user's access port, for for different links user and purchase The inquiry of the progress item object information such as buyer user.Illustratively, user's access port can be with client, small routine, two dimension The forms such as card embody before code, near field communication interface, brand prefecture and search.

Optionally, the chip being fixed on item object is the chip realized based near field communication (NFC) function, and the core Piece can be implanted into the inside of item object in the producing initial stage of item object or be fixed on the outer side surface of item object.Further , the item object information of each link of item object can be stored in the chip of item object fixed setting, can also store label Information etc. after name.

In the present embodiment, when user wants inquiry item object information, the near field in openable held terminal device is logical Telecommunication function, and the chip for sweeping and being fixed on item object is swept using held terminal device, and then information inquiry terminal can Chip identification is obtained by near field communication interface.

S520 is based on chip identification, from block chain network and/or chip, believes after reading the corresponding signature of item object Breath.

In the present embodiment, information is information acquisition terminal using the corresponding pipe of item object after the corresponding signature of item object Reason private key signs to chip identification and information collection.

Specifically, information inquiry terminal is obtaining chip if being stored with information after the corresponding signature of item object in chip It can also be directly from information after the corresponding signature of reading item object in chip while mark.In addition, if information inquiry terminal Information after the signature being stored in chip is queried, then information after can sending the signature including chip identification to block chain network Acquisition request, to request block chain network to be based on believing after chip identification obtains the corresponding signature of item object from inquiry in block chain It ceases and feeds back, and then information inquiry terminal is available to information after the corresponding signature of item object.

S530 carries out signature verification to information after signature using the corresponding management public key of item object.

In the present embodiment, managing public and private key can be in creation block chain Shi Shengcheng, and manages public key and can be stored in the area Chuan Shi In block；Can also in entire block chain process dynamic generation according to actual needs, and manage public key and can be stored in more new block In.Further, it is also possible to which management public key is stored in the chip of item object, or management public key is stored in other equipment Deng the present embodiment is without limitation.

Illustratively, using the corresponding management public key of item object, information after signature may be used also before signature verification To include obtaining the corresponding management public key of item object, it can specifically be obtained by following several ways: 1) be inquired eventually from information The local at end obtains pre-stored management public key；2) request manages public key from block chain network；3) it is obtained from chip Take pre-stored administrator's public key etc..

Specifically, the corresponding management public key of item object can be first obtained, it is then public using the corresponding management of item object Key carries out signature verification to information after signature.

S540, if signature verification passes through, according to chip identification, from the information for obtaining item object after signature in information Collection.

Wherein, information collection may include: at least one link in the circulation chain of item object, collected current Item Information, link information and the acquisition side's information of link.Wherein circulation chain can be by production link, logistics links and pin Multiple links such as link are sold to constitute.Optionally, the item object information of different links is different, wherein each link item object is believed Breath can include but is not limited to Item Information, link information and acquisition side's information.

It, can be according to chip identification, from obtaining item object after signature in information specifically, if signature verification passes through Information collection simultaneously shows user；If signature verification does not pass through, can determine after signature that information is wrong or item object on The chip of setting may be replaced.

Further, information inquiry terminal can also read article pair while obtaining chip identification directly from chip The information collection of elephant shows user, if user generates query to the information collection shown, information inquiry terminal can be executed S520 is based on chip identification, from block chain network, reads information after the corresponding signature of item object, and execute S530 and S540 From the information collection for obtaining item object after signature in information, later can by the information collection read from chip with from block link network The information collection read in information after the signature that network obtains is compared, if unanimously, it is determined that the item object stored in chip Information collection it is correct；If inconsistent, it can use and be replaced from the information collection read in information after the signature that block chain network obtains Change the information collection etc. being originally stored in chip.

In order to enable query process is open and clear, further, it is also possible to each request for information is stored in block chain network, together When may be stored in chip.Illustratively, after obtaining chip identification in the chip that item object is fixedly installed, may be used also To include: that issuer's information of information inquiry terminal is uploaded to block chain network, storage corresponding with chip identification, wherein inquiring Square information includes at least one of issuer's title, query time and inquiry place.

