CN110237841A - Platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst and its preparation method and application - Google Patents
Platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst and its preparation method and application Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Present invention relates particularly to a kind of platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalysts and its preparation method and application, which can be prepared by the following method: (1) nano manganese oxide being impregnated in platinum precursor solution, obtain maceration extract;(2) aluminium oxide is added in the maceration extract of step (1), after being uniformly mixed, is evaporated, obtains solid product;(3) solid product of step (2) is roasted, obtains platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst.This method is simple and environmentally-friendly, it is easy to industrialize, catalyst obtained, atom level dispersion is presented on nano manganese oxide surface in platinum, and nano-dispersion is presented in alumina carrier surface in nano manganese oxide, and the atom utilization of noble metal is up to 100%, it can be in the case where monatomic noble metal and relatively low nano manganese oxide load capacity, formaldehyde is fully converted to carbon dioxide and water under the conditions of ambient temperature and moisture, no coupling product generates, and stability with higher.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to inorganic environment-friendly catalysis material technical fields, and in particular to a kind of platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide is urged
Agent and preparation method thereof and the application in formaldehyde is gone in room temperature.
Background technique
It is stepped up with the rapid development of social economy with living standards of the people, people are to environmental protection and air quality
It is required that being also increasingly stringenter.Wherein the indoor pollution of formaldehyde is the most serious, and the formaldehyde of low concentration can stimulate the eyes of human body and exhale
Mucous membrane is inhaled, the exception of liver system, respiratory system and nervous system is caused;And for a long time contact high concentration formaldehyde be cause it is more
Formaldehyde is defined as a kind of carcinogenic substance by the generation of kind cancer, international cancer research institution.Therefore how efficient removal first
Aldehyde, the health to environment protection field and the mankind are vital.
Absorption method, plasma technique, chemical reaction method, photocatalytic oxidation and heat catalytic oxidation method are the purifications of formaldehyde
Method.Wherein catalytic oxidation can convert CO2 and H2O for formaldehyde under the effect of the catalyst, be the formaldehyde in degradation air
It is a kind of long-acting method, key is the room temperature Degradation Formaldehyde catalyst of high activity.Chinese patent CN106391007A is adopted
The spinel strucutre oxides of colloidal deposition method preparation high stability are used to do the catalysis of carrier and noble metal as active component
Agent can be used for catalytic removal CO and formaldehyde under the conditions of ambient temperature and moisture, but preparation process is complicated, is unsuitable for being mass produced.In
Manganese oxide carrier after the modification of rare-earth additive, alkali or base earth metal promoter, is impregnated in expensive by state patent CN101497042A
Dry in metal salt solution, roasting, H2 reduction obtains Pt/MnO2 catalyst, is to improve oxidation by rare earth oxide
The redox property of manganese carrier is improved catalyst surface pH value by base agent, and then improves catalyst activity, can
It is at room temperature carbon dioxide and water by formaldehyde complete oxidation, but noble-metal-supported amount is big, catalytic activity is not high at room temperature.
Therefore, it is necessary to develop, a kind of preparation process is simple, be easy to industrialize, noble-metal-supported amount is low, room temperature catalysis is lived
The high catalytic oxidation catalyst of property.
Summary of the invention
Based on the above issues, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst and its systems
Standby and go the application in formaldehyde in room temperature, this method is simple and environmentally-friendly, is easy to industrialize, and catalyst obtained, platinum is nano oxidized
Atom level dispersion is presented in manganese surface, and nano-dispersion, the atom benefit of noble metal is presented in alumina carrier surface in nano manganese oxide
It, can be in the case where monatomic noble metal and relatively low nano manganese oxide load capacity, in ambient temperature and moisture item with rate up to 100%
Formaldehyde is fully converted to carbon dioxide and water under part, no coupling product generates, and stability with higher.
To achieve the goals above, technical scheme is as follows:
A kind of platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst, platinum are dispersed in manganese oxide surface with monatomic form, oxidation
Manganese is dispersed in alumina carrier surface with nano-form.
Preferably, above-mentioned platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst, parts by weight composition are as follows: platinum 0.01-
0.25wt%, manganese oxide 1-30wt%, aluminium oxide 69.75%-98.99%, in terms of catalyst full dose.
Above-mentioned platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst preparation method, includes the following steps: (1) by nano manganese oxide
It is impregnated in platinum precursor solution, obtains maceration extract;(2) aluminium oxide is added in the maceration extract of step (1), is uniformly mixed
Afterwards, it is evaporated, obtains solid product;(3) solid product of step (2) is roasted, obtains platinum-manganese oxide load alumina catalyzation
Agent.
Preferably, in step (1) nano manganese oxide preparation method, include the following steps: potassium permanganate and phenyl second
Amine wiring solution-forming after being uniformly mixed, carries out hydro-thermal reaction, after fully reacting, reaction product is filtered, wash, is done
After dry processing, nano manganese oxide is obtained.
Preferably, in the preparation method of nano manganese oxide, the partial size of nano manganese oxide is 10-30nm.
Preferably, in the preparation method of nano manganese oxide, the mass ratio of potassium permanganate and phenylethylamine is 10-4:1.
Preferably, in the preparation method of nano manganese oxide, the temperature of hydro-thermal reaction is 10-50 DEG C, the time of hydro-thermal reaction
For 6-24h.
Preferably, in the preparation method of nano manganese oxide, filtering and washing liquid is deionized water, drying temperature 60-100
DEG C, drying time 12-24h.
Preferably, in step (1) platinum presoma be platinum nitrate and/or chloride.
Preferably, dipping carries out under stirring at room temperature in step (1), stirring rate 200-800rpm, when dipping
Between be 5-10h.
Preferably, aluminium oxide is spherical, partial size 3-5mm in step (2).
Preferably, the temperature roasted in step (3) is 300-500 DEG C, and heating rate is 1-10 DEG C/min, the time of roasting
For 2-4h.
The application of above-mentioned platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst, can under the conditions of ambient temperature and moisture degradation of formaldehyde.
Preferably, reaction temperature is 20-50 DEG C, relative humidity 20-60RH.
Beneficial effects of the present invention:
Atom level dispersion is presented on manganese oxide surface in catalyst of the invention, platinum, and manganese oxide is in alumina carrier surface
Existing nano-dispersion, precious metal atom utilization rate up to 100%, strong interaction between nano manganese oxide, monatomic platinum and
Nano manganese oxide, monatomic platinum, the strong interaction between alumina support enable catalyst negative in monatomic noble metal
In the case that carrying capacity (0.01-0.25wt%) and nano manganese oxide load capacity (1-30wt%) are relatively low, in room temperature (20-50
DEG C), formaldehyde is often fully converted to carbon dioxide and water under the conditions of wet (20-60RH), no coupling product generates;And service life
It is long, 300h or more can be run under optimum condition, catalyst does not consume when formaldehyde removes, and has good long-term effect, very high
Stability, and preparation process is simple and environmentally-friendly, is easy to industrialize, and it is each to be suitable for degradation room, laboratory, tobacco, aircraft etc.
The formaldehyde generated in the case of kind.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst transmission electron microscope picture
Specific embodiment:
The present invention is described in detail With reference to embodiment.
A kind of platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst, platinum are dispersed in manganese oxide surface with monatomic form, oxidation
Manganese is dispersed in alumina carrier surface with nano-form.
Preferably, above-mentioned platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst, parts by weight composition are as follows: platinum 0.01-
0.25wt%, manganese oxide 1-30wt%, aluminium oxide 69.75%-98.99%, in terms of catalyst full dose.
Above-mentioned platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst preparation method, includes the following steps: (1) by nano manganese oxide
It is impregnated in platinum precursor solution, obtains maceration extract;(2) aluminium oxide is added in the maceration extract of step (1), is uniformly mixed
Afterwards, it is evaporated, obtains solid product;(3) solid product of step (2) is roasted, obtains platinum-manganese oxide load alumina catalyzation
Agent.