Specifically, can will be looked into if information inquiry terminal is ordinary node or lightweight node in block chain network Inquiry side's information carries in transactions requests, is directly transferred to block chain network or is sent directly to current block generation node, with Current block in request block chain network generates node and establishes the incidence relation between issuer's information and chip identification, and will Incidence relation is stored in block chain as Transaction Information.

If information inquiry terminal is not the node in block chain network, the data that can be provided by block chain node are handed over The carrying of issuer's information is sent to block chain node by mutual platform (such as client end interface or webpage) in transactions requests, with Request block chain node establishes the incidence relation between issuer's information and chip identification, and using incidence relation as Transaction Information It is stored in block chain.

If the executing subject of the present embodiment is the client in information inquiry terminal, and the client can be configured at letter Lightweight node in breath inquiry terminal interacts, then can will be inquired by the block chain lightweight node being locally configured Square information carries in transactions requests, transmits into block chain network, to request block chain node to establish issuer's information and core Incidence relation between piece mark, and be stored in incidence relation as Transaction Information in block chain.

Technical solution provided in an embodiment of the present invention can be based on when needing the information to item object to inquire The chip identification obtained from the chip that item object is fixedly installed, reads item object from block chain network and/or chip Information after corresponding signature then can carry out signature verification to information after signature using the corresponding management private key of item object, And in the case where signature verification passes through, from the information collection for obtaining item object after signature in information and user is showed.We Case is difficult to tamper with based on block chain and the characteristic of high reliablity, and information after signature is stored in block chain, is realized to article Effective storage and management of object information；Meanwhile being signed based on chip identification, it is ensured that the article pair being stored in chip Image information is reliable corresponding with item object；Furthermore increase signature-verification process, be further ensured that the information collection for showing user Real reliability.

Embodiment six

Fig. 6 is a kind of flow chart of the approaches to IM of the item object provided in the embodiment of the present invention six, this implementation Example is on the basis of the above embodiments, further to optimize.Referring to Fig. 6, this method be can specifically include:

S610 obtains chip identification from the chip that item object is fixedly installed.

S620 is based on chip identification, from block chain network and/or chip, believes after reading the corresponding signature of item object Breath.

S630 carries out signature verification to information after signature using the corresponding management public key of item object.

S640, if signature verification passes through, according to chip identification, from the information for obtaining item object after signature in information Collection.

S650, acquires the appearance picture of item object, and is uploaded to block chain network, to request block chain network according to letter The Item Information concentrated is ceased, the appearance identification verifying of item object is carried out.

Optionally, item object is mahogany furniture in the present embodiment, and appearance picture may include article raw material picture, object Product finished product picture etc., wherein article raw material picture is the grain pattern of redwood raw material, and article finished product picture is mahogany furniture Appearance picture, and may include grain pattern in appearance picture.

In the present embodiment, after signature verification passes through, user can also pass through client provided by information inquiry terminal Appearance identification checking request is initiated at end can call user institute after information inquiry terminal detects appearance identification checking request The appearance picture for holding the photographic device acquisition item object on terminal device, then can be by the outside drawing of item object collected Piece carries in transactions requests, block chain network is transmitted in direct or indirect mode, to request the section in block chain network The Item Information that point is concentrated according to information carries out the appearance identification verifying of item object.

For example, if item object is mahogany furniture, and the appearance picture of item object is article raw material picture, then block Node in chain network can obtain article raw material picture from the Item Information of the production link of item object, later can be with The grain pattern that diagram technology compares the two is known using existing intelligence, if the grain pattern of the two is identical, it is determined that item object Appearance identification be verified, otherwise do not pass through.

It should be noted that the present embodiment passes through the article including article raw material picture and/or article finished product picture Information is stored in block chain, and on the basis of the grain pattern to store in block chain, outside the mahogany furniture in links Verifying is compared in the grain pattern seen in picture, it is ensured that lumber quality is credible in the entire life process of mahogany furniture.

Technical solution provided in an embodiment of the present invention is combining block chain and chip that can realize have to item object information Imitate storage and management, and guarantee the item object information that is stored in chip in the reliable corresponding situation of item object, Diagram technology is known in conjunction with intelligence, and identification verifying is carried out to the appearance of item object, further ensure that the true of item object information It is real reliable.