Preferably, in step (1) nano manganese oxide preparation method, include the following steps: potassium permanganate and phenyl second
Amine wiring solution-forming after being uniformly mixed, carries out hydro-thermal reaction, after fully reacting, reaction product is filtered, wash, is done
After dry processing, the nano manganese oxide that partial size is 10-30nm is obtained.
In the preparation method of nano manganese oxide, the solvent for dissolving potassium permanganate and phenylethylamine is not particularly limited, can
To be the conventional selection of those skilled in the art, for example, deionized water etc..
Preferably, in the preparation method of nano manganese oxide, the mass ratio of potassium permanganate and phenylethylamine is 10-4:1, such as
For 10:1,9:1,8:1,7:1,6:1,5:1,4:1.
Preferably, in the preparation method of nano manganese oxide, the temperature of hydro-thermal reaction is 10-50 DEG C, for example, 10 DEG C, 20
DEG C, 30 DEG C, 40 DEG C, 50 DEG C, time of hydro-thermal reaction is 6-24h, for example, 6h, 12h, 18h, for 24 hours.
In the preparation method of nano manganese oxide, filtering, wash and be dried process, there is no particular limitation, is ability
The conventional means and method that field technique personnel know.
Preferably, in the preparation method of nano manganese oxide, filtering and washing liquid is deionized water, drying temperature 60-100
DEG C, drying time 12-24h.
Preferably, in step (1) platinum presoma be platinum nitrate and/or chloride, for example, platinum nitrate, platinum chloride,
Any one or more in chloroplatinic acid.
The solvent of platinum precursor solution is not particularly limited in step (1), can be the routine of those skilled in the art
Selection, for example, deionized water, C1-5 alcohols, any one or more in C1-5 acetones.
Preferably, dipping carries out under stirring at room temperature in step (1), stirring rate 200-800rpm, when dipping
Between be 5-10h.
Preferably, aluminium oxide is spherical, partial size 3-5mm in step (2).
Preferably, the temperature roasted in step (3) is 300-500 DEG C, and heating rate is 1-10 DEG C/min, the time of roasting
For 2-4h.
The application of above-mentioned platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst, can under the conditions of ambient temperature and moisture degradation of formaldehyde.
Preferably, reaction temperature is 20-50 DEG C, relative humidity 20-60RH.
Catalyst performance is tested using 1 cube of standard aldehyde test cabin, using Dongguan Huan Yi equipment Co., Ltd HY-
JQ-1 generator discharges pollution sources formalin, using concentration of formaldehyde in Britain recordable type methylene oxide detecting instrument PPM-HTV monitoring cabin.
A specific embodiment of the invention is further described below with reference to embodiment, is not therefore limited the present invention
System is among the embodiment described range.
Embodiment 1:
2.4729-2.4809g potassium permanganate is weighed, 0.4121-0.4135g phenylethylamine is made into 100mL solution, and stirring is mixed
After closing uniformly, in 25 DEG C of reaction 12h, after product is filtered, wash, be dried, obtained nano manganese oxide powder;
By above-mentioned nano manganese oxide powder infusion in the H of 15mL2PtCl6In solution, 10g alumina globule is then added, is stirred
After uniformly, evaporating water obtains solid product;Above-mentioned solid product is put into Muffle furnace, is warming up to the rate of 2 DEG C/min
400 DEG C, 2h is kept, then restores to room temperature, can be prepared by platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst.
The catalyst for taking 10g embodiment 1 to prepare is placed in 1 cube of standard aldehyde test cabin, and temperature is 20 DEG C in cabin, relatively
Humidity is 60RH, initial concentration of formaldehyde 1.5mg/m3, remaining is air.
Table 1: the reaction condition and result of embodiment 1:
As it can be seen from table 1 the activity of catalyst gradually rises with the increase of platinum content, it is in platinum mass fraction
It can be realized formaldehyde complete catalysts oxidation when 0.05%, under the conditions of ambient temperature and moisture, under current evaluation condition, platinum mass fraction
More than 0.05%, it is able to achieve formaldehyde complete catalysts oxidation.
Embodiment 2:
0.2249-9.5440g potassium permanganate is weighed, 0.0375-1.5907g phenylethylamine is made into 100mL solution, and stirring is mixed
After closing uniformly, in 25 DEG C of reaction 12h, after product is filtered, wash, be dried, obtained nano manganese oxide powder;
By above-mentioned nano manganese oxide powder infusion in the H of 15mL2PtCl6In solution, 10g alumina globule is then added, is stirred
After uniformly, evaporating water obtains solid product;Above-mentioned solid product is put into Muffle furnace, is warming up to the rate of 2 DEG C/min
400 DEG C, 2h is kept, then restores to room temperature, can be prepared by platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst.
The catalyst for taking 10g embodiment 2 to prepare is placed in 1 cube of standard aldehyde test cabin, and temperature is 20 DEG C in cabin, relatively
Humidity is 60RH, initial concentration of formaldehyde 1.5mg/m3, remaining is air.
Table 2: the reaction condition and result of embodiment 2:
From table 2 it can be seen that the activity of catalyst gradually rises with the increase of oxidation manganese content, in manganese oxide quality point
When number is 10%, formaldehyde complete catalysts oxidation can be realized under the conditions of ambient temperature and moisture, under current evaluation condition, manganese oxide matter
Measuring score is more than 10%, is able to achieve formaldehyde complete catalysts oxidation.
Embodiment 3:
2.4740g potassium permanganate is weighed, 0.2474-0.6185g phenylethylamine is made into 100mL solution, is uniformly mixed
Afterwards, in 25 DEG C of reaction 12h, after product is filtered, wash, be dried, nano manganese oxide powder is made;It will be above-mentioned
Nano manganese oxide powder infusion is in the H of 15mL2PtCl6In solution, 10g alumina globule is then added, is uniformly mixed
Afterwards, evaporating water obtains solid product;Above-mentioned solid product is put into Muffle furnace, is warming up to 400 with the rate of 2 DEG C/min
DEG C, 2h is kept, then restores to room temperature, can be prepared by platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst.
The catalyst for taking 10g embodiment 3 to prepare is placed in 1 cube of standard aldehyde test cabin, and temperature is 20 DEG C in cabin, relatively
Humidity is 60RH, initial concentration of formaldehyde 1.5mg/m3, remaining is air.
Table 3: the reaction condition and result of embodiment 3:
From table 3 it can be seen that when the mass ratio of potassium permanganate and phenylethylamine is 6:1, it can under the conditions of ambient temperature and moisture
Realize formaldehyde complete catalysts oxidation.
Embodiment 4:
2.4740g potassium permanganate is weighed, 0.4123g phenylethylamine is made into 100mL solution, after being uniformly mixed, in 10-
50 DEG C of reaction 12h, after product is filtered, wash, be dried, nano manganese oxide powder is made;By above-mentioned nanometer
Manganese oxide powder is impregnated in the H of 15mL2PtCl6In solution, 10g alumina globule is then added, after being uniformly mixed, is steamed
Solid carbon dioxide point, obtains solid product;Above-mentioned solid product is put into Muffle furnace, 400 DEG C is warming up to the rate of 2 DEG C/min, protects
2h is held, is then restored to room temperature, can be prepared by platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst.
The catalyst for taking 10g embodiment 4 to prepare is placed in 1 cube of standard aldehyde test cabin, and temperature is 20 DEG C in cabin, relatively
Humidity is 60RH, initial concentration of formaldehyde 1.5mg/m3, remaining is air.
Table 4: the reaction condition and result of embodiment 4:
From table 4, it can be seen that it is complete under the conditions of ambient temperature and moisture to can be realized formaldehyde when hydrothermal temperature is 25-30 DEG C
Full catalysis oxidation.