Embodiment seven

Fig. 7 is a kind of structural block diagram of the apparatus for management of information of the item object provided in the embodiment of the present invention seven, the dress It sets and is configured in information acquisition terminal.The information of item object provided by the embodiment of the present invention one to four can be performed in the device Management method has the corresponding functional module of execution method and beneficial effect.As shown in fig. 7, the apparatus may include:

Data obtaining module 710 acquires current link at least one link in the circulation chain of item object Information collection, and obtain the chip identification of chip being fixedly installed on item object；

Signature blocks 720 sign chip identification and information collection for using the corresponding management private key of item object Name；

Information issuing module 730 is published in block chain network for information after signing and stores.

Illustratively, above-mentioned apparatus can also include:

Information writing module signs chip identification and information collection for using the corresponding management private key of item object After name, by information after signature, is written in chip and is stored.

Illustratively, the chip in the present embodiment is the chip realized based near field communication (NFC) function；Implanted chip article pair The inside of elephant or the outer side surface for being fixed on item object.

Illustratively, information collection includes Item Information, link information and acquisition side's information, the circulation chain packet of item object Include at least one following link:

Production link, the Item Information of production link include article raw material picture, article finished product picture, Item Title and At least one of goods attribute introduction；The link information of production link include producer information, the production time, production site and At least one of production process information；Acquisition side's information of production link includes acquisition side's title, acquisition time and locality At least one of point；

Logistics links, the Item Information of logistics links include article finished product picture and/or physical state picture；Logistics links Link information include at least one of logistics side's information, logistics time, logistics place and logistics progress information；Logistics links Acquisition side's information include at least one of acquisition side's title, acquisition time and collecting location；

Sales section, the Item Information of sales section include article finished product picture and/or items sold state picture；Sale The link information of link include in seller information, selling time, selling spot, selling price and sales process information at least One；Acquisition side's information of sales section includes at least one of acquisition side's title, acquisition time and collecting location.

Illustratively, the item object in the present embodiment can be mahogany furniture, and article raw material picture is redwood former material The grain pattern of material, article finished product picture are mahogany furniture appearance picture, and include grain pattern in appearance picture.

Illustratively, signature blocks 720 can be also used for:

Pre-stored management private key is obtained from the local of information acquisition terminal, it is private using the corresponding management of item object Key signs to chip identification and information collection；Or

By pre-assigned account, cloud server is logged in, request manages private key, corresponding using item object Private key is managed, is signed to chip identification and information collection；Or

By pre-assigned account, cloud server is logged in, chip identification and information collection are sent to cloud server, And it receives cloud server and uses the corresponding management private key of item object, the label after signing to chip identification and information collection Information after name.

Illustratively, signature blocks 720 can be also used for:

Chip identification and the information collection are subjected to Hash operation；

Using the corresponding management private key of item object, sign to Hash operation result.

Illustratively, information issuing module 730 specifically can be used for:

By the block chain lightweight node being locally configured, information after signature is carried in transactions requests, to block chain It is transmitted in network, to request block chain link point to be stored.

Embodiment eight

Fig. 8 is a kind of structural block diagram of the apparatus for management of information for item object that the embodiment of the present invention eight provides, the device It is configured in information inquiry terminal.The message tube of item object provided by the embodiment of the present invention five to six can be performed in the device Reason method has the corresponding functional module of execution method and beneficial effect.As shown in figure 8, the apparatus may include:

Identifier acquisition module 810, for obtaining chip identification from the chip that item object is fixedly installed；

Information reading module 820 from block chain network and/or chip, reads item object for being based on chip identification Information after corresponding signature；

Signature verification module 830 carries out signature to information after signature and tests for using the corresponding management public key of item object Card；

Information collection obtains module 840, if passed through for signature verification, according to chip identification, from after signature in information Obtain the information collection of item object.

Illustratively, in the present embodiment, information collection includes: at least one link in the circulation chain of item object, Item Information, link information and the acquisition side's information of current link collected.

Illustratively, above-mentioned apparatus can also include:

Public key acquisition module is managed, for being signed to information after signature using the corresponding management public key of item object Before name verifying, pre-stored management public key is obtained from the local of information inquiry terminal；Or it requests to obtain from block chain network Take management public key；Or pre-stored management public key is obtained from chip.

Illustratively, above-mentioned apparatus can also include:

Picture collection uploading module, if after passing through for signature verification, the appearance picture of item object is acquired, and It is uploaded to block chain network, with the Item Information for requesting block chain network to be concentrated according to information, the appearance for carrying out item object is known It does not verify.