Embodiment 5:
2.4740g potassium permanganate is weighed, 0.4123g phenylethylamine is made into 100mL solution, after being uniformly mixed, 25
DEG C reaction 6-24h, after product is filtered, wash, be dried, nano manganese oxide powder is made;By above-mentioned nanometer
Manganese oxide powder is impregnated in the H of 15mL2PtCl6In solution, 10g alumina globule is then added, after being uniformly mixed, is steamed
Solid carbon dioxide point, obtains solid product;Above-mentioned solid product is put into Muffle furnace, 400 DEG C is warming up to the rate of 2 DEG C/min, protects
2h is held, is then restored to room temperature, can be prepared by platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst.
Catalyst prepared by embodiment 5 is placed in 1 cube of standard aldehyde test cabin, temperature is 20 DEG C in cabin, relatively wet
Degree is 60RH, initial concentration of formaldehyde 1.5mg/m3, remaining is air.
Table 5: the reaction condition and result of embodiment 5:
As can be seen from Table 5, when the hydro-thermal reaction time is 12-18h, it is complete under the conditions of ambient temperature and moisture to can be realized formaldehyde
Full catalysis oxidation.
Embodiment 6:
2.4740g potassium permanganate is weighed, 0.4123g phenylethylamine is made into 100mL solution, after being uniformly mixed, 25
DEG C reaction 12h, after product is filtered, wash, be dried, nano manganese oxide powder is made;By above-mentioned nano oxygen
Change the H that manganese powder end is impregnated in 15mL2PtCl6In solution, 10g alumina globule is then added, is uniformly mixed, water is evaporated
Point, obtain solid product;Above-mentioned solid product is put into Muffle furnace, 300-500 DEG C is warming up to the rate of 2 DEG C/min, protects
2h is held, is then restored to room temperature, can be prepared by platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst.
Catalyst prepared by embodiment 6 is placed in 1 cube of standard aldehyde test cabin, temperature is 20 DEG C in cabin, relatively wet
Degree is 60RH, initial concentration of formaldehyde 1.5mg/m3, remaining is air.
Table 6: the reaction condition and result of embodiment 6:
As can be seen from Table 6, when maturing temperature is 400-450 DEG C, it is complete under the conditions of ambient temperature and moisture to can be realized formaldehyde
Full catalysis oxidation.
Embodiment 7:
2.4740g potassium permanganate is weighed, 0.4123g phenylethylamine is made into 100mL solution, after being uniformly mixed, 25
DEG C reaction 12h, after product is filtered, wash, be dried, nano manganese oxide powder is made;By above-mentioned nano oxygen
Change the H that manganese powder end is impregnated in 15mL2PtCl6In solution, 10g alumina globule is then added, after being uniformly mixed, is evaporated
Moisture obtains solid product;Above-mentioned solid product is put into Muffle furnace, 400 DEG C is warming up to the rate of 2 DEG C/min, keeps
Then 2h restores to room temperature, can be prepared by platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst.
Catalyst prepared by embodiment 7 is placed in 1 cube of standard aldehyde test cabin, temperature is 20-50 DEG C in cabin, relatively
Humidity is 60RH, initial concentration of formaldehyde 1.5mg/m3, remaining is air.
Table 7: the reaction condition and result of embodiment 9:
As can be seen from Table 7, when reaction temperature is 20-50 DEG C, it can be realized formaldehyde under the conditions of ambient temperature and moisture and urge completely
Change oxidation.
Embodiment 8:
2.4740g potassium permanganate is weighed, 0.4123g phenylethylamine is made into 100mL solution, after being uniformly mixed, 25
DEG C reaction 12h, after product is filtered, wash, be dried, nano manganese oxide powder is made;By above-mentioned nano oxygen
Change the H that manganese powder end is impregnated in 15mL2PtCl6In solution, 10g alumina globule is then added, after being uniformly mixed, is evaporated
Moisture obtains solid product;Above-mentioned solid product is put into Muffle furnace, 400 DEG C is warming up to the rate of 2 DEG C/min, keeps
Then 2h restores to room temperature, can be prepared by platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst.
Catalyst prepared by embodiment 8 is placed in 1 cube of standard aldehyde test cabin, temperature is 25 DEG C in cabin, relatively wet
Degree is 20-60RH, initial concentration of formaldehyde 1.5mg/m3, remaining is air.