Illustratively, item object is mahogany furniture, and appearance picture includes article raw material picture, article finished product picture, Wherein, article raw material picture is the grain pattern of redwood raw material, and article finished product picture is mahogany furniture appearance picture, and outer It include grain pattern in table picture.

Illustratively, above-mentioned apparatus can also include:

Information transmission modular, for from the chip that item object is fixedly installed obtain chip identification after, by information Issuer's information of inquiry terminal is uploaded to block chain network, and storage corresponding with chip identification, wherein issuer's information includes looking into At least one of inquiry side's title, query time and inquiry place.

Embodiment nine

Fig. 9 is a kind of structural schematic diagram of the equipment provided in the embodiment of the present invention nine.Fig. 9, which is shown, to be suitable for being used to realizing The block diagram of the example devices 12 of embodiment of the present invention.The equipment 12 that Fig. 9 is shown is only an example, should not be to the present invention The function and use scope of embodiment bring any restrictions.Optionally, 12 typical case of equipment can be information acquisition terminal, or also It can be information inquiry terminal.

As shown in figure 9, equipment 12 is showed in the form of universal computing device.The component of equipment 12 may include but unlimited In one or more processor or processing unit 16, memory 28, different system components (including memory 28 He is connected Processing unit 16) bus 18.

Bus 18 indicates one of a few class bus structures or a variety of, including memory bus or Memory Controller, Peripheral bus, graphics acceleration port, processor or the local bus using any bus structures in a variety of bus structures.It lifts For example, these architectures include but is not limited to industry standard architecture (ISA) bus, microchannel architecture (MAC) Bus, enhanced isa bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus and peripheral component interconnection (PCI) bus.

Equipment 12 typically comprises a variety of computer system readable media.These media can be it is any can be by equipment 12 The usable medium of access, including volatile and non-volatile media, moveable and immovable medium.

Memory 28 may include the computer system readable media of form of volatile memory, such as random access memory Device (RAM) 30 and/or cache memory 32.Equipment 12 may further include other removable/nonremovable, volatile Property/nonvolatile computer system storage medium.Only as an example, storage system 34 can be used for reading and writing immovable, non- Volatibility magnetic medium (Fig. 9 do not show, commonly referred to as " hard disk drive ").Although being not shown in Fig. 9, can provide for can The disc driver of mobile non-volatile magnetic disk (such as " floppy disk ") read-write, and to removable anonvolatile optical disk (such as CD- ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical mediums) read-write CD drive.In these cases, each driver can pass through one A or multiple data media interfaces are connected with bus 18.Memory 28 may include at least one program product, which produces Product have one group of (for example, at least one) program module, these program modules are configured to perform the function of various embodiments of the present invention Energy.

Program/utility 40 with one group of (at least one) program module 42 can store in such as memory 28 In, such program module 42 include but is not limited to operating system, one or more application program, other program modules and It may include the realization of network environment in program data, each of these examples or certain combination.Program module 42 is usual Execute the function and/or method in embodiment described in the invention.

Equipment 12 can also be communicated with one or more external equipments 14 (such as keyboard, sensing equipment, display 24 etc.), Can also be enabled a user to one or more equipment interacted with the equipment 12 communication, and/or with enable the equipment 12 with One or more of the other any equipment (such as network interface card, modem etc.) communication for calculating equipment and being communicated.It is this logical Letter can be carried out by input/output (I/O) interface 22.Also, equipment 12 can also by network adapter 20 and one or The multiple networks of person (such as local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN) and/or public network, such as internet) communication.As shown, Network adapter 20 is communicated by bus 18 with other modules of equipment/terminal/server 12.Although should be understood that in figure not Show, can with bonding apparatus 12 use other hardware and/or software module, including but not limited to: microcode, device driver, Redundant processing unit, external disk drive array, RAID system, tape drive and data backup storage system etc..

The program that processing unit 16 is stored in memory 28 by operation, thereby executing various function application and data Processing, such as realize the approaches to IM of item object provided by the embodiment of the present invention.

Embodiment ten

The embodiment of the present invention ten additionally provides a kind of computer readable storage medium, be stored thereon with computer program (or Referred to as computer executable instructions), for executing article pair provided by the embodiment of the present invention when which is executed by processor The approaches to IM of elephant.

The computer storage medium of the embodiment of the present invention, can be using any of one or more computer-readable media Combination.Computer-readable medium can be computer-readable signal media or computer readable storage medium.It is computer-readable Storage medium for example may be-but not limited to-the system of electricity, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared ray or semiconductor, device or Device, or any above combination.The more specific example (non exhaustive list) of computer readable storage medium includes: tool There are electrical connection, the portable computer diskette, hard disk, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory of one or more conducting wires (ROM), erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM or flash memory), optical fiber, portable compact disc read-only memory (CD- ROM), light storage device, magnetic memory device or above-mentioned any appropriate combination.In this document, computer-readable storage Medium can be any tangible medium for including or store program, which can be commanded execution system, device or device Using or it is in connection.

Computer-readable signal media may include in a base band or as carrier wave a part propagate data-signal, Wherein carry computer-readable program code.The data-signal of this propagation can take various forms, including but unlimited In electromagnetic signal, optical signal or above-mentioned any appropriate combination.Computer-readable signal media can also be that computer can Any computer-readable medium other than storage medium is read, which can send, propagates or transmit and be used for By the use of instruction execution system, device or device or program in connection.

The program code for including on computer-readable medium can transmit with any suitable medium, including --- but it is unlimited In wireless, electric wire, optical cable, RF etc. or above-mentioned any appropriate combination.

The computer for executing operation of the present invention can be write with one or more programming languages or combinations thereof Program code, described program design language include object oriented program language-such as Java, Smalltalk, C++, Further include conventional procedural programming language-such as " C " language or similar programming language.Program code can be with It fully executes, partly execute on the user computer on the user computer, being executed as an independent software package, portion Divide and partially executes or executed on a remote computer or server completely on the remote computer on the user computer.? Be related in the situation of remote computer, remote computer can pass through the network of any kind --- including local area network (LAN) or Wide area network (WAN)-be connected to subscriber computer, or, it may be connected to outer computer (such as mentioned using Internet service It is connected for quotient by internet).

Note that the above is only a better embodiment of the present invention and the applied technical principle.It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that The invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described herein, be able to carry out for a person skilled in the art it is various it is apparent variation, It readjusts and substitutes without departing from protection scope of the present invention.Therefore, although being carried out by above embodiments to the present invention It is described in further detail, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments only, without departing from the inventive concept, also It may include more other equivalent embodiments, and the scope of the invention is determined by the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. a kind of approaches to IM of item object, which is characterized in that executed by information acquisition terminal, which comprises

At least one link in the circulation chain of item object, acquires the information collection of current link, and obtain the object The chip identification for the chip being fixedly installed on product object；

Information after signature is published in block chain network and is stored.

2. the method according to claim 1, wherein using the corresponding management private key of the item object, to institute State chip identification and after the information collection signed, further includes:

By information after the signature, is written in the chip and is stored.

3. the method according to claim 1, wherein the chip is the core realized based near field communication (NFC) function Piece；The inside of item object described in the implanted chip or the outer side surface for being fixed on the item object.

4. the method according to claim 1, wherein the information collection includes Item Information, link information and adopts Collection side's information, the circulation chain of the item object include at least one following link:

Production link, the Item Information of the production link include article raw material picture, article finished product picture, Item Title and At least one of goods attribute introduction；The link information of the production link includes producer information, production time, grown place At least one of point and production process information；Acquisition side's information of the production link includes acquisition side's title, acquisition time At least one of with collecting location；

Logistics links, the Item Information of the logistics links include article finished product picture and/or physical state picture；The logistics The link information of link includes at least one of logistics side's information, logistics time, logistics place and logistics progress information；It is described Acquisition side's information of logistics links includes at least one of acquisition side's title, acquisition time and collecting location；

Sales section, the Item Information of the sales section include article finished product picture and/or items sold state picture；It is described The link information of sales section includes in seller information, selling time, selling spot, selling price and sales process information At least one；Acquisition side's information of the sales section includes at least one in the side's of acquisition title, acquisition time and collecting location It is a.