Table 8: the reaction condition and result of embodiment 10:
As can be seen from Table 8, when reaction humidity is 20-60RH, it can be realized formaldehyde under the conditions of ambient temperature and moisture and urge completely
Change oxidation.
Embodiment 9
2.4740g potassium permanganate is weighed, 0.4123g phenylethylamine is made into 100mL solution, after being uniformly mixed, 25
DEG C reaction 12h, after product is filtered, wash, be dried, nano manganese oxide powder is made;By above-mentioned nano oxygen
Change the H that manganese powder end is impregnated in 15mL 1.16g/L2PtCl6In solution, 10g alumina globule is then added, is uniformly mixed
Afterwards, evaporating water obtains solid product;Above-mentioned solid product is put into Muffle furnace, is warming up to 400 with the rate of 2 DEG C/min
DEG C, 2h is kept, then restores to room temperature, can be prepared by platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst, wherein precious metal element, which accounts for, urges
The 0.05% of agent gross mass, manganese oxide 10%, aluminium oxide 89.95%, in terms of catalyst full dose.
The catalyst for weighing the preparation of 10g embodiment 9, which is placed in 1 cube of standard aldehyde test cabin, carries out stability test, cabin
Interior temperature is 25 DEG C, relative humidity 60RH, and the follow-on test time is 300 days, and formaldehyde entrance concentration is 10mg/m3, remaining is
Air, formaldehyde exit concentration are 0.2mg/m3.
By testing above as can be seen that the catalyst that is prepared of the present invention, by the exploration and optimization of experiment condition,
The efficient elimination that can be realized formaldehyde, may be implemented the complete catalysts oxidation of formaldehyde with optimal conditions.Meanwhile above-mentioned catalyst
Long-play performance is unattenuated, further demonstrates the stability of its catalytic performance.
The above, preferable specific embodiment only of the invention, but scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto,
Anyone skilled in the art in the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, according to the technique and scheme of the present invention and invention structure
Think of is subject to equivalent replacement or change, should be covered by the scope of protection of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of platinum-manganese oxide load aluminium oxide catalyst, which is characterized in that platinum is dispersed in manganese oxide with monatomic form
Surface, manganese oxide are dispersed in alumina carrier surface with nano-form.
2. catalyst according to claim 1, which is characterized in that parts by weight composition are as follows: platinum 0.01-0.25wt%, oxygen
Change manganese 1-30wt%, aluminium oxide 69.75%-98.99%, in terms of catalyst full dose.
3. the preparation method of catalyst according to claim 1 or 2, which comprises the steps of: (1) will receive
Rice manganese oxide is impregnated in platinum precursor solution, obtains maceration extract;(2) aluminium oxide is added in the maceration extract of step (1), stirs
After mixing, it is evaporated, obtains solid product;(3) solid product of step (2) is roasted, obtains platinum-manganese oxide load oxidation
Al catalysts.
4. preparation method according to claim 3, which is characterized in that the preparation method of nano manganese oxide in step (1), packet
It includes following steps: by potassium permanganate and phenylethylamine wiring solution-forming, after being uniformly mixed, carrying out hydro-thermal reaction, fully reacting
Afterwards, after reaction product being filtered, washed, being dried, nano manganese oxide is obtained.
5. the preparation method according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the partial size of nano manganese oxide is 10-30nm.
6. the preparation method according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the mass ratio of potassium permanganate and phenylethylamine is 10-
4:1。
7. the preparation method according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the temperature of hydro-thermal reaction is 10-50 DEG C, hydro-thermal reaction
Time be 6-24h.
8. preparation method according to claim 3, which is characterized in that in step (1) platinum presoma be platinum nitrate and/
Or chloride.
9. preparation method according to claim 3, which is characterized in that the temperature roasted in step (3) is 300-500 DEG C,
Heating rate is 1-10 DEG C/min, and the time of roasting is 2-4h.
10. the application of catalyst according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that the catalyst can be in ambient temperature and moisture item
Degradation of formaldehyde under part, preferable reaction temperature are 20-50 DEG C, relative humidity 20-60RH.
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