5. according to the method described in claim 4, it is characterized in that, the item object is mahogany furniture, the article former material Expect that picture is the grain pattern of redwood raw material, the article finished product picture is mahogany furniture appearance picture, and the appearance figure It include grain pattern in piece.

6. the method according to claim 1, wherein using the corresponding management private key of the item object, to institute It states chip identification and the information collection is signed, comprising:

Pre-stored management private key is obtained from the local of the information acquisition terminal, using the corresponding management of the item object Private key signs to the chip identification and the information collection；Or

By pre-assigned account, cloud server is logged in, request manages private key, corresponding using the item object Private key is managed, is signed to the chip identification and the information collection；Or

By pre-assigned account, cloud server is logged in, the chip identification and the information collection are sent to the cloud Hold server, and receive the cloud server using the corresponding management private key of the item object, to the chip identification and The information collection signed after signature after information.

7. the method according to claim 1, wherein using the corresponding management private key of the item object, to institute It states chip identification and the information collection is signed, comprising:

The chip identification and the information collection are subjected to Hash operation；

Using the corresponding management private key of the item object, sign to Hash operation result.

8. being deposited the method according to claim 1, wherein information after signature is published in block chain network Storage, comprising:

By the block chain lightweight node being locally configured, information after the signature is carried in transactions requests, to block chain It is transmitted in network, to request block chain link point to be stored.

9. a kind of approaches to IM of item object, which is characterized in that executed by information inquiry terminal, which comprises

Based on the chip identification, from block chain network and/or the chip, after reading the corresponding signature of the item object Information；

If signature verification passes through, according to the chip identification, from the item object is obtained after the signature in information Information collection.

10. according to the method described in claim 9, it is characterized in that, the information collection includes: the circulation in the item object At least one link in chain, Item Information, link information and the acquisition side's information of current link collected.

11. according to the method described in claim 9, it is characterized in that, using the corresponding management public key of the item object, to institute It states after signing before information progress signature verification, further includes:

Pre-stored management public key is obtained from the local of the information inquiry terminal；Or

Request manages public key from block chain network；Or

Pre-stored management public key is obtained from the chip.

12. according to the method described in claim 10, it is characterized in that, if after signature verification passes through, further includes:

The appearance picture of the item object is acquired, and is uploaded to block chain network, to request block chain network according to the letter The Item Information concentrated is ceased, the appearance identification verifying of item object is carried out.

13. according to the method for claim 12, which is characterized in that the item object is mahogany furniture, the outside drawing Piece includes article raw material picture, article finished product picture, wherein the article raw material picture is the wood grain figure of redwood raw material Case, the article finished product picture are mahogany furniture appearance picture, and include grain pattern in the appearance picture.

14. according to the method described in claim 9, it is characterized in that, being obtained from the chip that the item object is fixedly installed After chip identification, further includes:

Issuer's information of the information inquiry terminal is uploaded to block chain network, storage corresponding with the chip identification, Described in issuer's information include issuer's title, query time and inquiry at least one of place.

15. a kind of apparatus for management of information of item object, which is characterized in that be configured at information acquisition terminal, described device includes:

Data obtaining module acquires the information of current link at least one link in the circulation chain of item object Collection, and obtain the chip identification for the chip being fixedly installed on the item object；

Signature blocks, for using the corresponding management private key of the item object, to the chip identification and the information collection into Row signature；

16. a kind of apparatus for management of information of item object, which is characterized in that be configured at information inquiry terminal, described device includes:

Information reading module, for reading the object from block chain network and/or the chip based on the chip identification Information after the corresponding signature of product object；

Signature verification module, for being signed to information after the signature using the corresponding management public key of the item object Verifying；

Information collection obtains module, if passed through for signature verification, according to the chip identification, from after the signature in information Obtain the information collection of the item object.

17. a kind of equipment characterized by comprising

One or more processors；

Memory, for storing one or more programs；

When one or more of programs are executed by one or more of processors, so that one or more of processors are real Now as in the approaches to IM of item object of any of claims 1-8, or realization such as claim 9-14 The approaches to IM of described in any item item objects.

18. a kind of computer readable storage medium, is stored thereon with computer program, which is characterized in that the program is by processor The approaches to IM such as item object of any of claims 1-8 is realized when execution, or is realized as right is wanted Seek the approaches to IM of item object described in any one of 9-14.